Name of Student: ___________________________ Teacher’s Name : J.

Nitthiyah
Class : Y8
Lesson No. :4
Date : 26/09/2023
Time : 8.00-9.30 pm

NITTZ I-TUITION

Subject : Science
Chapter/Topic : Chapter 2: Transport System
Sub-Topic : Transport System in Humans

2.1 Transport System in Humans

1. The transport system in humans is the system responsible for proper and efficient
___________________ of blood and other _________________________ to every part
of the body.

2. Based on the circulatory responsibility of the human transport system, it is called

____________________________.

3. The circulatory system in human consists mainly of the following:

❖ Heart
❖ Blood vessels

Structure and function of the human heart

External structure
• The human heart is a muscular organ which resembles a cone
in shape and its size is just as big as the fist.
• The heart is located between the lungs in the chest region. It
is situated in the thoracic cavity.

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 Internal structure

• The walls of the heart are made up of muscles which can _______________ automatically.
These muscles are called ________________ muscles.

• The heart is divided into four main chambers. Two of the chambers are located:
Upper part – right atrium and left atrium
Lower part – right ventricle and left ventricle

• The heart consists of three valves. These are:

➢ Tricuspid valve - found between the right atrium and the right ventricle
➢ Bicuspid valve - found between the left atrium and the left ventricle
➢ Semilunar valve - located at the beginning of the pulmonary artery and the aorta

• In order to ensure effective blood circulation, each chamber of the heart is connected to
one or two major blood vessels. This helps to enhance smooth flow as follows:
➢ Vena cava - carry _______________ blood from the body back into the right atrium of
the heart.
➢ Pulmonary artery - transports _____________________ blood from the right ventricle
to the lungs
➢ Pulmonary vein - transports ______________________ blood from the lungs to the left
atrium
➢ Aorta - Carry ___________________ blood from the left ventricle to all parts of the
Body

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Structure Function
Heart • To___________blood to all parts of the body through the blood
vessels
Valves • To ensure ________________ flow of blood. They help to
_______________ the backward flow of blood

Usually, the left ventricle has the thickest wall and more muscular
compared to the right ventricle. This is because the left ventricle helps
to pump blood to all parts of the blood.

Blood flow in the heart

The sequence of blood circulation can be summarized into three steps as follows:

STEP 1

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• Deoxygenated blood from the _____________ flows into the ____________ atrium through
the vena cava.
• Blood from the _____________ flow into the ____________ atrium through pulmonary vein.

STEP 2

• Both ____________ atrium and ____________ atrium contracts and forces blood into the
ventricles through the valves.
STEP 3

• The right ventricle ______________ and ________________ blood into the pulmonary
artery which carries the blood to the lungs.
• The left ventricle contracts and pushes blood into the ______________ which carries blood
to all parts of the body.

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EXERCISES

1. Define the transport system in human.

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

2. What makes up the circulatory system?

________________________________________________________________________

3. Describe the human heart.

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

4. Where is the human heart located in the body?

_______________________________________________________________________

5. What is the function of the human heart?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

6. What is the importance of valves to the circulatory system?

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

7. Where tricuspid valve and bicuspid valve are located?

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

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8. Label the following diagram with the provided words.

Pulmonary artery Aorta/ Aorta Right ventricle

Pulmonary veins left atrium right atrium

Left ventricle Tricuspid valve Semilunar valve

Bicuspid valve Vena cava

9. State the functions of the following heart structures:

Heart structure Function

Aorta

Pulmonary vein

Pulmonary artery

Vena cava

Left ventricle

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10. The below diagram shows the structure of human heart.

a) Label the above diagram.

b) Write the appropriate alphabets in the boxes which correspond with the following
statements.

Statements Alphabet
Found between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
Carry blood from the body back into the right atrium of the
heart.
Transports blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
Carry blood from the left ventricle to all parts of the body.
Found between the right atrium and the right ventricle

c) Which of the four chambers has the thickest wall? And why?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

d) What is the difference between the blood carried by A and E in term of gas composition?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

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e) What is the relationship between heart and blood vessel?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

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Blood vessel and their functions

Details Artery/ Arteri Vein/ Vena Capillary/ Kapilari

Function Transport oxygenated blood to all parts Carries _________________ blood from all ___________________ veins and artery.
of the ____________ from the parts of the body to the heart.
____________.

Size of lumen

Thickness of the __________. Thicker muscles and elastic ________. Less muscular and less elastic. One-cell ______________.
wall layer.

Rate of blood flow __________ and under high pressure. __________ and under low pressure. _____________ and under low pressure.

Types of blood carry Carry oxygenated blood except for Carry deoxygenated blood except for Carry oxygenated blood to body cells and
pulmonary artery. pulmonary vein. collects deoxygenated blood from body cells.
.
Presence of valve _________ except for pulmonary artery. _______________________ _____________________________

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SUMMARY

EXERCISES

1. State THREE (3) functions of blood capillary.

a) __________________________________________________________________
b) __________________________________________________________________
c) __________________________________________________________________

2. What are the characteristic of artery in term of size of lumen, function and types of
blood carry?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

3. What are the function of artery and vein in blood vessel?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

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4. Mark (√) to the correct characteristic of vein.

Statement
All vein carry deoxygenated blood.
Pulmonary vein transports deoxygenated blood from the lungs to the left
atrium.
Vein has the largest size of lumen.
Veins do not have valve.
Veins has thin wall with less muscle and less elasticity.

5. State the similarity and differences between artery and blood capillary?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

6. Label the following diagram.

a) Among the three blood vessels, which one has the largest size of lumen?
_____________________________________________________________________

b) Which blood vessel will carry oxygenated blood?

_____________________________________________________________________

c) What is the function of blood capillary in blood vessel?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

d) What is the rate of deoxygenated blood flow in veins?

_____________________________________________________________________

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7. Diagram A below shows the normal size of artery’s lumen for healthy person.

A B

a) Draw the diagram B with size of lumen of artery of a patient who has high blood
cholesterol.

b) What is the effect to the patient because of the size of lumen of artery as in diagram
B?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

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 2.1 Path of blood flow in the circulatory system

1. The human circulatory system is known as ____________________________________.

The reason is because blood flows through the heart twice as it circulates the body.

2. Blood circulates the body in two separate routes as follows:

a) ___________________ - Blood moves from the heart to the lungs, and then travel
back to the heart.
b) ___________________ - Blood moves from the heart to all other parts of the body
except for lungs, and then travel back to the heart.

3. The purposes of the two routes are as follows:

a) Pulmonary circulation - To collect oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the blood.

a) Systemic circulation - To supply oxygen to body cells and collect carbon dioxide from
the body cells.

The pathway the through which blood circulates is as flows:

Deoxygenated Blood Oxygenated Blood

Right atrium Left atrium

Left ventricle
Right ventricle

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Pulmonary circulation

1 Deoxygenated blood from all other parts of the body except for lungs is carried by vena
cava to the right atrium of the heart. The blood is then pumped into the lungs through
pulmonary artery.

2 The exchange of gases take place in the lungs. Oxygen diffuse out from alveolus into blood
capillaries while carbon doxide diffuse out from blood capillaries into alveolus from where it
is removed.

3 Oxygenated blood is transported through pulmonary vena to the heart from where it is
pumped to all other parts of the body.

Systemic circulation

4 Left ventricle pumps the oxygenated blood to all other parts of the body (except lungs)./

5 Blood which is rich in oxygen diffuse out oxygen into body cells.

6 Carbon dioxide from body cells diffuse out from body cells into blood capillaries.
Deoxygenated blood from body cells is carried back to the heart through vena cava.

EXERCISES
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1. The circulation of blood in the human body is known as the double circulatory system.

Lungs Path 1
X Y
Heart
Path 2
Body cells

a) Label the type of blood labeled X and Y in the diagram.

b) What are the similarities and difference between X and Y?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

c) Path 1 is known as pulmonary circulation. What is the purpose of this path?

_____________________________________________________________________

d) What is the path 2? State its purpose?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

2. Why is it important to maintain a healthy heart?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

3. State THREE (3) functions of blood circulatory system in our body.

a) _____________________________________________________________________
b) _____________________________________________________________________
c) _____________________________________________________________________

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4. Match the substances transported by the blood to its related body parts.

Substance Body parts

Carbon dioxide Endocrine glands to target organs
Digested food (Glucose) From the cells to kidney
Oxygen From lungs to all over body cells
Waste (Urea) All over body cells to lungs
Hormones Small intestines to all over body cells

5. What takes place in our body after doing exercise?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

2.2 HUMAN BLOOD

1. The human _____________ is a body fluid that helps to deliver necessary ____________
to living cells within the body, and transport ___________________ away from the cells.

2. Blood is a _____________________________ and it makes up about _____ of the total

body weight of a healthy adult. Healthy adults have about _ litres of blood in their body.

3. The components of the blood can be grouped mainly into:

a) Blood plasma
b) Blood cells

a) Blood plasma

1. Blood plasma is a _________ fluid which forms about 55% of the total volume of blood.

2. Blood plasma is made up of 90% water and the remaining 10% is a mixture of
_____________________ such as mineral salts, glucose, blood proteins, amino acids,
hormones, nutrients, antibody, vitamin and other waste materials.

3. The main functions of blood plasma is/ Fungsi utama plasma darah adalah:
• To __________________ antibodies, hormone and protein to the cells
• To carry _________________ from body tissues to excretory organs
• To carry _____________ to body tissues
• To distribute ________ and __________ body temperature at 37 °C

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b) Blood cells

1. The cellular components of the human blood can be divided into:

i) Red blood cells
ii) White blood cells
iii) Platelets

i) Red blood cells

1. The red blood cells are produced in the _____________________________.

2. The shapes of red blood cells are like _____________ discs and they do _____ have
nucleus.

3. Red blood cells carry a specific red pigment which is called ____________________.

4. Haemoglobin is a protein molecule in the red blood cells which helps to store and
transport _____________________.

5. Therefore, the red blood cells help to transport oxygen in the form of
_________________________ to all living cells in the body.

ii) White blood cells

1. White blood cells are also produced in the _____________, as well as the lymph nodes.

2. The shape of white blood cells is _____________ in nature and these shapes are prone
to changes. White blood cells ______________ nucleus.

3. White blood cells are usually _________________ than red blood cells.
4. There are two types of white blood cells as follows:
❖ Lymphocytes
❖ Phagocyte

5. The lymphocytes produce ___________________ which help to kill germs.

6. Phagocytes helps to eliminate bacterial from the body through a process called
_________________________.

7. Phagocytosis occurs as follows: when white blood cells detect bacterial in the body,
they will surround the bacterial, and swallow it. The bacterial is then
_______________and so it is_________________.

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8. Therefore, the main function of white blood cells is to ______________ the body
against diseases and also to help ______________against infections.

iii) Platelets

1. Platelets are _____________ fragment of cells and do_______have nucleus.

2. Platelets are responsible for _____________________ which helps to prevent excessive

loss of blood.

Functions of the blood

The functions of the blood can be grouped into three as follows:

a) Transport
b) Protection
c) Regulation

a) Transport

i) Blood helps to carry ________________________, dissolved food substances,

hormones and waste products from one part of the body to another.
ii) The dissolved gases transported by the blood include oxygen and carbon dioxide.
iii) The food substances carried by the blood includes minerals, amino acids and
glucose.

b) Protection

i) Blood helps to __________________ the body against diseases.

ii) Also, in cases when the body is infected by certain infections, blood helps to fight
the infections by producing antibodies.
iii) White blood cells play the major role in protection.

c) Regulation/ Kawalan

i) Blood helps to regulate the body pH and temperature.

ii) Its helps to maintain the body temperature at 37 oC.

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Blood Groups and Compatibility

1. The human blood is divided into four different groups which are:
❖ A
❖ B
❖ AB
❖ O

2. The process through which a person receives blood from another person (donor) is
known as _________________________________.

3. In blood transfusion, the person who gives blood is known as __________________

whereas the person who receives blood is called the ________________________.

4. In order to transfuse blood into a person, the blood must be ____________________

with the recipient’s blood group.

5. Summary of the compatibility between the blood groups is presented in the table
below:

Blood group Compatibility

Can receive blood from Can donate blood to

• A • A
A
• O • AB
• B • B
B
• O • AB
• A
• B
AB • AB only
• AB
• O
• A
• B
O • O only
• AB
• O

6. People with blood group O are called universal donors because they can donate blood
to all blood groups.

7. People with blood group AB are called universal recipient because they can receive
blood from all blood groups.

8. If a blood group which is not compatible is transfused into a person, it can lead to what
is known as ____________________________ or coagulation in blood vessels.

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9. Agglutination is when the ability of red blood cells to transport oxygen becomes
reduced. If this happens, it may lead to death of the recipient.

Importance of blood donatio

1. A lot of blood may be lost by accident victims. Also , a lot of blood is often lost during
childbirth, major operations, and cancer treatment.

2. Therefore, blood donation saves lives and it does not harm the donor. This is because
blood is a renewable tissue. So within three days after donating blood, the plasma in
the donor’s body usually will regenerate.

3. So a person can donate blood every 56 days or about 4 – 6 times yearly.

4. Anyone can donate blood. However it is necessary that a donor should fulfill the
following criteria:
❖ Must be healthy
❖ Be between 18 and 65 years of age
❖ Have body weight of at least 50 Kg
❖ Have haemoglobin level of at least 1.25 mg/l (male donors) or 1.20 mh/l (female
donors)

Stages in blood transfusion

Step 1: Blood obtained from the donor is stored in plastic bags. The plastic bags contain
sodium citrate which helps to prevent the blood from coagulating.

Step 2: The donated blood is tested and screened for deadly diseases such as hepatitis B and
C, AIDS, HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. If the blood passes this stage, then it is
ready for transfusion.

Step 3: The screened blood is stored in blood banks at 4 oC. Fresh blood can only last for 24
hours whereas stored blood can last for up to 40 days.

Step 4: Blood transfusion is given to patients who are in need of blood.

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EXERCISES

1. Define the human blood.

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

2. State TWO (2) characteristics and ONE (1) function of blood plasma.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

3. What is the differences between universal donor and a universal recipient?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

4. Using the table below, compare the cellular components of the blood by filling the
blank spaces

Features Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets

Shape Irregular shapes

Nucleus No nucleus
Blood content About 8 000 000 in
1cm3 of blood
Function Responsible for
blood clotting

Source Produced in bone

marrow

5. Define blood transfusion.

_______________________________________________________________________

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6. Why do you think blood need to be screened before distributing them to hospitals for
transfusion?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

7. Match the suitable functions of the blood cells.

Blood cell Function

Helps in blood clotting.

Carry oxygenated blood to all the

body cells.

Protect from disease.

8. Diagram below shows different types of blood cells in the human body.

a) Label the A, B and C in the diagram.

b) State two differences between cell A and B.

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

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 c) What is the shape of cell C and the function to the body?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

9. An accident victim was rushed to a hospital. Due to the emergency, the doctor
transfused a particular blood into the patient. After a while, the patient died. It was
later discovered that the patient has a blood group O, and the transfused blood was not
compatible with the patients’ blood group.
(i) List the possible blood groups that the doctor might have transfused into the
patient.
_________________________________________________________________

(ii) What blood group should the doctor have given to the patient?
_________________________________________________________________

(iii) How did non-compatibility of blood group lead to the patients’ death?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

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