Intermediate English -II

SUBJECT’S INTRODUCTION

This course is aimed towards students that have acquired the B1 level competences, so
they can understand the main points of clear standard input on familiar matters regularly
encountered in work, school, leisure, etc. Students can deal with most situations likely to
arise whilst travelling in an area where the language is spoken. They can produce simple
connected text on topics which are familiar or of personal interest. They can describe the
main features of mental illnesses and old habits, as well as compare touristic destinations.
In this level, students will be able to deal with more complex tenses, for which, they will
need to review previously studied structures and vocabulary. They will use linguistic
resources such as connectors, phrasal verbs and prepositions of place.

COURSE PLAN

Module General Competence Topic Structure Activities Duration

Module 1: 1. Makes proper use of 1. Past Modals Activity 1: 1 week

phrasal verbs by writing a 1.1. Should have
Advising Advising
composition in order to
1.2. Could have 1.3.
describe a mental illness.
Would have
2. Makes proper use of past Activity 2:
1.4. Might have Illnesses
modals by answering to a
question related to a mental 2. Phrasal verbs
illness for providing 3. Too and enough Activity 3:
hypothetical solutions to it. 4. Present perfect Quiz module
continuous 1
5. Past perfect
continuous

GLOSSARY
Module 1: illnesses, advising, patient, doctor, symptoms, health problems, too, enough.
 Intermediate English -II

MODULE CONTENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. UNIT ONE: ADVISING (PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS) ...................................................... 3

1.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 3
1.2. Conceptual Framework (Present Perfect Continuous) ....................................................... 3
1.3. Examples ............................................................................................................................. 5
1.4. Exercises .............................................................................................................................. 5
1.5. Complementary questions .................................................................................................. 6
1.6. Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 7
1.7. Study material ...................................................................... ¡Error! Marcador no definido.
2. UNIT 2: PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS ....................................................................................... 8
2.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 8
2.2. Examples ............................................................................................................................. 8
2.3. Exercises .............................................................................................................................. 9
2.4. Questions: ......................................................................................................................... 10
2.5. Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 11
2.6. Study material ...................................................................... ¡Error! Marcador no definido.
3. UNIT THREE: PAST MODALS .................................................................................................... 12
3.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 12
3.2. Conceptual framework...................................................................................................... 12
3.3. Examples ........................................................................................................................... 12
3.4. Exercises ............................................................................................................................ 13
3.5. Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 14
3.6. Study material ...................................................................... ¡Error! Marcador no definido.
4. UNIT FOUR: TOO AND ENOUGH ............................................................................................. 15
4.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 15
4.2. Conceptual framework...................................................................................................... 15
4.3. Examples ........................................................................................................................... 17
4.4. Reflection and practice ..................................................................................................... 20
4.5. Complementary questions ................................................................................................ 21
4.6. Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 22
 Intermediate English -II

1. UNIT ONE: ADVISING (PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS)

1.1. Introduction
In this level the student will be able to communicate on the following topics: mental
illnesses, symptoms of different illnesses and expression related to this topic, as well as
giving idea related to the question as follows: “What would have you done in that case?”
The student must provide at least 5 sentences using might have to provide solutions to
this situation.

At the end of the level the students will be able to:

● Makes proper use of phrasal verbs by writing a composition in order to describe

a mental illness.

● Makes proper use of past modals by answering to a question related to a mental

illness for providing hypothetical solutions to it.

● Uses comparatives and superlatives to discuss about the differences and

similarities among cities in order to make a report.

● Describes touristic places of South America, by making use of comparatives and

superlatives in order to justify why he or she would go there.

● Compares the old and current habits of men and women in history, by making
use of the verb used to and be used to, in order to make a written report.

● Reports how the role of women and men have changed over the years using
reported speech in order to establish connections between the old and new
roles.

1.2. Conceptual Framework (Present Perfect Continuous)

We use present perfect continuous to talk about situations that started in the past and
continuous into the present. It refers a transition of an event that it has not ended yet.
 Intermediate English -II

1.2.1 Present Perfect Continuous form

We use have/has + been + the -ing form of the verb

she, he, it has

Affirmative I, you, we, they have been working

has not
she, he, it have not
Negative I, you, we, they
hasn’t been working
haven’t

has
have
she, he, it Been
Has not I, you, we, they working?
Question Have not

Hasn’t
Haven’t

1.2.2 Present perfect continuous: uses

Recent past activities: We use the present perfect continuous to talk about a finished
activity in the recent past. Using the present perfect continuous focuses on the activity.

We don’t give a specific time. Even though the activity is finished, we can see the result
in the present:

One continuing event: We use the present perfect continuous for a single activity that
began at a point in the past and is still continuing.

Repeated continuing events: We use the present perfect continuous to talk about
repeated activities which started at a particular time in the past and are still
continuing up until now.

How long …?: We often use the present perfect continuous to ask and answer
questions about the duration of an activity. We use the question How long …+ present
perfect continuous.
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1.3. Examples

1.3.1 Recent past activities:

I’ve just been cleaning the car. (The car is wet and clean.)
It’s been snowing. (The ground is covered in snow.)
What have you been buying?.

1.3.2 One continuing event:

I’ve been reading your book – it’s great. (I’m still reading it.)
He’s been living in the village since 1995. (He is still living in the village.)
She has been writing her autobiography since 1987

1.3.3 Repeated continuing events:

I’ve been going to Spain on holiday every year since 1987.

I haven’t been eating much lunch lately. I’ve been going to the gym at lunchtimes.
She’s been playing tennis on and off for three years.

1.3.4 How long …?:

A: How long have you been waiting for me?

B: About ten minutes. Not too long. (I’ve been waiting for about ten minutes.)

1.4. Exercises

1.4.1 Put this words into the correct order.

1) cleaning / morning / I've / dirty / these / . / floors / been / all

2) has / three / Liz / this / / .working / for / in / been / office / weeks
3) waiting / this / long / been / train / have / ? / come / to / we / how / for
4) hour / we've / understand / been / anything / for / document / ! / this / an / and
/ reading / don't
5) English / for / they / long / haven't / . / learning / been / very
6) few / his / sister / has / . / been / weeks / for / Jasper / living / with / a
7) doing / ten / what / you / ? / these / have / last / been / years
8) cleaning / wineglasses / do / ? / know / you / why / these / I've / been / all
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1.4.2 Complete the sentences in its correct way according to the verb in
(parenthesis)

1) ___________you _____________ (play) guitar much recently?

2) Steve ___________ (not/practice) enough lately.
3) What _____ they _____ (do) lately?
4) What _____ you _____ (learn) in English class these days?
5) Sorry I'm late. _____ you _____ (wait) long?

1.4.3. Match the present perfect continuous sentences on the left with the reasons and
results on the right.

SENTENCE RESULTS

1) I've been reading all night. ___ I'm so depressed!

2) I've been writing for hours. ____They're working on my house.

3) I've been sleeping badly. ___ There's flour everywhere.

4) I've been baking bread. ___ My patience is disappearing!

5) I've been waiting for a bus. ___ I feel exhausted.

6) I've been saving for years. ___ My eyes are red.

7) I've been living with my sister. ___ My hand has cramp.

8) It's been raining all day. ___ I can buy that car.

1.5. Complementary questions

1.5.1 Select the appropriate answer to complete the blank.

1) It has been ___ for a week.

A. SNOWING
B. SNOWS
C. SNOW
D. SNOWED
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2) They ___ been looking for you.

A. HAS
B. HAVE
C. IS
D. ARE

3) She's ___ thinking about changing her job.

A. HAVE
B. WAS
C. BEEN
D. HAS

4) We've been living here ___ 7 months.

A. LAST
B. SINCE
C. FOR
D. TO

5) Mike's been fishing ___ dawn.

A. FOR
B. SINCE
C. OF
D. THROUGH

1.6. Conclusions
In this level the student are able to communicate on the following topics: social issues,
stereotypes, job seeking and creation of a company using the corresponding grammar
according to the level B1 –B2 of the CEFR.
 Intermediate English -II

2. UNIT 2: PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

2.1. Introduction
Past Perfect Continuous is used to refer to actions that started in the past and continued
until another point in the past. It indicates that a continuous action had been completed.
The tense is formed with the modal verb ¨had¨ plus ¨been¨ and the present participle
with an ¨ing¨ ending.
It is used in the following cases: Duration before something occurred in the past and
caused of something in the past.

Marco conceptual
Past Continuous vs Past Perfect Continuous
Non-Continuous verbs (Stative Verbs)

2.2. Examples

Duration before something in the past.

The past perfect continuous shows that something started in the past and continued up
until another time in the past.

How long had he been studying in Europe? (Interrogative)

She had been working there for two years before it closed. (Affirmative)
They had not been going out together for much time. (Negative)

Cause of something in the past.

Using the past perfect continuous before an action the past is an effective manner to
demonstrate a cause and effect.

She gained weight because she had been eating a lot of cake.
They failed the exam because they had been wasting time.
We were exhausted as we had been working overtime.

Past Continuous Vs Past Perfect Continuous

Past continuous emphasizes interrupted actions while past perfect continuous

emphasizes a duration of time before something in the past.
She was sleepy because she was cleaning a lot.
This sentence emphasizes that she was sleepy because she was cleaning a lot at that exact
moment.
 Intermediate English -II

She was sleepy because she had been cleaning a lot.

This sentence emphasizes that she had been cleaning over a period of time, it is possible
that she was still cleaning at that moment OR that she had just finished.

Non-Continuous Verbs
These are verbs that one cannot see another person doing. Such verbs are rarely or never
used in continuous tenses. These include:
Abstract Verbs-to be, to want, to cost, to seem, to need, to care, to contain, to owe, to
exist.

Possession Verbs-to possess, to own, to belong.

Emotion Verbs -to like, to love, to hate, to dislike, to fear, to envy, to mind.

I wanted to go to the park. CORRECT

I had been wanting to go to the park. INCORRECT

He loved to do sports. CORRECT

He had been loving to watch movies. INCORRECT
The bag belonged to her. CORRECT
The bag had been belonging to her. INCORRECT

2.3. Exercises

1. We (sleep) ___________ for 12 hours when someone knocked at the door.

2. She (wait) ________ at the restaurant for 90 minutes when her boyfriend arrived.
3. My mom (look for) ___________ her keys for two hours and then my sister found it in the
bathroom.
4. I (not / walk) __________ for a long time, when it suddenly began to rain.
5. How long (learn / she) _________ french before she went to Europe?
6. Martin Luther Kind became famous because he (discuss) ________social issues and
human rights to the poor.
7. Claudia gained weight because she (eat)____________ too much.
8. John became ill as he (train)_____________ in the rain for soccer practice.
9. I _________ (like) to cook as a teenager but as an adult it´s too tiring.
10. Since he_________ (be) sick, he did not go to work yesterday.
 Intermediate English -II

2.4. Questions:

A. When do we use Past perfect continuous?

a) Activities that continue in the present.
b) An action that began and finished.
c) A progressive action that started but finished in the past.
d) Used to express future activities.

B. What is the difference between the past continuous and the past perfect
continuous?
a) The past continuous is associated with an interruption while the latter no.
b) Both tenses are used to narrate completed actions.
c) There is no difference between the two.
d) Past continuous is only used with stative verbs

C. What does the term ¨stative¨ mean?

a) Verbs that never take the plural form.
b) Verbs that cannot be conjugated with ¨ing.¨
c) Verbs that express only emotions.
d) Verbs that can never take the simple past form.

D. Choose the correct statement.

a) Past perfect continuous tense used before an action in past expresses cause and
effect.
b) Past perfect continuous tense cannot be used to express the duration of an action.
c) Past perfect continuous tense is only used to express what happens in a specific
moment.
d) Past perfect continuous tense can only be used with abstract verbs.

E. Non-continuous verbs are verbs that are:

a) Verbs that demonstrate possession.
b) Verbs that express emotions and wishes.
C) Fixed expressions to talk about the past and future tense.
d) Used to express possession, emotions and abstract verbs.
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2.5. Conclusions
Past perfect continuous tense is composed of two elements the past perfect of
the verb to be (=had been) + the present participle (base+ing).

● It is used to express duration of an action until a specific point in the past.

● It can be used to express the cause and effect.
● It can also be used to demonstrate that one action occurred before
another happened.

EXCEPTION: Verbs that are abstract, demonstrate emotion and possession never
take the continuous form. If they must be used in past, they take form of the simple
past.
 Intermediate English -II

3. UNIT THREE: PAST MODALS

3.1. Introduction

We usually use the past modal “might have” to talk about things that we are not
sure if they happened or not in the past. Thus, we are talking about possibilities
in the past

3.2. Conceptual framework

3.2.1. Might have

We use “might have” in order to talk about possible events in the past that happened or
did not happen. We usually use the following structures:

Affirmative

Subject Might /participle verb Complement

I/you/he/she
it/we/they Gone might have been to the in the museum

Negative

Subject Might /participle verb Complement

I/you/he/she
it/we/they Gone might have not been
to the in the museum

3.3. Examples

3.3.1 Might have

Context: Last night, we were in a party with Charlie, but he disappeared.

Example: He might have gone home.
 Intermediate English -II

Context: I had some food in the fridge yesterday, but it is not there today.
Example: My evil sister might have eaten my food late at night!

Context: My girlfriend never showed up for our date.

Example: Someone might have kidnapped her because she is always very
punctual.

3.4. Exercises

Might have: Read the context and write a possible sentence giving a possibility of
what might/might not have happened.

Context: My homework disappeared and my dog looks very suspicious.

Sentence: ____________________________________________________________________.

Context: When I was a little child I lost one tooth and I found money under my
pillow, but I do not know who put it there.
Sentence: ____________________________________________________________________.

Context: My girlfriend broke up with me for no reason.

Sentence: ____________________________________________________________________.

Context: Last night I heard someone screaming outside my house.

Sentence: ____________________________________________________________________.

3.5. Questions:

- What do we use “might have” for?

a. To talk about things we are sure happened in the past.
b. To talk about obligations for people in the past.
c. To talk about things the possibly happened in the past.
d. To talk about things that never happened in the past.

- What is the correct structure for the past modal “might have” in past in
affirmative?

a. Subject + might + have + verb + complement

b. Subject + might + have + verb in past participle + complement
c. Subject + have + might + verb in past participle + complement
 Intermediate English -II

d. Subject + have + might + verb + complement

- What is the correct structure for the past modal “might have” in
past in negative?
a. Subject + might + not + have + verb in past participle + complement
b. Subject + might + not + have + verb in past + complement
c. Subject + might + have + not + verb in past participle + complement
d. Subject + might + have + not + verb in past participle + complement

- The sentence “My teacher might have called my mother to complain

about my behavior” gives a possible explanation for this situation:
a. My mother likes to give me extra money now.
b. My mother is angry at me.
c. My mother is happy about my behavior.
d. My mother is helping me with my homework.

- A possible explanation for the situation “My father is moving to another

city” would be:
a. He might have gotten a new job there.
b. He might have been really happy.
c. He might not have gotten a new job there.
d. He might not have had money to move there.

3.6. Conclusions

Through this thematic unit, students had the opportunity to understand a little
of what past modals are. The work was specifically focused on the use of “might
have”, which is to talk about possible things that we are not sure if happened or
not. Another aspect seen in this thematic unit was the structures (affirmative
and negative) of sentences using “might have”.
 Intermediate English -II

4. UNIT FOUR: TOO AND ENOUGH

4.1. Introduction

“Too” and “enough” are frequently used with adjectives, adverbs and nouns to
indicate a modification, a specific grade and/or amount of something. Generally,
“too” is used to show an excess of or something that is more than necessary. “Enough”
however, deals with a sufficient amount of something.

4.2. Conceptual framework

4.2.1. Too
Let’s learn how to the word “too” functions with an adjective, an adverb and a noun. It
is important to remember that “too” is used to show that something is modified, more
than needed or in excess.

TOO + ADJECTIVE TOO + ADVERB TOO (many/much)+

NOUN
Sherry was too sick to “Come closer, you are too The doctor has prescribed
even attend the concert. far from me.” too much medication for
her. It was frustrating to
keep up track of when she
had to take each tablet.
Daniel and Linda told I had gotten home too late We drank too many beers
their mom that they were last night. I am never going at the party which resulted
not going to visit her out with my crazy friends in severe intoxication.
anymore because they again!
were too tired from
studying all night.
 Intermediate English -II

My best friend is too vain. The toddler is getting sick Kim and Toby put too
She is always taking too often. many pickles in the
selfies! sandwich.
“This salad is too salty!” Lizzy had died too soon. The father of the victim
my father exclaimed. She had such a bright knew too much
future ahead of her. information about the
crime scene so he was
considered a suspect.
The little baby was The medicine cabinet was There were too many
blowing bubbles with his too high up so Mary could young teenage girls at the
saliva, he was just too not reach in order to get the high school suffering from
cute. tablets that she needed for anorexia so the principal
her allergy. implemented a “Love
Yourself” campaign.

4.2.2. Enough
Let’s learn how to the word “enough” functions with an adjective, an adverb and a noun.
It is important to remember that “enough” is used to show that something is sufficient
and/or adequate.

ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH ADVERB + ENOUGH ENOUGH + NOUN

There was no way she Luis is here often enough, I had enough exercise for
could have gone home it is best he moves in. today, 15 minutes is a lot
from the hospital; she for me.
was not healthy enough to
be discharged.
My mother tried to my Please do not come any Jeffery did not have
father why some women closer; you are close enough time left to finish
suffer from depression enough to me. his exam.
 Intermediate English -II

but he wasn’t open-

minded enough to
understand.
Bevin and Lisa knew You do not attend therapy Kerry and Pilar have
that their grades were frequent enough. The only enough makeup to start
not good enough for them way you will get over your to sell or to open a
to enter Harvard. addiction is to go. business.
I wanted to continue She did not arrive early Hilary and I do enough
trying but my husband enough to catch the plane chores at home. We need a
was not committed so she missed her flight to break.
enough to me so we got a Dubai.
divorce.
The pastry was not sweet She had gotten there late Lionel said that there
enough to be considered enough for her to escape wasn’t enough salt in the
a dessert. It is better we the robbery. casserole.
consider it an appetizer.

4.3. Examples

TOO + ADJECTIVE
1. I had never had such an amazing apple pie in my life. Can I dub it as being too
perfect?
2. The house was too dilapidated to withstand the strength of the hurricane.
3. Her depression had already consumed her she was too downtrodden to function
properly in her everyday life.
4. I never felt such love in my life. This is too surreal.
5. Patricia prepared for the banquet for almost 3 days, after all that hard work she
was too tired to even talk, she just wanted to sleep.
 Intermediate English -II

6. The doctor was too sweet to the little kiddies. He always gave them candy for
behaving well and not crying.

TOO + ADVERB
1. She had gone to the doctor too late so the infection had already done its damage.
2. Nia finished the police report too early so her boss gave her another one to do.
3. Because Susie had been living too far from her parents, she often suffered from
homesickness.
4. I am too close to Lauren’s boyfriend; I should distance myself and not listen to
anymore of his personal problems.
5. Ashwaria thought that she was hallucinating too often and started to become
really worried.
6. Priya was very short so she couldn’t reach the box of cereal. It was too high for
her to reach.
TOO + NOUN
1. The rice had too many raisins.
2. Lola said that she had too much homework to do and that she could not attend
the party tomorrow.
3. Yazmin and Freddy sucked too many mangoes and now had a lot of fibres stuck
in their teeth.
4. I caught the flu because I had been in the rain for too much time.
5. The journalist wrote too many harsh words about the President in the article.
6. The disease had already spread to too many parts of her body, her fate was
sealed.
ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH
1. The girl felt weak so we physically carried her to the doctor because she wasn’t
strong enough to walk on her own.
2. My father was tall enough to change the lightbulb without using a chair or a
ladder.
 Intermediate English -II

3. Aunty Carmen told us to always be prudent enough to make good decisions in

life.
4. Cindy and Helen tried to be nice enough to the new girl but she spoke to them
with a lot of attitude.
5. Pedro was tiny enough to fit through the window to get inside because he was
locked out of his apartment.
6. Yandi was smart and diligent enough to graduate with a 4.2 GPA.
ADVERB + ENOUGH
1. Sasha took the exam early enough to be able to go home.
2. Kevin and Raj tried to do well enough in the quiz to improve their grade point
average.
3. Trent was late enough to have escaped the terrible accident on the freeway.
4. Kelly and I were close enough to tell our deepest secrets to each other.
5. Fanny visited her parents often enough to maintain a close relationship with
them.
6. She spoke low enough so as not to disturb those in the library.
ENOUGH + NOUN
1. “Mr. Roberts, I don’t think that you have enough iron in your diet,” said doctor
Matthews.
2. We need to have enough eggs to make the cupcakes.
3. Lindsay felt that she had enough perseverance to reach far in life.
4. Paul’s family had enough money to buy a luxurious condo in Miami.
5. Janet and Steve found enough rats in the basement to not want to live there
anymore.
6. Trinidad and Tobago has enough public holidays for people to relax after
partying hard.
 Intermediate English -II

4.4. Reflection and practice

TOO + ADJECTIVE We arrived too late to the play so we

missed three quarter of it. Our money
went down the drain.
ENOUGH + NOUN Johan is witty enough to deal with
someone like Giselle.
ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH We went to the stadium but there were
too many people so we went back home.
TOO + ADVERB They came often enough to the
rehearsals so they knew the script like
the back of their hand.
TOO + NOUN His mother told him that he was too
complacent in the way he lived his life.
ADVERB + ENOUGH I don’t think we have enough space in the
car to carry any more people to the
match.

A. Choose the correct option to complete the following sentences so that they make
sense.
1. Penny and George did not have (too/enough) paper to print the homework.
2. I need to go to the doctor urgently I am (too/enough) sick.
3. Lola and Jenny finally have (too/enough) money to buy the ticket to go see Beyonce.
4. Crystal said that the chocolate mousse was (too/enough) sweet. It made her upset.
5. Lana and I do not have (too/enough) eggs to make the omelette.
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4.5. Complementary questions

Choose the correct option that fits perfectly with the context of the following sentences.
1. Sandy did not have ___________________ to make the lemon cake.
a. Too many lemons
b. Enough lemons
c. Too much lemons
d. Lemons enough

2. Jamila and Uri showed the teacher that they had done ________________________ during
the semester and that they deserved a higher grade.
a. Too much work
b. Enough work
c. Too many work
d. Work enough

3. Kelvin wrote to his girlfriend via Facebook telling her that he had heard
____________________________ from her and that he wanted to end the 2 year relationship.
a. Enough lies
b. Too many lies
c. Lies enough
d. Too much lies

4. The bus left the station ______________________ to go to Medellin, so Nelly had to wait for
almost an hour for her mother to pick her up at the bus terminal.
a. Too late
b. Late enough
c. Too early
d. Early enough
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5. I am near sighted so I could not see the bandits ______________________ to identify them.
They were ____________________ from where I had been.
a. Bad enough a. Too close
b. Well enough b. Too far
c. Far enough c. Close enough
d. Not enough d. Far enough

4.6. Conclusions
In order for students to grasp the concept of “too” and “enough” they must know the
difference between what is sufficient and what is in excess or in abundance. Knowing
the context in which one speaks is crucially important and thus, with the use of fixed
structures and with adequate vocabulary that are related to each adverb learnt in this
module, students can comprehend the use and placement of both “too” and “enough”.
This topic will, without a doubt, help students to enhance their writing and speaking
abilities when it comes to showing concepts of quantity in terms of what is sufficient
and what is in abundance.