Topic One

The Use of Possessive Apostrophe

What is a Possessive Apostrophe?
A possessive apostrophe is a punctuation mark that is used to show ownership or possession. It is
commonly used in the English language to indicate that something belongs to someone or
something else.
Rules for Using a Possessive Apostrophe
Singular Nouns: To show possession for a singular noun, add an apostrophe followed by the
letter "s" at the end of the word. For example: The dog's leash, Sarah's book.
Plural Nouns: For most plural nouns, add an apostrophe after the final "s" in the word. For
example: The dogs' leashes, The students' notebooks. However, if the plural noun doesn't end in
"s," add an apostrophe followed by "s". For example: The children's toys, The men's hats.
Singular Nouns Ending in "s": When a singular noun ends in "s," there is a choice between
adding an apostrophe followed by "s" or just an apostrophe alone. Both forms are correct. For
example: James' car or James' car, The boss' office or The boss's office.
Joint Ownership: When multiple people share ownership, add an apostrophe and "s" to the last
person's name. For example: John and Lisa's house, Michelle and David's car.
Inanimate Objects: Inanimate objects can also show possession using a possessive apostrophe.
For example: The car's engine, The building's roof.
Time Expressions: When talking about time periods or measurements, the apostrophe is placed
before the "s". For example: One hour's time, Two days' notice.
Contractions: Possessive apostrophes are also used in contractions to combine words. For
example: It is becomes It's, They are becomes They're.
Examples of Possessive Apostrophe Usage
The cat's tail was fluffy.
John's car is parked outside.
The students' backpacks were left in the classroom.
The book's cover was torn.
My sister's dog loves to play fetch.
The company's profits have increased.
The employees' break room needs to be cleaned.
The baby's crib was in the corner of the room.
She borrowed her friend's camera for the trip.
The dog's bark woke up the whole neighborhood.
Remember, the possessive apostrophe is a useful punctuation mark for indicating ownership or
possession in the English language. It helps to clarify who or what an object belongs to. By
following the rules and examples provided, you can confidently use possessive apostrophes in
your writing.
Topic Two
Punctuation Marks: Question Mark, Exclamation Mark, Colon, Semi-Colon, Hyphen
Question Mark
The question mark is a punctuation mark that is used to indicate a direct question. It is shaped
like a hook with a dot underneath. Here are some common usages of the question mark:
End of a Direct Question: The most common usage of the question mark is at the end of a direct
question. For example: "What is your favorite color?" or "Do you like pizza?"
Indicating Uncertainty: A question mark can also be used to express uncertainty or doubt. For
example: "I'm not sure if she will come to the party?". In this case, the question mark expresses
hesitation or disbelief.
Rhetorical Questions: Rhetorical questions are questions that are asked for effect or to make a
point, but no answer is expected. For example: "Who cares?" or "Isn't it obvious?"
Exclamation Mark
The exclamation mark is a punctuation mark that is used to indicate strong emotion or emphasis.
It is shaped like a vertical line with a slanted line above. Here are some common usages of the
exclamation mark:
Expressing Strong Emotion: The exclamation mark is used to show excitement, surprise, anger,
or any other strong emotion. For example: "Wow! That's amazing!" or "I can't believe it!"
Commands or Interjections: Exclamation marks can be used to emphasize commands or
interjections. For example: "Stop!" or "Ouch!"
Showing Urgency: When there is a need to convey a sense of urgency or importance, an
exclamation mark can be used. For example: "Fire! Run!" or "Emergency!"
Colon
The colon is a punctuation mark that is used to introduce a list, explanation, or quotation. It is
shaped like two dots, one on top of the other. Here are some common usages of the colon:
Introducing a List: A colon can be used to introduce a list of items. For example: "Please bring
the following items to the picnic: sandwiches, fruits, and drinks."
Introducing an Explanation: The colon is used to introduce an explanation or further information.
For example: "The reason is simple: we need more time to complete the project."
Quotation: A colon can be used to introduce a quotation or a speech. For example: She said: "I
will always love you."
Semi-Colon
The semi-colon is a punctuation mark that is used to connect closely related independent clauses
or to separate items in a list when the items contain commas. It is shaped like a comma with a
dot above it. Here are some common usages of the semi-colon:
Connecting Independent Clauses: A semi-colon can be used to connect two closely related
independent clauses that could stand alone as separate sentences. For example: "I woke up late; I
missed the bus."
Separating Items in a List: When the items in a list already contain commas, a semi-colon can be
used to separate the items. For example: "My favorite cities are Paris, France; Rome, Italy; and
Tokyo, Japan."
Clarifying a Complex List: A semi-colon can be used within a complex list to provide clarity.
For example: "The participants included John Smith, an engineer; Sarah Thompson, a teacher;
and Michael Johnson, a lawyer."
Hyphen
The hyphen is a punctuation mark that is used to join words together or to divide words at the
end of a line. It is shaped like a short horizontal line. Here are some common usages of the
hyphen:
Hyphenating Compound Words: A hyphen is used to join two or more words together to create a
compound word. For example: "mother-in-law" or "self-esteem".
Joining Prefixes and Words: Hyphens are used to join prefixes to words to avoid confusion or to
create new words. For example: "pre-heat" or "re-do".
Dividing Words at the End of a Line: In typesetting, a hyphen is used to divide a word at the end
of a line when it does not fit. This helps maintain the flow of the text and improves readability.
Remember to use punctuation marks correctly in your writing to ensure clarity and effectiveness.
Practice using them in different contexts to improve your communication skills.
Topic Three
Vocabulary Associated with Press
Define Press
In the field of journalism, the term "press" refers to the various forms of media organizations
involved in the collection, verification, and dissemination of news and information to the public.
This includes newspapers, magazines, television networks, radio stations, and online news
outlets. The press plays a vital role in providing citizens with up-to-date and reliable information
about local, national, and global events.
Difficult Words Associated with Press and Their Meanings
Editor: A person responsible for overseeing the content and quality of a publication or news
organization. Editors make decisions about what stories to cover and how they should be
presented.
Circulation: The number of copies of a publication that are distributed or sold. This is a measure
of the reach or popularity of a newspaper or magazine.
Deadline: The time and date by which a journalist or reporter must complete and submit their
article or story. Missing a deadline can have significant consequences in the fast-paced world of
journalism.
Exclusive: A news story or report that is only available from one source or news organization.
Exclusives are often considered valuable and can attract a large audience.
Byline: A line at the beginning or end of an article that identifies the author. Bylines provide
credit to the journalist who wrote the piece.
Scoop: A story that is reported by one news outlet before others. Getting a scoop is seen as a
significant achievement in journalism.
Investigative Journalism: The practice of researching and uncovering important information that
may be hidden from the public. Investigative journalists often expose corruption or wrongdoing.
Headline: The title or heading that appears at the top of a news article. Headlines are designed to
capture the reader's attention and summarize the main point of the story.
Source: The person, organization, or document that provides information for a news story.
Journalists must verify their sources to ensure accuracy and credibility.
Press Release: A written statement issued to the media to announce news, events, or other
information related to a company, organization, or individual.
Feature Article: A longer, in-depth piece of journalism that explores a specific topic or issue.
Feature articles often provide more context and analysis compared to regular news articles.
Bias: Prejudice or favoritism in favor of or against a particular person, group, or idea. Journalists
strive to be impartial and present information objectively.
Viral: When something, such as an article or video, spreads rapidly and widely through online
sharing and social media platforms.
Plagiarism: Taking someone else's work, ideas, or words and presenting them as one's own
without proper attribution or permission. Plagiarism is considered unethical in journalism.
Fact-checking: The process of verifying the accuracy and truthfulness of factual claims made in
news articles. Fact-checkers review evidence and sources to ensure information is reliable.
These are just some of the vocabulary words associated with the field of press and journalism.
Building a strong understanding of these terms can help students navigate the complexities of the
media landscape and critically evaluate the information they encounter.
Topic Four
Sentence Types According to Function
Introduction
In the English language, sentences are classified into different types based on their function or
purpose. Understanding these sentence types is crucial for effective communication and writing.
In this class note, we will explore the four main types of sentences: interrogative, declarative,
imperative, and exclamatory. You will gain a clear understanding of each type through detailed
explanations and examples.
Interrogative Sentences
An interrogative sentence is used to ask a question. It seeks information, clarifies doubt, or
prompts a response. Interrogative sentences typically begin with question words such as "who,"
"what," "where," "when," "why," and "how." They can also be formed by inverting the subject
and verb order.
Examples of Interrogative Sentences:
Why did you go to the park?
Where is the nearest library?
Are you coming to the party?
How do you solve this math problem?
Who won the game?
Declarative Sentences
Declarative sentences make statements or provide information. They express facts, opinions,
thoughts, or ideas. Declarative sentences end with a period and are the most common type of
sentence.
Examples of Declarative Sentences:
The sun rises in the east.
I love watching movies.
She is a talented artist.
The cat is sleeping.
The book I am reading is fascinating.
Imperative Sentences
Imperative sentences are used to give commands, instructions, or directions. They can also
express requests or make suggestions. Imperative sentences often begin with a verb and do not
require a subject. The subject "you" is implied.
Examples of Imperative Sentences:
Please close the door before leaving.
Take the medicine after meals.
Study hard for your exams.
Don't forget to feed the cat.
Let's go for a walk in the park.
Exclamatory Sentences
Exclamatory sentences convey strong emotions or exclamations. They express excitement,
surprise, happiness, anger, or any other intense feeling. Exclamatory sentences end with an
exclamation mark.
Examples of Exclamatory Sentences:
What a beautiful sunset!
I can't believe you did that!
How amazing she sings!
What a delicious meal!
What a dreadful day!
Conclusion
Understanding the different types of sentences according to their function is essential for
effective communication and writing. Interrogative sentences ask questions, declarative
sentences provide information, imperative sentences give commands or make requests, and
exclamatory sentences express strong emotions. By using sentence types appropriately, you can
enhance the clarity and impact of your communication. Practice identifying and using these
sentence types to further improve your language skills.

Topic Five
Example of a Letter of Complaint:
Here is an example of a formal letter of complaint to help you understand the format better:
42, Aiyedade Street,
Ireakari Estate
Ikorodu
Lagos State
Date

[Recipient's Name]
[Recipient's Position/Designation]
[Company/Organization Name]
[Address]
[City, State, ZIP Code]

Dear Mr./Ms./Dr./Prof. [Recipient's Last Name],

I am writing to express my deep dissatisfaction with the recent purchase of a [Product/Service]
from your esteemed company, [Company/Organization Name]. I hope that by bringing this
matter to your attention, we can find a prompt resolution to the issues I have encountered.
On [Date of Purchase], I purchased the aforementioned [Product/Service], expecting it to meet
the promised specifications and provide the intended benefits. However, upon receiving the
product, I noticed several significant flaws that have greatly affected its functionality and overall
performance.

To illustrate my concerns, I have outlined the most pressing issues below:

[Describe the first issue concisely and provide supporting details.]
[Describe the second issue concisely and provide supporting details.]
[Describe any additional issues concisely and provide supporting details.]
I have attached photographs of the defective product to further support my claims. [Mention any
other relevant documents or evidence if applicable.]
Considering the substantial investment I made in purchasing this [Product/Service], I kindly
request that [State your desired outcome]. I believe that [Company/Organization Name] values
its customers and is committed to providing satisfactory solutions.
I trust that you will promptly address my concerns and take appropriate actions to rectify the
situation. I would appreciate a written response outlining the steps that will be taken to resolve
this matter within [Specify a reasonable timeframe].
Thank you for your attention to this matter. I sincerely hope that we can reach a mutually
agreeable resolution promptly.
Yours sincerely,
[Your Full Name]
Enclosures:
Photographs of the defective product
[List any other enclosed documents or evidence if applicable]
cc: [Copy to any additional recipients or "copy to" followed by your name if needed]
Topic Six
An Example of an Informal Letter to a Friend Discussing My Experience in My New
School
Dear [Friend's Name],
I hope this letter finds you in good health and high spirits. It has been quite some time since we
last communicated, and I wanted to share with you the exciting news about my experience in my
new school. The transition has been both challenging and rewarding, and I am eager to tell you
all about it.
First and foremost, let me give you a brief overview of my new school. It is a vibrant and diverse
educational institution located in the heart of our beloved city. The campus is equipped with
state-of-the-art facilities, including modern classrooms, a well-stocked library, and excellent
sports facilities. The school's commitment to providing a well-rounded education is evident in its
extensive extracurricular activities and clubs catering to various interests.
Now let me delve into my personal experience at this new school. The initial days were filled
with a mix of emotions, ranging from excitement to nervousness. However, my anxiety soon
dissipated as I found myself surrounded by friendly classmates and supportive teachers. The
warm welcome I received from both the staff and my peers helped me feel at ease and quickly
settle into my new environment.
The academic rigor at this school is impressive. The teachers are highly knowledgeable and
passionate about their subjects, which reflects in their teaching styles and the engaging lessons
they deliver. They employ innovative teaching methods, encouraging active participation and
fostering critical thinking skills among students. I have particularly enjoyed the lively classroom
discussions and collaborative projects that have enhanced my understanding of various subjects.
One aspect that sets this school apart is its emphasis on holistic development. Apart from
academics, there is a strong focus on extracurricular activities. I have joined several clubs and
organizations that align with my interests, such as the debate team, the environmental club, and
the photography society. These extracurricular activities have provided me with opportunities to
explore my passions, develop new skills, and form meaningful friendships with like-minded
individuals.
Furthermore, the school organizes frequent educational trips and field visits to complement
classroom learning. These excursions have enabled me to expand my horizons, explore different
cultures, and gain a deeper understanding of the world around me. Most recently, we visited a
local museum, where we witnessed captivating works of art and learned about the rich history of
our region.
In terms of campus resources, the library has become my go-to place for studying and research.
It houses an extensive collection of books, journals, and online resources that support both my
academic pursuits and personal interests. The school also provides access to computers and other
technological resources, which have proven invaluable in completing assignments and carrying
out research.
Lastly, I want to express my gratitude for your continuous support and encouragement
throughout this transition. Having a friend like you has made this journey much smoother and
more enjoyable. I am grateful for the countless conversations we've had, the advice you've given,
and the words of motivation that have pushed me to strive for excellence.
In conclusion, my experience in my new school has been nothing short of remarkable. The
welcoming atmosphere, dedicated teachers, diverse extracurricular opportunities, and access to
excellent resources have made my learning journey highly enriching and fulfilling. I am excited
to continue exploring all that this school has to offer and look forward to the adventures that lie
ahead.
Take care, my dear friend, and I eagerly await your response.
With warm regards,
[Your Name]

Topic Seven
Pronoun: Relative and Possessive Pronoun
Relative Pronouns:
Relative pronouns are words that link one phrase or clause to another in a sentence. They are
used to introduce a subordinate clause, which provides additional information about the noun or
pronoun in the main clause.
The most common relative pronouns are:
Who: Refers to people.
Example: The girl who won the race is my sister.
Whom: Also refers to people, but is used as the object of a verb or preposition.
Example: He is the teacher whom we admire.
Which: Refers to things or animals.
Example: This is the book which I borrowed from the library.
That: Can refer to both people and things. It is commonly used, but it is more informal.
Example: The car that I bought is brand new.
Whose: Shows possession and is used for both people and things.
Example: The man, whose car was stolen, reported it to the police.
Where: Refers to a place.
Example: The park where we had a picnic is beautiful.
When: Refers to a time.
Example: Last summer, when we went on vacation, we visited the beach.
Relative pronouns help to create complex sentences by connecting ideas and providing additional
details.
Possessive Pronouns:
Possessive pronouns are used to show ownership or possession. They replace a noun or a noun
phrase in order to avoid repetition.
The most common possessive pronouns are:
Mine: Belongs to me.
Example: The red pen is mine.
Yours: Belongs to you.
Example: Is this book yours?
His: Belongs to him.
Example: The bicycle is his.
Hers: Belongs to her.
Example: The bag is hers.
Ours: Belongs to us.
Example: The house is ours.
Theirs: Belongs to them.
Example: The dog is theirs.
Its: Belongs to an object or an animal.
Example: The cat licked its paws.
Possessive pronouns show ownership or possession without the need for an apostrophe. They can
stand alone in a sentence or be followed by a noun.
In summary, relative pronouns are used to link ideas and provide additional information in a
sentence, while possessive pronouns show ownership or possession. Understanding and using
these pronouns correctly can help to enhance the clarity and complexity of your writing.

Topic Eight
Words Associated with Environment
Definition of Environment:
The environment refers to the surroundings in which living organisms exist. It encompasses both
the physical and biological factors that influence the survival and development of organisms. Our
environment includes the air we breathe, the water we drink, the land we live on, and all the
plant and animal species that coexist with us.
Words Associated with Environment:
Biodiversity: Biodiversity refers to the variety and abundance of living organisms in a specific
habitat or ecosystem. It encompasses the different species, genetic variations within species, and
the interactions between species.
Climate Change: Climate change refers to long-term shifts in weather patterns and average
temperatures on Earth. It is primarily caused by human activities such as the burning of fossil
fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes.
Pollution: Pollution is the introduction of harmful substances or pollutants into the environment.
It can be caused by various sources, including industrial activities, vehicle emissions, and
improper waste disposal.
Conservation: Conservation is the sustainable management and protection of natural resources
and ecosystems. It aims to preserve biodiversity, prevent habitat destruction, and minimize the
negative impacts of human activities on the environment.
Sustainability: Sustainability refers to the concept of using resources in a way that meets present
needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It
promotes responsible resource management and the reduction of carbon emissions.
Renewable Energy: Renewable energy is energy that is derived from sources that are naturally
replenished, such as sunlight, wind, and water. It is considered environmentally friendly because
it produces fewer greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil fuels.
Ecosystem: An ecosystem is a community of living organisms that interact with each other and
their physical environment. It includes both biotic (plants, animals) and abiotic (soil, water, air)
components.
Deforestation: Deforestation is the permanent removal of trees and vegetation from an area. It is
often done to clear land for agriculture, urbanization, or logging, resulting in habitat loss and
environmental degradation.

Carbon Footprint: A carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions produced
directly or indirectly by an individual, organization, or product. It is measured in units of carbon
dioxide equivalents (CO2e).
Greenhouse Effect: The greenhouse effect is a natural process that occurs when certain gases in
the Earth's atmosphere trap heat from the sun. However, human activities have intensified this
effect by increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases, leading to global warming.
Sustainable Development: Sustainable development refers to economic growth that considers
social and environmental factors. It aims to meet the needs of the present generation without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Habitat: A habitat is the natural environment in which a particular species lives and obtains the
resources necessary for survival, such as food, water, shelter, and suitable conditions.
Biodegradable: Biodegradable materials are substances that can be broken down or decomposed
by natural processes, such as microorganisms, into simpler and non-toxic substances. They have
less impact on the environment compared to non-biodegradable materials.
Ozone Layer: The ozone layer is a region in the Earth's stratosphere that contains a high
concentration of ozone (O3) molecules. It plays a crucial role in absorbing the majority of the
sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation, protecting life on Earth from harmful UV rays.
Sustainable Agriculture: Sustainable agriculture refers to practices that aim to minimize the
negative impacts of farming on the environment while ensuring the long-term productivity of
agricultural systems. It promotes the use of organic fertilizers, crop rotation, and agroforestry.
These are just a few words associated with the environment and their meanings. Familiarizing
oneself with these terms helps to deepen our understanding of the complex systems and
challenges of the environment. As responsible inhabitants of the Earth, it is important to be
aware of these concepts and consider their implications in our daily lives.
Remember, a healthy environment is crucial for the well-being of all living organisms, and it is
our collective responsibility to protect and preserve it for future generations.
Topic Nine
Creative Writing: Exploring the World of Imagination
Definition of Creative Writing
Creative writing is an expressive form of writing that allows individuals to use their imagination
and creativity to communicate ideas, emotions, and stories. It goes beyond the boundaries of
academic and technical writing, giving writers the freedom to experiment with different styles,
structures, and perspectives. Creative writing encompasses various genres, such as poetry, short
stories, plays, and novels, and it offers a platform for self-expression and exploration.
The Art of Crafting a Creative Essay
A creative essay is a personal and imaginative piece of writing that allows writers to convey their
thoughts, feelings, and experiences. It offers an opportunity to express original ideas, create
engaging characters, and construct captivating narratives. To write an impressive creative essay,
here are some key elements to consider:
1. Selecting a Suitable Topic
Choose a topic that sparks your interest and provides ample room for creativity. It could be a
childhood memory, a moral dilemma, a current event, or a fictitious scenario. The topic should
evoke emotion and curiosity, encouraging readers to immerse themselves in your essay.
2. Developing a Strong Introduction
Begin your essay with a captivating opening that instantly grabs the reader's attention. Use vivid
descriptions, thought-provoking statements, or intriguing anecdotes to hook your audience and
set the tone for the rest of the essay.
3. Creating Engaging Characters
If your essay involves characters, dedicate time to developing them. Provide vivid descriptions,
explore their motivations and emotions, and ensure their actions align with their personality
traits. Characters bring life to your story, making it more relatable and engaging.
4. Utilizing Descriptive Language
Make effective use of sensory details and descriptive language to create a vivid picture in the
reader's mind. Engage the senses by describing colors, textures, sounds, smells, and tastes,
adding depth and richness to your essay.

5. Building a Compelling Plot

Construct a coherent and engaging plot that takes readers on a journey. Introduce conflict, build
tension, and create moments of suspense to keep your audience captivated. Consider the story's
structure, pacing, and resolution to deliver a satisfying reading experience.
6. Expressing Emotions and Themes
Use your essay as an outlet for emotions and explore themes that resonate with the human
experience. Address topics such as love, loss, growth, identity, or social issues. Through your
writing, connect with your readers on an emotional level and leave a lasting impact.
7. Editing and Revising
After completing your first draft, take the time to review and revise your essay. Check for
grammar and spelling errors, ensure clarity of ideas, and refine your language for precision and
impact. Consider seeking feedback from peers or teachers to gain valuable insights and
perspectives.
Remember, creative writing is not bound by strict rules but encourages personal expression and
experimentation. Embrace your unique voice and writing style to create a truly captivating and
impactful essay.

… cont'd (page 2)
Example of a Creative Writing: A Journey Through the Enchanted Forest
Once upon a time, in a small village nestled amidst emerald-green meadows, there lived a young
girl named Lily. Known for her vibrant imagination and love for adventure, Lily would often
find solace in the enchanting stories she read. Little did she know that her own magical journey
was about to unfold.
One sunny morning, Lily received an ancient-looking parchment in the mail. Intrigued, she
eagerly unrolled it to reveal a map of a mystical forest, rumored to be home to extraordinary
wonders. The map showed a forgotten path leading deep into the heart of the forest, where a
hidden treasure awaited the chosen one.
Unable to resist the temptation, Lily packed her bag with essentials and set off on her thrilling
expedition. With each step she took, the forest engulfed her in its ethereal beauty, the sunlight
filtering through the majestic canopy of trees.
As she ventured further, past whispering leaves and winding streams, she stumbled upon the first
challenge of her journey. A rickety bridge stretched before her, its planks worn and moss-
covered. Taking a deep breath, Lily summoned her courage and crossed the trembling bridge
with determination.

The path became tougher as she encountered peculiar creatures along the way. From
mischievous pixies to wise old owls, each encounter brought her closer to unraveling the secrets
of the enchanted forest. They shared tales of past adventurers and imparted valuable lessons of
bravery, resilience, and kindness.
Days turned into weeks as Lily navigated treacherous slopes, crossed treacherous ravines, and
even survived a thunderstorm with the help of a friendly squirrel. Through it all, she never lost
sight of her purpose: to find the hidden treasure that would bring prosperity and joy to her
village.
Finally, after what seemed like an eternity, Lily reached a clearing in the forest. Standing tall in
its center was a magnificent oak tree, its branches stretching towards the heavens. A sense of
anticipation filled the air as Lily approached the tree and found a small, intricately carved chest
nestled in its roots.
With trembling hands, she opened the chest to reveal a dazzling array of gems, gleaming in the
sunlight. But it was not the treasure itself that warmed Lily's heart; it was the knowledge that she
had overcome fears and obstacles, and had grown into a brave and resilient young woman.
With her bag heavier but her heart lighter, Lily bid farewell to the enchanted forest and
embarked on her journey back home. As she emerged from the forest, the villagers greeted her
with awe and admiration. Lily shared her tales, spreading inspiration and hope to those around
her.
And so, the legend of Lily's adventure in the enchanted forest lived on, reminding everyone that
within each of us lies the power to embark on our own extraordinary journey. It is a story that
ignites the spark of creativity and imagination, urging us to dream, explore, and discover the
magic that awaits us all.
So, dear readers, what adventures will you embark on? The world is waiting for your stories to
unfold, your dreams to become reality. Journey onward and let your creativity soar!
I hope this example of a creative writing on the topic of a magical journey through an enchanted
forest captures the imagination and inspires your students in their own creative endeavors!

Topic 10
Introduction to Sequence of Tense
Define Sequence of Tense
Sequence of Tense is a grammatical rule that refers to the relationship between verbs in different
clauses or sentences within a sentence. It determines how the verb tenses should be used to show
the chronological order of events or actions.
In simple terms, Sequence of Tense helps us maintain consistency in verb tenses when
expressing ideas or narrating events in a story.

Examples of Sequence of Tense

Let's take a look at some examples to better understand how Sequence of Tense works:
1. Present-Past Sequence
In this sequence, when the main verb is in the present tense, the verb in the subordinate clause
(dependent clause) that refers to a past event should be in the past tense.
Example:
Correct: She says that she visited Paris last year.
Incorrect: She says that she visits Paris last year.
2. Past-Past Sequence
In this sequence, when the main verb is in the past tense, the verb in the subordinate clause that
refers to an action that occurred before the main verb should be in the past perfect tense.
Example:
Correct: He said that he had studied for the exam before going to bed.
Incorrect: He said that he studied for the exam before going to bed.
3. Future-Present Sequence
In this sequence, when the main verb is in the future tense, the verb in the subordinate clause that
refers to an action that will happen after the main verb should be in the present tense.
Example:
Correct: They will watch a movie after they finish their homework.
Incorrect: They will watch a movie after they finished their homework.
4. Present-Future Sequence
In this sequence, when the main verb is in the present tense, the verb in the subordinate clause
that refers to a future action should be in the future tense.
Example:
Correct: She hopes that she will succeed in her career.
Incorrect: She hopes that she succeeds in her career.
It is important to remember that Sequence of Tense helps provide clarity and avoid confusion in
writing, particularly when expressing multiple events or actions in a coherent manner. By using
the appropriate verb tenses, we can ensure that our ideas are communicated effectively.

Topic 11
Class Note: Phrasal Verbs
Phrasal verbs are an important aspect of the English language. They are commonly used in both
informal and formal communication. In this class note, we will define phrasal verbs and provide
examples for the following phrasal verbs:
Got on with
Go through with
Got back on
Look out for
Look down on
Look up to
Put in for
Put up with
Defining Phrasal Verbs
Phrasal verbs are a combination of a verb and a particle (adverb or preposition) that, when used
together, create a new meaning. The meaning of the phrasal verb is often different from the
individual words used in it. Understanding phrasal verbs is essential for comprehending and
using English effectively.
1. Got on with
Meaning: To have a good relationship with someone or continue doing something despite
difficulties.
Example: Despite their differences, Jack and Jill have always got on with each other.
2. Go through with
Meaning: To complete or continue with a plan, action, or decision.
Example: After careful consideration, Mary decided to go through with her plan to start her own
business.
3. Got back on
Meaning: To regain one's balance or recover from a setback.
Example: After falling off his bike, Tom quickly got back on and continued riding.

4. Look out for

Meaning: To be vigilant and watchful for something.
Example: Look out for any signs of danger while swimming in the ocean.
5. Look down on
Meaning: To have a negative or condescending attitude towards someone or something.
Example: The wealthy businessman looks down on people who are less fortunate.
6. Look up to
Meaning: To admire and respect someone.
Example: Sarah has always looked up to her older sister for guidance and support.
7. Put in for
Meaning: To submit or apply for something.
Example: John put in for a promotion at work after years of hard work.
8. Put up with
Meaning: To tolerate or endure something difficult or irritating.
Example: Despite the noise from the construction site, the residents had to put up with it until the
project was completed.
Understanding the meaning and usage of phrasal verbs is essential for navigating everyday
conversations and written texts. Practice using these phrasal verbs in your own sentences to
become more comfortable with their usage.
Remember, phrasal verbs are an integral part of the English language, and mastering them will
greatly enhance your communication skills. Review this class note regularly, and actively
incorporate these phrasal verbs into your everyday language to become a more fluent English
speaker.
Note: Answer keys for phrasal verbs are not provided as the usage and context of these verbs
may vary. It is recommended to use a reliable English dictionary or refer to additional online
resources for further practice and understanding.

Topic 12
Building Construction and Associated Words
Introduction
Building construction is the process of creating structures that are used for various purposes,
such as residential, commercial, or industrial. It involves the planning, designing, and
construction of buildings using materials, tools, and techniques. In this class note, we will
explore the world of building construction and learn about some important words associated with
this field.
Words Associated with Building Construction
Foundation: The base upon which a building is constructed. It provides stability and supports the
entire structure.
Blueprint: A detailed plan or drawing that shows the layout and design of a building before it is
constructed.
Structural Design: The process of designing the framework and structural elements of a building
to ensure stability and strength.
Carpentry: The skill of working with wood to construct various building components, such as
doors, windows, and furniture.
Masonry: The art of building structures using bricks, stones, or concrete blocks, often used for
walls and foundations.
Plumbing: The system of pipes, fixtures, and other devices used to supply water and dispose of
waste in a building.
Electrical Wiring: The installation of electrical systems, including wires, outlets, and switches, to
provide power within a building.
Roofing: The process of covering a building with materials, such as shingles or metal sheets, to
protect it from weather elements.
HVAC: Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning systems that control the temperature,
humidity, and air quality within a building.
Insulation: Materials used to reduce heat loss or gain in a building, helping to maintain a
comfortable indoor environment.
Concrete: A mixture of cement, sand, gravel, and water that hardens to form a strong and durable
building material.
Scaffolding: Temporary structures used to support workers and materials during construction or
maintenance of a building.
Crane: A machine equipped with a long arm to lift and move heavy materials or equipment
during construction.
Excavation: The process of digging and removing earth to create a foundation or prepare the
ground for construction.
Safety Regulations: Rules and guidelines put in place to ensure the safety of workers and
occupants during construction.
These are just a few words associated with building construction. There are many more terms
and concepts to explore in this fascinating field.
Conclusion
Building construction is a complex and important industry that shapes the world we live in.
Understanding the various aspects and terminology related to this field can provide insights into
how buildings are planned, designed, and constructed. Whether you aspire to become an
architect, engineer, or construction worker, learning about building construction will enhance
your knowledge and appreciation for the built environment.
Topic 13
Active and Passive Sentences
In the English language, sentences can be structured in two different ways: active and passive.
Understanding the difference between active and passive sentences is important for effective
communication and writing. In this lesson, we will define active and passive sentences and
provide examples to help you grasp the concept.
Definition of Active and Passive Sentences
Active sentences are those where the subject performs the action of the verb. This means that the
subject is the "doer" or the one carrying out the action in the sentence. Active sentences have a
clear and straightforward structure.
Passive sentences, on the other hand, place the focus on the object of the action rather than the
subject. In passive sentences, the subject is being acted upon, or the "receiver" of the action. The
structure of passive sentences is often more complex and may require additional words to be
formed.
Examples of Active and Passive Sentences
Let's take a closer look at examples of active and passive sentences to help you understand how
they differ:
Active Sentence:
The cat chased the mouse.
In this sentence, the subject (the cat) performs the action of chasing the mouse. The structure is
straightforward, with the subject followed by the verb and then the object.

Passive Sentence:
The mouse was chased by the cat.
In this passive sentence, the focus is on the object of the action (the mouse). The subject (the cat)
is being acted upon, rather than performing the action. Notice how the sentence structure
changes, with the object (the mouse) becoming the subject, followed by the helping verb "was"
and the past participle form of the verb "chased."
Why Use Active and Passive Sentences?
Both active and passive sentences have their own advantages and uses:
Active sentences are often preferred in writing because they are clear, concise, and direct. They
allow the reader to easily identify the subject, the action, and the object.
Passive sentences are useful when the emphasis is on the object of the action or when the subject
is unknown or unimportant. They can also be used to make writing more formal or to omit the
subject altogether.
It is essential to understand both active and passive sentence structures to express ideas
accurately and effectively in different contexts.
In conclusion, active and passive sentences provide different ways of expressing actions and may
be used in various writing situations. By recognizing and utilizing these sentence structures, you
can enhance your writing skills and communicate your ideas more efficiently. Remember to
consider the purpose and emphasis of your message when choosing between active and passive
sentences.
Keep practicing and pay attention to the sentence structures used in different texts. This will help
you become a more confident writer and communicator. Happy writing!
Topic 14
Class Notes: Vocabulary Building - Words Associated with Technology
Definition of Technology
Technology refers to the application of scientific knowledge and skills to create tools, devices,
and systems that enhance human capabilities and solve problems. It encompasses a wide range of
disciplines, including engineering, computer science, and information technology. Technology is
an essential aspect of modern life, driving innovations and advancements in various fields.

Words Associated with Technology

Innovation: the process of introducing new ideas, products, or methods that lead to
improvements or advancements in technology.
Digital: relating to or using technology that stores, processes, transmits, or displays information
in the form of electronic signals.
Artificial intelligence (AI): the simulation of human intelligence in machines that can perform
tasks requiring human intelligence, such as speech recognition, problem-solving, and learning.
Automation: the use of technology and machines to perform tasks and processes without human
intervention.
Cybersecurity: measures and techniques designed to protect computer systems, networks, and
data from unauthorized access, theft, or damage.
Cloud computing: the practice of storing and accessing data and programs over the internet
instead of on local devices or servers.
Internet of Things (IoT): a system of interconnected devices, objects, and sensors that can
communicate and exchange data with each other over the internet.
Virtual reality (VR): an artificial computer-generated environment that simulates a realistic
experience, often through the use of headsets or special devices.
Augmented reality (AR): a technology that overlays digital information or virtual objects onto
the real world, enhancing the user's perception and interaction with their environment.
Biometrics: the measurement and analysis of unique physical or behavioral characteristics, such
as fingerprints, facial features, or voice patterns, for identification and authentication purposes.
Big data: large and complex sets of data that require specialized tools and methods to process,
analyze, and derive insights from.
Internet: a global network of interconnected computers and devices that allows the sharing of
information and resources.
Software: the programs, applications, and instructions that control and operate computer
hardware and perform specific tasks.
Hardware: the physical components and devices of a computer system, including the central
processing unit (CPU), memory, and storage.
Social media: online platforms and websites that enable users to create, share, and interact with
content, information, and other users.

Conclusion
Expand your technological vocabulary by learning and understanding these key terms.
Technology is continually evolving, and being familiar with these words will help you navigate
and engage with the digital world effectively. Stay curious and embrace the opportunities that
technology offers to shape the future.

Topic 15
Class Notes: Article Writing
Features of Article
An article is a form of writing that presents information or ideas in a structured and organized
manner. It is commonly found in newspapers, magazines, and online publications. Articles are
designed to inform, entertain, persuade, or provide insights on various topics. In this class note,
we will explore the key features of articles and learn how to write an impactful article.
Introduction
An article typically begins with a captivating introduction that grabs the reader's attention. This
opening paragraph sets the tone for the entire article and should pique the reader's curiosity. The
introduction may include a thought-provoking question, an intriguing anecdote, or a shocking
statistic related to the topic of the article.
Clear Structure
Articles have a clear and logical structure that helps readers navigate through the content
effortlessly. The following are the essential components of an article:
Headline: The headline is a concise and attention-grabbing title that summarizes the main idea of
the article. It should be short, engaging, and provide a glimpse into the article's content.
Subheadings: Subheadings are used to divide the article into sections that cover different aspects
of the topic. Each subheading should be informative and give the reader an idea of what to
expect in that section.
Introduction: As mentioned earlier, the introduction is the opening paragraph that introduces the
topic and captures the reader's interest. It sets the stage for the rest of the article.
Body: The body of the article provides the main information, supporting evidence, and
arguments related to the topic. It is structured with paragraphs that present ideas or facts in a
logical sequence.
Conclusion: The conclusion wraps up the article and summarizes the key points. It may also
offer a closing thought, call to action, or encourage further exploration of the topic.

Objective and Informative Tone

Articles are written in an objective and informative tone. The focus is on providing accurate
information and presenting different perspectives without bias. The language should be clear,
concise, and free from excessive jargon or technical terms. The use of evidence, examples, and
research adds credibility to the article.
Engaging and Relevant Content
To capture the reader's interest, articles should have engaging and relevant content. Writers often
use storytelling techniques, interesting anecdotes, or real-life examples to make the article
relatable and relatable. Including current events, trends, or research findings related to the topic
can also enhance the article's relevance.
Clarity and Coherence
Clarity and coherence are essential aspects of article writing. Clear and concise sentences enable
readers to understand the information easily. Writers should use transition words and phrases to
ensure smooth flow between paragraphs and ideas.
Call to Action
Many articles conclude with a call to action, encouraging readers to take further steps or engage
with the topic beyond the article. This could include suggesting additional resources, inviting
readers to comment or share their thoughts, or urging them to take action related to the article's
subject matter.
Sample Article: The Impact of Social Media on Society
Headline: Unveiling the Power of Social Media: How It Influences Our Lives
Introduction
Have you ever wondered about the profound impact social media has on our daily lives?
Whether we realize it or not, social media has changed the way we connect, communicate, and
consume information. In this article, we will explore the various ways that social media
influences our society and the long-lasting effects it has on individuals and communities.
Body
1. Social Connections: Social media platforms have revolutionized the way we connect with
others. Through platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter, we can easily stay in touch
with friends and family, and even make new connections. However, some argue that these virtual
connections may not be as meaningful as face-to-face interactions.
2. Information Consumption: With the abundance of content available online, social media acts
as a gateway to a wide range of information. News, opinions, and updates are just a few clicks
away. However, the rise of fake news and misinformation poses a challenge, as it becomes
difficult to verify the credibility of the information we encounter.

3. Influence on Behavior: Social media has been found to influence behavior in various ways.
From shaping consumer choices to impacting social norms, our online interactions can have real-
world implications. The pressure to portray an idealized version of ourselves or conform to
societal expectations can also take a toll on mental well-being.
4. Political and Social Movements: Social media has played a pivotal role in promoting
political and social movements. From hashtag activism to organizing protests, platforms like
Twitter and Instagram have become powerful tools for amplifying voices, raising awareness, and
mobilizing communities.
Conclusion:
As we reflect on the impact of social media in our society, it is evident that its influence is both
profound and multi-faceted. While it has brought people closer together and facilitated
information sharing, it also poses challenges in terms of privacy, mental health, and the spread of
misinformation. As users of social media, it is crucial to be mindful of our online behavior,
critically evaluate information, and strive for a balanced and responsible digital presence.
Remember, the key to writing a compelling article lies in effectively weaving together
information, engaging the reader, and presenting a unique perspective on the topic. Happy
writing!

Topic 16
Vocabulary: Words Associated with Cultural Entertainment
Definition of Cultural Entertainment
Cultural entertainment refers to various forms of artistic expressions and performances that are
influenced by a particular culture or ethnicity. It encompasses activities that showcase the
traditions, customs, and artistic endeavors of a specific group of people, offering insights into
their heritage and way of life. Cultural entertainment often includes music, dance, theater, visual
arts, literature, film, and other creative works that are representative of a particular culture.
Words Associated with Cultural Entertainment and Their Meanings
Folklore - Traditional stories, songs, and customs passed down through generations, preserving
the cultural heritage and values of a community.
Exhibition - A public display showcasing artworks, artifacts, or other cultural items to educate
and engage audiences.
Symphony - An orchestral composition characterized by complex musical arrangements
performed by a symphony orchestra.
Ballet - A classical dance form that combines precise movements, graceful poses, and expressive
storytelling.
Cinema - The art of creating and producing films that depict stories, entertain, and stimulate
emotions in the audience.
Festival - A celebratory event characterized by performances, concerts, exhibitions, and other
activities reflecting cultural traditions and customs.
Opera - A dramatic theatrical performance combining music, acting, and singing, often featuring
elaborate sets and costumes.
Literature - Written works, including novels, poems, plays, and essays, created to express ideas,
emotions, and cultural perspectives.
Visual Arts - Art forms that involve creating visual representations, such as painting, sculpture,
photography, and printmaking.
Poetry - A form of literature that uses expressive language, rhythm, and imagery to convey
emotions and ideas, often with artistic beauty.
Multimedia - The combined use of various art forms, such as music, images, videos, and
interactive elements, to create engaging presentations or experiences.
Street Performance - Live artistic performances, such as music, dance, theater, or acrobatics,
presented in public spaces for spectators.
Cultural Center - A venue dedicated to promoting and preserving a specific culture's traditions,
art, and education through exhibitions, events, and workshops.
Artistic Expression - The process of conveying feelings, thoughts, and ideas through creative
mediums, emphasizing individuality and originality.
Heritage - The cultural traditions and physical artifacts that are inherited from the past and
contribute to a sense of identity and belonging.
This vocabulary list provides an overview of words associated with cultural entertainment.
Understanding these terms will help you better appreciate and communicate about the diverse
forms of artistic expression found across various cultures. Explore and learn more about these
concepts to broaden your knowledge and appreciation of cultural entertainment.

(Note: This content has been carefully crafted to be suitable for 11th-grade students in terms of
readability and complexity. It can be used as a class note or reference material.)