Hybrid Solar Seminar
Hybrid Solar Seminar
Reaching the non electrified rural population is currently not possible through the
extension of the grid, since the connection is neither economically feasible, nor
encouraged by the main actors. Further, the increases in oil prices and the
unbearable impacts of this energy source on the users and on the environment,
are slowly removing conventional energy solutions, such as fuel genets based
systems, from the rural development agendas.
This problem can overcome by using “HYBRID POWER GENERATION USING SOLAR
AND WIND ENERGY”. Hybrid systems have proved to be the best option to deliver
“high quality” power.
CHAPTER 1 : ENABLING TECHNOLOGY FOR SOLAR
AND WIND HYBRID POWER GENERATION
1.1 Introduction
With increasing concern of global warming and the depletion of fossil fuel
reserves, many are looking at sustainable energy solutions to preserve the earth
for the future generations. Other than hydro power, wind and photovoltaic energy
holds the most potential to meet our energy demands. Alone, wind energy is
capable of supplying large amounts of power but its presence is highly
unpredictable as it can be here one moment and gone in another. Similarly, solar
energy is present throughout the day but the solar irradiation levels vary due to
sun intensity and unpredictable shadows cast by clouds, birds, trees, etc. The
common inherent drawback of wind and photovoltaic systems are their
intermittent natures that make them unreliable. However, by combining these two
intermittent sources and by incorporating maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
algorithms, the systems power transfer efficiency and reliability can be improved
significantly. When a source is unavailable or insufficient in meeting the load
demands, the other energy source can compensate for the difference. Several
hybrid wind/PV power systems with MPPT control have been proposed and
discussed in works Most of the systems in literature use a separate DC/DC boost
converter connected in parallel in the rectifier stage o perform the MPPT control
for each of the renewable energy power sources. A simpler multi-input structure
has been suggested that combine the sources from the DC-end while still
achieving MPPT for each renewable source. The structure proposed by is a fusion
of the buck and buck-boost converter. The systems in literature require passive
input filters to remove the high frequency current harmonics injected into wind
turbine generators. The harmonic content in the generator current decreases its
lifespan and increases the power loss due to heating. In this paper, an alternative
multi-input rectifier structure is proposed for hybrid wind/solar energy systems.
Consider DFIG double fed induction generator with 3-phase wound rotor and
3phase wound stator. An AC current is induced in the rotor windings due to three
phase AC signal fed to rotor windings. Due to mechanical force produced from
wind energy the rotor starts rotation and produces a magnetic field. The speed of
the rotor and frequency of AC signal applied to rotor windings are proportional to
each other. This result of constant magnetic flux passing through stator windings
produces AC current in the stator winding. Due to variation of speed in wind
speed there is chance of getting AC signal output with varying frequency. But, the
AC signal with constant frequency is desired. So, by varying the frequency of input
AC signal given to the rotor windings we can obtain AC output signal with constant
frequency. Grid side converter can be used for providing regulated DC voltage to
charge batteries. Rotor side converter can be used for providing controlled AC
voltage to the rotor.
Thus, as shown in the above solar wind hybrid system figure the electric power
generated from solar energy system and wind energy system can be used for
charging the batteries or for feeding DC loads or we can use the entire power for
feeding AC loads. Hybrid solar wind charger is a practical project in which the
electric power generated from solar energy and wind energy are used for charging
the batteries.
Do you know how does the hybrid solar wind charger work? If yes, then share
your answers, in addition, for designing interesting & innovative electrical and
electronics projects on your own you can download our free eBook or you can
approach us by posting your comments in the comment section below.
b) Dc motor
c) Boost converter
e) LM317 Regulator
f) Battery
g) Inverter
h) Ac load
i. DC supply: 4 to 12V
ii. RPM: 60 at 12V
iii. Total length: 46mm iv. Motor diameter: 36mm
v. Motor length: 25mm
vi. Brush type: Precious metal
vii. Gear head diameter: 37mm
viii. Gear head length: 21mm
ix. Output shaft: Centered
x. Shaft diameter: 6mm
xi. Shaft length: 22mm
xii. Gear assembly: Spur
xiii. Motor weight: 105gms
C) Boost Converter
A boost converter (step-up converter) is a DC-to-DC power converter that steps
up voltage (while stepping down current) from its input (supply) to its output
(load). It is a class of switched-mode power supply (SMPS) containing at least two
semiconductors (a diode and a transistor) and at least one energy storage
element: a capacitor, inductor, or the two in combination. To reduce voltage
ripple, filters made of capacitors (sometimes in combination with inductors) are
normally added to such a converter's output (load-side filter) and input
(supplyside filter).
Battery power systems often stack cells in series to achieve higher voltage.
However, sufficient stacking of cells is not possible in many high voltage
applications due to lack of space. Boost converters can increase the voltage and
reduce the number of cells. Two battery-powered applications that use boost
converters are used in hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and lighting systems.
The NHW20 model Toyota Prius HEV uses a 500 V motor. Without a boost
converter, the Prius would need nearly 417 cells to power the motor. However, a
Prius actually uses only 168 cells[citation needed] and boosts the battery voltage
from 202 V to 500 V. Boost converters also power devices at smaller scale
applications, such as portable lighting systems. A white LED typically requires 3.3 V
to emit light, and a boost converter can step up the voltage from a single 1.5 V
alkaline cell to power the lamp.
An unregulated boost converter is used as the voltage increase mechanism in the
circuit known as the 'Joule thief'. This circuit topology is used with low power
battery applications, and is aimed at the ability of a boost converter to 'steal' the
remaining energy in a battery. This energy would otherwise be wasted since the
low voltage of a nearly depleted battery makes it unusable for a normal load. This
energy would otherwise remain untapped because many applications do not
allow enough current to flow through a load when voltage decreases. This voltage
decrease occurs as batteries become depleted, and is a characteristic of the
ubiquitous alkaline battery. Since the equation for power is R tends to be stable,
power available to the load goes down significantly as voltage decreases.
`It is a dc to dc step-up converter. The simplest way to increase the voltage of a DC
supply is to use a linear regulator (such as a 7805), but linear regulators waste
energy as they operate by dissipating excess power as heat. Boost converters, on
the other hand, can be remarkably efficient (95% or higher for integrated circuits).
It utilizes a MOSFET switch (IRFP250N), a diode, inductor and a capacitor. Few
resistors also are used in the circuit for the protection of the main components.
When the MOSFET switch is ‘ON’ current rises Through inductor, capacitor and
load. Inductor stores energy. When switch is ‘OFF’ the energy in the inductor
circulates current through inductor, capacitor freewheeling diode and load. The
output voltage will be greater than or equal to the input voltage.
Here we use an LM2596 DC-DC buck converter step-down power module with
high-precision potentiometer for adjusting output voltage, capable of driving a
load up to 3A with high efficiency.
The specification of the DC-DC boost converter are- 1.
Module properties : non-isolated constant voltage module
2. Rectification : non-synchronous rectification
3. Input Voltage : 0V-35V
4. Output Current : 3A maximum
5. Output Voltage : 1.3V-30V
6. Conversion efficiency : 92% (maximum)
7. Switching frequency : 150KHz
8. Output ripple : 50mV (maximum) 20M-bandwidth
9. Load regulation : ± 0.5 %
10. Voltage regulation : ± 2.5%
11. Operating temperature : -40 °C to +85 °C
12. Size : 48x23x14 mm
D) Solar Charge Controller
A charge controller or charge regulator is basically a voltage and/or current
regulator to keep batteries from overcharging. It regulates the voltage and current
coming from the solar panels going to the battery. Most "12 volt" panels put out
about 16 to 20 volts, so if there is no regulation the batteries will be damaged
from overcharging. Most batteries need around 14 to 14.5 volts to get fully
charged.
Not always, but usually. Generally, there is no need for a charge controller with the
small maintenance, or trickle charge panels, such as the 1 to 5-watt panels. A
rough rule is that if the panel puts out about 2 watts or less for each 50 battery
amp-hours, then you don't need one.
Charge controls come in all shapes, sizes, features, and price ranges. They range
from the small 4.5 amp (SunGard) control, up to the 60 to 80 amp MPPT
programmable controllers with computer interface. Often, if currents over 60
amps are required, two or more 40 to 80 amp units are wired in parallel. The
most common controls used for all battery based systems are in the 4 to 60 amp
range, but some of the new MPPT controls such as the Outback Power FlexMax
go up to 80 amps.
Charge controls come in 3 general types (with some overlap):
3-stage and/or PWM such Morningstar, Xantrex, Blue Sky, Steca, and many others.
These are pretty much the industry standard now, but you will occasionally still
see some of the older shunt/relay types around, such as in the very cheap systems
offered by discounters and mass marketers.
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT), such as those made by Midnite Solar,
Xantrex, Outback Power, Morningstar and others. These are the ultimate in
controllers, with prices to match - but with efficiencies in the 94% to 98% range,
they can save considerable money on larger systems since they provide 10 to 30%
more power to the battery. For more information, see our article on MPPT.
Most controllers come with some kind of indicator, either a simple LED, a series of
LED's, or digital meters. Many newer ones, such as the Outback Power, Midnite
Classic, Morningstar MPPT, and others now have built in computer interfaces for
monitoring and control. The simplest usually have only a couple of small LED
lamps, which show that you have power and that you are getting some kind of
charge. Most of those with meters will show both voltage and the current coming
from the panels and the battery voltage. Some also show how much current is
being pulled from the LOAD terminals.
E) LM317 Regulator
The LM317T is an adjustable 3-terminal positive voltage regulator capable of
supplying different DC voltage outputs other than the fixed voltage power supply
of +5 or +12 volts, or as a variable output voltage from a few volts up to some
maximum value all with currents of about 1.5 amperes.
With the aid of a small bit of additional circuitry added to the output of the PSU
we can have a bench power supply capable of a range of fixed or variable voltages
either positive or negative in nature. In fact this is more simple than you may think
as the transformer, rectification and smoothing has already been done by the PSU
beforehand all we need to do is connect our additional circuit to the +12 volt
yellow wire output. But firstly, lets consider a fixed voltage output.
There are a wide variety of 3-terminal voltage regulators available in a standard
TO-220 package with the most popular fixed voltage regulator being the 78xx
series positive regulators which range from the very common 7805, +5V fixed
voltage regulator to the 7824, +24V fixed voltage regulator. There is also a 79xx
series of fixed negative voltage regulators which produce a complementary
negative voltage from -5 to -24 volts but in this tutorial we will only use the
positive 78xx types.
The fixed 3-terminal regulator is useful in applications were an adjustable output
is not required making the output power supply simple, but very flexible as the
voltage it outputs is dependant only upon the chosen regulator. They are called
3terminal voltage regulators because they only have three terminals to connect to
and these are the Input, Common and Output respectively.
The input voltage to the regulator will be the +12v yellow wire from the PSU (or
separate transformer supply), and is connected between the input and common
terminals. The stabilised +9 volts is taken across the output and common as
shown.
So suppose we want an output voltage of +9 volts from our PSU bench power
supply, then all we have to do is connect a +9v voltage regulator to the +12V
yellow wire. As the PSU has already done the rectification and smoothing to the
+12v output, the only additional components required are a capacitor across the
input and another across the output.
These additional capacitors aid in the stability of the regulator and can be
anywhere between 100nF and 330nF. The additional 100uF output capacitor helps
smooth out the inherent ripple content giving it a good transient response. This
large value capacitor placed across the output of a power supply circuit is
commonly called a “Smoothing Capacitor”.
These 78xx series regulators give a maximum output current of about 1.5 amps at
fixed stabilised voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 24V respectively. But what if
we wanted an output voltage of +9V but only had a 7805, +5V regulator?. The +5V
output of the 7805 is referenced to the “ground, Gnd” or “0v” terminal.
5.3 Reference
[1] T.S. Balaji Damodhar and A. Sethil Kumar, “Design of high step up modified
for hybrid solar/wind energy system,” Middle-East
Journal of Scientific Research 23 (6) pp. 1041-1046, ISSN 1990-9233, 2015.
[2] Walaa Elshafee Malik Elamin, “Hybrid wind solar electric power system,”
report, University of Khartoum, Index-084085, July 2013.
[3] Sandeep Kumar and Vijay Garg, “Hybrid system of PV solar/wind & fuel
cell,” IJAREEIE, Vol. 2, Issue 8, ISSN 2320-3765, August 2013.
[4] Rakeshkumar B. Shah, “Wind solar hybrid energy conversion system-
leterature review,” International Journal of Scientific
Research, Vol. 4, Issue 6, ISSN 2277-8179, June 2015.
[5] Ugur FESLI, Raif BAYIR, Mahmut OZER, “Design & Implementation of
Domestic Solar-Wind Hybrid Energy System”,
Zonguldak Karaelmas University, Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, Zonguldak, Turkey.
[6] Nazih Moubayed, Ali El-Ali, Rachid Outbib, “Control of an Hybrid Solar-Wind
System with Acid Battery for Storage”, Wseas
Transactions on Power System, Labortory of Science in Information and System
(LSI), Axi-Marseille University, France