C23 (C standard revision)

C23 is the informal name for what will likely become ISO/IEC 9899:2024, the next standard for the C programming
language, which will replace C17 (standard ISO/IEC 9899:2018).[1] It was started in 2016 informally as C2x,[2] and
expected to be published in 2024.[3] The most recent publicly available working draft of C23 was released on April 1,
2023.[4] The first WG14 meeting for the C2x draft was held in October 2019,[5] virtual remote meetings were held in
2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, then various teleconference meetings continued to occur through 2023.

Features
Changes integrated into the latest working draft of C23 are listed below.[4]

Standard Library

New functions

▪ Add memset_explicit() function in <string.h> to erase sensitive data, where memory store
must always be performed regardless of optimizations.[6]
▪ Add memccpy() function in <string.h> to efficiently concatenate strings – similar to POSIX and
SVID C extensions.[7]
▪ Add strdup() and strndup() functions in <string.h> to allocate a copy of a string – similar to
POSIX and SVID C extensions.[8]
▪ Add memalignment() function in <stdlib.h> to determine the byte alignment of a pointer.[9]
▪ Add bit utility functions / macros / types in new header <stdbit.h> to examine many integer
types. All start with stdc_ to minimize conflict with legacy code and 3rd party libraries.[10]

▪ In the following, replace * with uc, us, ui, ul, ull for five function names, or blank for a type-
generic macro.[10]
▪ Add stdc_count_ones*() and stdc_count_zeros*() to count number of 1 or 0 bits in
value.[10]
▪ Add stdc_leading_ones*() and stdc_leading_zeros*() to count leading 1 or 0 bits in
value.[10]
▪ Add stdc_trailing_ones*() and stdc_trailing_zeros*() to count trailing 1 or 0 bits in
value.[10]
▪ Add stdc_first_leading_one*() and stdc_first_leading_zero*() to find first leading
bit with 1 or 0 in value.[10]
▪ Add stdc_first_trailing_one*() and stdc_first_trailing_zero*() to find first
trailing bit with 1 or 0 in value.[10]
▪ Add stdc_has_single_bit*() to determine if value an exact power of 2 (return true if and
only if there is a single 1 bit).[10]
▪ Add stdc_bit_floor*() to determine the largest integral power of 2 that is not greater than
value.[10]
▪ Add stdc_bit_ceil*() to determine the smallest integral power of 2 that is not less than
 value.[10]
▪ Add stdc_bit_width*() to determine number of bits to represent a value.[10]
▪ Add timegm() function in <time.h> to convert time structure into calendar time value - similar to
function in glibc and musl libraries.[11]

Existing functions

▪ Add %b binary conversion specifier to printf() function family, prepending non-zero values with
0b, similar to how %x works. Implementations that previously did not use %B as their own extension
are encouraged to implement and prepend non-zero values with 0B, similar to how %X works.[12]
▪ Add %b binary conversion specifier to scanf() function family.[12]
▪ Add 0b and 0B binary conversion support to strtol() and wcstol() function families.[12]
▪ Make the functions bsearch(), bsearch_s(), memchr(), strchr(), strpbrk(), strrchr(),
strstr(), and their wide counterparts wmemchr(), wcschr(), wcspbrk(), wcsrchr(), wcsstr()
return a const qualified object if one was passed to them.[13]

Preprocessor
▪ Add #elifdef and #elifndef directives,[14] which are essentially equivalent to #elif defined
and #elif !defined. Both directives were added to C++23 standard and GCC 12.[15]
▪ Add #embed directive for binary resource inclusion and __has_embed allowing the availability of a
resource to be checked by preprocessor directives.[16]
▪ Add #warning directive for diagnostics.[17]
▪ Add __has_include allowing the availability of a header to be checked by preprocessor
directives.[18]
▪ Add __has_c_attribute allowing the availability of an attribute to be checked by preprocessor
directives.[19] (see "C++ compatibility" group for new attribute feature)
▪ Add __VA_OPT__ functional macro for variadic macros which expands to its argument only if a
variadic argument has been passed to the containing macro.[20]

Types
▪ Add nullptr_t, a null pointer type.[21]
▪ Add _BitInt(N) and unsigned _BitInt(N) types for bit-precise integers. Add
BITINT_MAXWIDTH macro for maximum bit width.[22][23]
▪ Add ckd_add(), ckd_sub(), ckd_mul() macros for checked integer operations.[24]
▪ Variably-modified types (but not VLAs which are automatic variables allocated on the stack) become
a mandatory feature.[25]
▪ Better support for using const with arrays.[26]
▪ Standardization of the typeof(...) operator.[27]
▪ The meaning of the auto keyword was changed to cause type inference while also retaining its old
meaning of a storage class specifier if used alongside a type. Unlike C++, C23 allows type inference
only for object definitions (no inferring function return type or function parameter type).[28]
▪ Compatibility rules for structure, union, and enumerated types were changed to allow a
redeclaration of a compatible type with the same tag.[29]
Constants
▪ Add nullptr constant for nullptr_t type.[21]
▪ Add wb and uwb integer literal suffixes for _BitInt(N) and unsigned _BitInt(N) types,[30] such
as 6uwb yields an unsigned _BitInt(3), and -6wb yields a signed _BitInt(4) which has three
value bits and one sign bit.
▪ Add 0b and 0B binary literal constant prefixes,[31] such as 0b10101010 (equating to 0xAA).
▪ Add ' digit separator to literal constants,[32] such as 0xFE'DC'BA'98 (equating to 0xFEDCBA98),
299'792'458 (equating to 299792458), 1.414'213'562 (equating to 1.414213562).
▪ Add the ability to specify the underlying type of an enum.[33]
▪ Allow enums with no fixed underlying type to store values that are not representable by int.[34]

Keywords
▪ Add true and false keywords.[35]
▪ Add alignas, alignof, bool, static_assert, thread_local keywords. Previously defined
keywords become alternative spellings: _Alignas, _Alignof, _Bool, _Static_assert,
_Thread_local.[36]
▪ Add _BitInt keyword (see "types" group)
▪ Add typeof and typeof_unqual keywords (see "types" group)
▪ Add nullptr keyword (see "constants" group)
▪ Add constexpr keyword (see "other" group)
▪ Add _Decimal32, _Decimal64, _Decimal128 keywords for (optional) decimal floating-point
arithmetic (see "other" group)

Syntax
▪ Labels can appear before declarations and at the end of compound statements.[37]
▪ Unnamed parameters in function definitions.[38]
▪ Zero initialization with {} (including initialization of VLAs).[39]
▪ Variadic functions no longer need a named argument before the ellipsis and the va_start macro
no longer needs a second argument nor does it evaluate any argument after the first one if
present.[40]
▪ Add C++11 style attribute syntax[41] using double square brackets [[]].
▪ Add single-argument _Static_assert for compatibility with C++17.[42]
▪ Functions with no arguments listed in the prototype void foo() are understood as taking no
arguments (see removal of K&R function declarations)

C++ compatibility
▪ Various syntax changes improve compatibility with C++, such as labels before declarations,
unnamed function arguments, zero initialization with {}, variadic functions without named
argument, C++11 style attributes, _Static_assert (see Syntax). For labels at the end of
compound statements a corresponding change was made to C++23.[43]
▪ Add C++-style attributes (see Syntax). Add attributes [44] [[deprecated]],[45]
[[fallthrough]],[46] [[maybe_unused]],[47] [[nodiscard]],[48] and [[noreturn]] attribute
for compatibility with C++11, then deprecate _Noreturn, noreturn, header <stdnoreturn.h>
 features introduced in C11.[49] Duplicate attributes are allowed for compatibility with C++23.[50] All
standard attributes can also be surrounded by double underscores (e.g [[__deprecated__]] is
equivalent to [[deprecated]]).
▪ Add u8 prefix for character literals to represent UTF-8 encoding for compatibility with C++17.[51][52]
▪ Add #elifdef and #elifndef preprocessing directives for compatibility with C++23.[14] (see
"preprocessor" group)

Other features
▪ Support for the ISO/IEC 60559:2020, the current version of the IEEE 754 standard for floating-point
arithmetic, with extended binary floating-point arithmetic and (optional) decimal floating-point
arithmetic.[53][54]

▪ The constexpr specifier for objects but not functions, unlike C++'s equivalent.[55]
▪ Add char8_t type for storing UTF-8 encoded data and change the type of u8 character constants
and string literals to char8_t. Also, the functions mbrtoc8() and c8rtomb() to convert a narrow
multibyte character to UTF-8 encoding and a single code point from UTF-8 to a narrow multibyte
character representation respectively.[56]
▪ Clarify that all char16_t strings and literals shall be UTF-16 encoded, and all char32_t strings and
literals shall be UTF-32 encoded, unless otherwise explicitly specified.[57]
▪ Allow storage class specifiers to appear in compound literal definition.[58]

Obsolete features
Some old obsolete features are either removed or deprecated from the working draft of C23:

▪ Remove Trigraphs.[59]
▪ Remove K&R function definitions/declarations (with no information about the function
arguments).[60][61]
▪ Remove representations for signed integers other than two's complement. Two's complement
signed integer representation will be required.[62]
▪ The *_HAS_SUBNORM macros in <float.h> are obsolescent features.[63]

Compiler support
The GCC 9,[64] Clang 9.0,[65] and Pelles C 11.00[66] compilers implement an experimental compiler flag to support this
standard.

See also
▪ C++23, C++20, C++17, C++14, C++11, C++03, C++98, versions of the C++ Computer
programming language standard programming portal

▪ Compatibility of C and C++

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External links
▪ C Language Working Group WG14 Documents (https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/wg
14_document_log.htm)

▪ N3096 - working draft of C23 standard (https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n3

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