ABSTRACT Cloud computing is the atest paradigm in delivering computing resources as a service. Itrepresens a shift aay from computing a8 product tt is purchased, o computing as «service that is delivered to consumers over the intemet from large-scale data centres or “clouds”. This pape i a base paper that gives a brie itroduetion to the cloud computing, from what technologies cloud computing is derived, is components ils merits and demerits, also main challenges to the cloud computing. This paper also helps to categorize the various services provided by any cloud service provider in some categories depending upon the type of serviee Keywords Cloud Computing, Service Models, P2P, SOA, SOAP, SaaS, PaaS, Is Naa$, CaaS et. 1, INTRODUCTION Cloud computing is a mode! for enabling convenient, on- demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (eg, networks, servers, storage, applications and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimum management effort or service provider interaction . These computing resources are generally offered as pay-for-use plans and hence have become attractive to cost conscious customers 2. GENESIS OF CLOUD COMPUTING Cloud computing shares its characteristics with several other computing areas and system engin computing has borrowed its basics from the following ring concepts - Cloud Cluster Computing (One way to make an application run faster i to divide its work into multiple puts, then run those parts simultaneously on a r0up of computers, Known as cluster computing . Benefits of cluster computing includes high performance, expandability and scalability, high throughput, high avalabiiy ete Grid Computing Grid composing isa form of distributed computing that involves coordinating and sharing computing, application, data and storage of network resources across dynamie and geographically dispersed organization Virtualization Virualization is the simulation of the software andlor hardware upon which other software runs. This simulated environment is called a virtual machine (VM). There are resources Client-Server Model This model assigns one of two roles to the computers in a network: Client or server. A server is a computer system that selectively shares its resources. A client isa computer or computer program that contact with a server in order to make use ofa resource, Data, CPUs, printers, and data storage devices are some examples of instead, computational resources are essentially rented. Ths repackaging of computing services became the foundation ofthe shit to on demand" computing, software a6 a scrvice and cloud computing models that further propagated the idea of computing, application and network 2s Peer-to-Peer Computing A peer-to-peer (P2P) computer network is one in which each computer inthe network can act 2a client or server forthe other computers in the network, allowing shared access to various resources such as files, peripherals, and sensors without the need fora central server or P2P computing ean be simply defined asthe sharing of computer resources and services by direct exchange . Some of the benefits of a P2P approach include: improving scalability by avoiding dependency on centralized points, eliminating the need for costly infrastructure by enabling direct communication among clients and enabling resource aggregation Service-Oriented Architecture Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is an architecture approach for defining, linking, and integrating reusable business services that have clear boundaries and are self- contained with thei own functionalities. In other words SOA can be defined as an application architecture in which al funetions or services, ate defined using a description language and have Invokableinteriaces that are called fo perform business processes. Each interaction is independent ofeach and every otherJnteraction and te interconnect protocols of te communicating devices (Le, the infastructure components that determine the communication system do not afeet the interfaces). Because interfaces are platform independent, a client ftom any device using any operating system in any language can use the service. SOA is not the same as Web services, which Indicates a eolletion of technologies, such as SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) end XML. SOA is more than a set, of technologies and runs independent of any specific technologies Utility Computing Utility computing isthe packaging of computing resources, such as computation, storage and services, as @ metered service, This model as the advantage ofa low or no inital eot to obtain computer resources; many forts of vituaization, distinguished primarily by computing architecture layer, and virualized components may include hardware platforms, operating systems (0S) eg. Citrx-farm, storage devices, network devices or oer resources. MapReduce MapReduce is «programming model and an associated implementation for processing and generating large datasets Users specify a map function that processes a key/value par to generale ast of intermediate key/value pairs, and a reduce function that merges all intermediate values associated with the same intermediate key Autonomic Computing ‘A computing environment with the ability to manage itself and dynamically adapt to change in accordance with business policies and bjectves. Seltmanaging environments ean perform such activities based on situations they observe in the IT environment rather than requiring IT professionals to initiate the task, These environments are self-confguring, sel-healing selfoptimizing, and self protecting 3. ARCHITECTURE OF THE CLOUD COMPUTING Cloud computing architecture refers to the components and subcomponents required for cloud computing. This section describes a layered model of cloud computing. The architecture of w cloud computing environment can be divided into four layers: the hardware/datacenter layer, the infrastructure layer, the plaform layer andthe application layer, as shown in Figure 1 End Users e Resources Managed at Each layer Examples: ee @ ¥ 4 Google Apps, Oi / Facebook, YouTube softwareasa Saleforce. Service (S228) See /, Software Framework (Java/Python/.Net) 4 | — twicrosoft Azure, Platformasa ‘Storage (08/File) “Google AppEngine, Pe i 5 Service (PaaS) aia ‘Amazon SimpleDB/S3 a Amazon EC2, / —Comautation (Vi) Storage (block) Gosrid Flexiscale Infrastructure asa service (laaS) Infrastructure CPU, Memory, Disk, Bandwidth Data Centers Figure 1 Cloud Computing Architecture‘The Hardware Layer This layer is responsible for managing the physical resources of the cloud, including servers, routers, switches, power and cooling systems. In practic, the hardware layer is typically implemented in data centers. A data center usually contains thousands of serves that are organized in racks and interconnected through switches, routers or other fries The Infrastructure Layer ‘This layer i also known as the virwalization layer, the infastructure layer creates pool of storage and computing resources by partitioning the physical resources using virtualization technologies uch as Xen , KVM and VMware. Typically services in this layer are such us Elastic Computing Cloud of Amazon The Platform Layer ‘Built on top of the infastracture layer, the platform layer consists of operating systems and application frameworks, The purpose ofthis layers to minimize the burden of deploying applications diretly ito VM containers. The typical services In this layer are Google App Engine and Avare from Microsoft The Application Layer At the highest level of the hierarchy, the apptication layer consists of the actual cloud applications. Different from traditional applications, cloud applications can leverage the automatic-saling feature to achieve better performance, availabilty and lower operating cost. The earliest Sas isthe Customer Relationship Management (CRM) from Salesforce, whieh was developed based on the foree.com (a PaaS in Salesforce), Some other services provided by Google on- office such as documents, spreadsheets, presentations arc all SaaS, ‘As mentioned by Qi Zhang, Lu Cheng and Raouf Boutaba, the architecture of cloud computing is modular. Each layer is loosely coupled with the ayers above and below, allowing each layer evolve separately. The architectural modularity allows cloud computing to support a wide range of application requirements while reducing management and maintenance overhead, 4, SERVICE MODELS clouds offer services that can be grouped ino the following estegories: Infrastructure as a Service (\aaS) or Hardware as a Service (HaaS) TaaS offers the hardware so that any organization can put whatever they want onto it. Rather than to purchase servers, racks, and having to pay for the datacenter space for them, the service providers rent these resources S — Data processing, Internet = CPU eveles Service provider offering Haas Haas allows service providers to rent hardware resources Figure 2 Infrastructure as a ServiceExamples of le providers include Amazon EC? , GoGrid and Flexseale Platform as a Service (PaaS) PaaS supplies all resources required to download or instal software id applications and services completely from the inte, without having to Cimon 32 Platter Faas attows pinto oe Figure 3 Platform asa service Service provide Sterinng Pass PaaS services include application design, development, testing, deployment and hosting. PaaS providers include Google App Engine , Microsoft Windows Azure and Ferce.com Software as a service (SaaS) SaaS isthe model in which an applica hosted offsite, the customer doesnot have toms as keeping the infrastructure running = Application Service provider offering SaaS mn is hosted asa service to customers who access it via internet, When the software is itn itor support it. The provider docs all the patching. and upgrades as well SaaS provides an application or pie ‘of software from the service pro Figure 4 Software as a Service "Examples of SaaS providers include Salesforce.com , Rackspace , SAP Business ByDesign Network as a Service (NaaS) Network asa service (NaS), a category of cloud services where the capability provided to the cloud service user is to use networkitransport connectivity services andor inter-cloud network connectivity services. NaaS involves the optimization of resource allocations by considering network and computing resources as @ unified whole, Traditional NaS services includeflexible and extended VPN, and bandwidth on demand. Nao concept materalizston also includes the provision ofa virtual network service by the owners of the network inffasttuture toa thind party (VNP - VNO). The term "Network asa service" (NaaS) isconsidered tobe part ofthe nomenclature of cloud computing, along with infastucture as a service (FaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), and software as @ service (S498) Communication as a Service (CaaS) Communications asa Service (CaaS) isan architecture for communications applications. CaaS extends the principles of software asa service (SaaS) architecture by adding a control layer based on the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) 5, DEPLOYMENT MODELS Each company chooses a deployment model fora cloud computing solution based on ther specific business, operational, and ‘technical requirements, There are primarily four cloud deployment models, which are discussed below: Public Cloud Public clouds are run by third parties, and applications from different customers ae likely to he mixed together on the cloud’s servers, storage systems, and networks (Figure 5). A public cloud provides services to multiple customers, andis typically deployed at a colocation factity. Figure 5 Public Cloud Public clouds are most often hosted away from customer premises, and they provide a way to reduce customer risk and cost by providing a flexible, even temporary extension to enterprise infastructare . Example: Amazon, Google AppS, Windows Azure foree.com. Private Cloud Private clouds are built for the exclusive use of one client, providing the utmost control over data, security and quality of Private clouds may be hosted at a colocation facility orin an enterprise datacenter. They may be supported by the company, by a cloud provider, or by a third party such as an outsourcing firm.service (Figure 6). Figure 6 Private Cloud “The company ovns the infrastructure and has control aver how applications are deployed on it, Private clouds may be deployed in an enterprise datacenter, and they also may be deployed at a colocation facility , Example: eBay Hybrid Cloud Hybrid clouds combine both public and private cloud models (Fig, 7). They ean help to provide on-demand, externally provisioned scale. The ability to strengthen a private cloud with the resources ofa public cloud ean be used to maintain service levels inthe face of rapid workload fluctuations. | be pereteilarie eHpecthne ConeM BOER Orbs OF CtOUd GPa OCGEE I THE BORNE FOC Figure 7 Hybrid cloud A hybrid cloud also can be used to handle planned workload spikes. There are not many hybrid clouds actual today, though initial initiatives such as the one by IBM and Juniper already introduce base technologies for tei re Community Cloud Community cloud shares infrastructure between several organizations from a specific community with common concerns (Gecurity, compliance, jurisdiction, cc), whether managed intemally orby a third-perty and hosted internally or externally. The oss are spread over fewer users than a public cloud (but more than 2 privat cloud), so only some ofthe cost savings potential of cloud computing ae realized. Community Clouds as such ae sf just a vision, though there are alteady indicators for such development, eg. through Zimory and RightSeale 6. CHARACTERISTICS OF CLOUD COMPUTING Cloud computing exhibits the following key characteristics: Broad Network Access [Broad network access means thatthe hosted application should he reachable via nearly any network based appliance, These can include, but are not limited to, the following: + Laptop + Desktop + Smartphone + Tablet device Broad network access is typically accomplished by using the built-in wed browser for the device, as itis one of the most ubiquitous clients available. The advantage ofthis setup is that client devices ean be much less powerful as “thin-liens" rather than “fat-clients” Rapid Elasticity ‘This means the service can be quickly scaled, offen automaticaly , such thatthe capacity appears infinite tothe consumer.Multi-Tenancy In a cloud environment, services owned by mulple providers are co-located in a single datacenter, The performance and ‘management issues ofthese services are shared among serviee providers and the infrastructure provider. The layered architecture ‘of loud computing provides a natural division of responsibilities, The over of each layer only needs to focus on the specific objectives associeted with this layer. Shared Resource Pooling Resource pooling is the concept thet multiple organizations can share the underlying physical cloud infrastructure. This allows significantly greater purchasing power for these companies because they can typically obtain acces toa larger pool of resources rather than procuring the physical or virtual infasteucture themselves Maintenance Cloud service providers do the system maintenance, and acess is through APIs that do not require application installations onto PCs, thus further reducing maintenance requirements Cost Savings By using cloud computing based services and applications companies ean reduce their capital expenditures and use operational expenditures for inereasing thei computing capabilities, This is a lower barrier to entry and also requires fewer in house IT resources to provide system support. But, there isa major issue of improving energy efficiency because it has been estimated that the cost of powering and cooling aecounts for 53% ofthe total operational expenditure of data centers 7. MAIN CHALLENGES/ISSUES TO CLOUD COMPUTING ‘Though cloud computing ison the verge of becoming a reality, but stl thete are several issues and challenges, few of them ate described below: Monitoring Monitoring fr cloud systems is active research topic in cloud computing. With the enormous size of the cloud data centers and the large numberof nodes supporting any cloud offering, havare and sofware failures Become an unavoidable rely, for which arost monitoring sem ust be in pace tallow the lou sevies to asively reac failures Compliance [Numerous regulations pertain tothe storage and use of data requires regular reporting and audi trail. In adition to the requirements to which customers ae subject, the datacenters maistained by cloud providers may also be subject to compliance requirements Availability of Service “The goal of availabilty for loud computing systems (including applications and its infastructures) i to ensure its users ‘that they can use them at anytime, at any place Legal Issues Worries stick with safety measures and confidentiality of individual all the way though legislative levels Privacy Information stored i the cloud is loked ar by the provider, meaning that consumers share contol ove the iaformation ith the provider. This eeates a ange of privacy and security issues, as well as legal concerns as to Who owns ad as access tothe information . Well-nvwesecurity iss such sda los, phishing, botnet euaning remotely on collection of eachines) pose serous teats o organization's data and software Accountability IF the cloud fils, can the user access their information from somewhere else? Or if they decide to move clouds, For example, migrate fom Google to. Yahoo, can their data be trnfered? By relying on cloud computing the user is eniruting ll oftheir information to a service provider. Ifthe coud fis, who is responsible for recovering that lst information, and for any cost or damages incured by that loss? Service Level Agreement ‘Although cloud consumers do nat have control over the underlying computing resources, they do nced to ensure the quality, availability, reliability, and performance ofthese resources when consumers have migrated their core business functions onto their entrusted cloud. In other words, itis vital for consumers to obtain guarantees from providers on service delivery. ‘Typically, these are provided through Service Level Agreements (SLAs) negotiated between the providers and consumers.Billing 1s dificult to assess the costs involved due to the on- demend nature ofthe services. Budgeting and assessment of the ost will be very dificult unless the provider has some good and comparable beachmarks to offer Interoperability Currently, each cloud offering has its own way on how cloud cliensaplicationsusers interact with the cloud, leading to the "Hazy Cloud" phenomenon. This severely hinders the development of cloud ecosystems by forcing vendor locking, which protiits the ability of users to choose fom allemaive vendorsoffring simultaneously in order to optimize resources at Aifferent levels within an organization 8, CONCLUSION In this paper we have discussed the various technologies related to cloud computing, its architecture, service models, deployment models, merits of loud computing, various challenges and Issues in the cloud comping. Although, Cloud Computing has emerged as a major technology to provide services over the Internet in easy and efficient way sill here are many areas like energy management, security of data, cloud monitoring et. that need the attention ofthe researchers to make the cloud computing technology more advantageous,