1.

Develop a JAVA program to add TWO matrices of suitable order N

(The value of N should be read from command line arguments).
Program:
public class MatrixAddition {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Check if the number of command line arguments is correct
if (args.length != 1) {
System.out.println("Usage: java MatrixAddition <order_N>");
return;
}

// Parse the command line argument to get the order N

int N = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);

// Check if N is a positive integer

if (N <= 0) {
System.out.println("Please provide a valid positive integer for
the order N.");
return;
}

// Create two matrices of order N

int[][] matrix1 = new int[N][N];
int[][] matrix2 = new int[N][N];
 // Fill the matrices with some sample values (you can modify this
as needed)
fillMatrix(matrix1, 1);
fillMatrix(matrix2, 2);

// Print the matrices

System.out.println("Matrix 1:");
printMatrix(matrix1);

System.out.println("\nMatrix 2:");
printMatrix(matrix2);

// Add the matrices

int[][] resultMatrix = addMatrices(matrix1, matrix2);

// Print the result matrix

System.out.println("\nResultant Matrix (Matrix1 + Matrix2):");
printMatrix(resultMatrix);
}

// Helper method to fill a matrix with sequential values

private static void fillMatrix(int[][] matrix, int startValue) {
int value = startValue;
 for (int i = 0; i < matrix.length; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < matrix[i].length; j++) {
matrix[i][j] = value++;
}
}
}

// Helper method to add two matrices

private static int[][] addMatrices(int[][] matrix1, int[][] matrix2) {
int N = matrix1.length;
int[][] resultMatrix = new int[N][N];

for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {

for (int j = 0; j < N; j++) {
resultMatrix[i][j] = matrix1[i][j] + matrix2[i][j];
}
}

return resultMatrix;
}

// Helper method to print a matrix

private static void printMatrix(int[][] matrix) {
for (int[] row : matrix) {
 for (int value : row) {
System.out.print(value + "\t");
}
System.out.println();
}
}
}

Output: $ java MatrixAddition 3

Matrix 1:
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
Matrix 2:
2 3 4
5 6 7
8 9 10
Resultant Matrix (Matrix1 + Matrix2):
3 5 7
9 11 13
15 1719
Program 02 : Stack Operations
Develop a stack class to hold a maximum of 10 integers
with suitable methods. Develop a JAVA main method to
illustrate Stack operations.

Java Code
import java.util.Scanner;

public class Stack {

private static final int MAX_SIZE = 10;
private int[] stackArray;
private int top;

public Stack() {
stackArray = new int[MAX_SIZE];
top = -1;
}

public void push(int value) {

if (top < MAX_SIZE - 1) {
stackArray[++top] = value;
System.out.println("Pushed: " + value);
} else {
System.out.println("Stack Overflow! Cannot push " + value +
".");
}
 }

public int pop() {

if (top >= 0) {
int poppedValue = stackArray[top--];
System.out.println("Popped: " + poppedValue);
return poppedValue;
} else {
System.out.println("Stack Underflow! Cannot pop from an
empty stack.");
return -1; // Return a default value for simplicity
}
}

public int peek() {

if (top >= 0) {
System.out.println("Peeked: " + stackArray[top]);
return stackArray[top];
} else {
System.out.println("Stack is empty. Cannot peek.");
return -1; // Return a default value for simplicity
}
}
public void display() {
if (top >= 0) {
System.out.print("Stack Contents: ");
for (int i = 0; i <= top; i++) {
System.out.print(stackArray[i] + " ");
}
System.out.println();
} else {
System.out.println("Stack is empty.");
}
}

public boolean isEmpty() {

return top == -1;
}

public boolean isFull() {

return top == MAX_SIZE - 1;
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Stack stack = new Stack();
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
int choice;

do {
System.out.println("\nStack Menu:");
System.out.println("1. Push");
System.out.println("2. Pop");
System.out.println("3. Peek");
System.out.println("4. Display Stack Contents");
System.out.println("5. Check if the stack is empty");
System.out.println("6. Check if the stack is full");
System.out.println("0. Exit");

System.out.print("Enter your choice: ");

choice = scanner.nextInt();

switch (choice) {
case 1:
System.out.print("Enter the value to push: ");
int valueToPush = scanner.nextInt();
stack.push(valueToPush);
break;
case 2:
stack.pop();
break;
 case 3:
stack.peek();
break;
case 4:
stack.display();
break;
case 5:
System.out.println("Is the stack empty? " +
stack.isEmpty());
break;
case 6:
System.out.println("Is the stack full? " + stack.isFull());
break;
case 0:
System.out.println("Exiting the program. Goodbye!");
break;
default:
System.out.println("Invalid choice. Please try again.");
}
} while (choice != 0);

scanner.close();
}
}
Output:
$ java Stack

Stack Menu:
1. Push
2. Pop
3. Peek
4. Display Stack Contents
5. Check if the stack is empty
6. Check if the stack is full
0. Exit
Enter your choice: 4
Stack is empty.

Stack Menu:
1. Push
2. Pop
3. Peek
4. Display Stack Contents
5. Check if the stack is empty
6. Check if the stack is full
0. Exit
Enter your choice: 5
Is the stack empty? true
Stack Menu:
1. Push
2. Pop
3. Peek
4. Display Stack Contents
5. Check if the stack is empty
6. Check if the stack is full
0. Exit
Enter your choice: 6
Is the stack full? false

Stack Menu:
1. Push
2. Pop
3. Peek
4. Display Stack Contents
5. Check if the stack is empty
6. Check if the stack is full
0. Exit
Enter your choice: 1
Enter the value to push: 10
Pushed: 10
Stack Menu:
1. Push
2. Pop
3. Peek
4. Display Stack Contents
5. Check if the stack is empty
6. Check if the stack is full
0. Exit
Enter your choice: 1
Enter the value to push: 20
Pushed: 20

Stack Menu:
1. Push
2. Pop
3. Peek
4. Display Stack Contents
5. Check if the stack is empty
6. Check if the stack is full
0. Exit
Enter your choice: 4
Stack Contents: 10 20

Stack Menu:
1. Push
2. Pop
3. Peek
4. Display Stack Contents
5. Check if the stack is empty
6. Check if the stack is full
0. Exit
Enter your choice: 3
Peeked: 20

Stack Menu:
1. Push
2. Pop
3. Peek
4. Display Stack Contents
5. Check if the stack is empty
6. Check if the stack is full
0. Exit
Enter your choice: 1
Enter the value to push: 30
Pushed: 30

Stack Menu:
1. Push
2. Pop
3. Peek
4. Display Stack Contents
5. Check if the stack is empty
6. Check if the stack is full
0. Exit
Enter your choice: 4
Stack Contents: 10 20 30

Stack Menu:
1. Push
2. Pop
3. Peek
4. Display Stack Contents
5. Check if the stack is empty
6. Check if the stack is full
0. Exit
Enter your choice: 2
Popped: 30

Stack Menu:
1. Push
2. Pop
3. Peek
4. Display Stack Contents
5. Check if the stack is empty
6. Check if the stack is full
0. Exit
Enter your choice: 3
Peeked: 20

Stack Menu:
1. Push
2. Pop
3. Peek
4. Display Stack Contents
5. Check if the stack is empty
6. Check if the stack is full
0. Exit
Enter your choice: 4
Stack Contents: 10 20

Stack Menu:
1. Push
2. Pop
3. Peek
4. Display Stack Contents
5. Check if the stack is empty
6. Check if the stack is full
0. Exit
Enter your choice: 0
Exiting the program. Goodbye!

Program 03 : Employee Class

A class called Employee, which models an employee with an ID, name and
salary, is designed as shown in the following class diagram. The method
raiseSalary (percent) increases the salary by the given percentage. Develop the
Employee class and suitable main method for demonstration.

Java Code
public class Employee {
private int id;
private String name;
private double salary;

public Employee(int id, String name, double salary) {

this.id = id;
this.name = name;
this.salary = salary;
}

public void raiseSalary(double percent) {

if (percent > 0) {
double raiseAmount = salary * (percent / 100);
salary += raiseAmount;
 System.out.println(name + "'s salary raised by " + percent +
"%. New salary: $" + salary);
} else {
System.out.println("Invalid percentage. Salary remains
unchanged.");
}
}

public String toString() {

return "Employee ID: " + id + ", Name: " + name + ", Salary: $" +
salary;
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Creating an Employee object
Employee employee = new Employee(1, "John Doe", 50000.0);

// Displaying employee details

System.out.println("Initial Employee Details:");
System.out.println(employee);

// Raising salary by 10%

employee.raiseSalary(10);

// Displaying updated employee details

 System.out.println("\nEmployee Details after Salary Raise:");
System.out.println(employee);
}
}
Output: $ java Employee
Initial Employee Details:
Employee ID: 1, Name: John Doe, Salary: $50000.0
John Doe's salary raised by 10.0%. New salary: $55000.0

Employee Details after Salary Raise:

Employee ID: 1, Name: John Doe, Salary: $55000.0

Program 04 : 2D Point Class

A class called MyPoint, which models a 2D point with x and y coordinates, is
designed as follows:

• Two instance variables x (int) and y (int).

• A default (or “no-arg”) constructor that construct a point at the default location of (0,
0).
• A overloaded constructor that constructs a point with the given x and y coordinates.
• A method setXY() to set both x and y.
• A method getXY() which returns the x and y in a 2-element int array.
• A toString() method that returns a string description of the instance in the format “(x,
y)”.
• A method called distance(int x, int y) that returns the distance from this point to
another point at the given (x, y) coordinates
• An overloaded distance(MyPoint another) that returns the distance from this point to
the given MyPoint instance (called another)
• Another overloaded distance() method that returns the distance from this point to the
origin (0,0) Develop the code for the class MyPoint. Also develop a JAVA program
(called TestMyPoint) to test all the methods defined in the class.

Java Code
public class MyPoint {
private int x;
private int y;

// Default constructor
public MyPoint() {
this.x = 0;
this.y = 0;
}

// Overloaded constructor
public MyPoint(int x, int y) {
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
}

// Set both x and y

public void setXY(int x, int y) {
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
}

// Get x and y in a 2-element int array

public int[] getXY() {
return new int[]{x, y};
 }

// Return a string description of the instance in the format "(x, y)"

public String toString() {
return "(" + x + ", " + y + ")";
}

// Calculate distance from this point to another point at (x, y)

coordinates
public double distance(int x, int y) {
int xDiff = this.x - x;
int yDiff = this.y - y;
return Math.sqrt(xDiff * xDiff + yDiff * yDiff);
}

// Calculate distance from this point to another MyPoint instance

(another)
public double distance(MyPoint another) {
return distance(another.x, another.y);
}

// Calculate distance from this point to the origin (0,0)

public double distance() {
return distance(0, 0);
 }
}
Output: $ java TestMyPoint
Point1 coordinates after setXY: 1, 2
Point2 coordinates: (3, 4)
Distance from Point1 to Point2: 2.8284271247461903
Distance from Point2 to Origin: 5.0

Program 05 : Inheritance & Polymorphism – Shape Class

Develop a JAVA program to create a class named shape. Create three sub
classes namely: circle, triangle and square, each class has two member functions
named draw () and erase (). Demonstrate polymorphism concepts by
developing suitable methods, defining member data and main program.

Java Code
class Shape {
protected String name;

public Shape(String name) {

this.name = name;
}

public void draw() {

System.out.println("Drawing a " + name);
}

public void erase() {

 System.out.println("Erasing a " + name);
}
}

class Circle extends Shape {

private double radius;

public Circle(String name, double radius) {

super(name);
this.radius = radius;
}

@Override
public void draw() {
System.out.println("Drawing a circle with radius " + radius);
}

@Override
public void erase() {
System.out.println("Erasing a circle with radius " + radius);
}
}

class Triangle extends Shape {

 private double base;
private double height;

public Triangle(String name, double base, double height) {

super(name);
this.base = base;
this.height = height;
}

@Override
public void draw() {
System.out.println("Drawing a triangle with base " + base + " and
height " + height);
}

@Override
public void erase() {
System.out.println("Erasing a triangle with base " + base + " and
height " + height);
}
}

class Square extends Shape {

private double side;
 public Square(String name, double side) {
super(name);
this.side = side;
}

@Override
public void draw() {
System.out.println("Drawing a square with side length " + side);
}

@Override
public void erase() {
System.out.println("Erasing a square with side length " + side);
}
}

public class ShapeDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Shape[] shapes = new Shape[3];

shapes[0] = new Circle("Circle", 5.0);

shapes[1] = new Triangle("Triangle", 4.0, 6.0);
shapes[2] = new Square("Square", 3.0);
 for (Shape shape : shapes) {
shape.draw();
shape.erase();
System.out.println();
}
}
}
Output: $ java ShapeDemo
Drawing a circle with radius 5.0
Erasing a circle with radius 5.0

Drawing a triangle with base 4.0 and height 6.0

Erasing a triangle with base 4.0 and height 6.0

Drawing a square with side length 3.0

Erasing a square with side length 3.0
Program 06 : Abstract Class
Develop a JAVA program to create an abstract class Shape with abstract
methods calculateArea() and calculatePerimeter(). Create subclasses Circle and
Triangle that extend the Shape class and implement the respective methods to
calculate the area and perimeter of each shape.

Java Code
abstract class Shape {
abstract double calculateArea();
abstract double calculatePerimeter();
}

class Circle extends Shape {

private double radius;

public Circle(double radius) {

this.radius = radius;
}

@Override
double calculateArea() {
return Math.PI * radius * radius;
}

@Override
double calculatePerimeter() {
return 2 * Math.PI * radius;
}
}

class Triangle extends Shape {

private double side1;
private double side2;
private double side3;
 public Triangle(double side1, double side2, double side3) {
this.side1 = side1;
this.side2 = side2;
this.side3 = side3;
}

@Override
double calculateArea() {
// Using Heron's formula to calculate the area of a triangle
double s = (side1 + side2 + side3) / 2;
return Math.sqrt(s * (s - side1) * (s - side2) * (s - side3));
}

@Override
double calculatePerimeter() {
return side1 + side2 + side3;
}
}

public class ShapeDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {
// Creating Circle and Triangle objects
Circle circle = new Circle(5.0);
 Triangle triangle = new Triangle(3.0, 4.0, 5.0);

// Calculating and displaying area and perimeter

System.out.println("Circle Area: " + circle.calculateArea());
System.out.println("Circle Perimeter: " +
circle.calculatePerimeter());

System.out.println("\nTriangle Area: " + triangle.calculateArea());

System.out.println("Triangle Perimeter: " +
triangle.calculatePerimeter());
}
}
Output: $ java ShapeDemo
Circle Area: 78.53981633974483
Circle Perimeter: 31.41592653589793

Triangle Area: 6.0

Triangle Perimeter: 12.0

Program 07 : Resizable interface

Develop a JAVA program to create an interface Resizable with methods
resizeWidth(int width) and resizeHeight(int height) that allow an object to be
resized. Create a class Rectangle that implements the Resizable interface and
implements the resize methods.

Java Code
// Resizable interface
interface Resizable {
void resizeWidth(int width);
void resizeHeight(int height);
}

// Rectangle class implementing Resizable interface

class Rectangle implements Resizable {
private int width;
private int height;

public Rectangle(int width, int height) {

this.width = width;
this.height = height;
}

// Implementation of Resizable interface

@Override
public void resizeWidth(int width) {
this.width = width;
System.out.println("Resized width to: " + width);
}

@Override
public void resizeHeight(int height) {
 this.height = height;
System.out.println("Resized height to: " + height);
}

// Additional methods for Rectangle class

public int getWidth() {
return width;
}

public int getHeight() {

return height;
}

public void displayInfo() {

System.out.println("Rectangle: Width = " + width + ", Height = " +
height);
}
}

// Main class to test the implementation

public class ResizeDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Creating a Rectangle object
Rectangle rectangle = new Rectangle(10, 5);
 // Displaying the original information
System.out.println("Original Rectangle Info:");
rectangle.displayInfo();

// Resizing the rectangle

rectangle.resizeWidth(15);
rectangle.resizeHeight(8);

// Displaying the updated information

System.out.println("\nUpdated Rectangle Info:");
rectangle.displayInfo();
}
}
Output: $ java ResizeDemo
Original Rectangle Info:
Rectangle: Width = 10, Height = 5
Resized width to: 15
Resized height to: 8

Updated Rectangle Info:

Rectangle: Width = 15, Height = 8
Program 08 : Outer class
Develop a JAVA program to create an outer class with a function display.
Create another class inside the outer class named inner with a function called
display and call the two functions in the main class.

Java Code
class Outer {
void display() {
System.out.println("Outer class display method");
}

class Inner {
void display() {
System.out.println("Inner class display method");
}
}
}

public class OuterInnerDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {
// Create an instance of the Outer class
Outer outer = new Outer();

// Call the display method of the Outer class

outer.display();
 // Create an instance of the Inner class (nested inside Outer)
Outer.Inner inner = outer.new Inner();

// Call the display method of the Inner class

inner.display();
}
}
Output: $ java OuterInnerDemo
Outer class display method
Inner class display method

Program 09 : Custom Exception

Develop a JAVA program to raise a custom exception (user defined exception)
for DivisionByZero using try, catch, throw and finally.

Java Code
// Custom exception class
class DivisionByZeroException extends Exception {
public DivisionByZeroException(String message) {
super(message);
}
}

public class CustomExceptionDemo {

// Method to perform division and throw custom exception if
denominator is zero
 static double divide(int numerator, int denominator) throws
DivisionByZeroException {
if (denominator == 0) {
throw new DivisionByZeroException("Cannot divide by zero!");
}
return (double) numerator / denominator;
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

int numerator = 10;
int denominator =0; try {
double result = divide(numerator, denominator);
System.out.println("Result of division: " + result);
} catch (DivisionByZeroException e) {
System.out.println("Exception caught: " + e.getMessage());
} finally {
System.out.println("Finally block executed");
}
}
}
Output:
$ java CustomExceptionDemo
Exception caught: Cannot divide by zero!
Finally block executed
Program 10 : Packages
Develop a JAVA program to create a package named mypack and import & implement
it in a suitable class.

Java Code
Package mypack

// Inside a folder named 'mypack'

package mypack;

public class MyPackageClass {

public void displayMessage() {
System.out.println("Hello from MyPackageClass in mypack
package!");
}

// New utility method

public static int addNumbers(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}
}

Now, let’s create the main program in a different file outside the mypack folder:

PackageDemo class using mypack Package

// Main program outside the mypack folder
import mypack.MyPackageClass;
//import mypack.*;
public class PackageDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Creating an instance of MyPackageClass from the mypack
package
MyPackageClass myPackageObject = new MyPackageClass();

// Calling the displayMessage method from MyPackageClass

myPackageObject.displayMessage();

// Using the utility method addNumbers from MyPackageClass

int result = MyPackageClass.addNumbers(5, 3);
System.out.println("Result of adding numbers: " + result);
}
}

To compile and run this program, you need to follow these steps:

Organize your directory structure as follows:

project-directory/
├── mypack/
│ └── MyPackageClass.java
└── PackageDemo.java

Compile the files:

javac mypack/MyPackageClass.java
javac PackageDemo.java
Output: $ java PackageDemo
Hello from MyPackageClass in mypack package!
Result of adding numbers: 8

Program 11 : Runnable Interface

Write a program to illustrate creation of threads using runnable class. (start
method start each of the newly created thread. Inside the run method there is
sleep() for suspend the thread for 500 milliseconds).

Java Code
class MyRunnable implements Runnable {
private volatile boolean running = true;

@Override
@SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
public void run() {
while (running) {
try {
// Suppress deprecation warning for Thread.sleep()
Thread.sleep(500);
System.out.println("Thread ID: " +
Thread.currentThread().getId() + " is running.");
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
System.out.println("Thread interrupted.");
}
}
 }

public void stopThread() {

running = false;
}
}

public class RunnableThreadExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
// Create five instances of MyRunnable
MyRunnable myRunnable1 = new MyRunnable();
MyRunnable myRunnable2 = new MyRunnable();
MyRunnable myRunnable3 = new MyRunnable();
MyRunnable myRunnable4 = new MyRunnable();
MyRunnable myRunnable5 = new MyRunnable();

// Create five threads and associate them with MyRunnable

instances
Thread thread1 = new Thread(myRunnable1);
Thread thread2 = new Thread(myRunnable2);
Thread thread3 = new Thread(myRunnable3);
Thread thread4 = new Thread(myRunnable4);
Thread thread5 = new Thread(myRunnable5);
 // Start the threads
thread1.start();
thread2.start();
thread3.start();
thread4.start();
thread5.start();

// Sleep for a while to allow the threads to run

try {
Thread.sleep(500);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}

// Stop the threads gracefully

myRunnable1.stopThread();
myRunnable2.stopThread();
myRunnable3.stopThread();
myRunnable4.stopThread();
myRunnable5.stopThread();
}
}
Output: $ java RunnableThreadExample
Thread ID: 24 is running.
Thread ID: 21 is running.
Thread ID: 20 is running.
Thread ID: 23 is running.
Thread ID: 22 is running.

Program 12 : Thread Class

Develop a program to create a class MyThread in this class a constructor, call the base
class constructor, using super and start the thread. The run method of the class starts
after this. It can be observed that both main thread and created child thread are
executed concurrently.

Java Code

class MyThread extends Thread {

// Constructor calling base class constructor using super
public MyThread(String name) {
super(name);
start(); // Start the thread in the constructor
}

// The run method that will be executed when the thread starts
@Override
public void run() {
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "
Count: " + i);
 try {
Thread.sleep(500); // Sleep for 500 milliseconds
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "
Thread interrupted.");
}
}
}
}

public class ThreadConcurrentExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
// Create an instance of MyThread
MyThread myThread = new MyThread("Child Thread");

// Main thread
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "
Thread Count: " + i);
try {
Thread.sleep(500); // Sleep for 500 milliseconds
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "
Thread interrupted.");
}
 }
}
}
Output: $ java ThreadConcurrentExample
main Thread Count: 1
Child Thread Count: 1
main Thread Count: 2
Child Thread Count: 2
main Thread Count: 3
Child Thread Count: 3
main Thread Count: 4
Child Thread Count: 4
main Thread Count: 5
Child Thread Count: 5