Heritage Institute of Technology

Solution Manual of MATH1101 (2020)

Group-B
Question 2.
(a) Reduce the matrix A to row-reduced echelon form and hence find its rank,
where
 
0 1 −3 −1
1 0 1 1
A= 3 1 0

2
1 1 −2 0

(b) Investigate the solution of the system of linear equations

2y + 4z + 5 = 0,
8x − y + 4z = 12,
16x − y + 10z = 1.

Answer
(a) We have
 
0 1 −3 −1
1 0 1 1
A=
3

1 0 2
1 1 −2 0
 
1 0 1 1
0 1 −3 −1
≃
3
 [R1 ↔ R2 ]
1 0 2
1 1 −2 0
 
1 0 1 1
0 1 −3 −1
≃  [R3 → R3 − 3R1 and R4 → R4 − R1 ]
0 1 −3 −1
0 1 −3 −1
 
1 0 1 1
0 1 −3 −1
≃
0
 [R3 → R3 − R2 and R4 → R4 − R2 ]
0 0 0
0 0 0 0
=B

1
 which is the row reduced echelon matrix of A.
Hence, rank(A) = rank(B).
∴ rank(A) = 2.

(b) Let A be the augmented matrix of the system of linear equation. Hence,
 
0 2 4 −5
A =  8 −1 4 12 
16 −1 10 1
 
8 −1 4 12
≃0 2 4 −5 [R1 ↔ R2 ]
16 −1 10 1
 
8 −1 4 12
≃ 0 2 4 −5  [R3 → R3 − 2R1 ]
0 1 2 −23
 
8 −1 4 12
≃ 0 2 4 −5  [R3 → R3 − 1/2R2 ]
0 0 0 −41/2

Hence, rank(A) = 2 and rank(A) = 3

∴ The system does not have a solution.

Question 3.
 
1 1 2
(a) Find the inverse of the matrix A = 9 2 0 using Cayley-Hamilton Theo-
5 0 3
rem.
 
2 −1 1
(b) Find the characteristic equation and the eigenvalues of the matrix −1 2 −1.
1 −1 2

(c) Prove that an orthogonal matrix is non-singular.

Answer
x − 1 −1 −2
(a) Characteristic polynomial: |xI − A| = −9 x − 2 0
−5 0 x−3
= (x − 1){(x − 2)(x − 3) − 0} + 1(−9x + 27 − 0) − 2(0 + 5x − 10)
= (x − 1)(x2 − 5x + 6) − 9x + 27 − 10x + 20
= x3 − 5x2 + 6x − x2 + 5x − 6 − 19x + 47
= x3 − 6x2 − 8x + 41
Now,
The characteristic equation is x3 − 6x2 − 8x + 41 = 0
By the Cayley-Hamilton theorem A3 − 6A2 − 8A + 41I = O
Pre-multiplying the above equation by A−1 we obtain,

2
 A2 − 6A − 8I + 41A−1 = O
=⇒ A−1 = 41 1
(6A + 8I − A2 )
    
1 1 2 1 1 2 20 3 8
Now, A2 = 9 2 0 9 2 0 = 27 13 18
5 0 3 5 0 3 20 5 19
(  6 6 12 8 0 0
 
20 3 8 )


Therefore, A−1 = 41
1 54 12 0  + 0 8 0 − 27 13 18
30 0 18 0 0 8 20 5 19
 
−6 3 4
=⇒ A−1 = 41 1 
27 7 −18
10 −5 7

(b) Characteristic polynomial of the given matrix A is,

2 − λ −1 1
|A − λI| = −1 2 − λ −1
1 −1 2 − λ
2−λ 0 1
′
= −1 1 − λ −1 [C2 = C2 + C3 ]
1 1−λ 2−λ
= (2 − λ){(1 − λ)(2 − λ) + (1 − λ)} + 1{−1(1 − λ) − 1(1 − λ)}
= (2 − λ)(1 − λ)(2 − λ) + (2 − λ)(1 − λ) − 2(1 − λ)
= (1 − λ){(2 − λ)2 + (2 − λ) − 2}
= (1 − λ)(4 − 4λ + λ2 + 2 − λ − 2})
= (1 − λ)(λ2 − 5λ + 4})
= (1 − λ)(1 − λ)(4 − λ)

Therefore the characteristic equation of the given matrix is (1 − λ)2 (4 − λ) = 0

Now, solving the above equation we get, λ = 1, 1, 4.
Therefore the eigenvalues of the given matrix are 1, 1, 4.

(c) Let A be an orthogonal matrix.

Then AAT = I
Now, |AAT | = |A||AT | = |A|2 [Since, |AB| = |A||B|] and |AT | = |A|
Again, |AAT | = |I|
=⇒ |A|2 = 1
=⇒ |A| = ±1
=⇒ |A| ≠ = 0.
Therefore, an orthogonal matrix is always non-singular.

Group-C

Question 4.
∞
X 2n + 1
(a) Test the convergence of .
3n + 2
n=1

3
 ∞
X (−1)n+1
(b) Test the convergence of the alternating series .
n3
n=1

Answer
2n + 1 2n (1 + 21n ) 2
(a) Let un = n
= n 2 Let vn = ( )n .
3 +2 3 (1 + 3n ). 3
1
un 1+ 2n
Now lim = lim 2 =1
n→∞ vn n→∞ 1 +
3n
∞
X 2
As ( )n (r = 2
3 < 1) is a convergent series, so is the given series.
3
n=1
∞
X
(b) The given series is an alternating series which can be written as (−1)n−1 un , where
n=1
1
un = 2 .
n
1 1 3n2 + 3n + 1
Now, un − un+1 = − = > 0 for all n.
n3 (n + 1)3 n3 (n + 1)3
∴ un > un+1 for all n.
So the sequence {un } is monotonically decreasing.
1
lim un = lim 3 = 0.
n→∞ n→∞ n
Hence, by Leibnitz’s Theorem, the given series is convergent.

Question 5.
(a) In what direction from the point (1, 1, −1) is the directional derivative of
f (x, y, z) = x2 − 2y 2 + 4z 2 a maximum? What is the magnitude of this direc-
tional derivative?

(b) Find div F and curl F , where F = grad(x3 + y 3 + z 3 − 3xyz).

Answer
(a) ∇f = 2xi − 4yj + 8zk
Therefore, at the point (1, 1, −1),
p ∇ = 2i − 4j − 8k. This√is the maximum directional
derivative, and is of magnitude 22 + (−4)2 + (−8)2 = 2 21.

(b) F = grad(x3 + y 3 + z 3 − 3xyz)

∂ 3 ∂ 3 ∂ 3
(x + y 3 + z 3 − 3xyz)i + (x + y 3 + z 3 − 3xyz)j + (x + y 3 + z 3 − 3xyz)k
∂x ∂y ∂z
= (3x2 − 3yz)i + (3y 2 − 3xz)j + (3z 2 − 3xy)k

4
 ∂ ∂ ∂
∴ div F = (3x2 − 3yz) + (3y 2 − 3xz) + (3z 2 − 3xy) = 6(x + y + z)
∂x ∂x ∂z
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
curl F =
∂x ∂y ∂z
3x2 − 3yz 3y 2 − 3zx 3z 2 − 3xy

= (−3x + 3x)i + (−3y + 3y)j + (−3z + 3z)k = 0.

Group-D

Question 6
(a) Show that the following equation is exact and solve it.
ex sin y dx + (ex + 1) cos y dy = 0. 6
dy 4x 1
(b) Solve: dx + x2 +1
y = (x2 +1)3
. 6
Answer
(a) Comparing the given differential equation with M dx + N dy = 0, we have

M = ex sin y, N = (ex + 1) cos y.

∂M ∂N
=⇒ = ex cos y, = ex cos y.
∂y ∂x
∂M ∂N
Thus we have, ∂y = ∂x . Hence, the given differential equation is exact.

Z Z
M dx = ex sin y dx (treating y as constant)
Z
= sin y ex dx = ex sin y.

Z Z
N dy = (ex + 1) cos y dy (treating x as constant)
Z
x
= (e + 1) cos y dy

= (ex + 1) sin y = ex sin y + sin y.

∴ The general solution is given by:

ex sin y + sin y = c (where c is an arbitrary constant)

(b) It can be observed that the given differential equation is linear in y and is of the form
dy
dx + P y = Q, where

4x 1
P = ,Q = 2 .
x2 + 1 (x + 1)3

5
 The integrating factor is given by,
4x
R R
P dx x2 +1
I.F. = e =e dx
2dz
R
=e z ; Substitute x2 + 1 = z =⇒ 2x dx = dz
2 +1)2
= e2 log z = elog(x
= (x2 + 1)2

Multiplying both sides of the given differential equation by the I.F we get,

dy 4x(x2 + 1)2 (x2 + 1)2

(x2 + 1)2 + 2
y= 2
dx x +1 (x + 1)3
dy 1
=⇒ (x2 + 1)2 + 4x(x2 + 1)y = 2
dx (x + 1)
d 1
y(x2 + 1)2 = 2


=⇒
dx (x + 1)
Z
dx
=⇒ y(x2 + 1)2 =
(x2 + 1)
=⇒ y(x2 + 1)2 = tan−1 x + c

Question 7

(a) Solve the following differential equation by the D-operator method

d2 y
dx2
+ 4y = x cos x. 6
d y 2dy
(b) Solve: x2 dx 2
2 − x dx − 3y = x log x. 6

Answer

(a) Given differential equation is

d2 y
+ 4y = x cos x.
dx2
d
(D2 + 4)y = x cos x, where, D ≡ (1)
dx
Let us consider the homogeneous differential equation given by
(D2 + 4)y = 0 (2)

Let y = emx be the trial solution of (2).

Then the auxiliary equation is given by
m2 + 4 = 0 =⇒ m = ±2i.
∴ The complementary function is given by

yc = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x. (3)

Now, the particular integral is given by

yp = D21+4 x cos x

6
  
2D 1
=⇒ yp = x − D2 +4 2 +4 cos x
 D
2D cos x
=⇒ yp = x − D2 +4 −(1)2 +4
x cos x
=⇒ yp = 3 + 32 D21+4 sin x
x cos x
=⇒ yp = 3 + 32 −(1)12 +4 sin x
x cos x
=⇒ yp = 3 + 2 sin
9
x
(4)
∴ The general solution of (1) is given by y = yc + yp
=⇒ y = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x + x cos
3
x
+ 2 sin
9 .
x

(b) The given differential equation can be expressed as

d
(x2 D2 − xD − 3)y = x2 log x, where D ≡ dx . (1)
Let us substitute, x = ez =⇒ z = log x
Substituting in (1) we get
[D′ (D′ − 1) − D′ − 3]y = ze2z , where D′ ≡ dz
d
.
′2 ′
(D − 2D − 3)y = ze 2z (2)
Let y = emz be the trial solution of (2).
Then the auxiliary equation is given by
m2 − 2m − 3 = 0 =⇒ m = −1, 3.
∴ The complementary function is given by

yc = c1 e−z + c2 e3z . (3)

Now, the particular integral is given by

1 2z )
yp = D′2 −2D ′ −3 (ze
1
=⇒ yp = e2z (D′ +2)2 −2(D ′ +2)−3 (z)
1
=⇒ yp = e2z D′2 +2D ′ −3 (z)
′ −1
2z
h ′2
i
=⇒ yp = − e3 1 − D +2D 3 (z)
h i
e2z D′2 +2D′
=⇒ yp = − 3 1 + 3 + . . . (z)
2z
=⇒ yp = − e3 (z + 23 ).
∴ The general solution of (1) is given by y = yc + yp
2z
=⇒ y = c1 e−z + c2 e3z − e3 (z + 32 )
=⇒ y = c1 e− log x + c2 e3 log x − 19 (3 log x + 23 )e2 log x
2
=⇒ y = cx1 + c2 x3 − x9 (3 log x + 32 ).

7
 Heritage Institute of Technology

Solution Manual of MATH1101 (2021)

Group-B

Question 2

(a) Find the eigenvalues

 and corresponding eigen vectors
8 −4
of the matrix . 6
2 2

(b) Reduce the matrix A to row reduced echelon form and hence find its rank
where,
 
1 −4 2 −1
3 −12 6 −3
 . 6
2 −1 0 1
0 1 3 −1
Answer

(a) Characteristic Equation: |A − λI| = 0

8 − λ −4
=⇒ =0
2 2−λ
=⇒ (8 − λ)(2 − λ) + 8 = 0
=⇒ (λ − 8)(λ − 2) + 8 = 0
=⇒ λ2 − 10λ + 24 = 0
=⇒ (λ − 4)(λ − 6) = 0
=⇒ λ = 4, 6

Eigen vector corresponding to λ = 4

AX =
 4X     
8 −4 x1 x
=⇒ =4 1
2 2 x2 x2
=⇒ 8x1 − 4x2 = 4x1
2x1 + 2x2 = 4x2
=⇒ x1 = x2 = c1
1
=⇒ X1 = c1
1
Eigen vector corresponding to λ = 6

8
 AX =
 6X     
8 −4 x1 x
=⇒ =6 1
2 2 x2 x2
=⇒ 8x1 − 4x2 = 6x1
2x1 + 2x2 = 6x2
=⇒ 2x1 = 4x2  
1
=⇒ x1 = 2x2 =⇒ X2 = c2
2
 
1 −4 2 −1
3 −12 6 −3
(b) A = 
2 −1 0 1 


0 1 3 −1
 
1 −4 2 −1
0 0 0 0  ′
≃2 −1 0 1 [R2 → R2 − 3R1 ]


0 1 3 −1
 
1 −4 2 −1
0 1 3 −1
≃2 −1 0 1 [R2 ↔ R4 ]


0 0 0 0
 
1 −4 2 −1
0 1 3 −1  ′
≃0 7 −4 3 [R3 → R3 − 2R1 ]
0 0 0 0
 
1 −4 2 −1
0 1 3 −1  ′
≃0 0 −25 10 [R3 → R3 − 7R2 ]
0 0 0 0
 
1 0 14 −5
0 1 3 −1  ′
≃0 0 −25 10 [R3 → R3 − 7R2 ]
0 0 0 0
 
1 0 14 −5
0 1 3 −1  ′ 1
≃0 0 1 − 10 [R3 → − 25 R3 ]

25
0 0 0 0
 
1 0 14 −5
0 1 0 1 
≃ 5  ′
0 0 1 − 10 [R2 → R2 − 3R3 ]
25
0 0 0 0
 3 
1 0 0 5
0 1 0 1 
≃ 5 [R′ → R − 14R ]
1 3

0 0 1 − 10 25
 1
0 0 0 0

9
 This is the required row-reduced echelon form of the given matrix.
Number of non-zero rows in the row-reduced echelon matrix is 3.
Therefore, the rank of the given matrix is 3.

Question 3

(a) Determine whether the following system of linear equations is consistent or

inconsistent

x+y−z =0
2x − y + z = 3
4x + 2y − 2z = 2

If consistent, find the solution. 6

 
1 0 2
(b) Verify Caley-Hamilton theorem for the matrix A = 0 2 1.

2 0 3
−1
Hence find A . 6

Answer

(a) 
Thegiven system
  of equation
  can be written in the matrix form as:
1 1 −1 x 0
2 −1 1  y  = 3
4 2 −2 z 2
=⇒ AX = B
   
1 1 −1 0 1 1 −1 0
′ ′
Now, [A : B] = 2 −1 1 3 ≃ 0 −3 3 3 [R2 = R2 − 2R1 , R3 = R3 − 4R1 ]
4 2 −2 2 0 −2 2 2
 
1 1 −1 0
′ ′
≃ 0 −3 3 3 [R2 = − 21 R2 , R3 = − 14 R3 ]
0 −2 2 2
 
1 1 −1 0
′
≃ 0 1 −1 −1 R3 = R3 − R2
0 1 −1 −1
 
1 1 −1 0
≃ 0 1 −1 −1
0 0 0 0

Since ρ(A) = ρ([A : B]) < 3, the system is consistent and has infinitely many solutions.
    
1 1 −1 x 0
0 1 −1 y  = −1
0 0 0 z 0
=⇒

10
 x+y−z =0
y − z = −1
=⇒
x=1
If z = k, then y = k − 1
The solution is: x = 1, y = k − 1, z = k, where k is an arbitrary constant.
1−λ 0 2
(b) |A − λI| = 0 2−λ 1
2 0 3−λ
= (1 − λ){(2 − λ)(3 − λ) − 0} + 2(0 − 2(2 − λ))
= (1 − λ)(6 − 5λ + λ2 ) − 8 + 4λ
= −2 − 7λ + 6λ2 − λ3
The characteristic equation of matrix A is:
λ3 − 6λ2 + 7λ + 2 = 0
To verify Caley-Hamilton theorem we have to show that
A3 − 6A2 + 7A + 2I = O
Now,     
1 0 2 1 0 2 5 0 8
A2 = 0 2 1 0 2 1 = 2 4 5 
2 0 3 2 0 3 8 0 13
    
5 0 8 1 0 2 21 0 34
A3 = 2 4 5  0 2 1 = 12 8 23
8 0 13 2 0 3 34 0 55
       
21 0 34 30 0 42 7 0 14 2 0 0
A3 − 6A2 + 7A + 2I = 12 8 23 − 12 24 30 +  0 14 7  + 0 2 0
34 0 55 48 0 72 14 0 21 0 0 2
 
0 0 0
A3 − 6A2 + 7A + 2I = 0 0 0.
0 0 0
Therefore, Caley-Hamilton theorem is verified.

Now, A3 − 6A2 + 7A + 2I = O
Pre-multiplying by A−1 , we get:
A2 − 6A + 7I + 2A−1 = O
A−1 = − 21 [A2 − 6A + 7I]
( 5 0 8   6 0 12 7 0 0 )
A−1 = − 12 2 4 5  −  0 12 6  + 0 7 0
8 0 13 12 0 18 0 0 7
 
−4 0 2
A−1 = −1 12 12  .
2 0 −1

11
 Group-C

Question 4
⃗ (r) × ⃗r = ⃗0.
(a) If ⃗r = xî + y ĵ + z k̂ and |⃗r| = r, prove that ∇f 5

(b) Discuss the convergence of the series:

α + 1 (α + 1)(2α + 1) (α + 1)(2α + 1)(3α + 1)

1+ + + + · · · ∞ (α > 0, β > 0)
β + 1 (β + 1)(2β + 1) (β + 1)(2β + 1)(3β + 1)
7
Answer
(a)

⃗ (r) = î df (r) ∂r + ĵ df (r) ∂r + k̂ df (r) ∂r

∇f
dr ∂x dr ∂y dr ∂y
′ x ′ y ′ z
= îf (r) + ĵf (r) + k̂f (r)
r r r
f ′ (r)  
= xî + y ĵ + z k̂
r
f ′ (r)
= ⃗r
r
⃗ (r) × ⃗r = f ′ (r)
Now, ∇f r ⃗ r × ⃗r = ⃗0

(b) Neglecting the first term, let

(α + 1)(2α + 1)(3α + 1) · · · (nα + 1)
un =
(β + 1)(2β + 1)(3β + 1) · · · (nβ + 1)
(α + 1)(2α + 1)(3α + 1) · · · (nα + 1){(n + 1)α + 1}
then un+1 =
(β + 1)(2β + 1)(3β + 1) · · · (nβ + 1){(n + 1)β + 1})
Now,
un+1 (n + 1)α + 1
lim = lim
n→∞ un n→∞ (n + 1)β + 1
1
α + n+1
= lim 1
n→∞ β +
(n+1)
α
=
β
So by D’ Alembert’s ratio test the given infinite series is convergent when αβ < 1 i.e., 0 <
α < β and divergent when αβ > 1 i.e. , α > β > 0. If α = β, the test fails.
When α = β, then P un = 1, for n = 1, 2, · · · .
th
n partial sum of un is
Sn = 1 + 1 + · · · + 1(n terms) = n.
As n → ∞, Sn → ∞. So {Sn } is a divergent sequence.
Hence the given series is divergent when α = β.

12
 Question 5
(a) Let a sequence {un } be defined as, un = n1 + n+1
1
+ 1
n+2 +···+ 1
2n−1 . Show that
{un } is monotonically decreasing and bounded. 6
(b) Evaluate the directional derivative of f (x, y, z) = x2 y 2 z 2 at the point (1, 1, −1)
in the direction of the tangent to the curve x = et , y = sin 2t + 1, z = t − cos t
at t = 0. 6
Answer
(a) We have, un = n1 + n+1
1 1
+ n+2 1
+ · · · + 2n−1
1 1 1 1 1 1
then un+1 = n+1 + n+2 + n+3 + · · · + 2n−1 + 2n + 2n+1
Now,
1 1 1
un+1 − un = + −
2n + 1 2n n
1
= − < 0, for all n = 1, 2, · · ·
2n(2n + 1)
So un is a monotonically decreasing sequence. Now,
1 1 1 1
un = + + + ··· +
n n+1 n+2 2n − 1
1 1 1 1
< + + + ··· + = 1
n n n n

So the sequence {un } is a bounded above sequence. Also un > 0 for all n = 1, 2, · · · .
Hence {un } is a bounded sequence.
(b) Here ϕ(x, y, z) = x2 y 2 z 2
Then ∇ϕ⃗ = 2xy 2 z 2 î + 2yz 2 x2 ĵ + 2zx2 y 2 k̂
⃗ (1,1,−1) = 2î + 2ĵ − 2k̂
Therefore [∇ϕ]
If ⃗r be the position vector of a point P (x, y, z) on the curve x = et , y = sin 2t + 1,
z = t − cos t with respect to origin, then
⃗r = xî + y ĵ + z k̂
= et î + (2 sin t + 1)ĵ + (t − cos t)k̂
Then d⃗r t
dt = e î + (2 cos t)ĵ + (1 + sin t)k̂ is a vector in the direction of the tangent at P
on the curve.
Therefore, the unit vector in the direction of the tangent at t = 0 is

î + 2ĵ + k̂ î + 2ĵ + k̂
â = √ = √ .
1+4+1 6

Hence the directional derivative of ϕ in the direction of the tangent at t = 0 to the

given curve is

⃗ (1,1,−1) .â = (2î + 2ĵ − 2k̂). î + 2ĵ + k̂ 4

[∇ϕ] √ =√
6 6

13
 Group-D

Question 6

(a) Solve the ordinary differential equation: (2x log x − xy)dy + 2ydx = 0. 6
d2 y dy
(b) Solve the differential equation: dx2
− 2 dx + y = xex log x, (x > 0) by method of
variation of parameters. 6

Answer

(a) Here M = 2y and N = 2xlogx − xy, so ∂M ∂N

∂y = 2 and ∂x = 2 + 2logx − y.
Since ∂M ∂N
∂y ̸= ∂x , the differential equation is not-exact.
1 ∂M ∂N −2logx+y −1
Now, N ( ∂y − ∂x ) = −x(−2logx+y) = .
R x−1
Therefore, the integrating factor =e = e−logx = x1 .
( x )dx

Multiplying the given differential equation by x1 , we get

(2logx − y)dy + 2 xy dx = 0, which is exact.
y2
Thus, the solution is given by: 2y
R R
x dx + (−y)dy = c, which implies 2ylogx − 2 = c,
where c is an arbitrary constant.

(b) We can re-write this equation as:

(D2 − 2D + 1)y = xex logx.
Let y = emx be the trial solution for the corresponding homogeneous equation:
(D2 − 2D + 1)y = 0.
Then the auxiliary equation is: m2 − 2m + 1 = 0 which has roots m = 1, 1.
So, the complementary function (C.F.) = c1 ex + c2 xex .
ex xex
Now let y1 = ex , y2 = xex , then their Wronskian is W (y1 , y2 ) = = e2x .
ex (x + 1)ex
Assume the particular solution (P.I.) to be of the form u1 y1 + u2 y2 , where u1 and u2
are unknown parameters
R (xex )(xe x logx)
given
R by:
2 logxdx = −[logx. x3 −
R 1 x3 3 3
u1 = − e2x dx = − x 3 x . 3 dx] = − x3 logx + x9
R x x logx) 2 2 2 2
and u2 = (e )(xe dx = xlogxdx = logx. x2 − x1 . x2 dx = x2 logx − x4 .
R R
e2x
(Note: Here, we have integrated by parts assuming logx to be the first function.)
3 3 3 3 x3 x 5x3 x
Therefore, P.I. = u1 y1 +u2 y2 = − x2 ex logx+ x9 ex + x2 ex logx− x4 ex = 6 e logx− 36 e

x3 x 5x3 x
The complete general solution is: y = C.F. + P.I. = c1 ex + c2 xex + 6 e logx − 36 e ,
where c1 and c2 are arbitrary constants.

Question 7
d2 y dy
(a) Obtain the general solution of the equation: dx2
− 2 dx + 2y = x + ex cosx 6
dy
(b) Solve: y − 2px − pn = 0, where p = dx . 6

14
 Answer
(a) The auxiliary equation is: m2 − 2m + 2 = 0, so the roots are m = 1 + i, 1 − i.
Therefore, C.F. = ex (c1 cosx + c2 sinx).
1 1
Now, P.I. = D2 −2D+2 x + D2 −2D+2 ex cosx = I1 + I2 , where
1 1 1 1 D2 −1 1
I1 = D2 −2D+2
x = 2 x = 2 x = 2 [1 − (D − 2 )] x = 2 [1 + (D −
2[1−D+ D2 ] 2[1−(D− D2 )]
D2
2 ) + · · · ]x = 21 (x + 1),
1 1
and I2 = D2 −2D+2 ex cosx = ex (D+1)2 −2(D+1)+2 cosx = ex D21+1 cosx = ex x 2D
1
cosx =
1 x
2 xe sinx

The complete general solution is:

y = C.F. + P.I. = ex (c1 cosx + c2 sinx) + 12 (x + 1) + 21 xex sinx, where c1 and c2 are
arbitrary constants.

(b) y = 2px + pn · · · (1)

dy
Differentiating both sides of the given equation with respect to x, and putting p for dx ,
dp n−1 dp
we get p = 2p + 2x dx + np dx
dp
that is, −p = (2x + npn−1 ) dx
that is, −p dx
dp = 2x + np
n−1

that is, dx x
dp + 2 p = −np
n−2 · · · (2)
2
R
dp
This is a linear equation in x, having integrating factor: I.F. = e p = e2logp = p2
Multiplying both sides of (2) by the I.F., we get
p2 dx
dp + 2xp = −np
n
d
that is, dp (xp2 ) = −npn
n+1
On integration we get, xp2 = − np
n+1 + c, where c is an arbitrary constant.
n−1
Or, x = − npn+1 + cp−2 · · · (3)
Putting the value of x in (1), we get
1−n n
y = 1+n p + 2cp · · · (4)

The equations (3) and (4) taken together on the p-eliminant of (3) and (4) constitute
the general solution of the given differential equation.

Group-E

Question 8
2 2 2
(a) If a2x+u + b2y+u + c2z+u = 1 , then prove that ( ∂u 2 ∂u 2 ∂u 2 ∂u ∂u ∂u
∂x ) +( ∂y ) +( ∂z ) = 2(x ∂x +y ∂y +z ∂z )
where a, b and c are constants. 5
∂(u,v)
(b) If u = cos(x2 + 2y) and v = x4 + 4x2 y + 4y 2 , then find ∂(x,y) . 1
R x2 dy−y 2 dx 3π 43 2 2
(c) Show that 5 5 = 16 a where C is the quarter of the asteroid x 3 + y 3 =
C x 3 +y 3
2
a 3 in the 1st quadrant. 6

15
 Answer
x2 y2 z2
(a) Given a2 +u
+ b2 +u
+ c2 +u
= 1, Diff. (1) partially w.r.t. x,

2x x2 ∂u y2 ∂u z2 ∂u
2
− 2 − 2 − 2 =0
a + u (a2 + u) ∂x (b2 + u) ∂x (c2 + u) ∂x
x2 y2 z2
 
2x ∂u
⇒ 2 − + + =0
a + u ∂x (a2 + u)2 (b2 + u)2 (c2 + u)2
∂u 2x 1 x2 y2 z2
⇒ = 2 · where A = 2 + 2 +
∂x a +u A (a2 + u) (b2 + u) (c2 + u)2
∂u 2y 1 ∂u 2z 1
= 2 · and
Similarly, = 2 ·
∂y b +u A ∂z c +u A
 2  2  2
x2 y2 z2
 
∂u ∂u ∂u 4
L.H.S = + + = 2 + +
∂x ∂y ∂z A (a2 + u)2 (b2 + u)2 (c2 + u)2
4 4
= 2 ·A=
A A
4
= ·1
A
2x2 2y 2 2z 2
   
∂u ∂u ∂u 2
R.H.S = 2 x +y +z = + +
∂x ∂y ∂z A (a2 + u) (b2 + u) (c2 + u)2
4
= ·1
A
4
=
A
RHS = LHS proved

(b) Now,
∂u
= −2x sin x2 + 2y


∂x
∂u
= −2 sin x2 + 2y


∂y
∂v
= 4x3 + 8xy
∂x
∂v
= 4x2 + 8y
∂y
∂u 2u
∂(u, v) ∂x ∂y
∴ = ∂v ∂v
∂(x, y) ∂x ∂y

−2x sin x2 + 2y −2 sin x2 + 2y

=
4x3 + 8xy 4x2 + 8y
=0

16
(c) The parametric equation of the given asteroid is

x = a cos3 t, y = a sin3 t

−−→
The path of the integration c is the arc AB where A(a, 0) corresponds to t = 0 and the
point B(0, a) corresponds to t = π/2

x2 dy − y 2 dx t=π/2 a2 cos6 t · a · 3 sin2 t cos t + a2 sin6 t · a · 3 cos2 t

Z Z
=
a5/3 cos5 t + sin5 t


C x5/3 + y 5/3 t=0
3a3 sin2 t cos2 t cos5 t + sin5 t dt
Z t=π/2


=
a5/3 cos5 t + sin5 t


t=0
Z π/2
= 3a4/3 sin2 t cos2 tdt
0
4/3 11 π 3π 4/3
= 3a ·
· = ·a
4 2 2 16

Question 9

(xz 2 dydz + (x2 y − z 3 )dzdx + (2xy + y 2 z)dxdy

RR
(a) Use divergence theorem to evaluate
S p
where S is the surface of the hemispherical region bounded by z = a2 − x2 − y 2
and z = 0 . 6
H
(b) Apply Green’s theorem to find cosxsiny − xydx + sinxcosydy, where C is the
C
circle x2 + y 2 = 1 . 6

Answer

(a) By divergence theorem, we have

ZZ
(F1 dydz + F2 dzdx + F3 dxdy)
S
Z ZZ  
∂F1 ∂F2 ∂F3
= + + dxdydz.
V ∂x ∂y ∂z
ZZ
xz 2 dydz + x2 y − z 3 dzdx + 2xy + y 2 z dxdy



∴
ZZZ S 
∂ 2

∂ 2 3

∂ 2


= xz + x y−z + 2xy + y z dxdydz
V ∂x ∂y ∂z

17
 ZZZ
z 2 + x2 + y 2 dxdydz.


=
Z 2π Z π/2 Z π
= r2 r2 sin θdrdθdϕ
0=0 θ=0 r=0
ϕ=0 θ=0 r=0
a5 π/2
= 2π × × (− cos θ)0
5
2πa5
= Ans.
5
[ Put
x = r sin θ cos ϕ
y = r sin θ sin ϕ
z = r cos θ
0≤r≤a
0 ≤ θ ≤ π/2
0 ≤ φ ≤ 2π]
H RR  ∂Q ∂P

(b) By Green’s theorem in the plane We have, C (P dx + Qdy) = R ∂x − ∂y dxdy

P = cos x sin y − xy, Q = sin x cos y

I 
∴ {cos x sin y − xy]dx + sin x cos ydy
ZcZ  
∂ ∂
= (sin x cos y) − (cen x sin y − xy) dxdy
∂x ∂y
Z ZR
= (cos x cos y − cos x cos y + x)dxdy
Z Zn
= xdrdy
R

18
 R1 R √t R1
= √ xdydx
x=−1 x=−1 y=− 1−x2
R √1−x2
= x=x2 x
Z 1 √
1−x2
= x[y]−√ 1−x2
dx
−1
Z 1 p
= x · 2 1 − x2 dx
−1
=0
p
∵ x 1 − x2 is an odd function

19
 Heritage Institute of Technology

Solution Manual of MATH1101 (2022)

Group-B

Question 2
 
1 3 4 3
(a) Reduce the following matrix 3 9 12 3 to a row reduced echelon form
1 3 4 1
and hence find its rank. 6

(b) Find the eigenvalues

  and the corresponding eigenvectors of the following
3 1 0
matrix A = 0 3 1. 6
0 0 3
Answer
 
1 3 4 3
(a) Let A = 3 9 12 3
1 3 4 1
 
1 3 4 3  
R2 → R2 − 3R1
∼ 0 0 0 −6
 
R3 → R3 − R1
0 0 0 −2
 
1 3 4 3 
∼ 0 0 0 1  R2 → −1

6 R2
0 0 0 −2
 
1 3 4 3  
∼ 0 0 0 1 R3 → R3 + 2R2
0 0 0 0
 
1 3 4 0  
∼ 0 0 0 1 = B R1 → R1 − 3R2
0 0 0 0

B is row reduced echelon matrix and B has two non-zero rows. Therefore rank of
B = 2. Since the given matrix is row equivalent to R. Since rank remains invariant
under a sequence of elementary row operation, therefore rank of A = 2 .

20
 (b) The characteristic equation of the given matrix is:
3−λ 1 0
A − λI = 0 3−λ 1
0 0 3−λ
=⇒ (3 − λ)3 = 0

=⇒ λ = 3, 3, 3

∴ 3 is the only distinct eigenvalue of A.

Now, the eigenvectors are given by non-zero solutions of the equation (A − 3I)X = 0.
       
3 1 0 3 0 0 x1 0
=⇒ { 0
 3 1 − 0 3 0 } x2 = 0
     
0 0 3 0 0 3 x3 0
    
0 1 0 x1 0
=⇒ 0 0 1 x2  = 0
0 0 0 x3 0
=⇒ non-zero
  solutions are x1 = k, x2 = 0, x3 = 0, which can also be written as
x1 1
x2  = k 0
x3 0
 
1
∴ we can conclude that 0 is an eigenvector of A corresponding to the eigenvalue

0
λ = 3.
Question 3
(a) Determine the values of λ and µ for which the system of linear equations
x + 2y + 3z = 4
x + 3y + 4z = 5
x + 3y + λz = µ
have
(i) no solution (ii) a unique solution (iii) an infinite number of solutions. 6
(b) State
 the Cayley-Hamilton
 theorem. Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem for
2 1 0
A= 0 1
 0. 6
1 1 2
Answer
(a) The given
 system
 can be
 represented
 asAX = b where
1 2 3 x 4
A = 1 3 4 , X = y and b = 5 
    
1 3 λ z µ

21
 The augmented matrix of the given system is given by:
 
1 2 3 4  
R2 → R2 − R1
Ā = 1 3 4 5
R3 → R3 − R1
1 3 λ µ
 
1 2 3 4  
∼ 0 1 1 1  R3 → R3 − R2
0 0 λ−3 µ−4
 
1 2 3 4
∼ 0 1 1 1 
0 0 λ−4 µ−5

In order that the system has a unique solution, r(A) = 3 =⇒ detA ̸= 0. This condition
is satisfied if λ ̸= 4 and for any value of µ.
This further implies that if λ = 4, we get the remaining two cases, i.e., no solution and
infinitely many solutions.
If λ = 4 and µ = 5, r(A) = r(Ā) = 2 giving the system infinitely many solutions.
If λ = 4 and µ ̸= 5, r(A) = 2 but r(Ā) = 3 giving the system no solutions.
.

(b) Cayley-Hamilton theorem states that every square matrix satisfies its own charactersitic
equation.  
2 1 0
For the matrix, A = 0 1 0, the characteristic equation is given by:
1 1 2
3 2
λ − 5λ + 7λ − 3 = 0.
By Cayley-Hamilton theorem we have A3 − 5A2 + 7A − 3I = O.
To prove the above
 equation,
 westart with the left handside (LHS).
 
14 13 13 5 4 4 2 1 0 1 0 0
Now, LHS =  0 1 0  − 5 0 1 0 + 7 0 1 0 − 3 0 1 0
13 13 14 4 4 5 1 1 2 0 0 1
 
0 0 0
= 0 0 0 = RHS
0 0 0
Hence Cayley-Hamilton theorem is verified.

Group-C

Question 4.

(a) Consider a sequence {un } defined as follows:

1 1 1 1
un = 2
+ 2
+ 2
+ ··· +
n (n + 1) (n + 2) (2n)2
Show that {un } is monotonically decreasing and bounded. 6

22
 →
−
(b) Show that A = (6xy + z 3 )î + (3x2 − z)ĵ + (3xz 2 − y)k̂ is irrotational. Find the
→
− →
−
scalar function ϕ such that A = ∇ϕ . 6

Answer

(a)
1 1 1 1
un = 2
+ 2
+ 2
+ ··· +
n (n + 1) (n + 2) (2n)2
1 1 1 1 1 1
∴ un+1 = + + + ··· + + +
(n + 1)2 (n + 2)2 (n + 3)2 (2n)2 (2n + 1)2 (2n + 2)2

Hence,
1 1 1
un+1 − un = 2
+ 2
− 2
(2n + 2) (2n + 1) n
4 3 2
8n + 36n + 47n + 24n + 1
= < 0, for n ≥ 1.
n2 (2n + 1)2 (2n + 2)2

So {un } is a monotonically decreasing sequence.

Again,
1 1 1 1
un = 2
+ 2
+ 2
+ ··· +
n (n + 1) (n + 2) (2n)2
1 1 1
≤ 2 + 2 + · · · + 2 [(n + 1) times]
n n n
n+1
= ≤ 2, for any value of n ≥ 1.
n2
Also un > 0 for n ≥ 1. Hence, the sequence is bounded.
→
−
(b) Given A = (6xy + z 3 )î + (3x2 − z)ĵ + (3xz 2 − y)k̂. Now,
 
î ĵ k̂
→
− ∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × A =  ∂x ∂y ∂z

3 2 2
6xy + z 3x − z 3xz − y
→
−
= (−1 + 1)î + (3z 2 − 3z 2 )ĵ + (6x − 6x)k̂ = 0
→
−
∴ A is irrotational.
→
− →
−
Now, to find ϕ such that A = ∇ϕ, we observe
→
− ∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ
∇ϕ = î + ĵ + k̂
∂x ∂y ∂z
→
− →
−
Hence, equating the coefficient of î, ĵ and k̂ in A and ∇ϕ, we get
∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ
= 6xy + z 3 , = 3x2 − z, = 3xz 2 − y
∂x ∂y ∂z

23
 Integrating the above equations partially with respect to x, y and z, respectively, we
have

ϕ = 3x2 y + xz 3 + f1 (y, z)
ϕ = 3x2 y − yz + f2 (y, z)
ϕ = xz 3 − yz + f3 (y, z)

∴ ϕ = 3x2 y + xz 3 − yz + c, where c is a constant.

Question 5.

(a) Find the directional derivative of f (x, y, z) = x2 + xy + z 2 at the point A

−−→
(1, −1, −1) in the direction of AB, where B has coordinates (3, 2, 1). 6

(b) Discuss the convergence of the following infinite series:

1 1 1 1
3
− 3 (1 + 2) + 3 (1 + 2 + 3) − 3 (1 + 2 + 3 + 4) + · · ·
2 3 4 5
. 6

Answer

(a) The directional derivative of the given function f (x, y, z) is

→
− ∂f ∂f ∂f
∇f = î + ĵ + k̂ = (2x + y)î + xĵ + 2z k̂
∂x ∂y ∂z
→
−
Hence, ∇f = î + ĵ − 2k̂.
(1,−1,−1)
−−→
Now, AB = (3î + 2ĵ + k k̂) − (î − ĵ − k̂) = 2î + 3ĵ + 2k̂.
−−→
Hence, the unit vector in the direction of AB is
1
rb = √ (2î + 3ĵ + 2k̂)
17
∴ The required directional derivative is
 
→
− 1 · 2 + 1 · 3 + (−2) · 2 1
∇f · rb = √ =√
(1,−1,−1) 17 17

(b) Let the n-th term of the infinite series be denoted by (−1)(n+1) an . Hence, we may
equate
1 + 2 + 3 + ··· + n n(n + 1) n
an = 3
= 3
=
(n + 1) 2(n + 1) 2(n + 1)2
Similarly, we may equate
n+1
an+1 =
2(n + 2)2

24
 n n+1
∴ an − an+1 = 2
−
2(n + 1) 2(n + 2)2
n(n + 2)2 − (n + 1)3
=
2[(n + 1)(n + 2)]2
n2 + n − 1
=
2[(n + 1)(n + 2)]2
Clearly, the numerator as well as the denominator are positive for all values of n ≥ 1.
Hence, an > an+1 , ∀n ≥ 1.
∴ an is a monotonically decreasing sequence.
Also,
n
lim an = lim
n→∞ n→∞ 2(n + 1)2
1
= lim =0
n→∞ 2n(1 + 1 )2
n
Hence, by Leibniz test the given series is convergent.
Group-D
Question 6
(a) Solve (1 + xy) ydx + (1 − xy) xdy = 0. 6
d2 y dy
(b) Solve the differential equation dx2
−5 dx +6y = x2 e3x using D-operator method.

6
Answer
(a) Comparing the given differential equation with M dx + N dy = 0, we have
M = (1 + xy) y, N = (1 − xy) x.
∂M ∂N
=⇒ = 1 + 2xy, = 1 − 2xy.
∂y ∂x
Thus we have, ∂M ∂N
∂y ̸= ∂x . Hence, the given differential equation is not exact.
The integrating factor is given by,
1
I.F. =
Mx − Ny
1
= 2 2
2x y
Multiplying both sides of the given differential equation by the I.F we get,
   
1 1 1 1
+ dx + − dy = 0
2x2 y 2x 2xy 2 2x
 
1 1 1 1
=⇒ − + ln x − ln y = C
2y x 2 2
x 1
=⇒ ln − = C1
y xy

25
 (b) Given differential equation is

d2 y dy
−5 + 6y = x2 e3x .
dx2 dx
d
(D2 − 5D + 6)y = x2 e3x , where, D ≡ (4)
dx
Let us consider the homogeneous differential equation given by
(D2 − 5D + 6)y = 0 (5)

Let y = emx be the trial solution of (2).

Then the auxiliary equation is given by
m2 − 5m + 6 = 0 =⇒ m = 2, 3.
∴ The complementary function is given by

yc = c1 e2x + c2 e3x . (6)

Now, the particular integral is given by

1 2 3x


yp = D2 −5D+6 x e
1
=⇒ yp = e3x (D+3)2 −5(D+3)+6 x2

=⇒ yp = e3x D21+D (x2 )

=⇒ yp = e3x D1
(1 + D)−1 x2
3
=⇒ yp = e3x ( x3 − x2 + 2x) (4)
∴ The general solution of (1) is given by y = yc + yp
3
=⇒ y = c1 e3x + c2 e2x + e3x ( x3 − x2 + 2x).

Question 7
dy
(a) Solve: y = 2px + y 2 p3 , where p ≡ dx . 6
d2 y
(b) Apply the method of variation of parameters to solve dx2
+ 4y = sin 2x. 6

Answer

(a) It can be observed that the given differential equation is solvable for x and is of the
2 3
form x = y−y2p p .
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x we get,

dp dp dp
2p = p − 2yp4 − 3y 2 p3 −y + y 2 p3
dy dy dy
dp dp
=⇒ p + 2yp4 + 2y 2 p3 +y =0
dy dy
dp
=⇒ 1 + 2yp3 + y 1 + 2yp3 = 0



dy
 
dp
1 + 2py 3 = 0


=⇒ p + y
dy

26
 This gives

dp
p+y =0
dy
=⇒ py = C
Putting the value of p from the above equation in the given equation, we get the required
solution.
The required solution is y 2 = 2Cx + C 3 .
(b) Given differential equation is
d2 y
+ 4y = 0.
dx2
d
(D2 + 4)y = 0, where, D ≡ .
dx
Let us consider the homogeneous differential equation given by
(D2 + 4)y = 0
Let y = emx be the trial solution.
Then the auxiliary equation is given by
m2 + 4 = 0 =⇒ m = ±2i.
∴ The complementary function is given by
yc = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x.
Now, the particular integral is given by
yp = u (x) cos 2x + v (x) sin 2x.
Z
y2 X
u (x) = − dx
W

Z
y1 X
v (x) = dx
W
Here y1 = cos2x, y2 = sin 2x, x = sin 2x.
y y2
W = 1′
y1 y2′

Here W = 2.
 
1 sin 4x
u (x) = − x− .
4 4

1
v (x) = − cos 4x.
16
1 1
yp = − x cos 2x + sin 2x.
4 16

y = C.F. + P.I.

27
 Group-E

Question 8

(a) Evaluate by Green’s theorem Γ {(2xy−x2 )dx+(x+y 2 )dy} where Γ is the closed
R

curve of the region bounded by y = x2 and y 2 = x. 6

 
(b) If u = u y−x z−x 2 ∂u 2 ∂u 2 ∂u
xy , xz , then show that x ∂x + y ∂y + z ∂z = 0 . 6

Answer
RR  ∂Q ∂P

dxdy Here P = 2xy − x2 ,
R
(a) We have by Green’s theorem Γ P dx + Qdy = R ∂x − ∂y
∂Q ∂P
Q = x + y2, ∂x − ∂y = 1 − 2x

and hence,

RR  ∂Q ∂P
 RR R x=1 nR √x o
1
R ∂x − ∂y dxdy = R (1 − 2x)dxdy = x=0 y=x2
(1 − 2x)dy dx = 30 .

y−x 1 1 z−x 1
(b) Let, v = xy = x − y and w = xz = x − z1 .

If u = u(v, w), then

∂u
∂x = − x12 ∂u
∂v −
1 ∂u
x2 ∂w

∴ x2 ∂u ∂u
∂x = − ∂v −
∂u
∂w (i)

∂u
∂y = − y12 ∂u
∂v − 0 ×
∂u
∂w

∴ y 2 ∂u ∂u
∂y = − ∂v (ii)

and, z 2 ∂u
∂z =
∂u
∂w (iii)

Adding (i), (ii) and (iii) we get,

x2 ∂u 2 ∂u 2 ∂u
∂x + y ∂y + z ∂z = 0.

Question 9
∂u
(a) By using Euler’s theorem on homogeneous function prove that ∂x + y ∂u
∂y =
1
tan u, where u = sin−1 √x+y
√ . Hence show that x 2 ∂2u ∂2u 2
+ 2xy ∂x∂y + y 2 ∂∂yu2 =
2 x+ y ∂x2
− sin u tan u
4 cos3 u
6
R 1 R √(2−x2 ) x
(b) Change the order of integration to evaluate 0 x
√ dxdy. 6
x2 +y 2

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 Answer

(a) Let, sin u = √x+y

√ = f (x, y)
x+ y
f (tx, ty) = √tx+ty
= t1/2 f (x, y) therefore, f (x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree
√
tx+ ty
1/2.
So, by Euler’s theorem x ∂f ∂f
∂x + y ∂y = 2 f
1

=⇒ x ∂u ∂u 1
∂x + y ∂y = 2 tan u (1)

Differentiating (1) w.r.t. x,

2 2
x ∂∂xu2 + y ∂x∂y
∂ u
= ( 12 secu −1) ∂u
∂x (2)

Differentiating (1) w.r.t. y

∂2u 2
x ∂x∂y + y ∂∂yu2 = ( 21 secu −1) ∂u
∂y (3)

Doing, (2) × x + (3) × y and assuming, uxy = uyx

2 ∂2u 2
x2 ∂∂xu2 + 2xy ∂x∂y + y 2 ∂∂yu2 = ( 21 secu −1)(x ∂u ∂u sin u tan u
∂x + y ∂y ) = − 4 cos3 u .

R 1 R √(2−x2 ) x
(b) 0 x
√ dxdy
x2 +y 2

R √2 R √2−y2
   
R1 Ry
= y=0 x=0
√ x dx dy + y=1 x=0
√ x dx dy
x2 +y 2 x2 +y 2
√
R 1 p y R √2  p  2−y 2
= 0 x2 + y 2 dy + y=1 x2 + y 2 dy
0 0

R1 √ R √2 √
= 0 ( 2 − 1)dy + y=1 ( 2 − y)dy

=1− √1
2

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