CHAPTER-2 - Functions

Exercise - 2A
Q1
A function is defined as the relation between two sets, where for
every element of set A, there is exactly one element in set B.
A function is represented as f: A → B, which means ‘f’ is a
function from A to B.
A domain is the set of all possible values which can be plug in the
function to get a real value.
A co-domain is the set of all possible values that can be realised
from the function.
A range is the set of all values which actually comes as an output
when any value from the domain is plugged in the function.
Say, f: A → B, then set A is the domain of the function f and set B
is the co-domain of the function. The images for the elements of set
A is the range of the function f.
For Example: For function f(x) = x2, the domain can be Natural
numbers (1, 2, 3, 4…), the co-domain is again natural numbers (1,
2, 3, 4…) and the range is (1, 4, 9, 16…).

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q2
(a) Injective function: Injective function, also known as one-one
function is a type of function where every element in set A has an
image in set B.
Thus, f: A → B is one-one or injection function only if f(a) = f(b)
has a unique solution a = b.
For example: f(x) = 2x + 1 is injection for f: R → R
f(x) = f(y)
⇒ 2x + 1 = 2y + 1
⇒x=y
(b) Surjective function: Surjective function, also known as onto
function is a function where for every element of set A, there is
atleast one image in set B, such that no element in Set B is left
without a match or ordered pair.
For example: f(x) = x2 from the set of integers Z to the set of whole
number W is a surjective or onto function.
(c) Bijective function: Bijective function, also known as one-one
onto function is a function where for every element of set A, there is
exactly one image in set B, such that no element is set B is left
without match or ordered pair.

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

For example: f: R → R given by f(x) = 3x + 8 for all x ∈ R is a
bijection function.
(d) Many-one function: Many-one function is function where for
image in Set B, there is more than one element in Set A.
For example: f: Z → Z defined by f(x) = x2 + x + 1 for all x ∈ Z.
(e) Into Function: Into function is a function where there is atleast
one element is Set B who is not the image of any element in set A.
For Example: f(x) = 2x - 1 from the set of Integers to the set of
Integers is an into function.

Q3
(a) One-One but not Onto
f: N → N be a mapping given by f(x) = x2
For one-one
f(x) = f(y)
x2 = y2
x = y (x cannot be y as y ∈ N)
So, f(x) = x2 For each element in Set A, it has unique image in Set B
For onto
Let f(x) = y, for y ∈ N
x2 = y

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

x = y1/2
If y = 2, x = 1.414, which is not a natural number. Hence, not onto.
So f(x) = x2 is one-one but not onto
(b) One-one and onto
𝑥−7
f: R – {5} → R – {1} given by f(x) = 𝑥 −5

For one-one
f(x) = f(y)
𝑥−7 𝑦−7
= 𝑦−5
𝑥 −5

⇒ xy - 5x – 7y + 35 = xy -7x – 5y + 35
⇒ 2x = 2y
⇒x=y
𝑥−7
So, f(x) = is one-one
𝑥 −5

For onto
Let f(x) = y
𝑥−7
⇒ =y
𝑥 −5

⇒ x – 7 = y(x – 5)
7 − 5𝑦
⇒x= 1−𝑦
7 − 5𝑦
Clearly, x = is a real number for all y ≠ 1
1−𝑦

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

 7 − 5𝑦
Also, ≠ 5, because then we get 7 = 5, which is not possible.
1−𝑦
7 − 5𝑦
Thus, for element y in B has its pre image x in A given by x = 1−𝑦

(c) Neither one-one nor onto

x, if x ≥ 0
f: R → R given by f(x) = |x| = -x, if x ≤ 0

For One-one
f(x) = f(y)
|x| = |y|
x = y or x = -y
So, it is not one-one.
For Onto
It is known that f(x) = |x| is always non-negative. Therefore there
won’t be any element in domain R for which f(x) is negative.
So, it is not onto.
Therefore, f(x) =|x| is neither one-one nor onto.
(d) Onto but not one-one
f(x) = |x| from the set of Real numbers to the Set of Whole numbers.
For one-one
f(x) = f(y)
|x| = |y|

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

x = y and –x = y(x is a real number, so can be positive or negative)
So, it is not one-one.
For onto
Every element is set of Real numbers will have a value in set of
Whole numbers, hence it is onto.
Q4
(a) f(2)
x = 2, it is satisfying the condition -2 ≤ x ≤ 3
So, f(x) = x2 – 2
∴ f(2) = 22 – 2
=4–2
=2
∴ f(2) = 2
(b) f(4)
x = 4, it is satisfying the condition x > 3
So, f(x) = 3x – 1
∴ f(4) = 3 × 4 – 1
= 12 – 1
= 11
∴ f(4) = 11

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

(c) f(-1)
x = -1, it is satisfying the condition -2 ≤ x ≤ 3
So, f(x) = x2 - 2
∴ f(-1) = (-1)2 – 2
=1–2
= -1
∴ f(-1) = -1
(d) f(-3)
x = -3, it is satisfying the condition x < -2
So, f(x) = 2x + 3
∴ f(-3) = 2 × (-3) + 3
= -6 + 3
= -3
∴ f(-3) = -3
Q5
To show that f: R → R given by f(x) = 1 + x2 is many-one into.
A function which is not onto is into.
A function where more than one element in Set A maps to one
element in Set B is many-one.
f(x) = 1 + x2
For x = 1, f(x) = 2

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

For x = -1, f(x) = 2
∴ f(x) = 1 + x2 is many-one.

f(x) = 1 + x2
Since the range of f(x) is [1,∞] is not equal to the codomain which
is the set of Real numbers.
Hence f(x) = 1 + x2 is not onto, thus it is into.
Hence, f(x) is many-one into.

Q6
To show that f: R → R given by f(x) = x4 is many-one into.
A function which is not onto is into.
A function where more than one element in Set A maps to one
element in Set B is many-one.
f(x) = x4
For x = 1, f(x) = 1
Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
For x = -1, f(x) = 1
∴ f(x) = x4 is many-one.

f(x) = x4
Since the range of f(x) is [0,∞] is not equal to the codomain which
is the set of Real numbers.
Hence f(x) = x4 is not onto, thus it is into.
Hence, f(x) is many-one into.

Q7
To show that f: R → R given by f(x) = x5 is one-one and onto.
A function which is onto has every element of co domain mapped
to the at least one element of Domain. i.e Range is equal to co
domain
A function where more than one element in Set A maps to one
element in Set B is many-one.

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

f(x) = x5
For x = 1, f(x) = 1
For x = -1, f(x) = -1
∴ f(x) = x5 is one-one.

f(x) = x5
Since the range of f(x) is [-∞,∞] is equal to the codomain which is
the set of Real numbers.
Hence f(x) = x5 is onto.
Hence, f(x) is one-one and onto.

Q8
𝜋
f: [0, 2 ] → R for given function f(x) = sin

x
If we recall the graph for sin x, then we
realise that for any two values on the curve, say x1 and x2,

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

sin x1 ≠ sin x2
Hence, f(x) = sin x is one to one.

𝜋
f: [0, 2 ] → R for given function f(x) = cos

x
If we recall the graph for cos x, then we
realise that for any two values on the
curve, say x1 and x2, cos
x1 ≠ cos x2
Hence, f(x) = cos x is one to one.
Now, f + g = sin x + cos x mapped from
𝜋
[0, 2 ] to R

If we recall the graph for sin x + cos x,

then we realise that for any two values
on the curve, say x1 and x2,
sin x1 + cos x1 ≠ sin x2 + cos x2
Hence, f(x) = sin x + cos x is not one to one.
i.e. f + g is not one to one, even though f(x) and g(x) are one to one
individually.

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q9
(a) f(x) = x2 mapped from N → N.
For one-one
f(x) = f(y)
⇒ x2 = y2
⇒ x = y (x ≠ -y as, y ∈ N)
So, f: N → N mapped for f(x) = x2 is
one-one
For into
f(x) = y
⇒ x2 = y
⇒ x = ±√𝑦
Range of f(x) includes 0, which is not a natural number.
Hence, range of f(x) ≠ co domain, which is set of Natural numbers.
So, f(x) is not onto, so its into.
∴ f: N → N : f(x) = x2 is one-one into

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

ii) f: Z → Z : f(x) = x2
For many one
f(x) = f(y)
⇒ x2 = y2
⇒ x = y and x = -y
Hence, f(x) is many-one for the given
co domain which is set of integers.
For into
Let f(x) = y
⇒ x2 = y
⇒ x = ±√𝑦
Range of f(x) is [0, ∞) which is not equal to the co domain i.e. Set
of integers.
Hence, f(x) is into
∴ f : Z → Z : f(x) = x2 is many-one into

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q10
(a) f(x) = x3 mapped from N → N.
For one-one
f(x) = f(y)
⇒ x3 = y3
⇒x=y
So, f: N → N mapped for f(x) = x3 is one-
one
For into
f(x) = y
⇒ x3 = y
⇒ x = 3√𝑦
Range of f(x) is (-∞,∞), which is not equal to set of natural number.
Hence, range of f(x) ≠ co domain.
So, f(x) is not onto, so its into.
∴ f: N→N : f(x) = x3 is one-one into.

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

(b) f: Z → Z : f(x) = x3
For many one
f(x) = f(y)
⇒ x3 = y3
⇒x=y
Hence, f(x) is one-one for the given co
domain which is set of integers.
For into
Let f(x) = y
⇒ x3 = y
⇒ x = 3√𝑦
Range of f(x) is (-∞, ∞) which is not equal to the co domain i.e. Set
of integers.
Hence, f(x) is into.
∴ f: Z → Z : f(x) = x3 is one-one into.

Q11
f: R → R : f(x) = sin x
For one-one
If we look at the sin x graph, we will see that for every value of y,
there are two values of sin x, Therefore, f(x) = sin x is not one-one
Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
For onto
Range of f(x) is [-1,1] which is not equal to co domain which is set
of Real numbers.
Hence, f(x) is not onto
∴ f: R → R : f(x) = sin x neither is one-one nor onto.

Q12
f: N → N given by function f(n) = (n2 + n + 1)
For one-one
f(n) has one element from co domain for every element in the
domain, so it is one-one.
For onto
Range of the function f(n) is [0.75, ∞] which is not equal to the co
domain i.e. set of natural numbers.
So, f(n) = n2 + n + 1 is not onto.
∴ f: N → N given by function f(n) = (n2 + n + 1) is one-one but not
onto.

Q13 11
-22(n-1), when
n, when n isneven
is odd

f(n) =

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

 n 1 2 3 4 5 6
F(n) 0 -1 1 -2 2 -3
Since, f(n) for odd numbers is different as well as for even numbers.
So f(n) for both condition is one-one.
The Range of f(n) is equal to the co domain, which is set of
integers.
11 f: N → Z, given by
So, the function
-22(n-1), when
n, when n isneven
is odd

f(n) = is one-one onto

Q14
f: R → R : f(x) = x2 + 1
As per the graph, the f(x) as lowest value of -1 and goes upto to ∞
Range of the f(x) = [-1, ∞]
Or range (f) = {y ϵ R : y ≥ 1}
And f(x) can be input with any number from the domain, which is
set of real numbers.
So, the domain of the function f(x) is R.

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q15
(a) f = {(-1, 2), (1, 8), (2, 11), (3, 14)}
A relation is defined as function, if the elements in the domain has
different image in the set of Range.
Here, domain (f) = {-1, 1, 2, 3}; Range (f) = {2, 8, 11, 14}
For every element in domain there is a unique element in Range.
∴ Given relation is a function.
(b) g = {(1,1), (1,-1), (4,2), (9,3), (16,4)}
A relation is defined as function, if the elements in the domain has
different image in the set of Range.
Here, domain (f) = {1, 1, 4, 9, 16}; Range (f) = {1, -1, 2, 3, 4}
Some of the values in range have same element in domain
∴ Given relation is not a function.
(c) h = {(a,b), (b,c), (c,b), (d,c)}
A relation is defined as function, if the elements in the domain has
different image in the set of Range.
Here, domain (f) = {a, b, c, d}; Range (f) = {b, c}
For every element in domain there is an element in Range.
∴ Given relation is a function.

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q16
𝑥2
f(x) = (1+𝑥 2)

Domain for f(x) can be found by putting denominator equal to Zero

i.e (1 + x2) = 0
⇒ x2 ≠ -1
∴ Domain of f(x) is set of Real numbers.
Range of f(x) can be found by putting f(x) = y
𝑥 2 −1+1
y= (Add and subtract 1 from numerator)
(1+𝑥 2 )
1
= 1 - (1+𝑥 2)

So, ymin = 0, for x = 0

and ymax = 1, for x = ∞
∴ Range of f(x) = [0,1)
𝑥2
f(x) = is many-one as the line cuts the curve at two equal
(1+𝑥 2 )

valued points of y.

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q17
1, x is rational
-1, x is irrational

f: R → R : f(x) =

1
(a) f(2)
1
x = 2, which is rational and satisfying first condition
1
So, f(2) = 1

(b) f(√2)
x = √2, which is irrational and satisfying second condition
So, f(√2)= -1
(c) f(𝜋)
x = 𝜋, which is irrational and satisfying second condition
So, f(𝜋)= -1
(d) f(2 + √3)
x = 2 + √3, which is irrational and satisfying second condition
So, f(2 + √3)= -1

For many one,

As the f(x) is -1 for the domain √2, 𝜋 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2 + √3
So f(x) is many-one
Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
For onto
As the range of the f(x) is equal to the co domain of the function
which is [-1 , 1]
So, f(x) is onto. 1, x is rational
-1, x is
∴ f: R → R : f(x) = irrational
is many-one onto.

Exercise - 2B
Q1
(a) gof
Here, A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
f = {(1,4), (2,1), (3,3),(4,2)}
and g = {(1,3), (2,1), (3,2), (4,4)}
As per combination of f and g,
Fog(x) = g(f(x)), for all x ϵ A
So, gof(1) = g(f(1)
= g(4)
=4
and gof(2) = g(f(2)
= g(1)
=3

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

and gof(3) = g(f(3)
= g(3)
=2
and gof(4) = g(f(4)
= g(2)
=1
Hence, gof: {1, 2, 3, 4} → {4, 3, 2, 1} such that gof = {(1,4), (2,3),
(3,2), (4,1)}
(b) fog
We know that fog(x) = f(g(x)); for all x ϵ A, where A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
So, fog(1) = f(g(1)
= f(3)
=3
and fog(2) = f(g(2)
= f(1)
=4
and fog(3) = f(g(3)
= f(2)
=1

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

and fog(4) = f(g(4)
= f(4)
=2
Hence, fog: {1, 2, 3, 4} → {3, 4, 1, 2} such that fog = {(1,3), (2,4),
(3,1), (4,2)}
(c) fof
We know that fof(x) = f(f(x)); for all x ϵ A, where A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
So, fof(1) = f(f(1)
= f(4)
=2
and fof(2) = f(f(2)
= f(1)
=4
and fof(3) = f(f(3)
= f(3)
=3
and fof(4) = f(f(4)
= f(2)
=1
Hence, fof: {1, 2, 3, 4} → {2, 4, 3, 1} such that fof = {(1,2), (2,4),
(3,3), (4,1)}

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q2
Here, f: {3, 9, 12} → {1, 3, 4} and
g: {1, 3, 4} → {3, 9} is given.
Clearly, co domain of f is same as the domain of g.
So, gof and fog both exist.
(a) gof
f = {(3,1), (9,3), (12, 4)} and g = {(1,3), (3,3) (4, 9), (5, 9)}
As per composition of f and g
gof(x) = g(f(x))
So, gof(3) = g(f(3))
= g(1) = 3
and gof(9) = g(f(9))
= g(3) = 3
and gof(12) = g(f(12))
= g(4) = 9
Hence, gof : {3, 9, 12} → {3, 9}
(b) fog
f = {(3,1), (9,3), (12, 4)} and g = {(1,3), (3,3) (4, 9), (5, 9)}
As per composition of f and g
fog(x) = f(g(x))

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

So, fog(1) = f(g(1))
= f(3) = 1
and fog(3) = f(g(3))
= f(3) = 1
and fog(4) = f(g(4))
= f(9) = 3
and fog(5) = f(g(5))
= f(9) = 3
Hence, fog : {1, 3, 4, 5} → {1, 3}

Q3
f: R → R : f(x) = x2 (given)
g: R → : g(x) = x + 1 (given)
To show: (gof) ≠ (fog)
As per composition of f and f,
gof(x) = g(f(x))
= g(x2) = x2 + 1 [∵ g(x) = x + 1]
fog(x) = f(g(x))
= f(x + 1) = (x + 1)2 [∵ f(x) = x2]
= x2 + 2x + 1
Hence, gof ≠ fog

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q4
f: R→ R : f(x) = 2x + 1 (given)
f: R → R : g(x) = x2 – 2 (given)
(a) gof
As per composition of f and g
gof(x) = g(f(x))
= g(2x + 1)
= (2x + 1)2 – 2 [∵ g(x) = x2 – 2]
= 4x2 + 4x + 1 – 2
= 4x2 + 4x – 1
(b) fog
As per composition of f and g
fog(x) = f(g(x))
= f(x2 - 2)
= 2(x2 - 2) + 1 [∵ f(x) = 2x + 1]
= 2x2 – 4 + 1
= 2x2 – 3
(c) fof
As per composition of f and f
fof(x) = f(f(x))

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

 = f(2x + 1)
= 2(2x + 1) + 1 [∵ f(x) = 2x + 1]
= 4x + 2 + 1
= 4x + 3
(d) gog
As per composition of g and g
gog(x) = g(g(x))
= g(x2 – 2) [∵ g(x) = x2 – 2]
= (x2 – 2)2 – 2
= x4 + 4 – 4x2 – 2
= x4 – 4x2 + 2

Q5
f: R → R : f(x) = x2 + 3x + 1 (given)
f: R → R : f(x) = 2x – 3 (given)
(a) gof
We know that, gof(x) = g(f(x))
= g(x2 + 3x + 1)
= 2(x2 + 3x + 1) – 3 [∵ g(x) = 2x – 3]
= 2x2 + 6x + 2 – 3
= 2x2 + 6x – 1

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

(b) fog
We know that, fog(x) = f(g(x))
= f(2x – 3)
= (2x – 3)2 + 3(2x – 3) + 1 [∵ f(x) = x2 + 3x + 1]
= 4x2 + 9 – 12x + 6x – 9 + 1
= 4x2 – 6x + 1
(c) gog
We know that, gog(x) = g(g(x))
= g(2x – 3)
= 2(2x – 3) – 3 [∵ g(x) = 2x – 3]
= 4x – 6 – 3
= 4x – 9

Q6
f: R → R : f(x) = |x| (given)
To Prove : f of (x) = f(x)
We know that, f of (x) = f(f(x)
= f(|x|)
= ||x|| [∵ f(x) = |x|]
= |x|
= f(x)

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Hence proved that f of f(x) = f(x)

Q7
f: R → R: f(x) = x2 (given)
g: R → R: g(x) = tan x (given)
h: R → R: h(x) = log x (given)
We know that, gof(x) = g(f(x))
= g(x2)
= tan x2 [∵ g(x) = tan x]
Now, hogof = h(gof)
= h(tan x2)
= log (tan x2) [∵ h(x) = log x]
∴ [ho(gof)](x) = log (tan x2)
𝜋 𝜋
This implies, [ho(gof)](√4 ) = log (tan (√4 )2)
𝜋
= log ( tan 4 )

= log 1
=0
Q8
f: R → R : f(x) (2x – 3) (given)
1
g: R → R : g(x) = 2 (x + 3) (given)
Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
To Show: (fog) = IR = gof
We know that (fog) (x) = f(g(x))
𝑥+3
= f( )
2
𝑥+3
= 2( )–3 [∵ f(x) = 2x – 3]
2

=x+3–3
=x
Similarly, (gof)(x) = g(f(x))
= g(2x – 3)
1 1
= 2 [(2x – 3) + 3] [∵ g(x) = 2(x + 3)]
2𝑥
= =x
2

And IR = IR(x) for x ∈ R

This implies that fog = gof = IR = x
Hence, it is proved that fog = IR = gof

Q9
f: Z → Z : f(x) = 2x (given)
g: Z → Z (given)
gof = IZ (given)
This implies, gof = IZ(x) for all x ∈ Z
g(f(x)) = x
Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
 g(2x) = x
Let, 2x = y
𝑦
This implies g(y) = 2 for all y ∈ Z
𝑥
∴ g(x) = for all x ∈ Z
2

Q10
f: N → N : f(x) = 2x (given)
g: N → N : g(y) = 3y + 4 (given)
h: N → N : h(z) = sin z (given)
To show: ho(gof) = (hog)of
ho(gof) = ho(g(f(x))
= ho(g(2x))
= ho(3(2x) + 4) [∵ g(y) = 3y + 4)]
= h(6x + 4)
= sin (6x + 4) [∵ h(z) = sin z)]
(hog)of = [h(g(x)]of
= [h(3x + 4]of [∵ g(y) = 3y + 4)]
= [Sin(3x + 4)]of [∵ h(z) = Sin z)]
= [Sin(3x + 4)]f(x)
= [Sin(3x + 4)][2x]
Here, Sin(3x + 4) is a function
Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
 = Sin[3(2x) + 4]
= Sin[6x + 4]
Hence, it is proved that ho(gof) = (hog)of

Q11
Let f(x) = [x] (greatest integer function)
and g(x) = |x| (absolute value function)
We know that fog(x) = f(g(x)
= f(|x|)
= [|x|]
3 3
This implies that (fog)(− 2) = [|− 2|]
3
= [2] = [1.5] = 1

Similarly, gof(x) = g(f(x))

= g([x])
= |[x]|
4 4
This implies that gof(3) = |[3]|

= |[1.33]|
= |1| = 1
3 4
So, (fog)(− 2) + gof(3) = 1 + 1 = 2

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q12
f: R → R : f(x) = x2 = 2 (given)
𝑥
g: R → R : g(x) = 𝑥 − 1, x ≠ 1 (given)

fog(x) = f(g(x))
𝑥
= f(𝑥−1)
𝑥
= (𝑥−1)2 + 2 [∵ f(x) = x2 + 2]

And gof(x) = g(f(x))

= g(x2 + 2)
x2 + 2 𝑥
= x2 + 2−1 [∵ g(x) = 𝑥−1]
x2 + 2
= x2 +1
2 𝑥
Now, (fog)(2) = (2−1) + 2 [∵ fog(x)= (𝑥−1)2 + 2]
2
= (1)2 + 2

=4+2
=6
(−3)2 + 2 x2 + 2
And, gof(-3) = (−3)2 +1
[∵ gof(x)= ]
x2 +1
9+2
= 9+1
11
=
10

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Exercise - 2C
Q1
One-One function
Let p, q be two arbitrary elements in R.
Then, f(p) = f(q)
⇒ 2p = 2q
⇒p=q
When f(p) = f(q), p = q
Hence, f(x) is an injection or one-one function.
Onto function
Let v be an arbitrary element of R (Co-domain)
Then, f(x) = v
⇒ 2x = v
𝑣
⇒x=2

Since, v ∈ R
𝑣 𝑣
f(x) = f(2) = 2(2) = v

⇒ f(x) = v
This shows that every element in the co-domain has its preimage in
domain.
Hence, f(x) is a surjection or onto function.

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q2
One-One function
Let p, q be two arbitrary elements in R.
Then, f(p) = f(q)
⇒ 3p = 3q
⇒p=q
When f(p) = f(q), p = q
Hence, f(x) is an injection or one-one function.
Onto function
Let v be an arbitrary element of R (Co-domain)
Then, f(x) = v
⇒ 3x = v
𝑣
⇒x=3
1
If v = 3, then x = 3

Thus, v = 1 ∈ N, does not have its pre-image in domain.

Hence, f(x) is into function.

Q3
One-One function
Let p, q be two arbitrary elements in R.
Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
Then, f(p) = f(q)
⇒ p2 = q2
⇒ p = q or p = -q
When f(p) = f(q), p = q
Since, p does not have unique image, f(x) is a many-one function.
Hence, f(x) is not one-one function.
Onto function
Let v be an arbitrary element of R (Co-domain)
Then, f(x) = v
⇒ x2 = v
⇒ x = √𝑣
If v = -1
⇒ x = √−1
Thus, v = -1 ∈ R does not have its pre-image in domain.
Hence, f(x) is not onto function.

Q4
One-One function
Let p, q be two arbitrary elements in R.
Then, f(p) = f(q)
⇒ p2 = q2
Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
⇒ p = q or p = -q
But, p = -q cannot be considered as x ∈ N.
⇒ p = q can only be considered.
Hence, f(x) is a one-one function.
Into function
Let v be an arbitrary element of R (Co-domain)
Then, f(x) = v
⇒ x2 = v
⇒ x = √𝑣
If v = 3
⇒ x = √3
Thus, v = 3 ∈ R does not have its pre-image in domain.
Hence, f(x) is into function.

Q5
One-One function
Let p, q be two arbitrary elements in R.
Then, f(p) = f(q)
⇒ p4 = q4
⇒ p4 – q4 = 0
⇒ (p2 – q2)(p2 + q2) = 0
Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
⇒ (p – q)(p + q)(p2 + q2) = 0
p–q=0 p+q=0 p2 + q2 = 0
p=q p = -q p2 = - q2
Since, p does not have unique image, f(x) is a many-one function.
Hence, f(x) is not one-one function.
Onto function
Let v be an arbitrary element of R (Co-domain)
Then, f(x) = v
⇒ x4 = v
⇒ x = 4√𝑣
If v = -3
4
⇒ x = √−3
Thus, v = -3 ∈ R does not have its pre-image in domain.
Hence, f(x) is not onto function.

Q6
One-One function
Let p, q be two arbitrary elements in R.
Then, f(p) = f(q)
⇒ p3 = q3
⇒p=q
Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
When f(p) = f(q), p = q
Hence, f(x) is one-one function.
Into function
Let v be an arbitrary element of R (Co-domain)
Then, f(x) = v
⇒ x3 = v
3
⇒ x = √𝑣
If v = 2
3
⇒ x = √2
Thus, v = 2 ∈ Z does not have its pre-image in domain.
Hence, f(x) is into function.

Q7
One-One function
Let p, q be two arbitrary elements in R.
Then, f(p) = f(q)
1 1
⇒𝑝=𝑞

⇒ p= q
When f(p) = f(q), p = q
Hence, f(x) is one-one function.

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Onto function
Let v be an arbitrary element of R (Co-domain)
Then, f(x) = v
1
⇒𝑥=v
1
⇒x=𝑣

Since, v ∈ Ro
1 1
⇒ f(x) = f(𝑣) = 1/𝑣 = v

⇒ f(x) = v
This shows that every element in the co-domain has its pre-image in
domain.
Hence, f(x) is onto function.

Q8
Many-One function
Let p, q be two arbitrary elements in R.
Then, f(p) = f(q)
⇒ 1 + p2 = 1 + q 2
⇒ p2 = q2
⇒ p = q or –p = q
Since, p and –p have same image, f(x) is many-one function

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Into function
Let v be an arbitrary element of R (Co-domain)
Then, f(x) = v
⇒ 1 + x2 = v
⇒ x2 = v – 1
⇒ x = √𝑣 − 1
If v = 4
⇒ x = √4 − 1 = √3
Thus, v = 4 ∈ R does not have its pre-image in domain.
Hence, f(x) is into function.

Q9
2𝑥 − 7
f(x) = 4

Let f(x) = y
2𝑥 − 7
y= 4

Now, replace all x with y and all y with x

2𝑦 − 7
x= 4

Now solve for y

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

⇒ 4x = 2y – 7
⇒ 4x + 7 = 2y
4𝑥 + 7
⇒ =y
2

Now, replace y with f-1 (x)

4𝑥 + 7
Hence, f-1 (x) = 2

Q10
f(x) = 10 x + 3
Let f(x) = y
y = 10x + 3
Now, replace all x with y and all y with x
x = 10y + 3
Now solve for y
⇒ x – 3 = 10y
𝑥–3
⇒ =y
10

Now, replace y with f-1 (x)

𝑥–3
Hence, f-1 (x) = 10

Q11
Many-one function:
Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
f(x) = 1, if x is rational
If x = 1
f(1) = 1
If x = 2
f(2) = 1
1
If x = 2
1
f(2) = 1

Thus, all values of x have same image.

Hence, f(x) is many-one function.
Into function:
We observe that: range of f = {-1, 1} which is not equal to the co-
domain of f i.e. set of real numbers.
Hence, f(x) is Into function.

Q12
f(x) = x + 7, x ∈ R (given)
g(x) = x - 7, x ∈ R (given)
We know that
fog(x) = f(g(x)
= f(x – 7)
= [(x – 7) + 7] [∵ f(x) = x + 7]
Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
 =x–7+7
=x
Since, fog(x) = x
⇒ fog(7) = 7

Q13
f(x) = x2 (given)
g(x) = x + 1 (given)
We know that
gof(x) = g(f(x))
= g(x2)
= x2 + 1 [∵ g(x) = x + 1]
And fog(x) = f(g(x))
= f( x + 1)
= (x + 1)2 [∵ f(x) = x2]
= x2 + 2x + 1
Hence, gof ≠ fog

Q14
f(x) = (3 – x3)1/3 (given)
We known that,

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

fof(x) = f(f(x))
= f[(3 – x3)1/3]
= [(3 – {(3 – x3)1/3 } 3]1/3 [∵ f(x) = (3 – x3)1/3]
= [(3 – (3 – x3)1/3 × 3]1/3
= [(3 – (3 – x3)]1/3
= (3 – 3 + x3)1/3
= (x3)1/3
=x

Q15
f(x) = 3x + 2 (given)
f(f(x) = f(3x + 2)
= 3(3x + 2) + 2 [∵ f(x) = 3x + 2]
= 9x + 6 + 2
= 9x + 8

Q16
f = {(1,2), (3,5), (4,1)}
g = {(1,3), (2,3), (5,1)}
Domain of f = {1, 3, 4}
Co-domain of f = {1, 2, 5}

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Domain of g = {1, 2, 5}
Since co-domain of f = Domain of g
⇒ gof exist.
We know that
gof(x) = g(f(x))
gof(1) = g(f(1)
= g(2)
=3
gof(3) = g(f(3)
= g(5)
=1
gof(4) = g(f(4))
= g(1)
=3
Thus, gof : {1, 3, 4} → {1, 3} such that gof = {(1, 3), (3, 1), (4,3)}

Q17
f = {(1,4), (2,1), (3,3), (4,2)} (given)
A = {1, 2, 3, 4} (given)
We know that,
fof(x) = f(f(x))

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

fof(1) = f(f(1)
= f(4)
=2
fof(2) = f(f(2)
= f(1)
=4
fof(3) = f(f(3)
= f(3)
=3
fof(4) = f(f(4)
= f(2)
=1
Thus, fof : {1, 2, 3, 4} → {1, 2, 3, 4} such that gof = {(1, 2), (2, 4),
(3,3), (4,1)}

Q18
f(x) = 8x3 (given)
g(x) = x1/3 (given)
We know that
gof(x) = g(f(x))
= g(8x3)

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

 = (8x3)1/3
= (8)1/3 × (x3)1/3
= 2x
fog(x) = f(g(x))
= f(x1/3)
= 8(x1/3)3
= 8 x1/3 × 3
= 8x
Q19
f(x) = 10x + 7 (given)
gof = fog = Ig (given)
To find: g(x)
gof = Ig(x) for all x ∈ R
⇒ g(f(x)) = x
g(10x + 7) = x
Let, 10 x + 7 = y
⇒ y – 7 = 10x
𝑦–7
⇒x= 10
𝑦–7
So, we can say that g(y) = for all x ∈ R.
10

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q20
A = {1, 2, 3} (given)
B = {4, 5, 6, 7} (given)
f = {(1,4), (2,5), (3,6)} (given)
function is defined from A to B
The image of 1 = 4
The image of 2 = 5
The image of 3 = 6
That means image of all elements of A is distinct.
Hence, f is one-one function.

Exercise - 2D
Q1
A function is invertible if it is a bijection.
(i.e. One-One Onto function)
One-One function
f = {(2,7), (3,9), (4,11), (5,13)}
We observe that different elements of A have different images in
B.
Thus, f is One-One function.

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Onto function
f = {(2,7), (3,9), (4,11), (5, 13)}
Co-domain of f = {7, 9, 11, 13}
Range of f = {7, 9, 11, 13}
We observe that Co-domain of f is equal to the range of f.
Thus, f is Onto function.
Hence, f is invertible.
Now f-1 = B → A
f-1 = {(7,2), (9,3), (11,4), (13, 5)}

Q2
f(x) = 2x + 3 (given)
f(x) is invertible if f(x) is a bijection (i.e one-one onto function)
One-One function
Let p,q be two arbitrary elements in R
Then, f(p) = f(q)
⇒ 2p + 3 = 2q + 3
⇒ 2p = 2q
⇒p=q
When f(p) = f(q), p = q
Thus, f(x) is one-one function.

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Onto function
Let v be an arbitrary element of R (Co-domain)
Then, f(x) = v
2x + 3 = v
⇒ 2x = v – 3
𝑣–3
⇒x= 2

Since v ∈ R
𝑣–3
⇒ ∈R
2
𝑣–3
f(x) = f( )
2
𝑣–3
= 2( ) +3
2

=v–3+3=v
⇒ f(x) = v
This shows that every element in the co-domain has its pre-image in
domain.
Thus, f(x) is onto function.
Hence, f(x) is invertible.
Now to find f-1,
Let f(x) = y
y = 2x + 3
Now, replace all x with y and all y with x.
Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
Now, solve for y
⇒ x – 3 = 2y
𝑥–3
⇒y= 2

Now replace y with f-1(x)

𝑥–3
Hence, f-1(x) = 2

Q3
f(x) = 3x – 4 (given)
f(x) is invertible if f(x) is a bijection (i.e one-one onto function)
One-One function
Let p,q be two arbitrary elements in R
Then, f(p) = f(q)
⇒ 3p – 4 = 3q – 4
⇒ 3p = 3q
⇒p=q
When f(p) = f(q), p = q
Thus, f(x) is one-one function.
Onto function
Let v be an arbitrary element of R (Co-domain)
Then, f(x) = v
3x – 4 = v
Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
⇒ 3x = v + 4
𝑣+4
⇒x= 3

Since v ∈ Q
𝑣+4
⇒ ∈Q
3
𝑣+ 4
f(x) = f( )
3
𝑣+ 4
= 3( )–4
3

=v+4–4 =v
⇒ f(x) = v
This shows that every element in the co-domain has its pre-image in
domain.
Thus, f(x) is onto function.
Hence, f(x) is invertible.
Now to find f-1,
Let f(x) = y
y = 3x – 4
Now, replace all x with y and all y with x.
Now, solve for y
⇒ x + 4 = 3y
𝑥+ 4
⇒y= 3

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Now replace y with f-1(x)
𝑥+4
Hence, f-1(x) = 3

Q4
1
f(x) = 2(3x + 1) (given)

f(x) is invertible if f(x) is a bijection (i.e one-one onto function)

One-One function
Let p,q be two arbitrary elements in R
Then, f(p) = f(q)
1 1
⇒ 2(3p + 1) = 2(3q + 1)

⇒ 3p + 1 = 3q + 1
⇒p=q
When f(p) = f(q), p = q
Thus, f(x) is one-one function.
Onto function
Let v be an arbitrary element of R (Co-domain)
Then, f(x) = v
1
(3x + 1) = v
2

⇒ 3x + 1 = 2v
2𝑣 – 1
⇒x= 3
Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
Since v ∈ R
2𝑣 – 1
⇒ ∈R
3
2𝑣 – 1
f(x) = f( )
3
1 3(2𝑣 – 1)
= 2[( ) + 1]
3
1
= 2(2v – 1 + 1)
1
= 2(2v) = v

⇒ f(x) = v
This shows that every element in the co-domain has its pre-image in
domain.
Thus, f(x) is onto function.
Hence, f(x) is invertible.
Now to find f-1,
Let f(x) = y
1
y = 2(3x + 1)

Now, replace all x with y and all y with x.

Now, solve for y
1
⇒ x = 2(3y + 1)

⇒ 2x = 3y + 1

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

⇒ 2x – 1 = 3y
2𝑥 −1
⇒y= 3

Now replace y with f-1(x)

2𝑥 −1
Hence, f-1(x) =
3

Q5
4𝑥 + 3 2
f(x) = 6𝑥 − 4, x ≠ 3 (given)
2
To Show: fof(x) = x for all x ≠ 3

We know that fof(x) = f(f(x))

4𝑥 + 3
= f(6𝑥 − 4)
4𝑥 + 3
46𝑥 − 4 + 3 4𝑥 + 3
= 4𝑥 + 3 [∵ f(x) = 6𝑥 − 4]
66𝑥 − 4 − 4

4(4𝑥 + 3)+ 3 (6𝑥−4)

6𝑥 – 4
= 6(4𝑥 + 3)−4( 6𝑥−4)
6𝑥 – 4

4(4𝑥 + 3)+ 3 (6𝑥−4)

= 6(4𝑥 + 3)−4( 6𝑥−4)
16𝑥 + 12 + 18𝑥−13)
= 24𝑥 + 18 − 24𝑥 −16
34𝑥
= 34

=x
Hence, proved that fof(x) = x
Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
We know that fof-1(x) = x
fof-1 (x) = fof(x) [∵ fof(x) = x)]
f(f-1(x)) = f(f(x))
4𝑥 + 3
f-1(x) = 6𝑥 − 4

Q6
4𝑥 + 3
f(x) = 6𝑥 − 4 (given)

f(x) is invertible if f(x) is a bijection (i.e one-one onto function)

One-One function
Let p,q be two arbitrary elements in R
Then, f(p) = f(q)
4𝑝 + 3 4𝑞 + 3
⇒ 6𝑝 − 4 = 6𝑞 − 4

⇒ (4p + 3)(6q – 4) = (4q + 3)( 6p – 4)

⇒ 24pq + 18q – 12 – 16p = 24pq – 16q = 18 p – 12
⇒ 18q – 16 p = 18p + 16q
⇒ 34q = 34 p
⇒p=q
When f(p) = f(q), p = q
Thus, f(x) is one-one function.

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Onto function
Let v be an arbitrary element of R (Co-domain)
Then, f(x) = v
4𝑥 + 3
=v
6𝑥 − 4

⇒ 4x + 3 = v(6x – 4)
⇒ 4x + 3 = 6vx – 4v
⇒ 4x – 6vx = -4v – 3
⇒ x( 4 – 6v) = -4v – 3
−4𝑣 – 3
⇒x=
4−6𝑣

Since v ∈ R
−4𝑣 – 3
⇒ ∈R
4−6𝑣
−4𝑣 – 3
f(x) = f( )
4−6𝑣
−4𝑣 – 3
−4( 4−6𝑣 ) – 3
= −4𝑣 – 3
4−6( 4−6𝑣 )

−16𝑣 – 12 + 12 – 18𝑣
=
−24𝑣 − 18 − 16 + 24𝑣
−34𝑣
= =v
−34

⇒ f(x) = v

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

This shows that every element in the co-domain has its pre-image in
domain.
Thus, f(x) is onto function.
Hence, f(x) is invertible.
Now to find f-1,
Let f(x) = y
4𝑥 + 3
y = 6𝑥 − 4

Now, replace all x with y and all y with x.

Now, solve for y
4𝑦 + 3
⇒ x = 6𝑦 − 4

⇒ x(6y – 4) = 4y + 3
⇒ 6xy – 4x = 4y + 3
⇒ y(4 – 6x) = -4x – 3
4𝑥 + 3
⇒ y = 6𝑥 − 4

Now replace y with f-1(x)

4𝑥 + 3
Hence, f-1(x) =
6𝑥 − 4

Q7
4𝑥
f(x) = 3𝑥+ 4 (given)

One-One function
Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
Let p,q be two arbitrary elements in R
Then, f(p) = f(q)
4𝑝 4𝑞
⇒ 3𝑝+ 4 = 3𝑞+ 4
𝑝 𝑞
⇒ =
3𝑝+ 4 3𝑞+ 4

⇒ p(3q + 4) = q(3p + 4)
⇒ 3pq + 4p = 3pq + 4q
⇒ 4p = 4q
⇒p=q
When f(p) = f(q), p = q
Thus, f(x) is one-one function.
Onto function
Let v be an arbitrary element of R (Co-domain)
Then, f(x) = v
4𝑥
=v
3𝑥+ 4

⇒ 4x = v(3x + 4)
⇒ 4x = 3vx + 4v
⇒ 4x – 3vx = 4v
⇒ x(4 – 3v) = 4v
4𝑣
⇒x=
4 − 3𝑣

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Since v ∈ R
4𝑣
⇒ 4 − 3𝑣 ∈ R
4𝑣
f(x) = f(4 − 3𝑣)
4𝑣
4(4 − 3𝑣)
= 4𝑣
3(4 − 3𝑣)+4

16𝑣
= 12𝑣+ 16− 12𝑣
16𝑣
= =v
16

⇒ f(x) = v
This shows that every element in the co-domain has its pre-image in
domain.
Thus, f(x) is onto function.
Now to find f-1,
Let f(x) = y
4𝑥
y = 3𝑥+ 4

Now, replace all x with y and all y with x.

Now, solve for y
4𝑦
⇒ x = 3𝑦+ 4

⇒ x(3y + 4) = 4y
⇒ 3xy + 4x = 4y

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

⇒ y(3x – 4) = -4x
−4𝑥
⇒ y = 3𝑥 − 4
4𝑥
This implies y = 4−3𝑥

Now replace y with f-1(x)

4𝑥
Hence, f-1(x) =
4−3𝑥

Q8
f(x) = 9x2 + 6x – 5 (given)
f(x) is invertible if f(x) is a bijection (i.e one-one onto function)
One-One function
Let p,q be two arbitrary elements in R
Then, f(p) = f(q)
⇒ 9p2 + 6p – 5 = 9q2 + 6q – 5
⇒ 9p2 + 6p = 9q2 + 6q
⇒ 9p2 - 9q2 + 6p – 6q = 0
⇒ 9(p – q)(p + q) + 6(p – q)= 0
⇒(p-q)[9(p + q) + 6] = 0
⇒p–q=0 or 9(p + q) + 6 = 0
⇒p=q

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

When f(p) = f(q), p = q
Thus, f(x) is one-one function.
Onto function
Let v be an arbitrary element of R (Co-domain)
Then, f(x) = v
9x2 + 6x – 5 = v
On Solving, we get
−1 + √𝑣+6
x= 3

Since v ∈ R → [-5, ∞]
−1 + √𝑣+6
⇒ ∈ R → [-5, ∞]
3

Hence, Range of f(x) = co-domain of f(x) = [-5, ∞]

Thus, f(x) is onto function.
Hence, f(x) is invertible.
Now to find f-1,
Let f(x) = y
y = 9x2 + 6x – 5
Now, replace all x with y and all y with x.
Now, solve for y
⇒ x = 9y2 + 6y – 5

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

On Solving, we get
−1 + √𝑥+6
y= 3

Now replace y with f-1(x)

−1 + √𝑥+6
Hence, f-1(x) = 3

Q9
f(x) = 4x2 + 12x + 15 (given)
f(x) is invertible if f(x) is a bijection (i.e one-one onto function)
One-One function
Let p,q be two arbitrary elements in R
Then, f(p) = f(q)
⇒ 4p2 + 12p + 15 = 4q2 + 12q + 15
⇒ 4p2 + 12p= 4q2 + 12q
⇒ 4p2 - 4q2 + 12p – 12q = 0
⇒ (p – q)(p + q) + 3(p – q)= 0
⇒ (p-q)[p + q + 3] = 0
⇒p–q=0 or p+q+3=0
⇒p=q
When f(p) = f(q), p = q
Thus, f(x) is one-one function.

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Onto function
Let v be an arbitrary element of R (Co-domain)
Then, f(x) = v
4x2 + 12x + 15 = v
On Solving, we get
−3 + √𝑣−6
x= 2

Since v ∈ R → [6, ∞]
−3 + √𝑣−6
⇒ ∈ R → [6, ∞]
2

Hence, Range of f(x) = co-domain of f(x) = [6, ∞]

Thus, f(x) is onto function.
Hence, f(x) is invertible.
Now to find f-1,
Let f(x) = y
y = 4x2 + 12x + 15
Now, replace all x with y and all y with x.
Now, solve for y
⇒ x = 4y2 + 12y + 15
On Solving, we get
−3 + √𝑣−6
y= 2

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Now replace y with f-1(x)
−3 + √𝑣−6
Hence, f-1(x) = 2

Q10
𝑥−1
f(x) = 𝑥−2 (given)

One-One function
Let p,q be two arbitrary elements in R
Then, f(p) = f(q)
𝑝−1 𝑞−1
⇒ 𝑝−2 = 𝑞−2

⇒ (p – 1)(q – 2) = (q – 1)(p – 2)
⇒ pq – 2p – q + 2 = pq – 2q – p + 3
⇒ -2p – q = -2q – p
⇒ 2p – p = 2q - q
⇒p=q
When f(p) = f(q), p = q
Thus, f(x) is one-one function.
Onto function
Let v be an arbitrary element of R (Co-domain)
Then, f(x) = v
𝑥−1
=v
𝑥−2
Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
⇒ x – 1 = v(x – 2)
⇒ x – vx = - 2v + 1
⇒ x(1 – v) = 1 – 2v
1 – 2𝑣
⇒x= 1−𝑣

Since v ∈ R
1 – 2𝑣
⇒ ∈R
1−𝑣

Hence, Range of f(x) = co-domain of f(x) = R – {1}

Thus, f(x) is onto function.
Now to find f-1,
Let f(x) = y
𝑥−1
y = 𝑥−2

Now, replace all x with y and all y with x.

Now, solve for y
𝑦−1
⇒ x = 𝑦−2

⇒ x(y – 2) = y – 1
⇒ xy – 2x = y – 1
⇒ y(x – 1) = 2x – 1
2𝑥 − 1
⇒y=
𝑥−1

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

 2𝑥 − 1
This implies y = 𝑥−1

Now replace y with f-1(x)

2𝑥 − 1
Hence, f-1(x) =
𝑥−1

Q11
f(x) = |x| + x (given)
g(x) = |x| - x (given)
We know that
fog(x) = f(g(x))
= f(|x| - x )
= ||x| - x| + |x| - x [∵ f(x) = |x| + x]
Case 1: When x ≥ 0
Let x = 2
fog(2) = ||2| - 2| + |2| -2
=0
Let x = 7
fog(7) = ||7| - 7| + |7| - 7
=0
⇒ When x ≥ 0, fog(x) = 0

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Case 2: When x < 0
Let x = -x
fog(-x) = ||-x| - (-x)| + |-x| - (-x)
= |x + x| + x + x
= 4x
⇒ When x < 0, fog(x) = 4x
We know that
gof(x) = g(f(x))
= g(|x| + x )
= ||x| + x| - |x| - x [∵ g(x) = |x| - x]
Case 1: When x ≥ 0
Let x = 2
fog(2) = ||2| + 2| - |2| - 2
=0
Let x = 7
fog(7) = ||7| + 7| - |7| - 7
=0
⇒ When x ≥ 0, gof(x) = 0
Case 2: When x < 0
Let x = -x
gof(-x) = ||-x| + (-x)| - |-x| - (-x)

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

 = |x - x| - x + x
=0
⇒ When x < 0, gof(x) = 0

Objective Questions
Q1
f(x) = 2x
One-One function
Let p,q be two arbitrary elements in N
Then, f(p) = f(q)
⇒ 2p = 2q
⇒p=q
When f(p) = f(q), p = q
Thus, f(x) is one-one function.
Onto function
Let v be an arbitrary element of N (Co-domain)
Then, f(x) = v
2x = v
𝑣
⇒x=2

Since v ∈ N
𝑣
⇒2∈N
Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
 𝑣
If v = 1, 2 = 0.5, which is not possible as x ∈ N

Thus, f(x) is not onto function. It is into function.

Therefore, Option B is correct.

Q2
f(x) = x2 + x + 1
One-One function
Let p,q be two arbitrary elements in N
Then, f(p) = f(q)
⇒ p2 + p + 1 = q2 + q + 1
⇒ p2 – q2 + p – q = 0
⇒ (p – q)( p + q + 1) = 0
⇒p=q p + q + 1 ≠ 0( ∵ p, q ∈ N)
When f(p) = f(q), p = q
Thus, f(x) is one-one function.
Onto function
For x = 1, f(x) assumes value 3.
As, f(x) cannot assume value less than 3, for x ∈ N
Thus, f(x) is not onto function. It is into function.
Therefore, Option B is correct.

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q3
f: R → R : f(x) = x2
One-One function
Let p,q be two arbitrary elements in R
Then, f(p) = f(q)
⇒ p2 = q2
⇒ p = q and - q
Thus, f(x) is many-one function.
Onto function
Let v be an arbitrary element of R (Co-domain)
Then, f(x) = v
x2 = v
⇒ x = √𝑣
Since v ∈ R
If v = 2, √𝑣= 1.1414, which is not possible as x ∈ R
Thus, f(x) is not onto function. It is into function.
Therefore, Option D is correct.

Q4
f: R → R : f(x) = x3
Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
One-One function
Let p,q be two arbitrary elements in R
Then, f(p) = f(q)
⇒ p3 = q3
⇒p=q
Thus, f(x) is one-one function.
Onto function
Let v be an arbitrary element of R (Co-domain)
Then, f(x) = v
x3 = v
⇒ x = 3√𝑣
Since v ∈ N
If v = 2, 3√𝑣= 1.260, which is not possible as x ∈ R
Thus, f(x) is not onto function. It is into function.
Therefore, Option B is correct.

Q5
f : R+ → R+ : f(x) = ex
One-One function
Let p,q be two arbitrary elements in R+
Then, f(p) = f(q)
Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
⇒ ep = e q
⇒ ln ep = ln eq (Taking natural log on both sides)
⇒p=q
Thus, f(x) is one-one function.
Onto function
Let v be an arbitrary element of R+ (Co-domain)
Then, f(x) = v
ex = v
⇒ ln ex = ln v
⇒ x = ln v
Since v ∈ R+
If we put x into f(x), Then f(ln v) = eln v = v
Thus, f(x) is onto function.
Therefore, Option A is correct.

Q6
−𝜋 𝜋
f:[ , ] → [-1,1] : f(x) = sin(x)
2 2

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

One-one Function

−𝜋 𝜋
As per graph for sin(x), for given range of [ 2 , 2 ], f(x) is not

repeating its value.

Hence, its one-one.
Onto function
Range of the function f(x) is also the co-domain of the function, So
it is onto.
−𝜋 𝜋
Thus, f:[ 2 , 2 ] → [-1,1] : f(x) = sin(x) is one-one onto

Therefore, Option B is correct.

Q7
f : R → R : f(x) = cos x
One-one Function
Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
cos x graph cuts y axis repeatedly, hence it is many-one.
Onto function
Range of f(x) is [-1, 1]
Co-domain is R
Here, Range of f(x) ≠ co-domain
Hence, f(x) = cos x is many-one into
Therefore, Option C is correct.

Q8
f: C → R: f(z) = |z|
One-One function
Let p,q be two arbitrary elements in R+
Then, f(p) = f(q)
⇒ |p| = |q|
⇒ p = q or -q
Thus, f(x) is many-one function.
Onto function
f(x) can only assume values between 0 and ∞, which is not equal to
Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
the codomain, which is R.
Thus, f(x) is not onto function. It is into
Therefore, Option C is correct.

Q9
(𝑥 – 2)
f: A → B: f(x) = (𝑥 − 3)

Where, A = R – {3} and B = R – {1}

One-One function
Let p,q be two arbitrary elements in R
Then, f(p) = f(q)
𝑝−2 𝑞−2
⇒ 𝑝−3 = 𝑞−3

⇒ (p – 2)(q – 3) = (q – 2)(p – 3)
⇒ pq – 2q – 3p + 6 = pq – 3q – 2p + 6
⇒ – 2q – 3p = – 3q – 2p
⇒q=p
When f(p) = f(q), p = q
Thus, f(x) is one-one function.
Onto function
Let v be an arbitrary element of R (Co-domain)
Then, f(x) = v

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

(𝑥 – 2)
=v
(𝑥 − 3)

⇒ x – 2 = v(x – 3)
⇒ x – 2 = vx – 3v
⇒ x – vx = – 3v + 2
⇒ x(1 – v) = – 3v + 2
− 3𝑣 + 2
⇒x= 1−𝑣

Since v ∈ R
− 3𝑣 + 2
⇒ ∈R
1−𝑣
− 3𝑣 + 2
f(x) = f( )
1−𝑣
− 3𝑣 + 2
( 1−𝑣 ) –2
= − 3𝑣 + 2
( 1−𝑣 ) − 3

− 3𝑣 + 2− 2 + 2𝑣
= − 3𝑣 + 2 − 3 + 3𝑣

=v
⇒ f(x) = v
This shows that every element in the co-domain has its pre-image in
domain.
Thus, f(x) is onto function.
Therefore, Option B is correct.

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q10
1
(n + 1), when n is odd
2
𝑛
, when n is odd
2
f: N → N : f(x) =

One-One function
When n is odd When n is even
f(1) = 1 f(2) = 1
f(3) = 2 f(4) = 2
It is clear from the above that the function is many-one.
Onto function
For any value of n ∈ N, The range of f(x) is a natural number.
Thus, f(x) is onto function.
Therefore, Option D is correct.

Q11
f : (A × B) → (B × A) : f(a, b) = (b, a)
One-One Function
Let p1, p2, q1, q2 be two arbitrary elements in R+
Then, f(p1,q1) = f(p2, q2)
⇒ (q1, p1) = (q2, b2)
⇒ p1 = p2 and q1 = q2

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

⇒ (p1, q1) = (p2, q2)
So, f(x) is one-one function.
Onto function
Let (b, a) be any arbitrary element of B × A, such that b ∈ B and a ∈
A.
So, for every (b, a) ∈ B × A, there is a pre image (a, b) ∈ A × B
Thus, f(x) is onto function.
Therefore, Option B is correct.

Q12
f: Q → Q : f(x) = (2x + 3)
To find f-1,
Let f(x) = y
y = (2x + 3)
⇒ y = 2x + 3
⇒ y – 3 = 2x
1
⇒ x = (y – 3)
2

Now replace x with f-1(y)

1
Hence, f-1(y) = 2 (y – 3)

Therefore, Option C is correct.

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q13
4 4 4𝑥
f: R – {− 3} → -{3} : f(x) = (3𝑥+4)

To find f-1,
Let f(x) = y
4𝑥
y = (3𝑥+4)

⇒ 3xy + 4y = 4x
⇒ 4y = 4x – 3xy
⇒ 4y = x(4 – 3y)
4𝑦
⇒ x = 4 − 3𝑦
4𝑦
Hence, f-1(y) = (4 − 3𝑦)

Therefore, Option A is correct.

Q14
f : N → X : f(x) = 4x2 + 12x + 15
To find f-1,
Let f(x) = y
4x2 + 12x + 15 = y
⇒ (4x2 + 12x + 9) + 6 = y
⇒ (2x + 3)2 + 6 = y
Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
⇒ (2x + 3)2 = y – 6
⇒ 2x + 3 = √𝑦 − 6

⇒ 2x = √𝑦 − 6 – 3
1
⇒ x = 2(√𝑦 − 6 – 3)
1
Hence, f-1(y) = 2(√𝑦 − 6 – 3)

Therefore, Option B is correct.

Q15
(4𝑥+3) 2
f(x) = (6𝑥−4), x ≠ 3

As per combination of f and f,

fof(x) = f(f(x))
So, fof(x) = f(f(x)
(4𝑥+3)
= f(
(6𝑥−4)
(4𝑥+3)
(4(6𝑥−4)+3)
= (4𝑥+3)
(6(6𝑥−4)−4)

16𝑥 + 12 + 18𝑥 − 12
= 24𝑥 + 18 − 24𝑥 + 16
34𝑥
= =x
𝑥

Therefore, Option A is correct.

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q16
f(x) = (x2 – 1)
g(x) = (2x + 3)
As per combination of f and g,
fog(x) = f(g(x))
So, fog(x) = f(g(x)
= f((2x + 3)
= 2(x2 – 1) + 3
= 2x2 – 2 + 3
= 2x2 + 1
Therefore, Option C is correct.

Q17
1 1
f(x+ 𝑥) = (x2 + 𝑥 2)
1 1
⇒ f(x+ 𝑥) = (x2 + 𝑥 2) + 2 – 2
1 1
⇒ f(x+ 𝑥) = (x + 𝑥)2 – 2

⇒ f(x) = x2 – 2
Therefore, Option C is correct.

Q18

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

 1
f(x) = (1−𝑥)

As per combination of f and f,

fofof(x) = f(f(f(x)))
So, fofof(x) = f(f(f(x))
1
= f(f(((1−𝑥))
1
= f( 1 )
(1−(1−𝑥))

1−𝑥
= f(1−𝑥−1)
1
= f(1- 𝑥)
1 1
= 1 = 1 =x
(1−(1− 𝑥)) 𝑥

Therefore, Option C is correct.

Q19
3
f(x) √3 − 𝑥 3
As per combination of f and f,
fof(x) = f(f(x))
So, fof(x) = f(f(x))
3
= f( √3 − 𝑥 3 )

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

 3 3
√ 3
= 3 − √3 − 𝑥 3

3
= √3 − (3 − 𝑥 3 )
3
= √𝑥 3
=x
Therefore, Option B is correct.

Q20
f(x) = x2 – 3x + 2
As per combination of f and f,
fof(x) = f(f(x))
So, fof(x) = f(f(x))
= f(x2 – 3x + 2)
= (x2 – 3x + 2)2 – 3(x2 – 3x + 2) + 2
= x4 – 9x2 + 4 – 6x3 –12x + 4x2 – 3x2 – 3x + 2 + 2
= x4 – 6x3 + 10x2 – 3x
Therefore, Option D is correct.

Q21
f(x) = 8x3
g(x) = x1/3

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

As per combination of f and g,
gof(x) = f(f(x))
So, gof(x) = g(f(x))
= f(8x3)
= (8x3)1/3
= 2x
Therefore, Option B is correct.

Q22
f(x) = x2
g(x) = tan x
h(x) = log x
As per combination of f, g and h,
𝜋 𝜋
{ho(gof)}(√4 ) = h(g(f(√4 ))

So, h(g(f(x)) = h(g(x2))

= h(tan(x2))
= log(tan(x2))
𝜋 𝜋
h(g(f(√4 )) = log(tan((√4 )2))
𝜋
= log(tan( 4 ))

= log (1)
Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
 =0
Therefore, Option A is correct.

Q23
f = {(1, 2), (3, 5), (4, 1)}
g = {(2, 3), (5, 1), (1, 3)}
As per combination of f and g,
gof= g(f(x)
So, g(f(x) = {(1, 3), (3, 1), (4, 3)}
Therefore, Option B is correct.

Q24
f(x) = √9 − 𝑥 2
domain of the function can be defined for √9 − 𝑥 2 ≥ 0
⇒ √9 − 𝑥 2 ≥ 0
⇒ 9 − 𝑥2 ≥ 0
⇒ x2 ≤ 9
⇒ – 3≤ x ≤ 3
Therefore, domain of f(x) is [– 3, 3]
Therefore, Option A is correct.

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q25
𝑥−1
f(x) = √𝑥+4

𝑥−1
domain of the function can be defined for √𝑥+4 ≥ 0

𝑥−1
⇒√ ≥0
𝑥+4

𝑥−1
⇒ 𝑥+4 ≥ 0

⇒ x– 1 ≥ 0
⇒ x ≥ 1 and x ≠ 4
The intersection of above two equations gives (- ∞, 1)∪(4, ∞)
Therefore, domain of f(x) is (- ∞, 1)∪(4, ∞)
Therefore, Option D is correct.

Q26
2 −1
f(x) = 𝑒 √𝑥 . log (𝑥 − 1)
Domain of the function is defined for
x–1>0 and x2 – 1 ≥ 0
⇒x>1 ⇒ x2 ≥ 1
⇒–1 ≤x≥0

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

The intersection of above two equations gives (1, ∞)
Therefore, domain of f(x) is (1, ∞)
Therefore, Option C is correct.

Q27
𝑥
f(x) = (𝑥 2−1)

Domain of the function is defined for

x2 – 1 ≠ 0
⇒ x ≠ (1, – 1)
Therefore, domain of f(x) is R – { – 1, 1}
Therefore, Option D is correct.

Q28
sin−1 𝑥
f(x) =
𝑥

Domain of the function is defined for

x≠ 0
Domain of sin−1 𝑥 is [– 1, 1]
Therefore, domain of f(x) is [– 1, 1] - 0
Therefore, Option B is correct.

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q29
f(x) = cos-1 2x
The domain for function cos-1 x is [-1, 1] and range is [0, π]
When a function is multiplied by an integer, the domain of the
function is decreased by the same number.
So, domain of cos-1 x is [-1, 1]
Multiply function by 2
−1 1
⇒ domain of cos-1 2x is [ 2 , 2]

Therefore, Option B is correct.

Q30
f(x) = cos-1 (3x – 1)
The domain for function cos-1 x is [-1, 1] and range is [0, π]
When a function is multiplied by an integer, the domain of the
function is decreased by the same number.
So, domain of cos-1 x is [-1, 1]
Multiply function by 3
−1 1
⇒ domain of cos-1 3x is [ 3 , 3]
1 1 1 1 2
⇒ domain of cos-1 (3x – 1) is [ − , + ] i.e [0, ]
3 3 3 3 3

Therefore, Option B is correct.

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q31
f(x) = √𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

𝜋 3𝜋
According to graph of √𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 the domain is [0, 2 ]∪[ , 2π]
2

Therefore, Option C is correct.

Q32
f(x) = √log(2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )
For f(x) to be defined 2x – x2 should be positive.
Solving inequality,
log (2x – x2) ≥ 0
⇒ 2x – x2 ≥ e0 (Log taken to the opposite side of the
equation becomes e)
⇒ x2 – 2x + 1 ≤ 0
⇒ (x – 1)2 ≤ 0
⇒x–1≤0
⇒x≤1
Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
Hence, domain of f(x) is (–∞, 1)
Therefore, Option C is correct.

Q33
f(x) = x2
f(x) can assume any value, so domain of f(x) is R
The Range of the function can only be positive Real numbers, as the
square of any number is always positive, So Range of f(x) is R+
Therefore, Option C is correct.

Q34
f(x) = x3
f(x) can assume any value, so domain of f(x) is R
The Range of the function can be positive or negative Real
numbers, as the cube of any number depends on the sign of the
number, So Range of f(x) is R
Therefore, Option A is correct.

Q35
f(x) = log (1 – x) + √𝑥 2 – 1
Solving inequality,

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

log (1 – x) ≥ 0
⇒ 1 – x ≥ e0 (Log taken to the opposite side of the
equation becomes e)
⇒ x ≤ 1 ---------------------------------------------(i)
x2 – 1 should be positive
∴ x2 – 1 ≥ 0
and -1 ≤ x ≥ 1 -------------------------------------(ii)
On taking intersection of equation (i) and (ii), we get
Domain of the f(x) is (- ∞, -1]
Therefore, Option B is correct.

Q36
1
f(x) = (1− 𝑥 2)

Range of f(x) can be found out by putting f(x) = y

1
y = (1− 𝑥 2)

⇒ y – yx2 = 1
⇒ yx2 = y – 1
𝑦–1
⇒ x2 = 𝑦

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

 𝑦–1
⇒x=√ 𝑦

𝑦–1
⇒√ ≥0
𝑦

⇒y≥1
Hence, Range of the f(x) = [1, ∞)
Therefore, Option B is correct.

Q37
𝑥2
f(x) = (1 + 𝑥 2)

Range of f(x) can be found out by putting f(x) = y

𝑥2
y = (1 + 𝑥 2)

⇒ y + yx2 = x2
⇒ y = x2 - x2y
⇒ y = x2(1 – y)
𝑦
⇒ x = √1 − 𝑦

1
⇒ √1 − 𝑦 ≥ 0

⇒ y ≥ 0 and y < 1
On taking intersection of two equations of y, we get

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Range f(x) = [0, 1)
Therefore, Option B is correct.

Q38
1
f(x) = x + 𝑥

Range of the function can be given by putting values of x and find

y.
X y
-3 -3.33
-2 -2.5
-1 -2
1 2
2 2.5
3 3.33
Graph for the above function is

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

It is clear from the graph that the Range of the function is
(−∞, −2] ∪ [2, ∞), {y | y≤−2, y≥2}
Therefore, Option D is correct.

Q39
f(x) = ax, where a>0
Case 1: When x < 0, then ax lies between (0, 1)
Case 2: When x ≥ 0, then ax ≥ 1
Union of above two cases, gives us the Range as (0, ∞)
Therefore, Option D is correct.

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions