SLOVIN’S FORMULA Measures of Central Tendency

(Ungrouped)
MEAN

Where:
Where:
N= population size
x= the value
n= sample size
n= the sample size
e= margin of error
 Measures of Central Tendency Measures of Central Tendency
(Ungrouped) (Ungrouped)
MEDIAN MODE

 Reorder the values from lowest to highest

 Locate the middle number  Find the most repeated number
 If the total sample size is even number, divide the two
middle number by 2
 Measures of Central Tendency Measures of Central Tendency
(Grouped) (Grouped)
MEAN MEAN
1st Method: 2nd Method:

Where:
x= sample size
Where: Am= assumed mean
x= mean Fd= summation of the product of the frequency of the
frequency deviation
f= frequency
n= sample size
m= total frequency
i= interval
 Measures of Central Tendency Measures of Central Tendency
(Grouped) (Grouped)
MEDIAN MODE

Where: Where:
x= median for grouped data x= mode for grouped data
L= lower boundary of the median class L= lower boundary of the modal class
F= cumulative frequency of the class below the median i= interval class
class d1= difference between the frequencies of the modal
f= frequency of the median class class and the class below it
i= interval d2= difference between the frequencies of the modal
class and the class above it
n= sample size
 Measures of Central Location
(Ungrouped) Measures of Central Location
(Grouped)

Where:
k= value Where:

n= sample size L= lower boundary

F= cumulative frequency
f= frequency
i= interval
n= sample size
 Measures of Variation Measures of Variation
(Ungrouped) (Ungrouped)
1.RANGE 2.AVERAGE DEVIATION

Where: Where:
HV= the highest value AD= Average Deviation
LV= the lowest value =Summation of the difference of value and
mean
n= sample size
 Measures of Variation
Measures of Variation (Ungrouped)
(Ungrouped) 4.STANDARD DEVIATION
3.VARIANCE

Where:
SD= square root of Variance
Where:
=summation of the square of the difference
S= variance
of value and mean
=summation of the square of the difference n-1= sample size minus 1
of value and mean
n-1= sample size minus 1
 Measures of Normality Measures of Normality
(Grouped) (Grouped)
SKEWNESS KURTOSIS

Where: Where:
Sk= skewness f= frequency k= kurtosis f= frequency

x= value =mean x= value = mean

n= sample size n= sample size

s= standard deviation
s= standard deviation
= summation of the deviation of the x value about the
= summation of the deviation of x value about
mean raised to the 4th power
the mean raised to the 3rd power
 Measures of Normality Measures of Normality
(Ungrouped) (Ungrouped)
SKEWNESS KURTOSIS

Where: Where:
Sk= coefficient of skewness of distribution k= coefficient of kurtosis
= deviation of x value about the mean =deviation of x value about the mean
n= total number of measurement n= total number of measurement
s= standard deviation s= standard deviation

=summation of the cube of the deviation of x value =summation of the deviation of x value about
about the mean the mean raised to 4th power
 One-WayFormula of
Where:
ANOVA CF = Correction factor

CF = ¿ ¿ ¿
TSS = Total Sum of Squares
BSS = Between Sum of Squares
TSS = ∑ X 21+ X 22 + X 23 +… − CF
WSS = Within Sum of Squares
BSS = ¿ ¿
dfB= degrees of freedom between the sum of
WSS =TSS – BSS squares
dfB= k – 1 dfW= degrees of freedom within the sum of
squares
dfW= (N – 1) – ( k – 1)
dfT= degrees of freedom total sum of squares
dfT= N – 1
MSB = Mean square in between groups
BSS
MSB = df
B
MSW = Mean square within groups
WSS F = The ANOVA
MSW = df
W

MSB
F = MSW
 For Two Independent Sample For Correlated Sample
T-TEST T-TEST

Where: Where:
T= t-test T=t-test
= mean of group 1 = the mean difference between the pretest and the post test
=mean of group 2
= the sum of squares of the difference between the pretest
=sum of squares of group 1 and post test
=sum of squares of group 2
= the summation of the difference between the pretest and
=sample size of group 1 post test
=sample size of group n= sample size
 One-Sample Mean Test Two-Sample Mean Test
Z-TEST Z-TEST
μ

Z = (x̄ – μ) / σ

Where:
Where:
z= z-test
=sample mean = the mean of sample 1
μ=hypothesized valued of the population mean =the mean of sample 2
σ=population standard deviation
=the variance of sample 1
n= sample size
=the variance of sample 2

=size of sample 1

=size of sample 2
 Pearson Product Moment The Chi-Square test of
Coefficient of Correlation r INDEPENDENCE &
R-TEST GOODNESS-OF-FIT

Where: `
r= Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation r
n= sample size Where:
X2= chi-square test
= the sum of the product of x and y
O= The observed frequencies
= the product of the sum of
E= The Expected frequencies
=sum of squares of x

=sum of squares of y
 The Chi-Square Test of WILCOXON
HOMOGENEITY RANK-SUM TEST

Where:
Where: = Wilcoxon rank-sum test
= chi-square test = sum of ranks of group 1
N=grand total = sample size of group 1
klmn= the product of columns and rows = Wilcoxon rank-sum test
= sum of ranks of group 2

= sample size of group 2

 KRUSKAL-WALLIS TEST

Where:
H= Kruskal-wallis test
n= the number of Observation
12= constant
3= constant

The Spearman Rank

 Order Coefficient Correlation
Rs TEST

Where:
r2= The Spearman Rank Order Coefficient
Correlation
=sum of squares between the difference of rank x and y
n= sample size
6= constant