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LA Homework2

This document contains a linear algebra homework assignment with 13 problems. The problems cover topics like: properties of vector spaces and subspaces; the span of vectors; finding bases and dimensions of subspaces; and applying concepts like the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality. The homework asks the student to show various properties of vectors, vector spaces, and subspaces through proofs and examples.

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36 views2 pages

LA Homework2

This document contains a linear algebra homework assignment with 13 problems. The problems cover topics like: properties of vector spaces and subspaces; the span of vectors; finding bases and dimensions of subspaces; and applying concepts like the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality. The homework asks the student to show various properties of vectors, vector spaces, and subspaces through proofs and examples.

Uploaded by

jayson18819733699
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Linear Algebra: Sheet 2

Present all your answers in complete sentences


Homework questions: 5i, 6a & d, 7, 8ii

1. The following extension of the rational numbers is analogous to the construction of the complex numbers
from the real numbers.
√
Consider numbers√of the form√z = x + 2√y where x and y are rational numbers. √ We call the set of all
these numbers Q( 2), i.e., Q( 2) = {x + 2 y ; x, y ∈ Q}. Show that if z1 , z2 ∈ Q( 2) then
√
(i) z1 + z2 ∈ Q( 2)
√
(ii) z1 z2 ∈ Q( 2)
√ √
(iii) If z1 6= 0 then 1/z1 ∈ Q( 2) (hint: use the fact that 2 is irrational.)
√
(iv) If z1 6= 0 then z2 /z1 ∈ Q( 2)
2. In this problem we use complex numbers as a tool to prove a geometric statement. Let v = (x1 , y1 ) and
w = (x2 , y2 ) be two vectors in R2 and let A(v, w) be the oriented area of the parallelogram spanned by
v and w, i.e.,

w
|A(v, w)| is the area and A(v, w) > 0 if w is
to the left of v and A(v, w) < 0 if w is to the
right of v.
v

(i) Compute A(e1 , e2 ) and A(e2 , e1 ) where e1 = (1, 0) and e2 = (0, 1).
(ii) Show that A(v, w) = kvkkwk sin(θ), where θ ∈ [−π, π] is the angle between v and w.

Hint: You can use without proof the fact that


the area of a parallelogram is the length of the h
base times the height, A = ah.

a
(iii) Show that
A(v1 , v2 ) = x1 y2 − x2 y1 .
Hint: Consider Im(z1 z2 ) for z1 = x1 + iy1 = r1 eiϕ1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 = r2 eiϕ2 .

3. Let n be a positive integer, a complex number z is called an n’th root of unity if

zn = 1 .

(i) Show that if z is an n’th root of unity, then |z| = 1.


(ii) Find all roots of unity for n = 2 and n = 3 and plot their location in the complex plane.
(iiii) For an arbitrary n ∈ N, show that there are exactly n different roots of unity and describe their
location on the unit circle.
4. Use the Cauchy Schwarz inequality to derive the following relation: For any collection of N real numbers
a1 , a2 , . . . , aN we have
2
a2 + a22 + · · · + a2N

a1 + a2 + · · · + aN
≤ 1 ,
N N
i.e., the square of the average is less or equal than the average of the squares. Hint: Consider v ∈ RN
with components given by the numbers a1 , a2 , · · · , aN and find a suitable w ∈ RN such that v · w =
(a1 + a2 + · · · + aN )/N .
5. Let v, w ∈ Rn . Use the relation between the norm and the dot product, kvk2 = v · v, to show
(i) the parallelogram law:
kv − wk2 + kv + wk2 = 2kvk2 + 2kwk2
(ii) the identity:
1
kv + wk2 − kv − wk2

v·w =
4

1
6. Consider the following subsets of R3 , describe them geometrically in a few words and determine which
are linear subspaces:

(a) The set of all vectors of the form (x, 0, 0), with x ∈ R.
(b) The set of all vectors of the form (x, 1, 1), with x ∈ R.
(c) The set of all vectors of the form (x1 , x2 , x3 ), with x1 , x2 , x3 ∈ R and x1 − x2 = 0.
(d) The set of all vectors of the form (x1 , x2 , x3 ), with x1 , x2 , x3 ∈ R and x1 − x2 = 3.
(e) The set of all vectors x ∈ R3 which satisfy u · x = 0, where u = (1, 1, 1).
(f) The set of all vectors x ∈ R3 which satisfy u · x = 3, where u = (1, 1, 1).

7. Assume V ⊂ Rn is a linear subspace. Show that 0 ∈ V .


8. Show that if V, W ⊂ Rn are linear subspaces then

(i) V ∩ W is a linear subspace of Rn .


(ii) V + W := {v + w : v ∈ V, w ∈ W } is a linear subspace of Rn
9. Assume k ∈ N and V1 , V2 , · · · , Vk ⊂ Rn are linear subspaces, show that

V1 ∩ V2 ∩ · · · ∩ Vk

is a linear subspace.
10. Assume V, W ⊂ Rn are subspaces, show that if V ∪ W is a subspace, then either V ⊂ W or W ⊂ V .
11. Let v1 = (1, 1, −1) and v2 = (1, −1, 2) and V = span{v1 , v2 }, which of the following vectors are in V ?

(a) x1 = (1, 0, 1) , (b) x2 = (0, 2, 5) , (c) x3 = (0, 2, −3) , (d) x4 = (9, 31, −44)

12. In this problem we want to classify all linear subspaces of R2 as {0}, span{v}, for some unit vector v, or
R2 itself.
(i) Show that if V ⊂ Rn is a subspace and v1 , · · · , vk ∈ V are k vectors in V , then
span{v1 , v2 , · · · , vk } ⊂ V .
(ii) Show that for v, w ∈ R2 \{0}, A(v, w) 6= 0 (the notation A(v, w) is defined in Question 5) is
equivalent to w ∈
/ span{v}.
(iii) Show that if v, w ∈ R2 are both non-zero and w ∈
/ span{v}, then span{v, w} = R2 .
(iv) Show that if V ⊂ R2 is a linear subspace, then either V = {0}, V = R2 or V = span{v} for some
v ∈ R2 with v 6= 0.
13. Consider v1 , v2 , . . . , vk ∈ Rn and let V = span{v1 , v2 , . . . , vk }. Let W be a subspace of Rn such that
v1 , v2 , . . . , vk ∈ W . Show that V ⊂ W . (This shows that the span of a set of vectors is the smallest
subspace containing those vectors. )

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