Differential Length, Area, and Volume

This chapter deals with integration and differentiation of vectors

→ Applications: Next Chapter.
Differential Length, Area, and Volume
A. Cartesian Coordinate Systems:
1. Differential displacement:
Differential displacement from point
S(x,y,z) to point B(x+dx,y+dy,z+dz) is:

dl=dx ax+dy ay+dz az

2
 Differential Length, Area, and Volume
A. Cartesian Coordinate Systems:
2. Differential normal surface area

(a) dS=dy dz ax (b) dS=dx dz ay (c) dS=dx dy

az
3
Differential Length, Area, and Volume

A. Cartesian Coordinate Systems:

3. Differential volume

dv=dx dy dz

Notes:

dl, dS → Vectors
dv → Scalar

4
 Differential Length, Area, and Volume
B. Cylindrical Coordinate Systems:
1. Differential displacement:

dl=dρ aρ+ ρ dφ aφ +dz az

5
 Differential Length, Area, and Volume
B. Cylindrical Coordinate Systems:
2. Differential normal surface area

Note: dS
can be
derived
from dl

(a) dS=ρ dφ dz aρ (b) dS= dρ dz aφ (c) dS= ρ dρ dφ az

3. Differential volume dv=ρ dρ dφ dz 6

 Differential Length, Area, and Volume
C. Spherical Coordinate Systems:
1. Differential displacement:

dl = dr ar
+ r dθ aθ
+ r sinθ dφ aφ

7
 Differential Length, Area, and Volume
C. Spherical Coordinate Systems:
2. Differential normal surface area

Note: dS can
be derived
from dl

(a) dS=r2 sinθ dθ dφ ar (b) dS=r sinθ dr dφ aθ (c) dS= r dr dθ aφ

dv =r 2 sinθ dr dθ dφ
3. Differential volume 8
 Example 3.1
Consider the object shown. Calculate :
(a) The length BC
(b) The length CD
(c) The surface area ABCD
(d) The surface area ABO
(e) The surface area AOFD
(f) The volume ABCDFO

9
 Example 3.1 - solution
Object has Cylindrical Symmetry  Cylindrical Coordinates
Cartesian to Cylindrical:
A(5,0,0)  A(5,0 ,0)
0

B(0,5,0)  B(5, /2,0)

C(0,5,10)  C(5, /2,10)
D(5,0,10)  D(5,00 ,10)
(a) along BC, dl  dz
10
BC   dl   dz  10
0
 /2
 /2
(b) Along CD, dl   d  CD    d  5 
0
0
 2.5
10
 Example 3.1 - solution
(c) for ABCD, dS   d dz,  =5
Area ABCD =  dS
10  /2
    d dz  (5)( / 2)(10)
z 0 0

=25
(d) for ABO, dS = d d  , z=0
5  /2
area ABO=    d d 
0 0

 2 5

 ( / 2)    6.25
 2 
 0 11
 Example 3.1 - solution
(e) for AOFD , dS  d  dz,  =0
5 10
area AOFD=   d  dz  50
0 z 0

(f) For volume ABCDFO,

dv   d dz d 
5  /2 10
v   dv      d dz d 
0 0 z 0

 62.5

12
 Line, Surface, and Volume Integrals
(Line=Curve=Contour) Integral:

The Line integral  A  dl

L
is integral of the tangential component

of vector A along L.
b
•  A  dl   A cos dl 
L a

Line integral of A around L.

• If the path of integration is

closed, such as abca,  A  dl 

L

Circulation of A along L.
13
 Line, Surface, and Volume Integrals
Surface Integral:
Given vector A continuous in a region containing the surface S→
The surface integral or the flux of A through S is:

   A  dS
S

=  A cos  dS , d S=dS a n
S

Flux across dS is: d = A cos  dS  A  dS

 Total Flux    d   A  dS
S
14
 Line, Surface, and Volume Integrals
Surface Integral:
For a closed surface (defining a volume) :

  A  dS
S
→ The net outward flux of A from S

Notes:
A closed path defines an open surface.
A closed surface defines a volume.

15
 Line, Surface, and Volume Integrals
Volume Integral:

We define:


v
v dv

as the volume integral of the scalar ρv over the volume v.

16
 Example 3.2
Given that F=x2 ax – xz ay – y2az. Calculate the circulation of F
around the (closed) path shown in the Figure.

17
 Example 3.2 - solution
The circulation of F around L is:
 
L F  dl=  1  2  3  4  F  dl
For segment 1, y=0, z=0
F=x 2a x  xz a y  y 2a z  x 2a x
dl  dx a x (+ve direction)
0
1
1 F  dl  1 x dx   3
2


Segment 2, x  0, z  0, dl  dya y , F  dl  0   F  dl  0
18
2
 Example 3.2 - solution
Segment 3: y  1, F=x 2a x  xz a y  y 2a z , dl  dx a x  dz a z

    dx  dz
2
F dl x
3

3 1
x 1 2
  z 0  1  
1

3 0 3 3
Segment 4: x  1, F=a x  z a y  y 2a z
dl  dy a y  dz a z

 F  dl    z dy  y dz, but on 4, z  y, dz  dy
2

5 1 2 5 1
4 F  dl   ( y  y )dy  6 ,  L F  dl=  3  0  3  6  19 6
2