KEY CONCEPTS (FUNCTIONS)

THINGS TO REMEMBER:
1. GENERAL DEFINITION:
If to every value (Considered as real unless otherwise stated) of a variable x, which belongs to some
collection (Set) E, there corresponds one and only one finite value of the quantity y, then y is said to be
a function (Single valued) of x or a dependent variable defined on the set E ; x is the argument or
independent variable .
If to every value of x belonging to some set E there corresponds one or several values of the variable y,
then y is called a multiple valued function of x defined on E.Conventionally the word "FUNCTION” is
used only as the meaning of a single valued function, if not otherwise stated.
x f (x )  y
Pictorially : 
    , y is called the image of x & x is the pre-image of y under f.
input output

Every function from A  B satisfies the following conditions .

(i) f AxB (ii)  a  A  (a, f(a))  f and
(iii) (a, b)  f & (a, c)  f  b = c
2. DOMAIN, CODOMAIN & RANGE OF A FUNCTION :
Let f : A  B, then the set A is known as the domain of f & the set B is known as co-domain of f .
The set of all f images o f elements o f A is known as the range of f . Thus :

r
Domain of f = {a  a  A, (a, f(a))  f}
Range of f = {f(a)  a  A, f(a)  B}

3.
Si
It should be noted that range is a subset of codomain . If only the rule of function is given then the domain of
the function is the set of those real numbers, where function is defined. For a continuous function, the interval
from minimum to maximum value of a function gives the range.

IMPORTANT TYPES OF FUNCTIONS :

(i) POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION :
.B
If a function f is defined by f (x) = a0 xn + a1 xn1 + a2 xn2 + ... + an1 x + an where n is a non negative integer
and a0, a1, a2, ..., an are real numbers and a0  0, then f is called a polynomial function of degree n .
NOTE : (a) A polynomial of degree one with no constant term is called an odd linear
function . i.e. f(x) = ax , a  0
G

(b) There are two polynomial functions , satisfying the relation ;

f(x).f(1/x) = f(x) + f(1/x). They are :
(i) f(x) = xn + 1 & (ii) f(x) = 1  xn , where n is a positive integer .
(ii) ALGEBRAIC FUNCTION :
y is an algebraic function of x, if it is a function that satisfies an algebraic equation of the form
P0 (x) yn + P1 (x) yn1 + ....... + P n1 (x) y + Pn (x) = 0 Where n is a positive integer and
P0 (x), P1 (x) ........... are Polynomials in x.
e.g. y = x is an algebraic function, since it satisfies the equation y²  x² = 0.
Note that all polynomial functions are Algebraic but not the converse. A function that is not algebraic is
called TRANSCEDENTAL FUNCTION .
(iii) FRACTIONAL RATIONAL FUNCTION :
g(x )
A rational function is a function of the form. y = f (x) = , where
h (x )
g (x) & h (x) are polynomials & h (x)  0.
(IV) EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION :
A function f(x) = ax = ex ln a (a > 0 , a  1, x  R) is called an exponential function. The inverse of the
exponential function is called the logarithmic function . i.e. g(x) = loga x .
Note that f(x) & g(x) are inverse of each other & their graphs are as shown .

 + + 
1
x ,
a>
a (0, 1)
) = f(x) = ax , 0 < a < 1
f(x  (0, 1)
)45º )45º
 
(1, 0) (1, 0)
 x

x
x

l og a

=
=

)=

y
y

g( x g(x) = loga x

(v) ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTION :

A function y = f (x) = x is called the absolute value function or Modulus function. It is defined as
 x if x  0
: y = x 
  x if x  0
(vi) SIGNUM FUNCTION :
A function y= f (x) = Sgn (x) is defined as follows : y
y = 1 if x > 0

r
 1 for x  0
y = f (x) =  0 for x  0 > x

(vii)

  1 for x  0

It is also written as Sgn x = |x|/ x ;

x  0 ; f (0) = 0
GREATEST INTEGER OR STEP UP FUNCTION :
Si y = 1 if x < 0
O y = Sgn x
.B
The function y = f (x) = [x] is called the greatest integer function where [x] denotes the greatest integer
less than or equal to x . Note that for :
1  x < 0 ; [x] =  1 0x< 1 ; [x] = 0
1x< 2 ; [x] = 1 2x < 3 ; [x] = 2
and so on .
G

Properties of greatest integer function : y

graph of y = [x] 3
(a) [x]  x < [x] + 1 and
x  1 < [x]  x , 0  x  [x] < 1 2  º
(b) [x + m] = [x] + m if m is an integer . 1  º
(c) [x] + [y]  [x + y]  [x] + [y] + 1  º 
(d) [x] + [ x] = 0 if x is an integer 3 2 1 1 2 x
3
 º 1
=  1 otherwise .
 º 2
3
(viii) FRACTIONAL PART FUNCTION :
It is defined as :
y graph of y = {x}
g (x) = {x} = x  [x] .
e.g. the fractional part of the no. 2.1 is
2.1 2 = 0.1 and the fractional part of  3.7 is 0.3. 1   º
º º º


The period of this function is 1 and graph of this function 



is as shown .      x
1 1 2
4. DOMAINS AND RANGES OF COMMON FUNCTION :

Function Domain Range

(y = f (x) ) (i.e. values taken by x) (i.e. values taken by f (x) )

A. Algebraic Functions

(i) xn , (n  N) R = (set of real numbers) R, if n is odd

R+  {0} , if n is even
1
(ii) 
x n , (n N) R – {0} R – {0} , if n is odd

R+ , if n is even

(iii) x1 / n , (n  N) R, if n is odd R, if n is odd

+ +
R  {0} , if n is even R  {0} , if n is even

1
(iv) 1/ n , (n  N) R – {0} , if n is odd R – {0} , if n is odd
x

r
R+ , if n is even R+ , if n is even

B. Trigonometric Functions
(i)
(ii)
sin x
cos x
Si R
R

[–1, + 1]
[–1, + 1]

(iii) tan x R – (2k + 1) , kI R

.B
2

(iv) sec x R – (2k + 1), kI (–  , – 1 ]  [ 1 ,  )
2
(v) cosec x R – k , k  I (–  , – 1 ]  [ 1 ,  )
G

(vi) cot x R – k , k  I R
C. Inverse Circular Functions (Refer after Inverse is taught )

  
(i) sin–1 x [–1, + 1]  2 , 2 
 
(ii) cos–1 x [–1, + 1] [ 0, ]
  
(iii) tan–1 x R  , 
 2 2
  
(iv) cosec –1x (–  , – 1 ]  [ 1 ,  )  2 , 2  – { 0 }
 
 
(v) sec–1 x (–  , – 1 ]  [ 1 ,  ) [ 0, ] –  
2 
(vi) cot –1 x R ( 0, )
 Function Domain Range
(y = f (x) ) (i.e. values taken by x) (i.e. values taken by f (x) )

D. Exponential Functions
(i) ex R R+
(ii) e1/x R–{0} R+ – { 1 }
(iii) ax , a > 0 R R+
(iv) a1/x , a > 0 R –{0} R+ – { 1 }

E. Logarithmic Functions
(i) logax , (a > 0 ) (a  1) R+ R
1
(ii) logxa = log x R+ – { 1 } R–{0}
a

(a > 0 ) (a  1)

F. Integral Part Functions Functions

(i) [x] R I

r
1 1 
(ii) R – [0, 1 )  , n  I  {0} 

G.
[x ]

Fractional Part Functions

Si n 

(i) {x} R [0, 1)

.B
1
(ii) R–I (1, )
{x}

H. Modulus Functions
G

(i) |x| R R+  { 0 }
1
(ii) |x| R–{0} R+

I. Signum Function

|x|
sgn (x) = ,x0 R {–1, 0 , 1}
x
=0,x=0

J. Constant Function

say f (x) = c R {c}

5. EQUAL OR IDENTICAL FUNCTION :
Two functions f & g are said to be equal if :
(i) The domain of f = the domain of g.
(ii) The range of f = the range of g and
(iii) f(x) = g(x) , for every x belonging to their common domain. eg.
1 x
f(x) = & g(x) = 2 are identical functions .
x x
6. CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS :
One  One Function (Injective mapping) :
A function f : A  B is said to be a oneone function or injective mapping if different elements of A
have different f images in B . Thus for x1, x2  A & f(x1) ,
f(x2)  B , f(x1) = f(x2)  x1 = x2 or x1  x2  f(x1)  f(x2) .
Diagramatically an injective mapping can be shown as

OR

Note : (i) Any function which is entirely increasing or decreasing in whole domain, then

r
f(x) is oneone .
(ii)
Si
If any line parallel to xaxis cuts the graph of the function atmost at one point,
then the function is oneone .
Many–one function :
A function f : A  B is said to be a many one function if two or more elements of A have the same
f image in B . Thus f : A  B is many one if for ; x1, x2  A , f(x1) = f(x2) but x1  x2 .
Diagramatically a many one mapping can be shown as
.B

OR
G

Note : (i) Any continuous function which has atleast one local maximum or local minimum, then f(x) is
manyone . In other words, if a line parallel to xaxis cuts the graph of the function atleast
at two points, then f is manyone .
(ii) If a function is oneone, it cannot be manyone and vice versa .
Onto function (Surjective mapping) :
If the function f : A  B is such that each element in B (codomain) is the f image of atleast one element
in A, then we say that f is a function of A 'onto' B . Thus f : A  B is surjective iff  b  B,  some
a  A such that f (a) = b .
Diagramatically surjective mapping can be shown as

OR

Note that : if range = codomain, then f(x) is onto.

 Into function :
If f : A  B is such that there exists atleast one element in codomain which is not the image of any
element in domain, then f(x) is into .
Diagramatically into function can be shown as

OR

Note that : If a function is onto, it cannot be into and vice versa . A polynomial of degree even will
always be into.
Thus a function can be one of these four types :

(a) oneone onto (injective & surjective)

(b) oneone into (injective but not surjective)

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(c) manyone onto (surjective but not injective)

(d)
Note : (i)
Si
manyone into (neither surjective nor injective)
If f is both injective & surjective, then it is called a Bijective mapping.
The bijective functions are also named as invertible, non singular or biuniform functions.
(ii) If a set A contains n distinct elements then the number of different functions defined from
.B
A  A is nn & out of it n ! are one one.
Identity function :
The function f : A  A defined by f(x) = x  x  A is called the identity of A and is denoted by IA.
It is easy to observe that identity function is a bijection .
G

Constant function :
A function f : A  B is said to be a constant function if every element of A has the same f image in B .
Thus f : A  B ; f(x) = c ,  x  A , c  B is a constant function. Note that the range of a constant
function is a singleton and a constant function may be one-one or many-one, onto or into .
7. ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS :
If f & g are real valued functions of x with domain set A, B respectively, then both f & g are defined in
A  B. Now we define f + g , f  g , (f . g) & (f/g) as follows :
(i) (f ± g) (x) = f(x) ± g(x)
(ii) (f  g) (x) = f(x)  g(x)
f f (x)
(iii)   (x) = domain is {x  x  A  B s . t g(x)  0} .
 g g ( x)
8. COMPOSITE OF UNIFORMLY & NON-UNIFORMLY DEFINED FUNCTIONS :
Let f : A  B & g : B  C be two functions. Then the function gof : A  C defined by
(gof) (x) = g (f(x))  x  A is called the composite of the two functions f & g .
x f (x)
Diagramatically      g (f(x)) .
 Thus the image of every x  A under the function gof is the gimage of the fimage of x .
Note that gof is defined only if  x  A, f(x) is an element of the domain of g so that we can take its g-image.
Hence for the product gof of two functions f & g, the range of f must be a subset of the domain of g.
PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS :
(i) The composite of functions is not commutative i.e. gof  fog .
(ii) The composite of functions is associative i.e. if f, g, h are three functions such that fo (goh) &
(fog) oh are defined, then fo (goh) = (fog) oh .
(iii) The composite of two bijections is a bijection i.e. if f & g are two bijections such that gof is
defined, then gof is also a bijection.
9. HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTIONS :
A function is said to be homogeneous with respect to any set of variables when each of its terms
is of the same degree with respect to those variables .
For example 5 x2 + 3 y2  xy is homogeneous in x & y . Symbolically if ,
f (tx , ty) = tn . f (x , y) then f (x , y) is homogeneous function of degree n .
10. BOUNDED FUNCTION :
A function is said to be bounded if f(x)  M , where M is a finite quantity .
11. IMPLICIT & EXPLICIT FUNCTION :
A function defined by an equation not solved for the dependent variable is called an
IMPLICIT FUNCTION . For eg. the equation x3 + y3 = 1 defines y as an implicit function. If y has been
expressed in terms of x alone then it is called an EXPLICIT FUNCTION.

r
12. INVERSE OF A FUNCTION :
Si
Let f : A  B be a oneone & onto function, then their exists a unique function
g : B  A such that f(x) = y  g(y) = x,  x  A & y  B . Then g is said to be inverse of f . Thus
g = f1 : B  A = {(f(x), x)  (x, f(x))  f} .
PROPERTIES OF INVERSE FUNCTION :
(i) The inverse of a bijection is unique .
.B
(ii) If f : A  B is a bijection & g : B  A is the inverse of f, then fog = IB and
gof = IA , where IA & IB are identity functions on the sets A & B respectively.
Note that the graphs of f & g are the mirror images of each other in the
line y = x . As shown in the figure given below a point (x ',y ' ) corresponding to y = x2 (x >0)
changes to (y ',x ' ) corresponding to y   x , the changed form of x = y .
G

(iii) The inverse of a bijection is also a bijection .

(iv) If f & g are two bijections f : A  B , g : B  C then the inverse of gof exists and
(gof)1 = f1 o g1 .
13. ODD & EVEN FUNCTIONS :
If f (x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of ‘f’ then f is said to be an even function.
e.g. f (x) = cos x ; g (x) = x² + 3 .
If f (x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of ‘f’ then f is said to be an odd function.
e.g. f (x) = sin x ; g (x) = x3 + x .
NOTE : (a) f (x)  f (x) = 0 => f (x) is even & f (x) + f (x) = 0 => f (x) is odd .
(b) A function may neither be odd nor even .
(c) Inverse of an even function is not defined .
 (d) Every even function is symmetric about the yaxis & every odd function is symmetric about the
origin.
(e) Every function can be expressed as the sum of an even & an odd function.
f ( x )  f (  x ) f ( x)  f (  x)
e.g. f ( x)  
2 2

(f) The only function which is defined on the entire number line & is even and odd at the same time
is f(x) = 0.
(g) If f and g both are even or both are odd then the function f.g will be even but if any one of
them is odd then f.g will be odd .
14. PERIODIC FUNCTION :
A function f(x) is called periodic if there exists a positive number T (T > 0) called the period of the
function such that f (x + T) = f(x), for all values of x within the domain of x.
e.g. The function sin x & cos x both are periodic over 2 & tan x is periodic over .
NOTE : (a) f (T) = f (0) = f (T) , where ‘T’ is the period .
(b) Inverse of a periodic function does not exist .
(c) Every constant function is always periodic, with no fundamental period.
(d) If f (x) has a period T & g (x) also has a period T then it does not mean that

r
f (x) + g (x) must have a period T . e.g. f (x) = sinx+ cosx.

15.
(e)

(f)
If f(x) has a period p, then

GENERAL :
Si 1
f (x)
and f (x) also has a period p.

if f(x) has a period T then f(ax + b) has a period T/a (a > 0).

If x, y are independent variables, then :

.B
(i) f(xy) = f(x) + f(y)  f(x) = k ln x or f(x) = 0.
(ii) f(xy) = f(x) . f(y)  f(x) = xn, n  R
(iii) f(x + y) = f(x) . f(y)  f(x) = akx.
(iv) f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y)  f(x) = kx, where k is a constant.
G
 KEY CONCEPTS (INVERSE TRIGONOMETRY FUNCTION)
GENERAL DEFINITION(S):
1. sin1 x , cos1 x , tan1 x etc. denote angles or real numbers whose sine is x , whose cosine is x
and whose tangent is x, provided that the answers given are numerically smallest available . These
are also written as arc sinx , arc cosx etc .
If there are two angles one positive & the other negative having same numerical value, then
positive angle should be taken .
2. PRINCIPAL VALUES AND DOMAINS OF INVERSE CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS :

(i) y = sin1 x where 1  x  1 ;    y   and sin y = x .

2 2
(ii) y= cos1 x where 1  x  1 ; 0  y   and cos y = x .

(iii) y = tan1 x where x  R ;    x   and tan y = x .

2 2

(iv) y = cosec1 x where x   1 or x  1 ;    y   , y  0 and cosec y = x .

2 2

(v) y = sec1 x where x  1 or x  1 ; 0  y   ; y  and sec y = x .
2

r
(vi) y = cot1 x where x  R , 0 < y <  and cot y = x .
NOTE THAT : (a)

3.
(b)

(c)

PROPERTIES OF INVERSE CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS :

Si
1st quadrant is common to all the inverse functions .
3rd quadrant is not used in inverse functions .

4th quadrant is used in the CLOCKWISE DIRECTION i.e. 


2
y0 .
.B
P1 (i) sin (sin1 x) = x , 1  x  1 (ii) cos (cos1 x) = x , 1  x  1
(iii) tan (tan1 x) = x , x  R (iv) sin1 (sin x) = x ,    x  
2 2
 
(v) cos1 (cos x) = x ; 0  x   (vi) tan1 (tan x) = x ;  x
G

2 2
1
P2 (i) cosec1 x = sin1 ; x  1 , x  1
x
1
(ii) sec1 x = cos1 ; x  1 , x  1
x
1
(iii) cot1 x = tan1 ; x>0
x
1
=  + tan1 ; x<0
x

P3 (i) sin1 (x) =  sin1 x , 1  x  1

(ii) tan1 (x) =  tan1 x , x  R
(iii) cos1 (x) =   cos1 x , 1  x  1
(iv) cot1 (x) =   cot1 x , x  R
 
P4 (i) sin1 x + cos1 x = 1  x  1 (ii) tan1 x + cot1 x = xR
2 2

(iii) cosec1 x + sec1 x = x  1
2
 xy
P5 tan1 x + tan1 y = tan1 where x > 0 , y > 0 & xy < 1
1  xy

xy
=  + tan1 where x > 0 , y > 0 & xy > 1
1  xy

xy
tan1 x  tan1y = tan1 where x > 0 , y > 0
1  xy

sin1 x + sin1 y = sin1 x 1  y  y 1  x 

2 2
P6 (i) where x  0 , y  0 & (x2 + y2)  1


Note that : x2 + y2  1  0  sin1 x + sin1 y 
2

sin1 x + sin1 y =   sin1 x 1  y  y 1  x 

2 2
(ii) where x  0 , y  0 & x2 + y2 > 1


Note that : x2 + y2 >1  < sin1 x + sin1 y < 
2
(iii) 
sin–1x – sin–1y = sin 1 x 1  y 2  y 1  x 2  where x > 0 , y > 0

 

r
(iv) cos1 x + cos1 y = cos1 x y  1 x 2 1 y 2 where x  0 , y  0

P7
Note : (i)

(ii)
If tan1 x +
Si
tan1 y +

If tan1 x + tan1 y + tan1 z =

 x  y  z  xyz 
If tan1 x + tan1 y + tan1 z = tan1  1  x y  y z  z x  if, x > 0, y > 0, z > 0 & xy + yz + zx < 1

tan1 z

=  then x + y + z = xyz

then xy + yz + zx = 1
2
.B
2x 1  x2 2x
P8 2 tan1 x = sin1 = cos1 = tan1
1  x2 1  x2 1  x2
Note very carefully that :
 2 tan 1 x if x 1
G

2x  1 x 2  2 tan 1 x if x  0
sin1 =   2 tan 1 x if x 1 cos1 =  1
1  x2 1 x 2
  2 tan x if x  0
 
    2 tan 1 x
 if x  1

 2tan 1 x if x 1
2x 
tan1 =   2tan 1 x if x  1
1  x2
 
  2tan 1 x  if x 1

REMEMBER THAT :
3
(i) sin1 x + sin1 y + sin1 z =  x = y = z = 1
2
(ii) cos1 x + cos1 y + cos1 z = 3  x = y = z = 1
(iii) tan1 1+ tan1 2 + tan1 3 =  and tan1 1 + tan1 12 + tan1 13 = 2
 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
SOME USEFUL GRAPHS

  
1. y = sin 1 x , x  1 , y   2
,
2
2. y = cos 1 x , x  1 , y  [0 , ]
 

r
  
3. y = tan 1 x , x  R , y    2 , 2  4. y = cot 1 x , x  R , y  (0 , )

Si
.B
G

        
5. y = sec 1 x , x  1 , y  0 , 2    2 ,
 6. y = cosec 1 x , x  1 , y    , 0   0 , 
  2   2
   
7. (a) y = sin 1 (sin x) , x  R , y   ,  , 7.(b) y = sin (sin 1 x) ,
 2 2
Periodic with period 2  = x
x  [ 1 , 1] , y  [ 1 , 1] , y is aperiodic

8. (a) y = cos 1(cos x), x  R, y[0, ], periodic with period 2  8. (b) y = cos (cos 1 x) ,
= x = x
x  [ 1 , 1] , y  [ 1 , 1], y is aperiodic

r
=x
Si
9. (a) y = tan (tan 1 x) , x  R , y  R , y is aperiodic 9. (b) y = tan 1 (tan x) ,
= x
     
xR (2 n  1) n  I , y    ,  ,
.B
 2   2 2

periodic with period 

G

10. (a) y = cot 1 (cot x) , 10. (b) y = cot (cot 1 x) ,

= x = x
x  R  {n } , y  (0 , ) , periodic with  x  R , y  R , y is aperiodic
11. (a) y = cosec 1 (cosec x), 11. (b) y = cosec (cosec 1 x) ,
= x = x
    
x  R  { n , n  I }, y    2 , 0  0 , 
 2 x  1 , y  1, y is aperiodic

y is periodic with period 2 

12. (a) y = sec 1 (sec x) , 12. (b) y = sec (sec 1 x) ,

= x = x
y is periodic with period 2 ; x  1 ; y  1], y is aperiodic

y  0 ,    
    
xR– (2 n  1) n  I ,
 2   2   2 

r
Si
.B
G
 8. Let f(x) = sin2(x/2) + cos2(x/2) and g(x) = sec2x –
 log 0.3 (x  1)
1. The domain of the function f(x) = tan2x. The two function are equal over the set :
x 2  2x  8 (A) 
is
  
(A) (1, 4) (B) (–2, 4) (B) R –  x : x  (2n  1) , n  Z 
 2 
(C) (2, 4) (D) [2, )
(C) R
2. The domain of the function (D) None of these
  1   9. If f(x) = 2 sin2 + 4 cos (x + ) sin x . sin + cos
f(x) = log1/2   log 2  1  4   1 is
  x 
 
(A) 0 < x < 1 (B) 0 < x  1 (2x + 2) then value of f 2(x) + f 2   x  is
4 
(C) x  1 (D) null set
(A) 0 (B) 1
3. If q2 – 4 p r = 0, p > 0, then the domain of the (C) –1 (D) x2
function, f(x) = log (px3 + (p + q) x2 + (q + r) x + r)
10. Total number of solution of 2 cos x = |sin x| in
is
[–2, 5] is equal to :
 q  (A) 12 (B) 14
(A) R –   
 2p  (C) 16 (D) 15
11. The sum

r
  q 
(B) R –  (, 1]      1 1 1  1 2  1 3   1 1999 
 2    2  2000    2  2000    2  2000   .....   2  2000 



 2p  

 q 
(C) R – (, 1]   
Si is equal to
(where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function)
  2p 
(A) 1000 (B) 999
(D) None of these
(C) 1001 (D) None of these
4. Range of f(x) = 4x + 2x + 1 is
.B
12. y = 2 [x] + 3 & y = 3 [x – 2] + 5 then [x + y] = ?
(A) (0, ) (B) (1, )
(A) 0 (B) 15
(C) (2, ) (D) (3, )
(C) 30 (D) 45
5. Range of f(x) = log 5 { 2 (sin x – cos x) + 3} is
13. How many Roots does the following equation
G

(A) [0, 1] (B) [0, 2] posses 3|x|(2 – |x|) = 1.

3 (A) 1 (B) 2
(C)  0,  (D) None of these
 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
6. The range of the function 14. If f(x) = min{|x – 1|, |x|, |x + 1|}, then :
f(x) = log 2 (2 – log2 (16 sin x + 1)) is
2 (A) f is odd (B) f is even
(C) f is periodic (D) None of these
(A) (–, 1) (B) (–, 2)
15. Let O(A) = 5, O(B) = 4, then total number of onto
(C) (–, 1] (D) (–, 2]
functions from A to B is :
7. Range of the function
(A) 258 (B) 512
x (C) 516 (D) None
cos 1 1 16. Let f : R  R be a function defined by
2
x x 2x 2  x  5
f(x) = 1 cos  cos
2 2 f(x) = then f is
7x 2  2x  10
x
 cos 1 1 (A) one – one but not onto
2
(B) onto but not one – one
(A) [0, 2] (B) [0, 4] (C) onto as well as one – one
(C) [2, 4] (D) [1, 3] (D) neither onto nor one – one
 4a  7 3
17. If f(x) = x + (a – 3) x2 + x + 5 is a one–one  1 if x0
3 
26. Let g(x) = 1 + x – [x] and f(x) =  0 if x0,
function, then
 1 if x0
(A) 2  a  8 (B) 1  a  2 
(C) 0  a  1 (D) None of these then  x, fog(x) equals
 1  sin x  (where [ ] represents greatest integer function).
18. The function f(x) = log   is
 1  sin x  (A) x (B) 1
(A) even (C) f(x) (D) g(x)
(B) odd 27. Let f : [0, 1]  [1, 2] defined as f(x) = 1 + x and
(C) neither even nor odd g : [1, 2]  [0, 1] defined as g(x) = 2 – x then the
(D) both even & odd composite function gof is
(A) injective as well as surjective
19. It is given that f(x) is an even function and satisfy
(B) Surjective but not injective
xf (x 2 ) (C) Injective but non surjective
the relation f(x) = then the value
2  tan 2 x.f (x 2 ) (D) Neither injective nor surjective
of f (10) is
(A) 10 (B) 100 28. If f(x) = sin44x – cos44x & g(x) = sinx + cosx. Then
(C) 50 (D) None of these    

r
general solution of f(x) =  g   is ?
20. Let f(x + y) + f(x – y) = 2f(x)f(y)  x, y  R,   10 
f(0)  0. Then f(x) is :
(A) even (B) odd
Si (A) (2n + 1)/2
(C) n
(B) n/2
(D) Not
(C) periodic (D) none
29. If domain of f(x) is (–, 0] then domain of f(6{x}2
21. Fundamental period of f(x) = sec (sin x) is – 5{x} + 1) is
(A) /2 (B) 2
(where {} represetns fractional part function)
.B
(C)  (D) a periodic
 1 1
22. The period of sin

[x] + cos
x 
+ cos [x], where
(A)   n  3 , n  2  (B) (–, 0)
nI
4 2 3
[x] denotes the integral part of x is
 1  (D) None of these
(A) 8 (B) 12 (C)   n  6 , n  1
G

nI
(C) 24 (D) Non–periodic
30. Domain of the function
| sin x |  | cos x |
23. The period of f(x) = is :
| sin x  cos x |  3 
f(x) = loge  log|sin x| (x 2  8x  23)   is
(A) /2 (B)   log 2 | sin x | 
(C) 2 (D) None
given by
24. If y = f (x) satisfies the condition (A) (3, 5) (B) (3, )  ( 5)
 1 1 (C) (3, ) (3/2, 5) (D) None of these
f  x    x 2  2 (x  0) then f(x) equals
 x x
31. Let f be a real valued function defined by
(A) – x2 + 2 (B) – x2 – 2
(C) x2 + 2 (D) x2 – 2 e x  e |x|
f(x) = then the range of f(x) is
e x  e|x|
25. Let f : [–1, )  [–1, ) be given by f(x) = (x + 1)2
– 1. Then the set S such that S = {x : f(x) = f–1(x)} (A) R (B) [0, 1]
is given by.
 1
(A) 0 (B) {–1} (C) [0, 1) (D)  0, 
 2
(C) {0, –1} (D)None
 sin 2 x  4sin x  5 ax 1
32. If f(x) = , then range of f(x) is 40. If the graph of the function f(x) = is
2sin 2 x  8sin x  8 x (a x  1)
n

1  5  symmetric about y–axis, then n is equal to

(A)  ,   (B)  ,1 
2  9  (A) 2 (B) 2/3
(C) 1/4 (D) –1/3
5  5 
(C)  ,1 (D)  ,  
9  9  41. The fundamental period of function
33. Which of the following pair of functions is identi-  1  2
cal ? f(x) = [x] +  x     x   – 3x + 15
 3   3
(A) x/x, 1 (B) ln(x2), 2ln(x)
(A) 1/3 (B) 2/3
(C) (x 2 ), x (D) (x 2 ) , max.{x, –x}
(C) 1 (D) Non–periodic
34. If A, B, C are three decimal numbers and 42. Fundamental period of the function
p = [A + B + C] and q = [A] + [B] + [C] then
f(x) = cos (sinx) + cos(cosx) is :
maximum value of p – q is (where [ ] represents
(A) /3 (B) /6
greatest integer function).
(C)  (D) /2
(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) 2 (D) 3 43. If 2f(xy) = (f(x))y + (f(y))x for all x, y  R and
35. Let f : (e, )  R be defined by f(x) = ln (ln(ln x)), n

then f (1) = a( 1). Then  f (k) 

r
k 1
(A) f is one one but not onto n
(A) (a –1)/(a – 1) (B) a(an–1 –1)/(a – 1)
(B) f is onto but not one–one
(C) f is one–one and onto
Si (C) a(an –1)/(a – 1) (D) None of these

(D) f is neither one–one nor onto 44. Let f : (–1, 1)  B, be a function defined by
36. If f(x) = 2[x] + cos x, then f: R  R is 2x
(where [ ] denotes greatest integer function) f(x) = tan–1 , then f is both one-one and onto
1  x2
(A) one–one and onto when B is the interval - [AIEEE-2005]
.B
(B) one–one and into
   
(C) many–one and into (A)  0,  (B) 0, 
 2  2
(D) many–one and onto
     
37. If the real-valued function f(x) = px + sinx is a (C)   ,  (D)   , 
G

 2 2  2 2
bijective function, then the set of all possible
values of p  R is
  
(A) R – {0} (B) R 45. The largest interval lying in   ,  , for which
 2 2
(C) (0, ) (D) None of these
the function
38. Let S be the set of all triangles and R+ be the set of
positive real numbers. Then the function, f :  R+,   x2 1  x  
 f (x)  4  cos  2  1  log(cos x) is
f() = area of the , where S is    
(A) injective but not surjective defined is -
(B) surjective but not injective (A) [0, ]
(C) injective as well as surjective
  
(D) neither injective nor surjective (B)   , 
 2 2
 x 2  1
39. If g : [–2, 2]  R where g(x) = x3 + tan x +     
 p  (C)   , 
be an odd function , then the value of the param-  4 2
eter P is

(A) –5 < P < 5 (B) P < 5 (D) 0, 
 2
(C) P > 5 (D) None of these
46. For real x, let f(x) = x3 + 5x + 1, then - 52. If f(x) is a polynomial function satisfying the con-
[AIEEE 2009] dition f(x). f(1/x) = f(x) + f(1/x) and f(2) = 9 then
(A) f is one – one but not onto R (A) 2 f(4) = 3f(6) (B) 14 f(1) = f(3)
(B) f is onto R but not one – one (C) 9 f(3) = f(5) (D) f(10)= f(11)
(C) f is one – one and onto R 53. The domain of the function
(D) f is neither one – one nor onto R
1
f(x)   x  2 , is -
1 log10 (1  x)
47. The domain of the function f(x) = is :
| x | x (A) [– 2, 0)  (0, 1) (B) (–2, 0) (0, 1]
[AIEEE 2011] (C) (– 2, 0) (0, 1] (D) (– 2, 0) [0, 1]
(A) (–, ) (B) (0, )
(C) (–, 0) (D) (–, )  {0} 1 | x|
54. The domain of f(x)  , is -
2 | x|
1
48. If f(x) + 2f   = 3x, x  0, and S = {x  R : f(x) (A) () – [– 2, 2]
x
= f(–x)}; then S : [JEE Mains 2016] (B) (– ) – [– 1, 1]
(A) contains exactly one element (C) [– 1, 1] (–, –2) (2, 
(D) none
(B) contains exactly two elements
(C) contains more than two elements
55. Domain to function 
log (5 x  x 2 )/ 6  is -

r
(D) is an empty set
49. If the functions f(x) & g(x) are defined on R  R (A) (2, 3) (B) [2, 3]
such that
 0, x  rational
Si 56.
(C) [1, 2] (D) [1, 3]
If A = {– 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2} & f : A  Z; f (x) = x2 +
f(x) =  1, then the range of f is
 x, x  irrational
(A) {0, 1, 2, 5} (B) {1, 2, 5}
 0, x  irrational (C) {– 5, – 2, 1, 2, 3}(D) A
g(x) =  then (f – g) (x) is
 x, x  rational
.B
1
[JEE 2005 (Scr.), 1] 57. The range of the function f(x)  , is
4  3 cos x
(A) one – one and onto
(B) neither one–one nor onto (A) [1 / 7, 1] (B) ]1 / 7, 1]
(C) one-one but not onto
(C) (1 / (D) none
G

(D) onto but not one-one 7, 1]

50. The function f : [0, 3]  [1, 29], defined by f(x) = 58. The range of the function f(x) = 7–xPx–3 , is -
2x3 – 15x2 + 36x + 1, is [JEE 2012] (A) {1, 2, 3} (B) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
(A) one-one and onto. (C) {1, 2, 3, 4} (D) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
(B) onto but not one-one. 59. If 2 f(x2) + 3 f(1/x2) = x2 – 1  x  R0 then f(x2) is
(C) one-one but not onto. -
(D) neither one-one nor onto.
1  x4 1  x2
(A) (B)
51. Let f : (–1, 1)  IR be such that f(cos 4) = 5 x2 5x
2     
for    0,    ,  . Then the 5 x2 3  2 x 4  x2
2  sec 2   4 4 2 (C) (D)
1x 4
5 x2
1
value(s) for f   is are [JEE 2012]
 3 60. The value of b and c for which the identity f (x +
1) – f (x) = 8x + 3 is satisfied, where f (x) = bx2 +
3 3 cx + d, are –
(A) 1 – (B) 1 + (C) 1
2 2 (A) b = 2, c = 1 (B) b = 4, c = – 1
2 2 (C) b = – 1, c = 4 (D) b = – 1, c = 1
– (D) 1 +
3 3
61. If f : R  R satisfies f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y), for all
67. Let f(x)  sin [a] x (where [ ] denotes the
n
greatest integer function). If f is periodic with
x, y  R and f(1) = 7, then  f(r) is - fundamental period , then a belongs to -
r 1
(A) [2, 3) (B) {4, 5}
7n 7(n  1) (C) [4, 5] (D) [4, 5)
(A) (B)
2 2
68. A function whose graph is symmetrical about the
7n(n  1) origin is given by -
(C) 7n(n + 1) (D)
2 (A) f(x) = ex + e–x
(B) f(x) = sin(sin(cos(sinx)))
62. Let f: R  R be a function defined by f(x) =
(C) f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y)
x2  3 x  4 (D) sinx + sin|x|
then f is -
x2  3 x  4 69. If f : R  R is a function satisfying the property
(A) one – one but not onto f(x+1) + f(x+3) = K  x  R then the period of
(B) onto but not one – one f (x) is -
(C) onto as well as one – one (A) 4 (B) K
(D) neither onto nor one – one (C) 1 (D) 
63. If(x) = {x} + {x + 1} + {x + 2}........{x + 99}, 70. If f(x) = 3x – 5, then f –1 (x) - JEE 98]

then the value of [  2  ] is, where {.} denotes 1

r
(A) is given by
3x  5
fractional part function & [.] denotes the greatest
integer function
(A) 5050 (B) 4950
Si (B) is given by
x5
3
(C) 41 (D) 14 (C) does not exist because f is not one–one
64. Let f : R  R be a function defined by (D) does not exist because f is not onto

e| x|  e  x 71. If the function f : [1, )  [1, ) is defined by

f(x)  then -
.B
x x f(x) = 2x(x – 1), then f –1(x) is - [JEE 99]
e e
x(x 1 )
(A) f is a bijection 1 1
(B) f is an injection only (A)  
 2
(B)
2
1  1  4 log2 x 
(C) f is a surjection
(D) f is neither injection nor a surjection 1
 
G

(C) 1  1  4 log2 x (D) Not defined

(A) –f (x) (B) 3f (x) 2
(C) [f (x)] 3 (D) f(3x)
72. f(x) and g(x) are two functions defined for all real
x values of x. f(x) is an even function and g(x) is
65. If f(x) = , then (fofof ) (x) = periodic function, then -
1  x2
(A) f [g(x)] is a periodic function
3x x (B) g [f(x)] is a periodic function
(A) 2 (B) (C) f [g(x)] is an even function
1x 1  3 x2
(D) g [f(x)] is an even function
3x
(C) (D) none
1  x2 73. If f(x) is defined on (0, 1) then the domain of
definition of f(ex) + f(ln |x|) is -
66. The period of the function f(x) = (A) (–e, –1)
 x (B) (–e, –1)  (1, e)
sin  cos  +cos(sinx) equal -
 2 (C) (–, –1)  (1, )
(D) (–e, e)

(A) (B) 2
2
(C)  (D) 4
74. Range of the function f(x) = cos (K sinx) is [–1, 78. The range of the function f(x) = sin
1], then the least positive integral value of K will   4  x2 
 log    is -
be -   1  x  
 
(A) 1 (B) 2
(A) [– 1, 1] (B) (– 1, 1)
(C) 3 (D) 4 (C) [– 1, 1) (D) cannot be determined
75. If g(x) is a polynomial satisfying g(x) g(y) = g(x)
+ g(y) + g(xy)  2 for all real x and y and g(2) = 5 79. The graph of the function cos x cos(x + 2) – cos2
then g(3) is equal to - (x + 1) is- [JEE 1997]
(A) 10 (B) 24 (A) a straight line passing through (0, – sin 2 1)
(C) 21 (D) none of these with slope 2
(B) a straight line passing through (0,0)
76. The function f(x) = log x2 (x) is defined for x (C) a parabola with vertex (1, – sin 21)
(D) a straight line passing through the point
belonging to -
(A) (, 0) (B) (0, 1)  2 
 2 ,  sin 1  and parallel to the x-axis
(C) (1, ) (D) (0, )  

77. Given the function f(x) such that

r
1   1 
2 f ( x )  xf    2 f  2 sin   x   
 x   4 

 4 cos 2
x
2

Si
 x cos , then which one of the
x
following is correct ?
(A) f(2) + f(1/2) = 1
(B) f(1) = –1, but the values of f(2), f(1/2) cannot
.B
be determined
(C) f(2) + f(1) = f(1/2)
(D) f(2) + f(1) = 0
G
 ANSWER KEY
1. D 2. B 3. B 4. B 5. B 6. D 7. C 8. B 9. B 10. B 11. A 12. B 13. B
14. B 15. D 16. D 17. A 18. B 19. D 20. A 21. C 22. C 23. B 24. D 25. C 26. B
27. A 28. A 29. A 30. D 31. D 32. C 33. D 34. C 35. C 36. C 37. D 38. B 39. C
40. D 41. A 42. D 43. C 44. D 45. D 46. C 47. C 48. B 49. A 50. B 51. B 52. B
53. A 54. C 55. B 56. B 57. A 58. A 59. D 60. B 61. D 62. D 63. C 64. D 65. B
66. D 67. D 68. C 69. A 70. B 71. B 72. AD 73. A 74. D 75. A 76. C 77. ACD78. A
79. D

r
Si
.B
G