Ecemoman OFMen. sounoNiueN * NETWORKS. ONT: Tr INTRODUCTION To OPTICAL FIBERS. Evolution of Fiber optte Syslinn ~ Element of an optical total fnternal reflection - Acceptance fibes — tramsmission link — angle - Numencal aperture — Skew rays, FAY OPCS — Optical ftber modes and configurations — Mode, theory of Ctrcular wave guides - Ovesview of medes - key modal Gone pay = Lineasly polartged qed: = singe mede fibers ~ Grdded Pndex fiber Ghucture - Evolubion _f fiber opt system :.- = Gtreat ahGiseck ah communteatfiag ab optical Males fe was Oeatid wn Iqro with tre advent of LASER: i InfHally , the most heltable, etonomical and fastesh ir of —eommunication blw — tuo poinis IS thxough em wanes. And communication channel Lnhroduces loge and distortion to the signal: twomble over a few km. teh 1 termes Tee — Mresowave —‘commum'cation offers - phere as optical» wanes offers Frequency a MICHOWONES * — Dhavefore , bremondous incseose In the mformation srramamisaio® capaethy as tompared| to radio wanes Or MicrDWaves. = Tnopfte of Yee above advantages , tnftfatly ae extremely lange losses made optical Fiber tommumcatio oP peas fmpractcal. = Tuts thought vad been changed Py Kao + Hochman + Weity = in 1466 Keck » Maurer fabricated a Fiteoy — In (440, Kapsn, having 2048] km atienuatton . — A tw attenuation sapeater spacings for opttcal fiber links — bewome compasalde to “those of opp? Suse f ue loscas reduced bd Bm two ducade fo is Ahooretical — Th the next ak \sbonm wavelengti , uslarch i close Value oy dk - As = phe advantagts an @® low +x loss and wide bandwidth. Coxtrerneliy useful { © sma ag and we’ mflliter¢ applications) © Tmmuniy to tolefesers dielectric fin nature - the Opttcall Ftbexs are provides optrcal Wave guides with Yn teomnunity, to EM\-@ Figst GENERATION :- The Btrsk generation of ugh Woe S46 \Grwo Uses GaAs Semiconductor LASER ard openating reqton wos hear goonm, Oto Speuigieatfons of +e generatfon are. i> Brk vate + ABMbIe w> Repectat Spacing * lokm b FIRST WINDOW SECOND GLENERATION } ia ee > BH rate « loombls & g Repeater Spacing : bokm on dBlkm gi WWowelengtin . tSeonm Attenuati 2 3 Tuiro GleNERATION > BH sak . LoGbls 10 "Repeater Spacing © (00kM og i> Wowelength . WweONM OLE Fourn GENERATION :- oo 80 10d -1200~=«tAOD.—to Ie sate Wheel wpm fecha ; Wlavelengitr cnm) . ' OpHcal Fibax attenuatror Bik vate : loTbls : a& 4 functon of "Repeater Spacing } .te,cookm Monelangt. i> Wowelenath r Ib20amM ELETH GENERATION + Te uses = Optreal «= Soltons- C non dispessive. pulse)@® Elechical Tsdlaton :- ees Ee | ftber creat no arcing or sponking e a geourity Tapping of Sig (6 Mer easy. Tr oe speccal planet Arppweation._ banking > computee Networks ® Abundont raw qratesial:: Silrea fs tha prfnetpal materral ef which oprtcal ftbers ave made. Th vw troterral is abundant and — fnexpenaive - 4+ mafleravy, ty @ bong Xe > * jplnce fiber does nd Conrode Can wetastand extreme tempasatuee: A different generations of ligntueve cle - “aeskm —Siy with " Babls , 25 Rj Shea Srpifiee | THE EVALDTION _OF 2 fe ~ 4000) a a 5 oS g \Boo-nm £ Single = tgp0™ , singe mede to a oor coherent detection Ftd | > a > lage LE gag L Ige¢o b Wh gea- > ie 1894 - lege iqegE S50}Br vate + 4o- (boGrb|s > Repeater spacing Upto 3p,o0okmM. UW) Wonelength > iygonm INK: ELEMENTS OF _@N__ OPTICAL FIBER + t consists The optical fiber Communication Syston f > Transmitter > OpHteal Source i> Oprreal Fiber cable tv> OpHcat cletector V> — Recatver al Flecrical | FIGER FLyLEAD OPricat. | SPuce rip i alte TeAT | Dex 5 Signal 1 Pineal Source e 5 L---- § n —. _Heelnical 31g 2 ZZ Opal 5id DZLILIEL LIME | z | FLYLEAD i Electnia VELL 7 SIGNAL 14, OPTICA bore bce nea CF —1ResroreR| Poa Ip ILZZZA AMPLIFIER Lez ‘DETECTOR I ' ! | : AMPLIFIER ; ' 1 - re See ae = - — -1 ELEMENTS OF AN OPTICAL FIBER® The key gectons of an opttcal ffber compnisos of Q light goune ant ts onmsociatad drive circuttany , & Cable offering mechanical ard envisonmental Prkeckon fo tte epttaal filbexs contatned Inside » Ond a receiver consists ef a pholodator and arnplificalion ard signal restoring Cla cuitng . Additonat components — fncluda opttcal connectors » Splrces , Couplers or beam splitters — ard vepeaters. The cabled optical fiber & ona of ths moe fenpostant elements: Tn addition fe protecting the daw fiber during Fnstallation , Hrs Cable mney contain Copper tives fox powering %epeaters ustweh Ove veeded For periodically Com plif ying ame\ ve shapping the Sqr when the the link Spare \eng Aistemers - Trommittey Soures: LED , LASERS. Reetvars : photodicte , PIN Diode - Repeater :. When an opttcal Sig hos Wraveled cestain distance along a frbes, the Sq Nos beeome attenualid » Repeater Breaded in the@® srommgkton |ine fo omplify and Teshope te Signal. Refrackive _fodex : The satto of the Speed of Utgint fa a vacuum fo that th matter fs tte tndex of refraction “n’ of ta maternal and ft is qlven by : — ®O nee e@. gxiormls - wv = 4 for aiv Nsa}ss fos water N=\-50 for qos Naya for diamond. Snell's _law:- then a light Yay @ntountex a bourdany separating two dt@ennt media, part of the vay 18 reflectad back fn the fisst medium and the = Yematnder enters the Secon materfal a bent ag Normal ling Na > = total enteral ref lectton OCCUNS - ve ce | n ' Nising, = nasinda > 1 ! Nsinds » Nesing. ! . 2 i Sinde 2 he a ni & | ne Representation of the catttcal argle and total tr ‘lesa Yeflectton at O glaws - aly —(nterface -Singo= N2 —— @ Acceptance Angle! m conical half anda j / / >a eres / 1 — | Ye EVENTUALLY LOST | b= fy RADIPTION. [Aceepta 7 > = af EE Praee Z Ry \ tone : 7 75 a “SS =” cones ‘ i ° CLADDING \ Y ‘ mo = She day A entps Lhe ffloer we at an angle Ca and 1 wefracted ak “the ata Cow Fates face before +romamfexton fp Te Core cladding Priew ferea. ab the colttcal arg(e- - The Fhedent voy Bak on angle grec Sefsacted finto the cladding ond eventually lost by & the maximum angie fo He axis at than Ga & vadration. ~ Henw 6a wich Night max enter the fibes in odor fo be Prrpagatal » and is often refered ty as the acceprante angle - for the fiber . a Aperture :- imeup . A light Toy 1s Pnadent on ‘the fiber core, ak aang to. ©, to the Feber dxis wich is less than the Acceptance cingle foy tha fiber Ca» The vay entex ths fiber@ | from O medium of refractive fndex no (alr), and the ftber core has Aafractive Index n, which is Slightly q eater eladdm: than the Yel vachve tndex No “A ne AVA (nS | - _ ar n, t A cc . ~ Tea” 6 ae “the dsfraction at the ata ton fnlerfaw - Conaiderfng amd wasting Snell's law, — ; . nosfn6; = msinn2 ——- © Sd Conaidertng the vighh angle. trtangle» ABC B > = J -8 © > thom tte attical angle - J. @® becomes , No sing: = Ws Cosh \ , = No sny = wt sine)” (: girth + OS 4 considering b = be aud GO: = Ba: wo y% no sin @a = mm (t- Sin Pe Lt Vo Vo. Ky = De - nN? S OF ai.) - mr 3 (Sor Vo. Yo sinta = (nt-ne> ——— ©Thus relating he acceptance angle to the sefrachve Indéces ® Numerical aperture is defined as, y a gt) Ye Na = nosing < (a wa) __@ blu the ore ane lc A be the yelative yefractive index. cladding , ae ntent tun =e? ane oladdeng bok 2 We for A<14 eeded ny NA = w, cea? |—— @ Skew “Fass: — skew rays Ore, tramametted — witroul — paasira Herough the Fiber axis. ~ ya cross sectional view of the Uhr they a beslical pete rough en [thor : tv the fiber qives ~ They follow ~The Jeeltcalpetn trod trove Grange 40 diaection of av at each sepuetton lure PG Bae ange bw dia projechon of the 14 and te vadiue Of jae frber core a a fu wo Afmenstons the ppofok- of vreffectton . ~ Wh te Ugh tnput to the ftber & vonunform , Skew rays voll fend fp have & ssmodtirg effecton Hae dighibulion of He light os tk 1s trameumnitted, guuing ® a more wwform output = he amount of smobiining is dupandent on tie N° of sefteetions encountered by the Skew vays -~ Tn order to caleulah the acceptance angle fe is necomary to doftna the didsetton of the TAG tn +wo perpendiculay core AXIS "CORE CLADDING = To sesolve te Aa pate. 4B Sulative t tte radrus BR fn these = two pespendiculas planes sageures crmultipii cakion by cosy and sine: hence Hee sapteckon at pant B ak an ange o ray be given by _ (osY sine = wep twosP sine = wsh= CU - sing) ~ R sta UtmPHng coxa for jotal ttemal daflection h now constdered , hun becomes equal fo the artitical® angle be for the CORR - cladding Inter Face and SIN ob, = No ny , Mc : Ysino € _fi- | 7 . Hence , ws¥sin Oo = cose = a Using Snell's law, nM sina = Ni sine . nt |e Stn Ogg 2 Mi CoSbe = [i Me cosy nocosY ®as —> maximum acceptance ange for skew rays. Mg No Sin Gag Cos ¥ =(n*-ns) aoa. ! ww ats (Moz 4) Sin Og, cos? = NA be voted hat gkow Toys larger axial angles in a gfven feber the value of ws ae axcopted al - Tr may thon mentdiona! 0y5, dopending en RAY OPTICS! - ste observation of poln'gatron effects fndicated that light = Waves One hransverse - tb tha electro magnetic opttaal Sourea Can be - In pragstcal optres view potn| waves radiated by & small Saprenonted bY fain of Spheweal wave frontswet. the Gouve at the cenler- ® - A wave front B deftned as He locus of all points fn tne Wane, Ikafn wtich have the Same phase . epHERicaL WAVE FRONTS Pon SOURCE > — When the wowe length of Hue leghr ig much Smalley than the obfeck ywaich ft entounters, the woe frons Oppeat os straigit \tnes fo two object o opening . — Tn We Coe te light Ware, Car be papaaconled as a pane wove , amd te disection of trowel can be draum perpendicular (n dicated by a ligt vox wich 's to the phase front scale optical effects Such as reflectton ~ Thws large ancl vefraction can be analy ged geomehncal ap Toco OF rau waeng . twe view ov geometncal by the stmple of opltes ig refened to Of You pres.OpmicAL FIBER Mopes AND _CON FIGURATION } © ~ An ahead fever boa atelecnc Wave quide saat Operates at optical pequencinn: = The giver wanaguite & rammaly eytindneal forn — Th tonfthes electomognehte energy fo the form ght fe wlth (te Sunfocer and quicls jhe Wighr fo diawctton parellel fo Te Oxis- oS ~ The propagation of light along woweguide Cab ba desenbed In terms of a Set of guided elechorronndt wones called the moder of the wave guide. = These guided moder ane Seforred te as the bound ov happed Yoder of the Wowe guide. ~ Fach Guided mode [go a petttern of elechic and mn field line that fs vepeatad along the fiber Antesvale equal fo ta wawelenath. ~ Only @ cestain —drecroti no of moda are capable of propagating along the Ffber- — These modes are those alevtyo magnelte wowes hat Saltgy tee homogeneous Wave aguatton fr Hae ftbor amd boundary condihon = gt the Voaweg urd Sux faeces .Purpose of _Cladelng : ~ Cladding fs nok necexsany fos Itgnt fo Prepagate along ta coro of tha fiber, Th sewves Several purpows. © da eladding yedueex scattering love sasulting from dielechie discontinuttrac Ot tha Cove surfacag ft adds mechanical StAangin 0 the frbes. @® t+ pootec he core from atksorbing Surface contammants wet which fr could come fn conkach- Depending on the matenal composition jo two tommonly vsed — ffber typ. of the core give rise Step frdex _frber: zi The sufractve fndex of He wre & wmform throughouk and undergoes an abrupt Charge ab te cladding boundary - Thh © alled a step tndox fiber: Graded fndex_ Fiber: tone Sufrackfve fndex 8 made to vay a a The the center of function of te radial clistanee From the fiber: Twix type. of fibr b & Graded Pndex fiber Ctngle_mode fibers Sustain only of pepagation one mode@ a MoNoMoDE STEP INDEx FIBER 2 ao (25 409 claddin a (8 8-121 tore . MuLtimMope STEP INDEX FIBER 125 -4ooprn,claddp 5D -200KM Lore . Moitimope = GIRAPED INDEX FIBER hud [25 -yoopm-c ladder A 5o-200uM Lote . BoFRER (COATING,| Mullineds f'bes + tentang many hundieds of modee . | Advantages °F muttimede fbere : * the larger Core radil of mulhmode ftbex rake fF 2asiey to launch oph’cal powes foto jhe fiber and facltate the connecting togethes of Stmil ax Fibers. Light an be launched thlo rnullmode frbes wang LED cource, whore 8 sfngle mode ftles Must general pe exuited with lager todas. * LEP’ ave eadtes fo Woke, fogs axpensive > Dusg tomplx uauutTouy ond nave Longer uife tfmes than lager dicdec . Disadvantage of mull mode frbes + Thy suffer from fotermedal drspexton. Intermodal _dispession _ When an opttal pulse fs lounehed Eno He feber, the opHtcal power fn the pulse fe distributed over all of tha modes Of He Biber: — Boch of the modes that can ak nO mulHrmode fi bev travels a & SlighHy diferentdig stant velocity Tw meane Hat Fhe ales ha given optical pulce aorive at the fiber end ak Slightly ligg xont tec, 4thwds cauatng the pulse fo Spread out fn Hme 98 th fravele along The fiber _ awe feet & brown % Fter modal cli'sperston . how to avied fniemedal diepexsion ° _ Te can be Suduced by wing a graded ndex poofil. fh the fiber core- pen snore _grer INDEX _ core defractve fndex Mi <1 Conn Yadiug — & cladding of slightly lowes fhdex Nao N2 = ni (I-A A — wre cloddirg Frdex didfevence ° — Values of Ng ase chosen guch that AB nominally O01. Ray optice Repe A greater powes los ase included = Fr ee ahalyars » sina Many of arises When skew you4s the skew vas that — qeomatric optes padiels Ore trapped tn the frber ove actually leaky rays.These. Leaky rays ave only pasttally conftned lo ‘ta tore of the traeular opttcal ftber and atenualzs ag the lignk = rave long the optcal wave guide - ¢mentdional) — The ight ray enters frer core from a medium of refractive tndex nn to the ffber axis frterface at an angle eo with Vespa and Shi'ko the Core cladding at a novmal angle Foam Snell’ law fhe — minfmum angle min teat sige tolat _ fnternal reflection for ts maridioral my Te gran 4 Stn Orin = fe Raye striking the core - ctackln interface ar angles lees than Omtn will refrac ou of The wre and be lost fn the claddirg . maximum enhance angle 6o,Max. NA = Sin O,may = MSN Ge = (ne-n3)% . nod www Note; Nvmerteal opertuar & 0 demensionlers quantity whieh fe lua Haan umihy , wth values normaly yanging from ol, bm 50_Refracked ray - os . ® cladding if a ey Reflected vay 80 =. = -—— A _ core Loe re locng | Wave REPRESENTATION |. Consider ag lught Yay fo the tore fincident on the YeflecHve surface ak an ange & : The plane wowe axociated with this Yay Is of te form > Abie) = et Ao exp Lj qwt 8.3] um Qeneval position vector - k - Wowe pepagation vector : Ao — Maximum amplitude OF Tha Wane . \Wio= ar Ly av = owe, Propegatien corttom s , n prpagatron watent fn the medrum of Sofractive fnelex M1 ke KA, free Space propagatton comentge te didn faved alg tte vay by @ the wave phase of the Wwowe changes not’ only as the Wowe travele but also upon saflection from a dreleehic fnrevface . — Tn order for the wWowe Asocuited with a given ~ The vay bo propagate along Hae wawequide ythe phase of fu twice Aeflecked wave much be ta Same a4 thot of the incident wave. That is » the wove must — foterfere construckvely with FFself ~H the phase torditon Nok Salistrec| the wave will entesfere destanctivaly with Ctself and Just dra OuF: ~ Dhuss the fotal phase Shift shat Segults When the wove Wowerses ra gute twin (A tB tec) omel get suflected tutee Cak A&B) must be equal to an fokeges multip of trad. nik ad_ has hi Prase change SPne: Sac and the phase chang —“4p0n reflectton , V7 8, = Qarctan (n>ws*e,-1)'™ nN sine, whn N= My, the Pllowing candition thus be. Sattsfred& dmikd 4 Q 8 = OTM Sin6) M ~- fe an integes that determine tha allowed ray angles for wave guiding. Mope _THEony _ FoR CIRCULAR WAVE GUIDES TES TEs TE, ctapoina ty | EXPONENTIAL | | i | DECAY : «pH | | ~ MONIC CORE n, | K HAR / ) VARIATION f LE ! C1 - OO \I sy} CLADDING), | ! EXPONENTIAL ' Decay ~ This wove guide * composed of a — dielechic slab of wofractve trdex 1, gandwithad between diehechic matnal of vefvackve fndex Non, She abe fiquie Shows the field pattesns of lower oles medes: ~The order of mode @ equal TP Kerns across. the guide The ordes Of the mode I angle thoak the voy congruence corresponding to wth the plane of the the no of freld ® also yelated fo the fons mode makes He —-Staoper he an the higher (do wn tho mode: Wove-— The fidde vary barmon'cally Ma guiding region mo and decay exponentially ouside of the Aon - In addition to bounded ard refracted mody, a third Category of —rmedes called leaky modes {9 present ch Optical Fbers — These leaky medes ae only partially Cenftned fo sto tore region , and attenuate Continuaualy vad {ating holy power ou of fhe tore 08 they prrpagatz along tho ffber- Th B known as funnel effec — A mode ‘remains guided as long a B Sattsfres the — condition nok 2 penk ke 20 Maxwell’ equations = To analy ye ths opttaal — wawe quite we Need fo Consider Maxwells wattons - isohopic. dielecinc. = matenal — Assuming a lineat and fae charges 5 these haveing no currents vations take Hee form , Vre = ~28 —w Tx = aD ——- ake oe v:D2=0 —@ vB 20 —®2 + Vor e eu es oral _— &® at” — © 2 vel = eb en ane the Standard wave > equations. ar Ware guile _equationg 1 Y —s Zt aT \a (a) \ > == - A —>, — Si, a jp * = PA DIREcTION = OF WPVE PROPAGATION CYLINDRICAL. CO-ORDINATE Six LsED FOR EM WAVE — PROPAGATION waves are fo propagite along hove @ Funch oral dependence ANALYSING ~B2 tho 2lecho magnetic tne Keaxls, they well of the fom, Soot -px) a E = Eolr, pe be we (ngy oft B® B- propagation constant Subbstttuting qd, & & foto Maxwell's equatton LL ( a + Srpeq) = ~Jup Hy — @ — w Y Spe Sa = Sepee a + [ %: (reg) - 2] . supe —w() Jf on + (2p ipHe) = Jewes Jpu + Sig = Jew ov tm + T®& cng) - 2 } ! [© 9 ae] = Yer® vanabls , by eliminating —4us) ; ae = a4 a LOE SB + +t : ; a eke ale — (+ 3 rep) y He = + + Lib 4 aero - 9 > cd anSubstrating equ ist Ib Pat @ He Oe hey Lath 2 o's - 807 v a so age TV NBT (28 — Tp te boundany wnelt Hone do nok ead fo bw the Bieta tompenents mode colubbng coupling can be obtained Pn which ether Ex =o or "z=0 ~ When Ezso te Modes aro Called bhansverse eleehtc of TE modes. ~ when |yso Transverce magnetic mode vesulB° — Hybrid modes exist tf both Eq and Hg ave non XexO- Wave E@uatioNs POR STEP INDEX’ FIBERS. A stundarad mathe matical procedure for sobing equations Ct fo Po use the - Whh a period of ar: Sub 3) fh) Be THR + (egg)ree cay 3B & mel braun equate for Posel pancHtons Boundany condttfons vegion the Solufons fos the guided medos Tor the Ensfde ple as On the yematn Ffenfi as F-70 must ourstde He Solutions musk decay to Zam a YO~. for 1X4, the Soluttongs = O* Boy el functons of order ve of Rinsk deind for these functions be Uso He common designation Tycun» bere, Ue ki? —p™ wit® kK, = am yy The expremionm for Eq ancl Hg theide the Gro Orne Hw, IMP slut By) —2F £3 (rca) = Ady Curhe py) — 2 fvp Stor PR BIV tur) € Hz (¥ ___—), or = Where kt = ann, ew (ep oubside He tore,vohich —_comsespornds to Tom Modes [Ex=0) and @ Ki hb +kefo=0. pr) k PTW + wa ki 2.0 —— (=. UTo (ua) Wko lua) which vosresponels fo TMom Medes (Mx -0). 4 Lowlesr. ORDER (fll mo | FIRST St7 OF Z /" . pioikeR OKSER\ NN Medes = vA TEo) May Hea When V#0 numertcal methods are needed fo Solve u By): Nornaliged payereg Ww An ¢mporank pavametor connected wet ihe cutoff condition fe the normalized eqn v also called V_ numbes OF V- parameter aefened by ? Vee (u24W>) ae = (724) cnP-nz)> wed B & dfmensionlexx number that determines how many modes 4 oer con Support’The no of modu that can exist to A wave guide ag a function of Vo may be — Convententty vepresetal fn fenms of a ovmraliged Prpagation comtont = Aoftnad bys beotwr . (PAS - 0 v nea—np PloT of b as a function of Vv. HE as Bik | wealy, | J 2 JS AL ny ee LA - “Normaliged -praqusnny v The modes are Cur Off when Blk =M2- — The Hen mode has Ne cutoff ane ceases fe exist only — when tne Core = llarvetey, A KL. th fs the potncipl= on which the single mal based , appropnalily choosing go that» , ve am Cn neyo = 2-408 frea B a, my and fevs w?_ pr-ke —— (3D. w ka = 27M = = WE . x op to find Ed! Sub equ (a5) 420 mip Lb) , and (2428) Arto detain E42, yuelda ak ea, Eg - Eg. = -f [ * SVB Ty cud — a ue B wpu syicuad | - +f ive > I< Lt Ky Cwa) — Dp ky (wed"] =0 Prime — Prdi } dicatés dif wot the arqurent- (32) Ny for the tergenHal components of HT # Shown that A at Txa, Hy- Hee BI, Cua) — DkvCwo) = 0 =) He -Ho2 = =| B SVB Jy cua) + Aweiu W'cus) | uw a ~L [> ue kvcwa) + oe ,ukv'ons} 0 uw (4) The above aquattone hove. four unknouns ABE B. bove uations exists And solutions for the olefesminant of these “| only ft ot co - aff unnls ane. Zero.The elton vatue of Bp: @ (dy + kv) (# fr ski Ky) < (PX (at ' @» Gv = Sy! (nad Kv es kv! ua) Uy cua) W ky Ca) Moves IN STEP INDEX FIBERS :. —The S- type Rese! functont are Stmtlar te Vermonie — functrons stnce They exhibit osalletory behavituy for deal k Ps ime case Of & fnusordal functtons. — Because of the osctllatory behavéour of Jy thore well be m wos of equ Bs) fora given Vv’ Vato: - These yo Will be designated by Bum amd He do: modes aAzspond ing ave — efter TEvm jSTMym, 5 EHvm bo HEvm - for the Atelecine 4ehor Wane quite all moder ave yond modes except for wich Veo: whin Veo bevomes - ogy 8») g, + Ko =O» 0 em annie) Sitwa) 4 KiCWA) 9 SD Udo(ua) ——- Who wa)whieh & tHe Value at eahich tre lowest order Bowel © 1den @ function Je=0 All modes excepk tha HE Mode ae wk off: — The perrame kes Vo ca of moda M Ph a mulkinala 4@be when M 2 n alco be jelated fo the No lasge « . 1 - Numencal Apesture Na = shne> —nb * For practteal «= NA otne & small ., staese The Sold Acceptance angle for tte ffber stusefore , vw n.Te? = 7 (n2-n3> radiation of wowe lengtn a emanating Prom @ laser or warvequble the no f modes * per wrk golrd angle is given by 2A/yo- tthe mode fs having con — For alechomog netic A - avea entering « Q (tomes from the fort thok the hwo polar'gation ovtentators. The factor wowe can howe plane tie fetal no of modes M entenng the fiber is tus given by 2 2A me 2rta® (neni) = ye — A>Ltrerly Polarized modes: 2 Approximation : the Aifferanes blw - Ina typteal step tndex Feber the tndices of vefroetion &f the core and clade e vem} small Axa. — ws te the basts of the weakly gurding Feber Approximation. In tw’ approximation te EM fteld patterns and the propagation constants of the mode and EKyjm are very stmilas- for the tue medes TEom> Patra HE vai om = two holds — lekew!s? TMom > ancl HEom kr eke & B _ wan AKA we howe equation (3D becomes, - tu f/totk 2) Sy + Ke 2 (de + ie) ‘ The ave fqn yields . Tun cud + Kya twa) © uy (ua) WkvCwa) The golutfon of tie above equatfon gfves a wt of nodes Called EH modes-—Fos the negaitve. sign Jva (ua) Kya (wa) a ~ —_— =O. —- uJyua) W kvCwad (4b Tw8 same tn a Set of mods called HE mode axsum (ng y as a new parame, for TE and TM modus J. 91 vat for EH modes v-1 fox te modes doen tte wwified form 1 Kj(wa) Fqu A) 44D chow that wet fn Me weakly guiding appreximatron al] modes chonerctaniged by and m satsfy the LANL a common Sef of I two = means thot these modes clravcctor'stte eqezen . enerale * OAL degenexols medor be Grloge propaed foot modes. and be destgnaled Ca led Lrneddly polariged on LAM modes - TH general 4, Each Lfom mode ip Aarived from an HEim Mode -Q- Each —LPimn node comes FRM TEom Mem 1 and HE2m A 5 Bach Lem Tendies (vzal iB from HEvatm dnd om E Hy sm mode - Power flow tn step tndex Feber. i actually two independent , clegenerate propagation mode . @ These modes ane VERY stmfar but thelA. polarigation planes 1 ry { 4 fo \ - “Tl poLA RATIONS O ERT K { = 6 \ Dy oF tHe FUNeAMENI x \ J nq fig, Move 1M A ode riGeR Horigon tal mede Vertical mode SINGLE MODE of these two pdartgahon moder constitutes the fundamental Hey mode. ~ dn general the electric Freld of the (ght propagating along the ftber {g a linear super pecttion of these two polangatron Ye odet ond depencls on the polamiza tion qd fra VighF at the launching point tne the Biber: -— Tn {deal ect rotelional symmetry, the 4wo moda ave ctegenerat with 4 gation tate pnfecte — Either one febers with perf ual propagate corse? dq fnto the (kx =Ky) and any — polart Fileer will prpegate unchanged . actual fibers there awe tmpasfections much 04 Sieessa, non ctauulas Cores , ~ tn asym mebn cal lateral Sofractye tadex profiles - and vaniattons in@ break He c'guulay ssyenmetry of the Ideal dlegerieracy of the two modes. velocities , anel — These — fmpeafections ffber and tft Hae — Tha medes propagate with diggasenit prose tne dliffesence blw Ahal of ective refractive Indices is called the foes bixehangen we. Be 2 Ny Nx — we moy det fhe birefringence as, B= ko (ny —nx) Ke = = ~ 3R light injected fhto tine fiber So hah bola modes are exacted , then one will be delayed in phase solattve fo the other as they ppropagat.: ~Wha tre — diffrene as an integral multiple of 2, the two modes will beak at th poink and the polamgatton crate will be veprduced . which “Hw healing oceurs te the rip - WwW brgth over filer beat length « Lp + 20 B- Giradep INDEX FIBER _STRUCTOAE the lore Yefractve - In graded éneex fiber dlesign index decreases continuously with increasing Yadtal v from the Canter & the the fiber and dtctance comtomr tn the dladdeng fh ts generallythe mast commonly used — combruetton for the ¥efrachve — ® ex venation in the Core 1s te power law relaltorship. V, ho) m1 [: _ a4(%)"] ‘2 for ofYEa ni ci- 9a) & nicl-A) =N2 for Yaa ind _ Hore 1 ts the vadeal atsfanee from tre Feber axle, ao ts The tore Fads, Me = efractive index wre. No - > « cladding « K- Shape of te Index poofite (Girmarstnless-) ‘te index agpeane A for tH graded Index iba © aes Ae nine ce Mute ane nh Graded index Numerical Apestuse!- oa caltons: Wig — Gteomatneal opttes Conmderattons Show “tak inetdent on te foes ewre ak position x will propagate as guided mode only tf ir ts within tre lecal Numeneal Aperture NACH) at that oink — Te local Numenical Aperture fs deftnad as, [n'a - nz) Me NA) \ ay fos yea ° fer Yon. NACs) = Nate) — axtal Wamerical aperfune - nnye em ved \ Nato = [h200>- ne] 2 (nee from NAto) Ip ZevD -NA of Graded index freer decreasesas 1 mows fromthe fiber ax’ fo the Core Cladding ben “Modes In graded index fiber —Modal analygacs tn graded index fiber tS cavried out by opgpeoxi maton methods ginw the ve Proctve index nol vewiform - The most widely weed anatyne of modes In a grade! index fiberis an Apperoxtmation boxed on the wus yntthod — C Wensal, Kramers + Prillouin) whieh i commonly used tn Quantum mechanics. — Te purpose of WKB method & 10 obtain on agyrn pfolre vepregontation foa the Soluttor of 4 argeumnral 2quokion ‘nlarng a parameter. thot vamos Slouly over fie desired range of eq uahen. - Were , refractve index profile ny) vane only Stugintly over dectances on the order of an opttal nawelangth ‘ dri jt dha 2 2 = ct ar [rp] ne (ek Fl=A okt) — (49 Sulo (49) inte (48) 2 a Pee! + (kal)? + dke! + [eee -F ¥] —6 60)es vari Slowly Over distanea on the order an expamsion of the in powor oF K's Yon © — Sine ne Feunctin Sts) te of a wowsleng th , powns of A (00 equisivelartty expected fo converde rapidly - Qu) = Get _ - Bay ub (61) into (50) ard Colle ching equal powans of k. 2 (aa) + 2 Way pv jn Uad [i te P x Is (kos! QkADEI + hed ) 4 teoree order ee ee) ———a) = =O ~ A sequence of defining velatrons for fe functions Qi axe — obtained by Setting > Zoro the forms in — Ke (ady + [Krrre “Pe -¥] = © Jk Oo — akQoai + Jk ae s, UF 6» 5 —— oO u Pntegra! (63) req si 92 on ay YW kQo = | [ere -p-] dr: — A node tg bound in te fiber Wore onty tf Go ts ony whur fFntaq rand muskfor otter vals of ¥ te function Gy (maginary which wocls fo deayirg — frads- rg ators pe caushe gibfdees FIBER. CORE wend pe - Th pata followed bg the dow vay lree Complelaly within tne boundanias of fwo w-axtal Cyltnd weal surfaces known as Cause Surfaces that have immer and outer yadlii x, and x2 vespectivel 4 _ The radii a and ya ave ‘Those poinl ab which the yadical in the inkeqraand bewmes Ad. fuming points » Sine the Anuy _ Ty ane Called turns from (noveastng fo decreasing values of ¥ ord Vice versa. = to evalua the tuning poinb consider the functions rw-p) Wye —— & ~ An oserllatting feeld 2x18 when tre Sold uarveites abo the dashed curve. which Indicatis bound mode Solutio - Evanexent (nonbound decaying Ieee below the dashed value - of te graded index fiber, 2 each ~ meda) ftelds occur when the Solid curve = to form bound mode assouatad with the vay congruence comresponding # Inferfere. comshuctively with Tkgelf fn tw mode must Such QW as fo form a Standing wave pattern in wave CHOW sectional pattern . on rar the prove fereton a mulhpe f 7 so that the vadvat {imposes tho — tonditr mugt be D> 2 Vz mr = | [creer -p- 3] 2 ay eo v1 — Twe Qo bw vpand ya whore Meo, 1,2--°° _ the | btel no of bound modes , Venax tv? \ mp | [sevteo—p 2] ‘ey ° vilw) Fralualing the integral mep) = | 3 | [e no) = p | vay: - To ovatuatz tie we choo ‘dex profile “nev for Graded andex fiber - - The Wye Link of Cntayratien ry ts determinedtom the condition that kines) = B 2 y|m me. aft [i- a) 2A wen? —(5D the wo of modes fe keen? p> 24A/y mep = a2k?ny 5 veo] fomparing ‘2 + lb YxVXE = ape DF (ay at Wy faktng cast fox equation (a we ger 2 21> Whe pe ow =) akdo under ctand “the behavioss of E4B fields Preide ophZal OQ. fiber, Due equattons 34.8 muttbe solved. VER Qe vecys Ex Ey, Ey and Macaig 5% lomponunts ate pounible- And we Qwune that tte rut energy flow towards “x dtrcctton Ey aml Hy ave choten ox two Independant vongt tudinal Compovunls 7 Constdest functional dependence Gt Ee Bing) ah PD ) W = vocs.g) eer PP —) VxE: -o8 . _yal at Moe Expanding vxE- > [4% 4 Lay % Me Ya | * ESE Bro yep Ey + fs Ore ay (- “(ey = ap (26% -2) La aj (*2- _ dey ia “4 OR Ver ex ) v ay 2b Tz. = sper Ee : both steer, we ; . 1 ( _ DEP = — pe bes v ab dy wat U3) iy Above. equation wun bo WALA OS +L /2% _f ta (R- Cp) = i" ey (3 @ ips ee | - joes (>Wy foe + 06% ; > Sup hp le) —5) + [oe “i = ery “Taking ext for equaitied, (4) { doing ie Some proodure we. ek > 4 i — w& +[3 + ipve | = Jews , —l Spt + = fewer i) % (Ao) +t /y — oh | rwe E [% (xn) | - jweky rtiten By lfminattng —Vowabla tue equaliovs can he Ane Au that when Eg} Wy are known, Substituting a) nfo. Us) a a . a8 _ fowty- Y [ 2 a [dpm +283 fup = joey + [s - B (Jp + 2) a [ae - J + by - BP | _

| beep om — . oy Ww a x4 by ew > = cE, — BAM uw Gig) = eee - PSD a ew xy pom lV v Se Ot Hy 2 Hf phy ew dey —— ce Py % ap wy ow Bye dE w avn | ‘ a [P TT + > es yw dhe | Hed (pg wae] 4 oo 4 ° Wy% _ Wwe VEX) —— . Mn apa a? where y= wep - e : Substtuting uy dg tele equation (ae) we qe > Hp Ce ( eee))]- ; we 26%). jewkp 3 (ERE RD) ao a ¥ a, (Sp ate _ jwer 268 \ = + 4% (ER ee) — lp aHy 4 Jwe 264 ) = Jweey og ( you me >F~Jwe 1" ey + 28f- Swe j vey ; = fweey = P *4 BD Pq" og? | vby Jwe ae LL Sr ep 4 ae} ~-L, 28 = ey - i oe oe JOP 1, 7-1, 7% -L, UH Ly a ev YF sq” ag* x4 by -4 dey 4 1 ey a2e 2 —=- =) ++ Lee + Eq = 0 (25) ae vy y Db a > BPR THE 4 gPhg SO —— ay> BY B> age do fuid Fy and ty we howe fo solve "eal . Deffre pe Ey we) Hy vip = pe Be * a Expanding wa uy tendrical wordinalo ~ cS 2, ey ay ae 4a DR +BR = PELE me TY or 2h 037 hor Avene ab he fealda are Ha hoamomte fietde with auguler — Prafussay wo ATet), ° 2 Yo a dea Be SH HEY ae y Ob o> ae” ae of = Vamablo, dus above 4 ren by Separation w= Read Org) Ivo / : - ° p> wv bee > %yrlv varies with a fyaed val of wt Yat on saleget wore Wehaviouy zd = cle _, Shin septs “ “4 exprowed tn +x divectton. Solving 2 ye yas 4% Po? “Oy F L ee long. Riowladyt abour 4 amd B amd RMA be calnlated cata. ye aD EP a 3 aR a abe fev ~ PRE “ee ae PR 4. 2A + ee pateet® . 3 ¥ OF ™ aR 2R al me yam [y-gjere ——@ Equotee 19) a Rewele Forctow