MA1352- Linear Algebra and Partial differential equations Dept.

of ECE Year:2022-2023

MA1352- LINEAR ALGEBRA AND PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

II Year ECE- III Semester
Question Bank Answer
UNIT I –VECTOR SPACES
PART – A
1 Define Vector space.
Solution:
A vector space (or linear space) V over a field F consists of a set on which two operations
(called addition and scalar multiplication, respectively) are defined so that for each pair of
elements x , y in V there is a unique element x + y in V , and for each element a in F
and each element x in V there is a unique element ax in V , such that the following
conditions hold.
1. x + y = y + x, x, y V (Commutativity of addition).
2. ( x + y ) + z = x + ( y + z ) , x, y, z V (Associativity of addition).
3. There exists an element in V denoted by 0 such that x + 0 = x, x V
4. There exists an element y in V such that x + y = 0, x V .
5. 1x = x, x V
6. ( ab) x = a (bx ) , x V and a, b  F
7. a ( x + y ) = ax + ay, x, y V and a  F
8. ( a + b) x = ax + bx, x V and a, b  F .
2 Let W be the union of the first and third quadrant in the xy-plane i.e.
 x 
W =    , xy  0
 y 
(a) If u is in W and c is any scalar, then cu is in W ? why?
(b) Find the specific vectors u and v in W such that u + v is not in W .
Solution:
 x
(a) Let u =    W , xy  o
 y
 x   cx 
Let c be any scalar then cu = c   =   = c 2 xy  0
 y   cy 
 cu  W
 2  − 1
(b) Let u =  , v =  , u, v  W
 3 − 5
 2   − 1  1 
Now, u + v =   +   =    W
3 − 5 − 2
Since u + v W then W is not a vector space .
3 Define Subspace. Give some examples.
Solution:
A subspace of a vector space V is a subset H of V that has three properties:
a. The zero vector of V is in H .
b. H is closed under vector addition. i.e., u + v  H , u, v  H .
c. H is closed under multiplication by scalars. i.e., cu  H , c  F , u  H .
Examples:
1. The set of all square matrices M nn ( R ) is a subspace of set of all matrices M nn ( R ) .

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MA1352- Linear Algebra and Partial differential equations Dept. of ECE Year:2022-2023
2. The set of all polynomials of degree at most n with real coefficient Pn ( R ) is a subspace
of P ( R ) .
4 If V = R , then verify whether W =
3
( a , a , a ) / 2a − 7a
1 2 3 1 2 + a3 = 0 is a subspace or not.
NOV/DEC 2019
Solution:
Let w1 = ( a1, a2 , a3 ) , w2 = (b1 , b2 , b3 ) ; w1 , w2 W
 w1 +  w2 =  ( a1 , a2 , a3 ) +  (b1 , b2 , b3 )
= ( a1 , a2 , a3 ) + (  b1 ,  b2 ,  b3 )
= ( a1 +  b1 , a2 +  b2 , a3 +  b3 )
= 2 ( a1 +  b1 ) − 7 ( a2 +  b2 ) + ( a3 +  b3 )
=  ( 2a1 − 7a2 + a3 ) +  ( 2b1 − 7b2 + b3 )
 w1 +  w2 =  .0 +  .0 = 0 W .
W is a subspace of V .
5 What are the possible subspaces of R2 . NOV/DEC 2018
Solution:
Subspaces of R2
(i) 0 is the subspace of R2 .
2 2
(ii) R is the subspace of R .
(iii) set of lines through the origin.
6 Determine whether the following sets are subspaces of R3 .
2
(a) R .

(b) W = (a1 , a2 , a3 )  R 3 : a1 = a3 + 2 . 
Solution:
R 3 have three entries, whereas the vectors in R 2 have only two,
(a) Since the vectors in
2 3 2 3
The vector space R is not a subspace of R ,because R is not even a subset of R .
(b) Let x = (a1 ,a2 ,a3 )W , where a1 = a3 + 2
y = (b1 , b2 ,b3 ) W , where b1 = b3 + 2
x + y = (a1 , a2 , a3 ) + (b1 , b2 , b3 )
= (a1 + b1 , a2 + b2 , a3 + b3 )
Now, a1 + b1 = ( a3 + 2) + (b3 + 2) = a3 + b3 + 4  a3 + b3 + 2
 x + y W
 W is not a subspace of V .
7 Define linear combination of vectors, span of subset and generator set in vector space.
Solution:
Let V be a vector space over a field F and S is the subset of V .
Linear combination of vectors: A vector v  V is a linear combination of vectors of S if
and only if there exists a finite number of vectors u1 , u2 ,..., un  S and a1 , a2 ,..., an  F such
that v = a1u1 + a2u2 + ... + anun .
Span of subset S of V : The set consisting of all linear combinations of vectors in S . It is
denoted by Span ( S ) .
Generator set: A subset S of a vector space V is said to be generator set of V if
Span ( S ) = V .

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MA1352- Linear Algebra and Partial differential equations Dept. of ECE Year:2022-2023
8 Determine 3 x 3 − 2 x 2 + 7 x + 8 can be expressed as a linear combination of
x 3 − 2 x 2 − 5 x − 3 and 3 x 3 − 5 x 2 − 4 x − 9 .
Solution:
Let u1 = x3 − 2 x 2 − 5 x − 3 ; u2 = 3x3 − 5 x 2 − 4 x − 9
Determine the scalars a1 , a2 such that
3x3 − 2x2 + 7 x + 8 = a1u1 + a2u2
= a1 ( x3 − 2x2 − 5x − 3) + a2 (3x3 − 5x2 − 4x − 9)
= (a1 + 3a2 ) x3 + (−2a1 − 5a2 ) x2 + (−5a1 − 4a2 ) x + (−3a1 − 9a2 )
Equating the coefficients
a1 + 3a2 = 3 − − − (1)
−2a1 − 5a2 = −2 − − − (2)
− 5a1 − 4a2 = 7 − − − (3)
−3a1 − 9a2 = 8 − − − (4)
3 × (1) + (4)  (3a1 + 9a2 ) + (−3a1 − 9a2 ) = 9 − 8
i.e. 0 = 1
This is impossible.
Hence, 3x3 − 2 x 2 + 7 x + 8 cannot be expressed as a linear combination of x3 − 2 x 2 − 5 x − 3
and 3x3 − 5 x 2 − 4 x − 9 .
 1 0  0 1  0 0  0 0
9 Show that the matrices  ,  ,  ,   generate M22 ( F ) .
 0 0  0 0  1 0  0 1
Solution:
 a11 a12 
Let   be any arbitrary matrix in M 22 ( F ) .
 a21 a22 
Let a, b, c and d by any scalars so that
 a11 a12  1 0 0 1  0 0  0 0
  = a  + b  + c  +d 
 a21 a22   0 0  0 0  1 0 0 1
 a 0 0 b 0 0 0 0   a b 
=  +  +  +  = 
 0 0 0 0  c 0 0 d   c d 
 a = a11 , b = a12 , c = a21 and d = a22 .
 The given matrices generate M 22 ( F ) .
1
spanned by v1 , v2 , v3 if v1 =  −1
3
10 For what values of h will y be in the subspace of R  
 −2 
5  −3   −4 
, v2 = −4 , v3 = 1 and y =  3  .
   
     
 −7   0   h 
Solution:
Given that y is in the subspace spanned by v1 , v2 , v3
 y = av1 + bv2 + cv3
 −4  1 5  −3
 3  = a  −1 + b  −4  + c  1 
       
 h   −2  −7   0 

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MA1352- Linear Algebra and Partial differential equations Dept. of ECE Year:2022-2023

−4 = a + 5b − 3c → (1)
3 = −a − 4b + c → (2)
h = −2a − 7b → (3)
(1) + (2)  3  5 = −2a − 7b → (4)
from (3) and (4), we have h=5.
11 Define linear dependent set and independent set of a vector space.
Solution:
Linear dependent set: A subset u1, u2 ,..., un  of a vector space V over F is called linearly
dependent set if there exist a finite number of scalars a1 , a2 ,..., an in F not all zero, such that
a1u1 + a2u2 + ... + anun = 0 .
Linear independent set: A subset u1, u2 ,..., un  of a vector space V over F is called
linearly independent set if there exist a finite number of scalars a1 , a2 ,..., an in F all are zero,
such that a1u1 + a2u2 + ... + anun = 0 .
12 Determine whether the vectors v1 = (1, −2, 3) , v2 = ( 5,6, −1) , v3 = ( 3, 2,1) form a linearly
3
dependent or linearly independent set in R . NOV/DEC 2018
Solution:
1 −2 3
5 6 −1 =1 6 + 2 + 2 5 + 3 + 3 10 − 18 = 8 + 16 − 24 = 0
3 2 1
Since the determinant value is zero then the vectors are linearly dependent.
13 Show that the vectors u = (1, 2, 3) , v = ( 2,5,7 ) , w = (1, 3,5) are linearly independent.
Solution:
1 2 1
2 5 3 =1 25 − 21 − 2 10 − 9 + 114 − 15 = 4 − 2 − 1 = 1  0
3 7 5
Since the determinant value is non zero, the vectors are linearly independent.
14 Determine whether x 3
+ 2 x 2 , − x 2 + 3 x + 1, x 3 − x 2 + 2 x − 1 in P3 ( R) is linearly
dependent or not.
Solution:
Let u = x 3 + 2 x 2 , v = − x 2 + 3x + 1, w = x 3 − x 2 + 2 x − 1
Consider au + bv + cw = 0
a ( x3 + 2 x2 ) + b ( − x2 + 3x + 1) + c ( x3 − x 2 + 2 x − 1) = 0
( a + c ) x3 + ( 2a − b − c ) x2 + (3b + 2c ) x + (b − c ) = 0x3 + 0x2 + 0x + 0
a + c = 0 − − − (1)
2a − b − c = 0 − − − (2)
3b + 2c = 0 − − − (3)
b − c = 0 − − − (4)
(4)  b = c
Sub b = c in (3)
we get b = 0  c = 0  a = 0
 a = b = c = 0.
Hence u , v, w are linearly independent.

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15 Given v1 and v2 in a vector space V and let H = Spanv1 , v2  . Show that H is a
subspace of V .
Solution:
The zero vector is in H , since 0 = 0v1 + 0v2 . To show that H is closed under vector addition,
take two arbitrary vectors in H , say u = s1v1 + s2v2 and w = t1v1 + t2v2
For the vector space V ,
u + w = s1v1 + s2v2 + t1v1 + t2v2
u + w = ( s1 + t1 ) v1 + ( s2 + t2 ) v2
So u + w is in H.
Furthermore, if c is any scalar, cu = c ( s1v1 + s2v2 ) = ( cs1 ) v1 + ( cs2 ) v2
which shows that cu is in H and H is closed under scalar multiplication.
Thus H is a subspace of V .
16 Define Basis of a vector space and write down the standard basis for the vector space
Rn , Pn ( R) and M22 ( R) .
Solution: A subset S of a vector space is said to be a basis of V if
(i) S is a linearly independent set and
(ii) S generates V i.e., Span ( S ) = V
Other words, a basis S for a vector space V is a linearly independent subset of V that
generates V .
(i) For the vector space R n , e1, e2 ,..., en  is a standard basis for R n , where e1 = (1,0,...,0) ,
e2 = ( 0,1,...,0) ,..., en = ( 0,0,...,1) .
2

(ii) For the vector space of all polynomials of degree  n , Pn ( R ) , 1, x, x ,..., x
n
 is a
standard basis.
 1 0   0 1   0 0   0 0  
(iii) For the vector space M 22 ( R ) ,  ,  ,  ,    is a standard basis.
 0 0   0 0   1 0   0 1 
17 Define finite dimensional vector space and dimension of vector space with examples.
Solution: If basis of a vector space V consists of finite number of vectors, then the vector
space V is called finite dimensional. The unique number of vectors in each basis for V is
called the dimension of V and is denoted by dim (V ) .
A vector space that is not finite dimensional is called infinite dimensional.
n
Example:1) Vector space F has dimension n .
2) Vector space Pn ( F ) has dimension n + 1 .
3) Vector space M 22 ( F ) has dimension mn .
18 Find the basis and dimension for the subspace
W = (a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 , a5 )  R : a1 + a5 = 0 , a2 = a3 = a4  .
5

Solution:
W = (a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 , a5 )  R 5 : a1 + a5 = 0 , a2 = a3 = a4 
Take, a2 = a3 = a4 = p, a5 = q
Now, ( −q, p, p, p, q ) = p(0,1,1,1, 0) + q(−1, 0, 0, 0,1) .
The set (0,1,1,1, 0), (−1, 0, 0, 0,1) generates W
To check for linearly independent, there exist scalars a,b in R such that
a (0,1,1,1,0) + b(−1,0,0,0,1) = (0,0,0,0,0)
(0, a, a, a,0) + (−b,0,0,0, b) = (0,0,0,0,0)
Equating, a = 0, b = 0. the set is linearly independent set.
Hence the set (0,1,1,1, 0), (−1, 0, 0, 0,1) is basis for W and Dimension of W= 2.
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19 If V = A  B then show that dim (V ) = dim ( A) + dim ( B )
Proof: We know that, dim ( A + B ) = dim ( A) + dim ( B ) − dim ( A  B )
Since V = A  B then V = A + B and A  B = 0  dim ( A  B ) = 0
dim ( A + B ) = dim ( A) + dim ( B )
Hence, dim (V ) = dim ( A) + dim ( B ) .
20 Find the dimension of W , where ( x , x , x ) / x + x
1 2 3 1 2 + x3 = 0 . NOV/DEC 2019
Solution: Given x1 + x2 + x3 = 0 ,  x3 = − x1 − x2
( x1, x2 , −x1 − x2 ) = x1 (1,0, −1) + x2 ( 0,1, −1)
 B = (1,0, −1) , ( 0,1, −1) is a basis of W .
dim (W ) = 2 .
PART B
1 Prove that F , the set of all ordered n-tuples with entries from F is a vector space over
n

F under coordinate wise addition and scalar multiplication.

Solution: Given F n =(a1, a2 ,..., an ) :each ai  F.
Vector addition defined as coordinate wise addition:
(a1 , a2 ,..., an ) + (b1 , b2 ,..., bn ) = (a1 + b1 , a2 + b2 ,..., an + bn ).
Scalar multiplication defined as coordinate wise scalar multiplication:
(a1 , a2 ,..., an ) = (a1 , a2 ,..., an ).
To check vector addition of two vectors in F n
Let x = (a1 , a2 ,..., an )  F n , where each ai  F and y = (b1 , b2 ,..., bn )  F n , where each bi  F .
 x + y = (a1 , a2 ,..., an ) + (b1 , b2 ,..., bn ) = ( a1 + b1 , a2 + b2 ,..., an + bn )  F n ( each ai + bi  F )
To check scalar multiplication of scalar and vector in F n :
Let   F and x = (a1 , a2 ,..., an )  F n , where each ai  F
x = (a1 , a2 ,..., an )  F n ( each ai  F )
(i) x + y = (a1 , a2 ,..., an ) + (b1 , b2 ,..., bn ) = (a1 + b1 , a2 + b2 ,..., an + bn )
y + x = (b1 , b2 ,..., bn ) + (a1 , a2 ,..., an ) = (b1 + a1 , b2 + a2 ,..., bn + an )
= (a1 + b1 , a2 + b2 ,..., an + bn )
 x + y = y + x.
(ii) Take z = (c1 , c2 ,..., cn )  F n , where each ci  F .
( x + y ) + z = ((a1, a2 ,..., an ) + (b1, b2 ,..., bn ) ) + (c1, c2 ,..., cn )
= (a1 + b1 + c1 , a2 + b2 + c2 ,..., an + bn + cn )
x + ( y + z ) = (a1, a2 ,..., an ) + ( (b1, b2 ,..., bn ) + (c1, c2 ,..., cn ) )
= (a1 + b1 + c1 , a2 + b2 + c2 ,..., an + bn + cn )
( x + y) + z = x + ( y + z).
(iii)  x = (a1 , a2 ,..., an )  F n there exist a vector 0 = (0,0,...,0)  F n such that
x + 0 = (a1 , a2 ,..., an ) + (0,0,...,0) = (a1 + 0, a2 + 0,..., an + 0) = (a1, a2 ,..., an ) = x
Similarly, 0+x = x.
 x+0= x =0+x.
Here, 0 = (0,0,...,0) is a zero vector of F n .
(iv) For every x = (a1 , a2 ,..., an )  F n there exist a vector − x = (−a1 , −a2 ,..., −an )  F n
such that x + (− x) = (a1 , a2 ,..., an ) + (−a1 , −a2 ,..., −an )
= (a1 − a1 , a2 − a2 ,..., an − an ) = (0, 0,..., 0) = 0

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Similarly, ( − x )+x = 0.
 x+( − x ) =0 =( − x ) +x.
Here, − x = (−a1 , −a2 ,..., −an ) is a additive inverse vector of F n .
(v) 1 F and x = (a1 , a2 ,..., an )  F n , where each ai  F .
1 x = (1a1 ,1a2 ,...,1an ) = (a1 , a2 ,..., an ) = x
(vi) Let ,   F and x = (a1 , a2 ,..., an )  F n , where each ai  F .
( ) x = () (a1, a2 ,..., an ) = (a1, a2 ,..., an ).
 (x ) =  (a1, a2 ,..., an ) = (a1, a2 ,..., an ).
 ( ) x =  (x ) .
(vii) Let   F and x = (a1 , a2 ,..., an )  F n , where each ai  F
( x + y) = ( (a1, a2 ,..., an ) + (b1, b2 ,..., bn ) ) = (a1 + b1, a2 + b2 ,..., an + bn )
= (a1 + b1 , a2 + b2 ,..., an + bn )
x + y = (a1 , a2 ,..., an ) + (b1 , b2 ,..., bn ) = (a1 , a2 ,..., an ) + (b1 , b2 ,..., bn )
= (a1 + b1 , a2 + b2 ,..., an + bn )
( x + y) = x + y .
(viii) Let ,   F and x = (a1 , a2 ,..., an )  F n , where each ai  F .
(  +) x = ( +) (a1, a2 ,..., an ) = (( +) a1, ( +) a2 ,..., ( +) an )
= (a1 + a1 , a2 + a2 ,..., an + an ).
x +x = (a1 , a2 ,..., an ) + (a1 , a2 ,..., an ) = (a1 , a2 ,..., an ) + (a1 , a2 ,..., an )
= (a1 + a1 , a2 + a2 ,..., an + an ).
 (  +) x = x +x.
Hence F n is a vector space.
 a a + b
2 Determine whether the set of all 2×2 matrices of the form   , a, b R with
a +b b 
respect to standard matrix addition and scalar multiplication is a vector space or not?
If not list all the axioms that fail to hold. NOV/DEC 2018
 a a + b
Solution: Let V = Set of all 2×2 matrices of the form   , a, b  R
a +b b 
To check vector addition of two vectors is in V
 a a1 + b1   a2 a2 + b2 
Let x =  1  V , y =   V
 a1 + b1 b1   a2 + b2 b2 
 a a1 + b1   a2 a2 + b2   a1 + a2 a1 + b1 + a2 + b2 
x + y = 1 + =  V
 a1 + b1 b1   a2 + b2 b2   a1 + b1 + a2 + b2 b1 + b2 

To check scalar multiplication of scalar and vector is in F n :

 a a1 + b1 
Let   F and x =  1  V
 a1 + b1 b1 
 a a1 + b1   a1 a1 + b1 
x =   1 =  V
 a1 + b1 b1   a1 + b1 b1 
 a a1 + b1   a2 a2 + b2 
(i) Let x =  1  V , y =   V
 a1 + b1 b1   a2 + b2 b2 

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MA1352- Linear Algebra and Partial differential equations Dept. of ECE Year:2022-2023

 a a1 + b1   a2 a2 + b2 
x + y = 1  + 
 a1 + b1 b1   a2 + b2 b2 
 a1 + a2 a1 + b1 + a2 + b2 
= 
 a1 + b1 + a2 + b2 b1 + b2 
 a a2 + b2   a1 a1 + b1 
y + x = 2 + 
 a2 + b2 b2   a1 + b1 b1 
 a2 + a1 a2 + b2 + a1 + b1   a1 + a2 a1 + b1 + a2 + b2 
=  = 
 a2 + b2 + a1 + b1 b2 + b1   a1 + b1 + a2 + b2 b1 + b2 
 x + y = y + x.
 a a3 + b3 
(ii) Take z =  3  V
 a3 + b3 b3 
 a a1 + b1   a2 a2 + b2    a3 a3 + b3 
( x + y ) + z =  1  +  +  
 a1 + b1 b1   a2 + b2 b2    a3 + b3 b3 
 a1 + a2 + a3 a1 + b1 + a2 + b2 + a3 + b3 
= 
 a1 + b1 + a2 + b2 + a3 + b3 b1 + b2 + b3 
 a a1 + b1    a2 a2 + b2   a3 a3 + b3  
x + ( y + z) =  1 + + 
 a1 + b1 b1    a2 + b2 b2   a3 + b3 b3  
 a1 + a2 + a3 a1 + b1 + a2 + b2 + a3 + b3 
= 
 a1 + b1 + a2 + b2 + a3 + b3 b1 + b2 + b3 
( x + y) + z = x + ( y + z).
 a a1 + b1  0 0
(iii) For all x =  1  V there exist a matrix 0 =  0 0   V such that
 a1 + b1 b1   
 a a1 + b1   0 0   a1 a1 + b1 
x + 0 = 1 +  = =x
 a1 + b1 b1   0 0   a1 + b1 b1 
 0 0   a1 a1 + b1   a1 a1 + b1 
Similarly, 0 + x =  +a +b =  =x
 0 0  1 1 b1   a1 + b1 b1 
0 0
Here, 0 =   is a zero vector (identity vector) of V.
0 0
 a1 a1 + b1   −a1 −(a1 + b1 ) 
(iv) For every x =   V there exist a vector − x =   V
 a1 + b1 b1   −(a1 + b1 ) −b1 
 a a1 + b1   −a1 −(a1 + b1 )   0 0 
such that x + (− x) =  1 + = =0
 a1 + b1 b1   −(a1 + b1 ) −b1   0 0 
Similarly, ( − x )+x = 0.
 x+( − x ) =0 =( − x ) +x.
 −a1 −(a1 + b1 ) 
Here, − x =   is an additive inverse vector of V .
 −(a1 + b1 ) −b1 
 a a1 + b1 
(v) 1 F and x =  1  V
a +
 1 1 b b1 
 a a1 + b1   a1 a1 + b1 
1 x =1 1 = =x
 a1 + b1 b1   a1 + b1 b1 

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 a1 a1 + b1 
(vi) Let ,   F and x =   V
 a1 + b1 b1 
 a1 a1 + b1   a1  ( a1 + b1 ) 
( ) x = ( )  = 
 a1 + b1 b1    ( a1 + b1 ) b1 
  a1  ( a1 + b1 ) 
=   = (x)
  ( a1 + b1 )  b1 
 ( ) x =  (x ) .
 a1 a1 + b1   a2 a2 + b2 
(vii) Let   F , x =   V and y =   V
 a1 + b1 b1   a2 + b2 b2 
 a a1 + b1   a2 a2 + b2  
 ( x + y ) =   1 + 
 a1 + b1 b1   a2 + b2 b2  
 (a1 + a2 )  (a1 + b1 + a2 + b2) 
= 
 (a1 + b1 + a2 + b2 )  ( b1 + b2 ) 
 a a1 + b1   a2 a2 + b2 
=  1  +  
 a1 + b1 b1   a2 + b2 b2 
= x + y
( x + y) = x + y .
 a a1 + b1 
(viii) Let ,  F and x =  1 .
 a1 + b1 b1 
 a1 a1 + b1   (  + ) a1 (  + ) (a1 + b1 ) 
(  + ) x = (  + )   = 
 a1 + b1 b1   (  + ) (a1 + b1 ) (  + ) b1 
 a1 + a1 (a1 + b1 ) + (a1 + b1 ) 
= 
 (a1 + b1 ) + (a1 + b1 ) b1 + b1 
 a a1 + b1   a1 a1 + b1 
=  1  +  
 a1 + b1 b1   a1 + b1 b1 
 (  +) x = x +x.
Hence V is a vector space.
3 Prove that Pn ( R) the set of all polynomials of degree at most n with real coefficient is
a vector space under usual addition and constant multiplication of polynomial.
Solution: Given

Pn ( R) = a0 + a1t + a2t 2 + + ant n :polynomial of degree  n and each ai  R . 
Vector addition defined as addition of polynomial:
p (t ) + q (t ) = a0 + a1t + a2t 2 + + ant n + b0 + b1t + b2t 2 + + bnt n
= (a0 + b0 ) + (a1 + b1 )t + (a2 + b2 )t 2 + + (an + bn )t n
Scalar multiplication defined as constant multiplication of polynomial:
p ( t ) =  ( a0 + a1t + a2t 2 + + ant n ) = a0 + a1t + a2t 2 + + ant n
To check vector addition of two vectors is in Pn (R)
Let p (t ) = a0 + a1t + a2t 2 + + ant n , whereeach ai  R and
q (t ) = b0 + b1t + b2t 2 + + bnt n , whereeach bi  R then
( p + q )(t ) = p (t ) + q (t ) = (a0 + b0 ) + (a1 + b1 )t + (a2 + b2 )t 2 + + (an + bn )t n  Pn (R)

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MA1352- Linear Algebra and Partial differential equations Dept. of ECE Year:2022-2023

( p + q )(t ) is a polynomial of degree  n and

each ( ai + bi )  R is a polynomial of degree  n
To check scalar multiplication of scalar and vector is in Pn (R) :
(
p ( t ) =  a0 + a1t + a2t 2 + )
+ ant n = a0 + a1t + a2t 2 + + ant n  Pn (R)
( p)(t)is a polynomial of degree  n and each  ai  R
(i) ( p + q ) (t) = (a0 + b0 ) + (a1 + b1 )t + (a2 + b2 )t 2 + + (an + bn )t n 
= (b0 + a0 ) + (b1 + a1 )t + (b2 + a2 )t 2 + + (bn + an )t n 
= ( q + p ) (t)
(ii) Let r (t ) = c0 + c1t + c2t 2 + + cnt n .
( ( p + q ) + r ) ( t ) = ( ( p + q )(t ) + r (t ) )
= (a0 + b0 ) + (a1 + b1 )t + (a2 + b2 )t 2 + + (an + bn )t n  + (c0 + c1t + c2t 2 + + cnt n )
= (a0 + b0 + c0 ) + (a1 + b1 + c1 )t + (a2 + b2 + c2 )t 2 + + (an + bn + cn )t n
= (a0 + (b0 + c0 )) + (a1 + (b1 + c1 ))t + (a2 + (b2 + c2 ))t 2 + + (an + (bn + cn ))t n
= (a0 + a1t + a2t 2 + + ant n ) + (b0 + c0 ) + (b1 + c1 )t + (b 2 + c2 )t 2 + + (b n + cn )t n 
= p ( t ) + ( q + r )( t )
= ( p + ( q + r ) ) ( t ) , p ( t ) , q ( t ) , r ( t )  Pn ( R)
(iii) If all the coefficients are zero, O(t) = 0 + 0t + 0t 2 + + 0t n is a zero polynomial.
The zero polynomial is included in Pn even though its degree is not defined.
(iv) − p ( t ) = ( −1) ( a0 + a1t + a2t 2 + ... + ant n ) = −a0 − a1t − a2t 2 − − ant n
( p + ( − p ) ) ( t ) = (a 0 − a0 ) + (a1 − a1 )t + (a2 − a2 )t 2 + + (an − an )t n
= 0 + 0t + 0t 2 + + 0t n = O(t)
− p (t ) acts as a additive inverse.
(v) 1p (t ) = p (t ) , p (t )  Pn ( R )
(vi) () p (t ) = ()(a0 + a1t + a2t 2 + + ant n )
= ( a0 ) + ( a1 )t + ( a2 )t 2 + + ( an )t n
= ()( a0 +  a1t +  a2t 2 + +  an t n )
= ()( p(t )) p ( t )  Pn ( R) , ,   R
(
(viii) (  +  ) ( p ( t ) ) = (  +  ) a0 + a1t + a2t 2 + + an t n)
(
= a0 + a1t + a2t 2 + + ant n ) + (a 0 + a1t + a2t 2 + +  an t n )
= p ( t ) + p ( t ) , p(t)  Pn ( R), ,  R
Hence, Pn ( R ) is the vector space.
  1 −3 2   − 3 7 4   −2 3 11  
4 In M23 ( R) , show that the set   ,  ,   is linearly
 −4 0 5   6 −2 −7   −1 −3 2  
dependent.
Solution: Let a, b, c  F
 1 −3 2   −3 7 4   −2 3 11 0 0 0
Consider, a   +b  +c =
 −4 0 5   6 −2 −7   −1 −3 2  0 0 0 

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 a −3a 2a   −3b 7b 4b   −2c 3c 11c  0 0 0 

 −4a 0 5a  +  6b −2b −7b  +  −c −3c 2c  = 0 0 0 
       
Equating
a − 3b − 2c = 0 − − − (1)
−3a + 7b + 3c = 0 − − − (2)
2a + 4b + 11c = 0 − − − (3)
−4a + 6b − c = 0 − − − (4)
−2b − 3c = 0 − − − (5)
5a − 7b + 2c = 0 − − − (6)
−2b
From (5) c =
3
 −2b   4b   5b   5b 
Substitute in (1) a − 3b − 2   = 0  a − 3b +   = 0  a −   = 0  a =  
 3   3   3  3
Take b=3 we get, a= 5, c = –2. (they satisfies all the above equations)
Hence the given set is linearly dependent.
5 Determine whether the set of vectors X1 = (1,1, 2) , X 2 = (1,0,1) and X 3 = ( 2,1, 3) span
R3 .
Let ( a1 , a2 , a3 ) be any arbitrary vector in R 3 .
If the vectors X1 = (1,1, 2) , X 2 = (1,0,1) and X 3 = ( 2,1,3) span R 3 then any arbitrary vector
( a1, a2 , a3 ) in R 3 is a linear combination of the three given vectors; in fact, f or the
scalars r , s and t .
We have,
r (1,1, 2 ) + s (1, 0,1) + t ( 2,1,3) = ( a1 , a2 , a3 )
( r , r , 2r ) + ( s, 0, s ) + ( 2t , t ,3t ) = ( a1, a2 , a3 )
( r + s + 2t , r + t , 2r + s + 3t ) = ( a1 , a2 , a3 )
Equating we get,
r + s + 2t = a1 − − − (1)
r + t = a2 − − − (2)
2r + s + 3t = a3 − − − (3)
This problem reduces to determine whether this system is consistent for all values of a1 , a 2
, a3 .
The system will be consistent for all values of a 1 , a 2 , a 3 if the coefficient matrix
1 1 2
 
A =  1 0 1  is invertible.
 2 1 3
 
1 1 2
Since A = 1 0 1 = 0 then A is not invertible.
2 1 3
Since A is not invertible the given set of vectors are linearly dependent.
So, X1= (1,1,2), X2= (1,0,1) and X3= (2,1,3) do not span R3.
6 Show that the polynomials x 2 + 3 x − 2 , 2 x 2 + 5 x − 3 and − x 2 − 4 x + 4 generate P2 ( R)

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Let a2 x 2 + a1 x + a0 be any arbitrary 2nd degree polynomial in P2 ( R ) .

Determine the scalars a, b, c such that
a2 x 2 + a1 x + a0 = a ( x 2 + 3x − 2) + b(2 x 2 + 5 x − 3) + c(− x 2 − 4 x + 4)
= (ax 2 + 3ax − 2a) + (2bx 2 + 5bx − 3b) + (−cx 2 − 4cx + 4c)
= (a + 2b − c) x 2 + (3a + 5b − 4c) x + (−2a − 3b + 4c)
On equating we get, a + 2b − c = a2 ---(1)
3a + 5b – 4c = a1 ---(2)
–2a – 3b + 4c = a0 ---(3)
2x(1) +(3) gives b + 2c = 2a2 + a0 ---(4)
3x(1) –(2) gives b + c = 3a2 − a1 ---(5)
(4)–(5) gives c = −a2 + a1 + a0
Substitute c in (5) we get, b + ( −a2 + a1 + a0 ) = 3a2 − a1
i.e. b = 4a2 − 2a1 − a0
Substitute b and c in (1) we get, a + 2 ( 4a2 − 2a1 − a0 ) − ( −a2 + a1 + a0 ) = a2
i.e. a = −8a2 + 5a1 + 3a0
 a2 x 2 + a1 x + a0 = (−8a2 + 5a1 + 3a0 )( x 2 + 3x − 2) + (4a2 − 2a1 − a0 ) (2 x 2 + 5x − 3)
+ (−a2 + a1 + a0 ) (− x 2 − 4 x + 4)
Hence, the given polynomials generate P2(R).
7 Prove that the vector (2,6,8) can be expressed as a linear combination of (1,2,1) ,
(−2, −4, −2) , (0, 2, 3) , (2,0, −3) , (−3,8,16) .
Let u1 = (1,2,1) ; u 2 = (−2,−4,−2) ; u 3 = (0,2,3) ; u 4 = (2,0,−3) ; u 5 = (−3,8,16) .
Determine the scalars a1 , a 2 , a3 , a 4 , a5 such that
(2, 6,8) = a1u1 + a2u2 + a3u3 + a4u4 + a5u5
= a1 (1, 2,1) + a2 (−2, −4, −2) + a3 (0, 2,3) + a4 (2, 0, −3) + a5 (−3,8,16)
= (a1 − 2a2 + 2a4 − 3a5 , 2a1 − 4a2 + 2a3 + 8a5 , a1 − 2a2 + 3a3 − 3a4 + 16a5 )
Therefore,
a1 − 2a2 + 0a3 + 2a4 − 3a5 = 2
2a1 − 4a2 + 2a3 + 0a4 + 8a5 = 6
a1 − 2a2 + 3a3 − 3a4 + 16a5 = 8
Solving the above system by elimination method
 1 −2 0 2 −3 2 
 
 2 −4 2 0 8 6
 1 −2 3 −3 16 8 
 
 1 −2 0 2 −3 2
  R2  R2 − 2 R1
~0 0 2 −4 14 2
0 0 3 R  R3 − R1
 −5 19 6  3
 1 −2 0 2 −3 2 
 
~  0 0 1 −2 7 1  R3  2 R3 − 3R2
 0 0 0 2 −4 6 
 
The reduced equations are

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a1 − 2a2 + 2a4 − 3a5 = 2

a3 + −2a4 + 7a5 = 1
2a4 − 4a5 = 6
Take a2 = 0 and a5 = 0 , we get
a1 + 2a4 = 2 − − − (1) , 2a1 + 2a3 = 6 − − − (2) , a1 + 3a3 − 3a4 = 8 − − − (3)
(3) − (1)  3a3 − 5a4 = 6 − − − (4)
(2) − 2  (1)  2a3 − 4a4 = 2 − − − (5)
Solving (4)and (5)
2x(4) –3x(5)  2a4 = 6  a4 = 3
 a3 = 7 , a1 = −4 .
we get, a1 = −4 , a3 = 7 , a4 = 3.
 (2,6,8) = −4(1, 2,1) + 7(0, 2,3) + 3(2,0, −3)
Thus,(2,6,8) can be expressed as a linear combination of (1,2,1) , (−2,−4,−2) , (0,2,3) ,
(2,0,−3) , (−3,8,16) .
8 Prove that the vectors u1 = ( 2, −3,1) , u2 = (1,4, −2) , u3 = ( −8,12, −4) , u4 = (1, 37, −17 )
and u5 = ( −3, −5,8) generate R3 . Find a subset of the set u1 , u2 , u3 , u4 , u5  that is a
basis for R3 .
Solution:
Let us select any non-zero vector from the set S = u1 , u2 , u3 , u4 , u5  say ( 2, −3,1) to be a
vector in the basis.
Since (−8,12, −4) = −4(2, −3,1), the set (2, −3,1), (−8,12, −4)is linearly dependent.
Hence, we do not include (−8, 12, −4), in our basis.
Whereas (1, 4, −2) is not a multiple of (2,−3, 1) and vice versa, so the set {(2,−3,1), (1,4,
−2)} is linearly independent. So we include (1,4,−2) in our basis.
Now consider the set {(2,−3,1), (1,4, −2), (1,37,−17)} by adjoining (1,37,−17).
We include (1,37,−17) in our basis or exclude it from the basis according to whether the set
is linearly independent or dependent. Since u4 = −3u1 + 7u2, the set {u1,u2,u4} is linearly
dependent, so we exclude u4 from our basis. Next let us include u5 = (−3, −5, 8) to the set
{(2,−3,1), (1,4, −2).
Now consider the set {u1, u2, u5}.
To check {u1, u2, u5} is linearly independent or not.
Consider a(2, −3,1) + b(1, 4, −2) + c(−3, −5,8) = (0,0,0)
2 a + b − 3c = 0 − − (1)
−3a + 4 b − 5c = 0 − − (2) Another method:
a − 2 b + 8c = 0 − − (3) 2 1 −3
Consider the augmented matrix −3 4 −5 = 2 32 − 10 − 1 −24 + 5 − 3  6 − 4
 2 1 −3 0  1 −2 8
  = 44 + 19 − 6 = 57  0
 −3 4 −5 0 
 1 −2 8 0   the set is linearly independent
 
2 1 − 3 0
  R  2 R 2 + 3R1
~  0 11 −19 0  2
 0 −5 19 0  R 3  2 R 3 − R1
 

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MA1352- Linear Algebra and Partial differential equations Dept. of ECE Year:2022-2023

2 1 − 3 0
 
~  0 11 −19 0  R 3 = 11R 3 − R1
0 0 114 0 

 2a + b − 3c = 0 , 11b −19c = 0,114c = 0
Back substitution yields a = b = c = 0
 the set u1 , u2 , u5 is linearly independent
Hence it forms a basis for R 3 .
9 Let S = v1 , v2 , v3  where v1 = (1, −3, −2) , v2 = ( −3,1,3) , v3 = ( −2, −10, −2) . Verify
whether S form a basis or not. APR/MAY 2019
Let a1v1 + a2v2 + a3v3 = 0 where a1 , a2 , a3 are scalars
a1 (1, −3, −2) + a2 ( −3,1,3) + a3 ( −2, −10, −2) = 0
( a1 − 3a2 − 2a3 , −3a1 + a2 −10a3 , −2a1 + 3a2 − 2a3 ) = 0
 a1 − 3a2 − 2a3 = 0, −3a1 + a2 − 10a3 = 0, −2a1 + 3a2 − 2a3 = 0
1 −3 −2
−3 1 −10 = 0
−2 3 −2
Hence the given vectors are linearly dependent
Therefore the given set of vectors does not form a basis
The set of vectors is not a basis.
 a b   
 0 a  
10 Let W1 =  

 V : a, b, c F  and W2 =  

 V : a, b, c F  be two subspaces
 c a  −a b 

  
 
  

of a vector space V = M22 ( F ) . Find the dimension of W1 , W2 , W1 +W2 and W1  W2 .
Solution:
To find the generator set of W1:
 a b  1 0  0 1  0 0
We can write   = a 
  + b   + c  
 c a   0 1  0 0 1 0
 1
0  0 1  0 0 
The set   ,   ,   spans W1.
 0 1   0 0   1 0 
 1 0   0 1   0 0 
To check the set   ,  ,  is linearly independent
 0 1   0 0   1 0 
1 0  0 1 0 0
There exist scalars a,b,c such that a   + b   + c   = 0
 0 1 0 0 1 0
 a b   0 0
i.e.  =
 c a   0 0 
   
a=0,b=0,c=0.
 1 0   0 1   0 0 
   ,   ,   is linearly independent set.
 0 1   0 0   1 0 
 1
0   0 1   0 0 
Hence the set   ,   ,   forms a basis for W1 and dim(W1)=3.
 0 1   0 0   1 0 
To find the generator set of W2:

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 0 a   0 1  0 0
We can write   = a   + b  
 −a b   −1 0   0 1 
 0 1   0 0  
The set   , 

  spans W2.
 −1 0   0 1  
 
 0 1   0 0  
To check the set   ,    is linearly independent
 −1 0   0 1  
 
 0 1 0 0
There exist scalars a,b such that a   + b   = 0
 −1 0   0 1 
 0 a   0 0
i.e.  =
 −a b   0 0 
   
a=0, b=0.
 0 1   0 0  
   , 

  is linearly independent set
 −1 0   0 1  
 
 0 1   0 0  
Hence the set   , 

  forms a basis for W2 and dim(W2) =2.

 −1 0   0 1 
 0 a 
Now,W1  W2 =  
 V : a F 
 −a 0 
 

To find the generator set of W1W2:
 0 a  0 1
We can write   = a  
 −a 0   −1 0 
 0 1 
The set   spans W1W2
 −1 0 
 
 0 1
There exist scalars a such that a   = 0
 −1 0 
 0 a   0 0
  =   a = 0.
 −a 0   0 0 
 0 1  
Hence the set   forms a basis for W1W2 and dim (W1W2)=1.
 −1 0 
 
We know that, dim (W1+W2)=dimW1 + dimW2 – dim (W1W2) = 3+2-1 = 4
dim (W1+W2) = 4.
UNIT II LINEAR TRANSFORMATION AND INNER PRODUCT SPACES
PART-A
1 Define Linear transformation on a vector space.
Solution:
Let V and W be vector spaces over F . We call a function T : V → W a linear transformation
from V to W for all x, y V and c  F , we have
a) T ( x + y ) = T ( x ) + T ( y ) and
b) T ( cx ) = cT ( x ) .
2 Show that T : R → R defined by T ( a1 , a2 ) = ( 2a1 + a2 , a1 ) is linear.
2 2

Solution:
Let x, y  R 2 and c  R , where x = ( b1 , b2 ) , y = ( d1 , d2 )
Since we know that T is linear if and only if T ( cx + y ) = cT ( x ) + T ( y )
Now ( cx + y ) = ( c (b1, b2 ) + ( d1, d2 )) = ( cb1 + d1 , cb2 + d2 )

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T ( cx + y ) = T ( cb1 + d1 , cb2 + d2 ) = ( 2cb1 + cb2 + 2d1 + d2 , cb1 + d1 )

Also cT ( x ) + T ( y ) = cT (b1, b2 ) + T ( d1 , d2 )
= ( 2cb1 + cb2 , cb1 ) + ( 2d1 + d2 , d1 )
cT ( x ) + T ( y ) = ( 2cb1 + cb2 + 2d1 + d2 , cb1 + d1 )
T ( cx + y ) = cT ( x ) + T ( y )
Therefore, T is linear.
3 Define null space and range of T . APR/MAY 2019
Solution:
Let V and W be vector spaces and let T : V → W be linear.
The null space or kernel, N (T ) is the set of all vectors x in V such that T ( x ) = 0
i.e., N (T ) = x V : T ( x ) = 0 .
The Range or image R (T ) is the subset of W consisting of all images under T of vectors
in V .
i.e., R (T ) = T ( x ) : x V  .
4 State dimension theorem. NOV/DEC 2018
Solution:
Let V and W be vector spaces and let T : V → W be linear. If V is finite dimensional, then
Nullity (T ) + Rank (T ) = dim (V ) .
5 Verify that T : R → R and T ( u) = u is a linear transformation or not.
3

Solution:
T (u + v ) = u + v  u + v By Triangle inequality
But T (u + v )  T (u ) + T ( v )
So it is not a linear transformation.
6 Determine whether T : R → R defined by T ( a1 , a2 , a3 ) = ( a1 − a2 , 2a3 ) is one to one
3 2

or onto.
Solution:
T is one to one or onto only if N (T ) = 0
N (T ) = x V : T ( x ) = 0
T ( a1 , a2 , a3 ) = ( a1 − a2 , 2a3 ) = ( 0,0)
 a1 − a2 = 0, 2a3 = 0
 a1 = a2 , a3 = 0
N (T ) = x = ( a1 , a1 , 0)  0
Therefore, T is not one to one.
7 ( )
Let T : P3 ( R) → P2 ( R) be a linear transformation defined by T f ( x ) = f  ( x ) . Let
B1 and B2 be the standard bases for P3 ( R) and P2 ( R) respectively. Then find T  .
NOV/DEC 2019
Solution:
T ( f ( x )) = f  ( x )
T (1) = 0 = 0.1 + 0.x + 0.x2
T ( x ) = 1 = 1.1 + 0.x + 0.x2
T ( x2 ) = 2 x = 0.1 + 2.x + 0.x 2
T ( x3 ) = 3x 2 = 0.1 + 0.x + 3.x 2

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0 1 0 0 
T B1 = 0 0 2 0 .
B2

0 0 0 3
8 Obtain the matrix representing the linear transformation T :V3 ( R) → V3 ( R) given by
T ( a, b, c ) = ( 3a, a − b, 2a + b + c ) with respect to the standard basis e1 , e2 , e3  .
APR/MAY 2019

Solution:
T ( e1 ) = T (1,0,0 ) = ( 3,1, 2 ) = 3e1 + e2 + 2e3
T ( e2 ) = T ( 0,1,0 ) = ( 0, −1,1) = −e2 + e3
T ( e3 ) = T ( 0,0,1) = ( 0,0,1) = e3
 3 0 0
The matrix representing T is  1 −1 0  .
 
2 1 1
 
9 Define Inner Product space.
Solution:
Let V be a vector space over F . An inner product on V is a function that assigns, to every
ordered pair of vectors x and y in V then
i). x + z, y = x, y + z, y
ii). cx, y = c x, y
iii). x, y = y, x
iv). x, x  0 if x0

10 In an Euclidean inner product find cosine of the angle between the vectors u = ( 2,3,5)
and v = (1, −4,3) .
Solution:
u, v
cos  =
u v
u, v = 2 −12 +15 = 5 ,
u = 4 + 9 + 25 = 38, v = 1 + 16 + 9 = 26
u, v 5
cos  = = .
u v 38 26

11 Compute the angle between two vectors ( x, y ) and ( − y, x ) in an Euclidean inner

product space R2 .
Solution:
u, v
cos  =
u v
u, v = 0 , u = x 2 + y 2 , v = x 2 + y 2
u, v 0 
cos  = = 2 =0  = .
u v x +y 2
2

12 Find norm and distance between the vectors u = (1,0,1) and v = ( −1,1,0) .
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Solution: u = 1 + 0 + 1 = 2, v = ( −1) + 1 + 0 = 2
2 2 22 2 2 2 2

The distance between two vectors u and v is defined by d (u, v ) = u − v

u − v = u − v, u − v = u, u − u, v − v, u + v, v
2

u −v = u + v = 2+2 = 4
2 2 2

 u −v = 2.
13 Consider f ( t ) = 3t − 5 and g ( t ) = t 2 in the polynomial space P(t ) with inner product
1

f , g =  f ( t ) g ( t ) dt hence find f and g .

0
Solution:
f (t ) f (t ) = 9t 2 − 30t + 25 , g (t ) g (t ) = t 4
1
= f , f =  ( 9t 2 − 30t + 25) dt = 3t 3 − 15t 2 + 25t  = 13, f = 13
2 1
f
0
0 ,
5 1
t  1
1
1
g = g , g =  t 4 dt =   = , g =
2
.
0  5 0 5 5
14 Find the value of a if the vectors ( 2,a ) and ( 6,4) are orthogonal vectors in R2 .
Solution:
Let u = ( 2, a ) and v = ( 6,4)
Since the vectors are orthogonal u, v = 0
12 + 4a = 0  4a = −12  a = −3 .
15 Find k so that u = (1,2, k ,3) and v = ( 3, k,7, −5) in R4 are orthogonal.
Solution:
u, v = (1,2, k ,3) .(3, k,7, −5) = 3 + 2k + 7k −15 = 9k −12
Then set u, v = 9k −12 = 0  k = 4 .
3
16 Prove that in an inner product space V, for any u, v V .
u+v + u−v = 2 u + 2 v .
2 2 2 2

Solution:
u + v + u − v = u + v, u + v + u − v, u − v
2 2

= u, u + u, v + v, u + v, v + u, u − u, v − v, u + v, v
= u + v + u + v =2 u +2 v .
2 2 2 2 2 2

17 Let V = R and S =
2
(1,0) , ( 0,1) . Check whether S is orthonormal basis or not.
Solution:
Let x = (1, 0) and y = ( 0,1)
x, y = (1,0 ) , ( 0,1) = 0

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x = x, x = 1 = 1
y = y, y = 1 = 1
x = y =1
 S is an orthogonal basis.
18 If u and v are orthonormal vectors in an inner product space V then find u + v .
Solution:
u + v = u + v, u + v = u, u + u, v + v, u + v, v
2

= u + 2 u, v + v = u + v .
2 2 2 2

19 Let R2 have the weighted Euclidean inner product defined as u, v = 2u1v1 + 3u2v2 and
let u = (1,1) , v = ( 3,2) , w = ( 0, −1) .compute the value of u + v , 3 w .
Solution:
u + v = ( 4,3) , 3w = ( 0, −3)
u + v,3w = 2 ( 4)( 0) + 3(3)( −3) = −27 .
20 Write down the definition of Orthogonal and Orthonormal basis for inner product
space V .
Solution:
Orthogonal Basis:
A vector u  V is said to be orthogonal to v  V if u, v = 0 .
Orthonormal Basis:
A basis of an inner product space that consists of mutually orthogonal unit vectors is called
an Orthonormal basis.
PART B
1 State and prove Dimension theorem.
Dimension Theorem: Let V and W be vector spaces over F ,and let T : V → W be a
linear transformation. If V is finite-dimensional, then nullity(T) + rank(T) = dim(V).
Proof:
Given V is finite dimensional over F , and let dim (V ) = n
Since N (T ) is a subspace of V , N (T ) has a finite basis S = v1, v2 ,..., vk 
 dim  N (T ) = k  nullity (T ) = k
By completion of basis theorem, we extended S into a basis v1, v2 ,..., vk , vk +1,..., vn  of V
by adding n − k elements vk +1 , vk + 2 ,..., vn .
Now T ( v1 ) , T ( v2 ) ,..., T ( vk ) , T ( vk +1 ) , T ( vk +2 ) ,..., T ( vn ) belong to R (T ) .
Consider the subsets of S1 = T ( vk +1 ) , T ( vk +2 ) ,..., T ( vn ) of R (T ) .
We shall prove S1 is a basis of R (T ) .
First we prove L ( S1 ) = R (T )
(
R (T ) = L T ( v1 ) , T ( v2 ) ,..., T ( vk ) , T ( vk +1 ) ,..., T ( vn ) )
But v1, v2 ,..., vk  N (T )
T ( v1 ) = 0, T ( v1 ) = 0,..., T ( vk ) = 0
( )
 R (T ) = L T ( v1 ) , T ( v2 ) ,..., T ( vk ) , T ( vk +1 ) ,..., T ( vn ) = L ( S1 )
Next we prove S1 is linearly independent.
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Suppose k +1T ( vk +1 ) + k +2T ( vk +2 ) + ... + nT ( vn ) = 0 ---(1)

T ( k +1vk +1 ) + T ( k +2vk +2 ) + ... + T ( nvn ) = 0
T ( k +1vk +1 + k +2vk +2 + ... + nvn ) = 0
k +1vk +1 + k +2vk +2 + ... + nvn  N (T )
Since v1 , v2 ,..., vk is a basis of N (T ) , we can write  k +1vk +1 +  k + 2vk + 2 + ... +  n vn in N (T )
as a linear combination of the basis v1 , v2 ,..., vk .
  k +1vk +1 +  k + 2vk + 2 + ... +  n vn = 1v1 +  2v2 + ... +  k vk
− 1v1 −  2v2 − ... −  k vk +  k +1vk +1 + ... +  n vn = 0 .
Since v1 , v2 ,..., vn is a basis of V , they are linearly independent over F and hence all the
coefficients are zero.
In particular  k +1 = 0,  k + 2 = 0,...,  n = 0
Therefore equation (1)  T ( vk +1 ) , T ( vk +2 ) ,..., T ( vn ) are linearly independent
Hence S1 is a basis of R (T ) .
dim R (T ) = n − k
 rank (T ) = n − nullity (T ) ,  rank (T ) + nullity (T ) = n
 rank (T ) + nullity (T ) = dim ( v )
Hence the proof.
2 For the following transformation T : R2 → R 3 defined by
T ( x, y ) = ( x + 3 y,0,2 x − 4 y ) compute the matrix of the transformation with respect to
standard basis of R2 and R3 . Find N (T ) and R ( T ) . Is T one to one? Is T onto.
Justify your answer. NOV/DEC 2018
Solution:
T (1, 0 ) = (1, 0, 2 ) = 1(1, 0, 0 ) + 0 ( 0,1, 0 ) + 2 ( 0, 0,1)
T ( 0,1) = ( 3, 0, −4 ) = 3 (1, 0, 0 ) + 0 ( 0,1, 0 ) − 4 ( 0, 0,1)
1 3 
A = T  = matrix of linear transformation  0 0 
 2 −4 

 
N (T ) = ( x, y ) T ( x, y ) = ( 0, 0, 0 ) = ( x, y ) x + 3 y = 0 = ( 0, 0 )
2x − 4 y = 0
R (T ) = span T (1, 0 ) , T ( 0,1) = span (1, 0, 2 ) , (3, 0, −4 ) = xz plane
T is one to one because N (T ) = ( 0, 0 )
T is not onto because R (T ) is xz plane.
(0,1,0) does not have preimage.
3 For the following transformation T : R3 → R2 defined by T ( x, y, z ) = ( 2 x − y, 3z ) .
Verify whether T is linear or not. Find N (T ) and R ( T ) and hence verify the
dimension theorem. NOV/DEC 2019
Solution:
T ( x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 , z1 + z2 ) = ( 2x1 + 2x2 − y1 − y2 ,3z1 + 3z2 )
= ( 2x1 − y1 ,3z1 ) + ( 2x2 − y2 ,3z2 )
= T ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) + T ( x2 , y2 , z2 )

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T ( ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) ) = T ( x1 ,  y1 ,  z1 )
= ( 2 x1 −  y1 ,3 z1 )
=  ( 2 x1 − y1 ,3z1 )
 T is linear
N (T ) = ( x, y, z ) T ( x, y, z ) = ( 0, 0 )
= ( x, y, z ) 2 x − y = 0,3z = 0
= ( x, y, 0 ) 2 x = y i.e., The line y = 2 x on xy-plane.
dim ( N (T ) ) = 1
R (T ) = span T (1, 0, 0 ) , T ( 0,1, 0 ) , T ( 0, 0,1)
= span ( 2, 0 ) , ( −1, 0 ) , ( 0,3)
= span ( 2, 0 ) , ( 0,3)
dim ( R (T ) ) = 2
By Dimension Theorem:
dim ( R3 ) = dim N (T ) + dim R (T )
LHS=3
RHS=1+2=3
Hence Verified
4 Find the linear transformation T :V3 ( R) → V3 ( R) determined by the matrix
 1 2 1
 0 1 1  with respect to the standard basis e , e , e .
   1 2 3 APR/MAY 2019
 −1 3 4 
Solution:
T ( e1 ) = e1 + 2e2 + e3 = (1,2,1)
T ( e2 ) = 0e1 + e2 + e3 = ( 0,1,1)
T ( e3 ) = −e1 + 3e2 + 4e3 = ( −1,3, 4)
Now ( a, b, c ) = a (1,0,0) + b ( 0,1,0) + c ( 0,0,1)
( a, b, c ) = ae1 + be2 + ce3
T ( a, b, c ) = T ( ae1 + be2 + ce3 )
= aT ( e1 ) + bT ( e2 ) + cT ( e3 )
= a (1,2,1) + b ( 0,1,1) + c ( −1,3,4)
T ( a, b, c ) = ( a − c,2a + b + 3c, a + b + 4c )
This is the required linear transformation.
5 Consider the basis S = v1 , v2 , v3  for R3 , where v1 = (1,1,1) , v2 = (1,1,0) , v3 = (1,0,0)
. Let T : R3 → R2 be the linear transformation such that T ( v1 ) = (1,0) , T ( v2 ) = ( 2, −1)
and T ( v3 ) = ( 4, 3) . Find the formulae for T ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) , then use these formulae to
compute T ( 2, −3,5) . NOV/DEC 2018
Solution:
We first express x = ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) as a linear combination of v1 , v2 and v3 .
If we write ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = C1 (1,1,1) + C2 (1,1,0) + C3 (1,0,0)
Then on equating corresponding components
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MA1352- Linear Algebra and Partial differential equations Dept. of ECE Year:2022-2023

C1 + C2 + C3 = x1
C1 + C2 = x2
C1 = x3
By solving
C1 = x3 , C2 = x2 − x3 , C3 = x1 − x2 .
( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = x3 (1,1,1) + ( x2 − x3 )(1,1,0) + ( x1 − x2 )(1,0,0)
= x3v2 + ( x2 − x3 ) v2 + ( x1 − x2 ) v3
Thus T ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = x3T ( v1 ) + ( x2 − x3 )T (v2 ) + ( x1 − x2 )T (v3 )
= x3 (1,0) + ( x2 − x3 )( 2, −1) + ( x1 − x2 )( 4,3)
= 4 x1 − 2 x2 − x3 ,3x1 − 4 x2 + x3
From this we obtain T ( 2, −3,5) = (9, 2,3) .
6 Let R3 have the Euclidean inner product. Use the Gram-Schmidt process to transform
the basis u1 , u2 , u3  into an orthonormal basis, where u1 = (1,1,1) , u2 = ( 0,1,1)
u3 = ( 0,0,1) . NOV/DEC 2018,2019
Solution:
Let w1 = (1,1,1) , w2 = ( 0,1,1) , w3 = ( 0,0,1)
Let v1 = w1 = (1,1,1)
1 w2 , v j
v2 = w2 −  2
vj
j =1 vj
w2 , v1
= w2 − 2
v1
v1
( 0,1,1)(1,1,1)
T

= ( 0,1,1) − (1,1,1)
3
2
= ( 0,1,1) − (1,1,1)
3
 2 1 1
= − , , 
 3 3 3
2 w3 , v j
v3 = w3 −  2
vj
j =1 vj

 w ,v w ,v 

= ( 0, 0,1) −  3 21 v1 + 3 22 v2 

 v1 v2 

  2 1 1
T

 0, 0,1 1,1,1 ( 0, 0,1)  − , ,  
( )( ) 1,1,1 +
T
 3 3 3  2 1 1 
= ( 0, 0,1) −  ( )  − , , 
 (1 + 1 + 1) 4 1 1
 + + 
 3 3 3 
 9 9 9 
1 1  2 1 1
= ( 0, 0,1) − (1,1,1) − − , , 
3  6 3 3 3
3 
9
 1 1 2 1 2 1 1
= − ,− ,  − − , , 
 3 3 3 2 3 3 3

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 1 1 2 1 1 1
= − ,− ,  + ,− ,− 
 3 3 3 3 6 6
 1 1
v3 =  0, − ,  .
 2 2
  2 1 1  1 1 
Therefore v1 , v2 , v3  = (1,1,1) ,  − , ,  ,  0, − ,   is an orthogonal basis.
  3 3 3  2 2 
 v v v   1 1 1   2 1 1   1 1  
  1 , 2 , 3  =  , ,  ,  − , ,  ,  0, − ,   is an orthonormal
 v1 v2 v3   3 3 3   3 6 6   2 2  
basis.
7 Let R3 have the Euclidean inner product. Use the Gram-Schmidt process to convert
basis B = u1 , u2 , u3  where u1 = (1,0,1) , u2 = ( −1,1,0) , u3 = ( −3,2,0) into an
orthonormal basis.
Solution:
Let w1 = (1,0,1) , w2 = ( −1,1,0) , w3 = ( −3,2,0)
v1 = w1 = (1,0,1)
1 w2 , v j
v2 = w2 −  2
vj
j =1 vj
w2 , v1
= w2 − 2
v1
v1
( −1,1, 0 )(1, 0,1)
T

= ( −1,1, 0 ) − (1, 0,1)

2
1
= ( −1,1, 0 ) + (1, 0,1)
2
 1 1
v2 =  − ,1, 
 2 2
2 w3 , v j
v3 = w3 −  2
vj
j =1 vj

 w ,v w ,v 

= ( −3, 2, 0 ) −  3 21 v1 + 3 22 v2 

 v1 v2 

  1 1
T

 −3, 2, 0 1, 0,1 ( − 3, 2, 0 )  − ,1,  
( )( ) 1, 0,1 +
T

= ( −3, 2, 0 ) −   2 2   − 1 ,1, 1  
( )  
 (1 + 1) 1
+ +
1  2 2 
  1  
4 4
3 7  1 1  3 3 7 1 1
= ( −3, 2, 0 ) + (1, 0,1) −  − ,1,  =  − , 2,  −  − ,1, 
2 6 2 2  2 2 3 2 2
2 
4
 1 1 1
v3 =  − , − ,  .
 3 3 3
  1 1   1 1 1 
Therefore v1 , v2 , v3  = (1, 0,1) ,  − ,1,  ,  − , − ,   is an orthogonal basis.
  2 2   3 3 3 

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 v v v   1 1 1   1 2 1   1 1 1  
  1 , 2 , 3  =  , ,  
,  − , ,  ,  − , − ,  is an
 v1 v2 v3   2 2 2   6 3 6   3 3 3  
orthonormal basis.
1
8 Let the vector space P2 have the inner product p, q =  p ( x ) q ( x ) dx . Apply the
−1

Gram-Schmidt process to transform the basis S = u , u , u  = 1, x, x  into an

1 2 3
2

orthonormal basis. NOV/DEC 2018

Solution:
Let w1 = 1, w2 = x, w3 = x 2
v1 = w1 = 1
w2 , v1
v2 = w2 − 2
v1 ,
v1
1
 x2 1
w2 , v1 = x,1 =  xdx =   = 0
−1  2 −1
1
v1 = v1 , v1 =  dx = 2
2

−1

v2 = x − 0 = x .
w3 , v1 w3 , v2
v3 = w3 − 2
v1 − 2
v2
v1 v2
1
1
 x3  2
w3 , v1 =  x dx =   =
2

−1  3 −1 3
1
w3 , v2 =  x 3dx = 0
−1

2
1
v3 = x 2 − 3 − 0 = x 2 − .
2 3
 1
Therefore v1 , v2 , v3  = 1, x, x 2 −  is an orthogonal basis for P2 ( R ) .
 3
v v
 v   1 3 3 5  2 1  
 1 , 2 , 3  =  , x,  x −   is an orthonormal basis for P2 ( R ) .
 v1 v2 v3 
    2 2 2 2 3 

9 If V be an inner product space over F . Then for all x, y V and c  F , prove the
following
1. cx = c x .
2. x = 0 if and only if x = 0 .
3. x, y  x y .
4. x + y  x + y .
Solution:
1. cx = cx, cx = cc x, x = c x
2 2 2

2. x = 0  x = 0  x, x = 0  x = 0
2

3. case(i). Let y = 0 .
Then x, y = x, 0 = 0 and x y = x 0 = 0 .

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Therefore x, y = x y
Case(ii). Let y  0 . For any c  F , we have
0  x − cy = x − cy, x − cy
2

= x, x − x, cy − cy, x + cy, cy
= x − c x, y − c y, x + cc y, y
2

x, y
Let c = 2
y
2
x, y x, y x, y
Then 0  x − x, y − x, y +
2 2
2 2 4
y
y y y
2 2 2
0 x y − x, y − x, y + x, y
2 2

2
 x, y  x
2 2
y

 x, y  x y

4. x + y = x + y, x + y
2

= x, x + x, y + y, x + y, y
= x + x, y + y, x + y
2 2

= x + x, y + x, y + y
2 2

 x + 2 Re x, y + y
2 2

 x + 2 x, y + y
2 2

x+ y ( x + y )
2 2

x+ y  x + y .
10 Let V be the set off all continuous real valued functions defined on the closed interval
1

 0,1 , then prove that V is a real inner product f , g =  f ( t ) g ( t ) dt .

0
Proof:
Let f , g, h V and   R
1
(i) f + g , h =   f ( t ) + g ( t ) h ( t ) dt
0
1 1
=  f ( t ) h ( t ) dt +  g ( t ) h ( t ) dt = f , h + g , h
0 0
1
(ii)  f , g =   f ( t ) g ( t ) dt
0
1
=   f ( t ) g ( t ) dt =  f , g
0
1
(iii) f , g =  f ( t ) g ( t ) dt
0
1
=  g ( t ) f ( t ) dt = g , f .
0

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1
(iv) f , f =   f ( t ) dt  0 and f , f = 0 iff f = 0 .
2

UNIT- III PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

PART-A
 y
1 Eliminate the arbitrary function f from z = f   and form the Partial Differential
 x
Equation. April/May 2019
 y
Solution: Given z = f   − (1)
x
z  y   −y 
Differentiating (1)partially with respect to x , we get = p = f '    2  .............(2)
x x x 
z  y 1
Differentiating(1) partially with respect to y , we get = q = f '     .............(3)
y  x  x
p −y
From (2) & (3) =  px + qy = 0 .
q x
2 Find the complete integral for p + q = 1 . April/May
2019
Solution: Given p + q = 1 − − − −(1)
This of the form f ( p, q) = 0
To find Complete Integral:
Let the complete solution of (1) is z = ax + by + c − − − −(2)
Let p = a & q = b in (1)

( )
2
(1)  a + b = 1  b = 1− a  b = 1− a
Sub b in (2)
( )
2
z = ax + 1 − a y+c
3 Form a partial differential equation by eliminating arbitrary function f from
z = f ( x + ay ) eay .
Solution: Given z = f(x+by)eay . -----(i)
Diff (i) partially w.r.t x and y

We get p = f ‘ (x+by)eay ---(1) , q = f ‘ (x+by)eay .b+ f(x+by)eay. a--------(2)

Sub.(1) in (2) we get q =az+bp

4 Obtain partial differential equation by eliminating arbitrary constant ‘a’ and ‘b’ from
( x – a )2 + ( y – b )2 = z . Nov/Dec 2019

Solution: Given ( x – a ) + ( y – b ) =
2 2
z -----(1)
Diff (1) partially w.r.t x and y
p
2(x – a) = p  x − a =
2
q
2 ( y – b) = q  y – b =
2
Substituting in (1), we get p 2 + q 2 = 4 z
5 Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants ‘a’ &
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‘b’ from z = ax 3 + by 3 .
Solution: Given z = ax3 + by3 -----(1)
Diff (1) partially w.r.t x and y
z z
= p = 3ax 2 , = q = 3by 2
x y
p q
a = 2 − − − − − (2) b = 2 − − − − − (3)
3x 3y
Substituting (2)& (3) in (1)
we get px +qy=3z
6 Form the PDE of all spheres whose centre lie on the z –axis.
Solution: The equation of the sphere whose centre lie on the z –axis is
x 2 + y2 + ( z − c ) = r 2 ,where r is constant.
2

Differentiating w.r.t ‘ x’ , 2x + 2 ( z − c ) p = 0 ----(1)

Differentiating w.r.t ‘ y ’ , 2y + 2 ( z − c ) q = 0 ---(2)
(1)  2x = −2(z − c)p
x p
(2)  2y = −2(z − c)q which gives =
y q
we get qx= py
7 Obtain the partial differential equation by eliminating arbitrary constants ‘a’ and ‘b’
from ( x − a ) + ( y − b ) + z = 1 .
2 2 2

Solution: ( x − a ) + ( y − b ) + z = 1 ----- (1)

2 22

Differentiating (1) partially w.r. t x and y we get

2 ( x − a ) + 2zp = 0  x − a = − zp ----- (2)
2 ( y − b ) + 2 zq = 0  y − b = − zq ----- (3)
Substituting (2) & (3) in (1) we get
z 2 p2 + z 2q2 + z 2 = 1
2
(
i.e., z p + q + 1 = 1
2 2
)
8 Find the complete integral of p+q = pq.
Solution: Given p+q = pq -----(1)
This is of the type f(p,q)=0
Let z= ax+by+c be the solution for (1)
Partially Diff w.r.t ‘x ‘ and ‘y’ we get p = a and q = b
 a + b = ab
a
 b=
a −1
 a 
Therefore z = ax +   y + c is the complete solution.
 a −1 
9 Form a PDE by eliminating the arbitrary constant ‘a ’ & ‘ b ’ from the equation
(x − a)2 + (y − b)2 = z 2 cot 2  .
Solution:
(x − a) 2 + (y − b) 2 = z 2 cot 2  − − − (1)
Differentiating partially with respect to x , we get 2(x − a) = 2z p cot 2  − (2)
Differentiating partially with respect to y , we get 2(y − b) = 2z q cot  − (3)
2

Substituting in (1)

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(x − a) = z p cot 2  & (y − b) = z q cot 2 

( ) +( z q )
2 2
 z p cot 2  cot 2  = z 2 cot 2 

 p 2 + q 2 = tan 2 
10 Form the partial differential equation by eliminating ‘ g ’ from
g ( x2 + y2 + z2 , x + y + z ) = 0 .
Solution:
We know that if g(u, v) = 0 then u = f (v)
 x2 + y 2 + z 2 = f ( x + y + z ) - ---- (1)
Differentiating (1) partially w.r. t x and y
We get
2x + 2zp = f ' ( x + y + z )(1 + p ) ----- (2)
2 y + 2zq = f ' ( x + y + z )(1 + q ) …..(3)
Divide (2) & (3)
x + zp 1 + p
=  x + qx + zp + zpq = y + py + zq + zpq
y + zq 1 + q
( z − y) p + ( x − z ) q = y − x .
11 Solve p (1 + q ) = qz .
Solution:
p (1 + q ) = qz - (1)
This equation is of the form f ( z, p, q ) = 0
z = g ( x + ay ) be the solution Let x + ay = u and z = g (u )
dz adz
p= q=
du du
(1) reduces to
dz  dz  dz dz dz dz 1 dz
1 + a  = a z  1+ a = az  a = az − 1 = z−  = du
du  du  du du du du a z−
1
a
 1
Integrating log  z −  = u + b
 a
 1
i.e., log  z −  = x + ay + b is the complete solution.
 a
12 Solve z = px + qy + 2 pq .
Solution:
This of Clairaut’s type and the complete solution is z= ax+by+2 ab − (1)
Diff (1) partially w.r.t ‘a ‘ and ‘b’ we get
z 2 b z 2 a
= x+ = 0, = y+ =0
a 2 a b 2 b
b a b a
x = − & y=−  xy = =1
a b a b
xy= 1 is singular integral.
13 Solve xp + yq = z.
Solution:
The equation is of the form pP + qQ = R
Here P = x, Q = y & R = z.
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dx dy dx
Auxiliary Equation is = =
x y z
dx dy
Considering = and integrating w.r.t ‘ x ‘ and ‘ y’ we get
x y
x
log x = log y + log a  log a = log x − log y  a =
y
dy dz
Considering = and integrating w.r.t ‘ y’ and ‘z ‘ we get
y z
y
log y = log z + log b  log b = log y − log z  b =
z
 x y
The solution is   ,  = 0 .
y z

14 Solve y(p-2x) = logq.

Solution:
The equation can be reduced to the type F1 ( x, p) = F2 ( y,q )
 y ( p – 2x ) = log q
log q
 p – 2x = =k
y
log q
 p − 2x = k  p = 2x + k & = k  q = eky
y
We know that z =  pdx +  qdy
z =  (2x + k) dx +  ekydy

2
e ky
z = (x +kx)+ +c
k
2z 2z 2z
15 Solve 2 + 5 + 2 =0. Nov/ Dec 2018
x 2 x y y 2
Solution:
Auxiliary Equation is 2m + 5m + 2 = 0 (Replace D by ‘m’ and D ’ by 1 )
2

−1
m= ,2
2
 x
Complimentary function is z = 1  y −  + 2 ( y + 2 x ) .
 2
16 Find the particular integral of ( D 2 + 2 DD '+ D ' 2 ) z = e x − y .
Solution:
1
P.I = e x− y
D + 2 DD '+ D '2
2

Replace D by 1 and D ' by –1 ,we get

1 x−y x x−y x2 x−y
= e = e = e
1− 2 +1 2D + 2D' 2
 2z  2z  2z
17 Find the Particular Integral − 2 + = sin(2x + 3y) .
x2 xy y 2
Solution:
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2z  2z  2z
− 2 + = sin(2x + 3y)
x 2 xy y2
( )
 D2 − 2DD '+ D '2 z = sin(2x + 3y)
sin(2x + 3y)
PI = Replace D2 = − 4 , D' 2 = −9 & DD ' = - 6
D − 2DD '+ D '
2 2

sin(2x + 3y) sin(2x + 3y)

= = = − sin(2x + 3y)
−4 − 2(−6) − 9 −1
3
(
18 Solve D − 3 DD + 2 D z = 0 .
2 3
)
Solution:
Substituting D = m, & D' = 1
The Auxiliary equation is m − 3m + 2 = 0
3

m = 1, 1, –2
Complimentary function is z = 1 ( y + x ) + x2 ( y + x ) + 3 ( y − 2x )
19 Solve ( D − D − 1)( D − D − 2) z = e 2 x − y .
Solution:
This is of the form ( D − m1D − C1 )( D − m2 D − C2 ) ....( D − mn D − Cn ) z = 0
Hence m1 = 1 c1 = 1 m2 = 1 c2 = 2
Hence the C.F. is z = ex1 ( y + x ) + e2 x2 ( y + x )
e2 x − y e2 x − y 1
P.I. = = = e2 x − y
( D − D − 1)( D − D − 2) ( 2 + 1 −1)( 2 + 1 − 2) 2
1
Hence, the complete solution is z = e x1 ( y + x ) + e 2 x2 ( y + x ) + e 2 x − y
2
20 Solve ( D − 1)( D − D + 1) z = 0
'

Solution: ( D − 1)( D − D ' + 1) z = 0

Here c1 = 1, c2 = −1 , m1 = 0, m2 = 1
General solution z = e x f1 ( y ) + e − x f 2 ( y + x ) .
PART-B
1 
1 Form the partial differential equation by eliminating f from z = y + 2 f  + log y  .
2

x 
Solution:
1 
z = y 2 + 2 f  + log y  − − − (1)
x 
Differentiate partially w.r.to x
1  −1 
p = 2 f   + log y  2  − − − (2)
x  x 
Differentiate partially w.r.to y

1  1 
q = 2 y + 2 f   + log y    − − − (3)
x  y 
(2)/(3) gives
1  −1 
2 f   + log y  2 
p
= x  x 
q − 2y 1  1 
2 f   + log y   
x  y 
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MA1352- Linear Algebra and Partial differential equations Dept. of ECE Year:2022-2023

 −1 
 2  −y
= = 2
p x
q − 2y  1  x
 y
 
x 2 p + yq = 2 y 2
2 Solve z = p 2 + q 2 .
Solution: Given z = p 2 + q 2 -----------------------------------------(1)
The given problem is of the type f ( z, p, q) = 0
u u z dz u dz
Let u = x + ay ; = 1; =a then p= = = and
x y x du x du
z dz u dz
q= = =a
y du y du
sub. p and q in (1) we get
2 2
 dz   dz 
z =   + a2  
 du   du 
2
 dz 
z =   [1 + a 2 ]
 du 
2
 dz  z
  =
 du  1+ a2
 dz  z
 =
 du  1+ a2
dz du
=
z 1+ a2
u
Integrating 2 z = +b
1+ a2
x + ay
1. 2 z = +b
1+ a2
32. Solve p ( 1 + q ) = qz .
Solution: Given p(1 + q) = qz − − − −(1)
This is of the form f (z, p, q) = 0
To find Complete Integral:
Let the solution of (1) is z = f ( x + ay) − − − − − − (2)
Let x + ay = u  z = f (u)
dz dz
Then p = & q=a
du du
Substitute the value of p & q in (1)
dz  dz  dz
(1)  1 + a = a z
du  du  du
dz
1+ a =az
du
dz
= a z −1
du

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MA1352- Linear Algebra and Partial differential equations Dept. of ECE Year:2022-2023

dz
= du
a z −1
Integrating on both sides
dz
 a z −1 =  du + c

f ( x)
u = log(a z − 1) + c  f ( x)
dx = log f ( x)

x + ay = log(a z − 1) + c This is the required complete integral.

4
3. Solve z = px + qy+ p2q 2 .
Solution: Given, z = px + qy + p 2 q 2 .
This is of the form z = px + qy + f ( p, q) (Clairaut’s form).
Put p = a and q = b in given equation we get,
the complete solution , z = ax + by + a 2 b 2 --------(1)
To get the singular integral
Diff(1) par. w.r.to a & b we get
0 = x + 2ab 2
0 = y + 2ba 2  x = −2ab 2 , y = −2ba 2 -----(2)
= = −2ab = (say ) i.e) a = ky, b = kx ------(3)
x y 1
b a k
−1
(2)  x = −2k 3 yx 2  k =
3
------(4)
2 xy
sub. (3) in (1) we get, z = kxy + kxy + k 4 x 2 y 2
 1 
= 2kxy + kx 2 y 2  − 
 2 xy 
 1
= 2kxy + kxy  − 
 2
z = kxy ( 2 − 1/ 2 ) = 3 kxy
2
27 3 3 3 27  − 1  3 3
z3 = k x y =  x y
8 8  2 xy 
27 2 2
z3 = − x y .
16
16 z 3 + 27 x 2 y 2 = 0 is a singular solution.
5
Solve z=px + qy+ 1 + p + q .
2 2
NOV/DEC 2020

Solution: Given z = px + qy + p + q + 1
2 2

This is of the form z = px + qy + f ( p, q) (Clairaut’s form).

Put p = a and q = b in given equation we get,
the complete solution z = ax + by + a 2 + b 2 + 1 ---------(1).
To find the singular integral
Diff(1) par. w.r.t a & b we get
a b
0= x+ ; 0= y+ :
a + b +1
2 2
a + b2 +1
2

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MA1352- Linear Algebra and Partial differential equations Dept. of ECE Year:2022-2023

a b
x=− ; y=− ------- (2)
a + b +1
2 2
a + b2 +1
2

a 2 + b2
Squaring and adding we get, x + y =
2 2

a 2 + b2 + 1
a2 + b2
1 − ( x + y ) = 1 −
2 2

a2 + b2 +1
1 1
1− x2 − y2 =  1− x − y =
2 2

a + b +1
2 2
a + b2 + 1
2

(2)  x = −a 1 − x − y , y = −b 1 − x − y
2 2 2 2

x y
a=− ; b=− ; -------- (3)
1− x2 − y2 1− x2 − y2
x2 y2 1
sub (3) in (1) we get z = − − +
1− x2 − y2 1− x2 − y2 1− x2 − y2
1− x2 − y2
= 1− x − y
2 2
=
1− x − y 2 2

 z 2 = 1 − x 2 − y 2 . i.e x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 is the singular solution

6 Solve x( z 2 − y 2 ) p + y( x 2 − z 2 )q = z( y 2 − z 2 ) .
Solution:
dx dy dz
The subsidiary equations are = =
x( z − y ) y ( x − z ) z ( y − x 2 )
2 2 2 2 2

Choose x, y, z as multipliers
xdx + ydy + zdz
each of the above ratio =
( )
x2 z 2 − y 2 + y 2 ( x2 − z 2 ) + z 2 ( y 2 − x2 )
xdx + ydy + zdz
=
0
 xdx + ydy + zdz = 0
Integrating we get x2 + y 2 + z 2 = c1
1 1 1
Choose , , , as multipliers
x y z
dx + dy + dz
x y z
each of the above ratio =
0
dx + dy + dz =0
x y z
Integrating we get, log x + log y + log z = log c2  xyz = c2

(
The required solution is  x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , xyz = 0 . )
7 Solve ( mz − ny ) p + ( nx − lz ) q = ly − mx .
Solution: Given (mz − ny) p + (nx − lz)q = ly − mx
This is equation is of the form Pp + Qq = R
Here P = mz − ny; Q = nx − lz; R = ly − mx
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MA1352- Linear Algebra and Partial differential equations Dept. of ECE Year:2022-2023

dx dy dz
The auxiliary equations are = =
P Q R
dx dy dz
= =
mz − ny nx − lz ly − mx
Use Lagrangian multipliers x, y, z
xdx + ydy + zdz
each of the above ratio =
x(mz − ny) + y(nx − lz ) + z (ly − mx)
xdx + ydy + zdz
=
0
i.e xdx + ydy + zdz =0
x 2 y 2 z 2 C1
Integrating we get, + + = i.e x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = C1
2 2 2 2
Use Lagrangian multipliers l , m, n
ldx + mdy + ndz
each of the above ratio =
0
i.e. ldx + mdy + ndz =0
Integrating we get, lx + my + nz = C2 .
Hence the general solution is  ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , lx + my + nz ) = 0 .
8 2
( 2
)
Solve D + 4 DD − 5 D z = sin ( x − 2 y ) + e
2 x− y
.
Solution:
To find C.F
Put D = m and D ' = 1
The A.E is m 2 + 4m − 5 = 0
(m + 5)(m − 1) = 0
m = −5, 1
C.F = f1 ( y + x) + f 2 ( y − 5x)
1 1
P.I = e2 x− y + 2 sin( x − 2 y ) = P.I1 + P.I 2
D + 4 DD '− 5 D '
2 2
D + 4 DD '− 5 D '2
1
P.I 1 = e2 x− y
D + 4 DD '− 5 D '2
2

=
1
e2 x− y replace D = 2, D =−1
4−8−5
−1 2 x − y
= e
9
−1
= e2 x− y
9
1
P.I 2 = 2 sin( x − 2 y)
D + 4 DD'−5D' 2
1 replace D 2 = − 1, DD = 2, D2 = −4
= sin( x − 2 y )
− 1 + 4(2) − 5(−4)
1
= sin( x − 2 y )
27
The general solution is z = C.F + P.I

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MA1352- Linear Algebra and Partial differential equations Dept. of ECE Year:2022-2023
1 1
z = f 1 ( y + x) + f 2 ( y − 5 x ) – e 2 x − y + sin( x − 2 y ) .
3 27
9
(
Solve D + DD − 6 D z = y cos x
2 2
)
Solution:
The A.E is m + m − 6 = 0  m = −3 or 2
2

C.F= f1 ( y − 3x) + f 2 ( y + 2 x) .
1
P.I = 2 y cos x
D + DD '−6 D' 2
1
= y cos x
( D − 2 D ')( D + 3D ')
1  1 
=  y cos x 
( D − 2 D ' )  ( D + 3D ' ) 
 1 
=    (3x + c)(cos x) dx  c→ y −3 x
 D − 2 D ' 
 1 
=   (3x + c)(sin x) − (3)(− cos x)  c→ y −3x
 D − 2D ' 
=
1
(3x + y − 3x)(sin x) + 3 cos x
( D − 2 D ')
=
1
y sin x + 3 cos x
( D − 2 D ')
=   (−2 x + c)sin x + 3cos x 
c→ y + 2 x
= (−2 x + c)(− cos x) − (−2)(− sin x) + 3sin x c→ y+2 x
= (−2x + y + 2x)(− cos x) − 2sin x + 3sin x
= − y cos x + sin x
The general solution is z = C.F + P.I = f1 ( y + 2 x) + f 2 ( y + 3x) − y cos x + sin x .
( )
10 Solve D2 − D 2 − 3 D + 3 D z = e 3 x + y + 4 .
2 2
(
Solution: Given D − D − 3D + 3D z = e
3x+ y
+4 )
To find C.F
( (D + D)(D − D) − 3(D − D) ) z = 0
( D − D)( D + D − 3) z = 0 − − − − − (1)
This is of the form
( D − m1D − C1 )( D − m2 D − C2 ) z = 0 − − − − − (2)
Comparing (1) & (2)
m1 = 1, C1 = 0, m2 = −1, C2 = 3.
C.F = ec1x f1 ( y + m1 x) + ec2 x f 2 ( y + m2 x)
C.F = f1 ( y + x) + e3 x f 2 ( y − x) e0 = 1
To find P.I
P.I =
1
D − D − 3 D + 3 D
2 2 (
e3 x + y + 4 )
P.I = P.I1 + P.I 2

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MA1352- Linear Algebra and Partial differential equations Dept. of ECE Year:2022-2023
1
P.I1 = e3 x + y here a = 3, b = 1 type : 1
D − D − 3D + 3D
2 2

1
= e3 x + y Rule:Replace D = 3, D = 1
9 −1− 9 + 3
1
P.I1 = e3 x + y
2
1
P.I 2 = 2 4e0 x + 0 y here a = 0, b = 0 type : 1
D − D − 3 D + 3D
2

1
= 4e0 x + 0 y Rule:Replace D = 0, D = 0
0
Introduce x in Nr. and Diff. Dr. Partially w.r.to.D in the previous step
x 4x
= 4e 0 x + 0 y =
2D − 0 − 3 + 0 −3
1 4x
P.I = e3 x + y −
2 3
1 3x+ y 4 x
The General solution is z = f1 ( y + x) + e3 x f 2 ( y − x) + e − .
2 3
UNIT- IV FOURIER SERIES
PART-A
1 State Dirichlet’s conditions for the existence of Fourier series of f(x) in the interval
(c, c + 2l ) . NOV/DEC 2019
Solution:
A function f (x) can be expanded as a Fourier series in the interval (c, c + 2l ) if the following
conditions are satisfied.
(i) f (x) is periodic, single valued and finite in (c, c + 2l ) .
(ii) f (x) has only finite number of finite discontinuities and no infinite discontinuities
in (c, c + 2l ) .
(iii) f (x) has only finite number of maxima and minima in (c, c + 2l ) .
2 Whether the function f ( x ) = tan x can be expanded as a Fourier series in the interval
( − ,  ) . NOV/DEC 2018
sin x
Solution: f ( x ) = tan x = does not possess a Fourier expansion because the function
cos x

has an infinite discontinuity at the point x = 
.
2
3 State the Euler’s formula for Fourier coefficients of a function f (x) defined in (0,2).
Solution:
2 2 2
1 1 1
a0 =  f ( x) dx, an =  f ( x) cos nxdx, bn =  f ( x) sin nxdx.
 0
 0
 0

4 Find the constant term of Fourier series expansion of f ( x) = x 2 in 0 < x < 2.
Solution:
2
1
a0 =  x 2 dx
 0
2
1  x3  8 2
=   =  8 3  −  03   =
1
  3  0 3 3
a0 4 2
 constant term is = .
2 3

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MA1352- Linear Algebra and Partial differential equations Dept. of ECE Year:2022-2023

5 −x
Determine bn in the Fourier series expansion of f ( x ) = in 0 < x < 2.
2
Solution:
2
n x  −x
2
1 1
bn =  f ( x) sin dx =  sin nx dx
0
 0
2
2
1   − cos nx   − sin nx  
=
2 ( − x)   − (−1)  
   n 0
2
 n
1 2 1
= = .
2 n n
6 Find an in the Fourier series expansion of f ( x ) = e − x in – < x < .
Solution:
 
1 1
   
an = f ( x)cos nxdx = e −x
cos nxdx
− −

1  e− x 
=  ( −1cos nx + n sin nx )
 1 + n 2
 −

2 
 e− ( −1cos n + n sin n ) − e ( −1cos n − n sin n )
1
=
 (1 + n )
cos n 2(−1) n

= 2 [ e
− e −
] = sinh  .
(a + n2 )  (1 + n2 )
7 Find a0 in the Fourier series expansion of f(x) = sinx in the interval ( − π,π )
Solution:
  
1 1 2
ao =  f ( x ) dx =
 −
sin x dx =  sin xdx sinx = sin x , in (0,  )
 −  0
2 2 2 4
=  − cos x o =  − cos  + cos 0 = (1 + 1) = .


   
x ,0  x  1
8 Find the value of the Fourier series for f ( x ) =  at x =1.
2 ,1  x  2
Solution:
f (1−) + f (1 + )
x =1 is a point of discontinuity; Fourier series of f (x) converges to .
2
Since, f (1–) = lim f ( x) = lim x = 1 and f (1+) = lim f ( x) = lim 2 = 2.
x → 1− x →1 x→1+ x→1

1+ 2 3
Fourier series of f (x) converges to = .
2 2
9 If f(x) = x2+x is expressed as a Fourier series in the interval (-2,2) to which value this
series converges at x = 2?
Solution: Since x = 2 is an end point then f(x) converges to
f (−2) + f (2) [(−2) 2 − 2] + [(2) 2 + 2] 2 + 6
= = =4 .
2 2 2
 2x
1 + , −  x  0
10 If f(x) =   is expressed as a Fourier series in the interval (–, ) to
1 − 2 x , 0  x  
 
which value Fourier series converges at x = 0.
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MA1352- Linear Algebra and Partial differential equations Dept. of ECE Year:2022-2023
Solution: Clearly x = 0 is a continuous point. At continuous point x = a Fourier series
converges to f(a).
2(0)
 Fourier series converges to f (0) = 1 + = 1.

11 Determine the value of an and a0 in the Fourier series expansion of f (x) = x 3 in
−2  x  2
Solution: Given f ( x) = x 3
f ( − x ) = ( − x ) 3 = − x 3 = − f ( x )  f (x) is an odd function
 an = a0 = 0 .
12 Find the Fourier constant bn for x sin x in −  x   , when expressed as a Fourier
series.
Solution:
Given f ( x) = x sin x, −   x  
f (− x) = (− x) sin( − x) = x sin x = f ( x)
 f ( x ) is an even function.
 bn = 0 .
13 Find the value of an in the cosine series expansion of f(x) = K in the interval (0, 10), K
is a constant.
2l nx
Solution: an =  f ( x) cos dx
l 0 l
 n x 
10

sin
n x K 10 
10
2
=  K cos dx =  
10 0 10 5  n 
 10  0
10 K
= ( sin n − sin 0 ) = 0
5n
14 If the Fourier series of the function f(x) = x in –  < x <  with period 2 is given by
 sin 2 x sin 3 x  1 1
f ( x ) = 2 sin x − + − ... then find the value of the series 1 − + − ...
 2 3  3 5
Solution:

Put x = , which is a point of continuity.
2
    1   1   
f   = 2 sin − sin 2   + sin 3   − ...
2  2 2 2 3 2 
  1 1  1 1 
= 2 1 − (0) + (−1) − ... => 1 − + − ... =
2  2 3  3 5 4

15 If the Fourier series of x 2 in [− ,  ] is π + 4

2 
( − 1)n
3

n =1 n2
cosnx then deduce that

1 π2

n =1 n2
=
6
.

Solution: Put x =  (end point).

(− ) 2 +  2  2 
(−1) n
= + 4 2 cos n
2 3 n =1 n

2 
( −1) n ( −1) n
2 − = 4
3 n =1 n2
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MA1352- Linear Algebra and Partial differential equations Dept. of ECE Year:2022-2023

2 2 
( −1) 2 n
=
3  4 n =1 n 2
1 1 1 2
 2 + 2 + 2 + ... =
1 2 3 6
16 State Parseval’s theorem in the interval (c, c + 2 ) .
Solution: If the Fourier series corresponding to f(x) converges uniformly to f(x) in
c+2 

( )
a0 2

1
(c,c+2l) then  f ( x) 2 dx = 2
+ an 2 + bn 2 .
c n =1
17 Find the root mean square value of the function f(x) = x in (0,l).
Solution:
b

  f ( x)
1 2
RMS value of f(x) = y = dx
b−a
a
l
1  x3 
l
l3

1 l
= x 2 dx =   = =
l −0 l  3  3l 3
0 0

 
 −4 
18 If the Fourier cosine series of f(x) = x in 0 < x <, is x =
2
+ 
n = 1,3,5
 n2

 cos nx , deduce


1  4
that  ( 2n − 1)
n =1
4
=
96
.

Solution:
 2 

  f (x) dx = 0 a
2 a
+
2 2
By Parseval’s Identity,
 2 n =1
n
0

2  2 
 16 

x dx =
2

2
+ 
n =1,3,5
 4 2
n  
0

3 
2 x  2 
 16 
= + 
  3  0 2 n =1,3,5  n4 2 
 

2 2  2 
 16 
= +   4 2
3 2 n =1,3,5  n  


 1  
4

  4  96
n =1,3,5  n 
=

19 What do you mean by Harmonic analysis?

Solution:
The process of finding the harmonics in the Fourier series expansion of a function
numerically is known as harmonic analysis.
20 Obtain the constant term of the Fourier cosine series of y = f(x) in (0,6) using the
following table
x: 0 1 2 3 4 5
y: 8 17 23 27 25 19
Solution:

a0 = 2
y= 2
 119 
 = 39.67
N  6 
a0
 Constant term = =19.83 .
2
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MA1352- Linear Algebra and Partial differential equations Dept. of ECE Year:2022-2023
PART-B

( −1)n+1  2
1 Find the Fourier series of f ( x ) = x 2 in 0 < x < 2. Hence show that 
n=1 n2
=
12
.

Solution: General Fourier series is


nx  nx
a b
a0
f ( x) = + n cos + n sin − − − − − − (*)
2 n =1
 n =1

Upper Limit − Lower Limit 2 − 0
Here, = = =  =
2 2
a  
 f ( x) = 0 +  an cos n x +  bn sin n x − − − − − − (1)
2 n =1 n =1
2 2
1 1
a0 =  f ( x ) dx = x
2
dx
0
 0
2
1  x3 
8 3  −  03  
1
=   =
  3 0 3  

8 2
=
3
12 n x 1 2
an = 
0
f ( x)cos dx =
  0
x 2 cos nx dx
2
1  sin nx   − cos nx   − sin nx  
=  ( x2 )  − ( 2x)   + ( 2 )  
  n   n
2
  n
3
 0
1   cos 2n  
=   4    − 0 
   n
2
 
1  4 
=
  n 2 
4
an = 2 , n = 1, 2,3,...
n
12 n x 1 2 2
bn =  f ( x)sin
0
dx =  x sin nx dx
 0
2
1  − cos n x   − sin n x   cos nx  
= ( x 2 )   − ( 2 x )   + (2)  3 
  n   n
2
  n  0
1   − cos 2n   cos 2n    2  − cos0   cos0   
=  ( 4 2 )   + ( 2)    − ( 0 )   + ( 2)  3  
   n   n
3
   n   n  
1   −4 2  1     1 

=  + ( 2)  3   − 0 + ( 2 )  3 
  
 n n    n 
 
−4
bn = , n = 1, 2, 3,...
n
Substitute a0 , an , bn in (1) we get

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering 40

MA1352- Linear Algebra and Partial differential equations Dept. of ECE Year:2022-2023
   
8 2 4  −4 
f ( x) = +   2  cos nx +    sin nx
3  2 n =1  n  n =1  n 
 cos nx  sin nx
4 2
 f ( x) = + 4 2
− 4  n − − − − − (2)
3 n =1 n n =1
Deduction:
Put x =  in RHS of (2) and apply convergence of f(x) at continuous point in LHS.

 
4 2 cos n sin n
f ( ) = + 4 2
− 4 
3 n =1 n n =1 n


4 2 (−1) n
2 = + 4 2
3 n =1 n

4 2 (−1) n
2 − = 4 2
3 n =1 n

2 (−1)n
− = 4 2
3 n =1 n

2 (−1)n
− =
12 n =1 n2

(−1)n+1  2
Multiply by –1on both sides we get, 
n =1 n2
=
12
x for 0  x  
2 Find the Fourier series of f (x)=  . Hence find the value of
 2 − x for   x  2
1 1 1
+ + +...
14 34 54
 
Solution: General Fourier is f ( x) = a0 +  an cos nx +  bn sin nx − − − − − − (*)
2 n =1
 n =1

Upper Limit − Lower Limit 2 − 0
Here = = =  =
2 2
a0  
f ( x) = +
2 n =1 
an cos nx + 
bn sin nx − − − − − − (1)
n =1
 2
1  x 2  
2  2
1 1  x2 
a0 =  f ( x) dx =  x dx +  (2 − x) dx =   +  2 x −  
 0 0   2  0  2  
 
1   2    4 2   2  2   
=   +  4 2 −  −  2 −   
  2    2   2   

1   2    4 2   3 2    1   2  2 
=   +   −    =  + 
  2
   2   2      2   2  
a0 = 
2  2
1 1 
an =
 0 f ( x) cos nx dx =   x cos nxdx +
  0  ( 2 − x ) cos nxdx 
 

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MA1352- Linear Algebra and Partial differential equations Dept. of ECE Year:2022-2023
 2
1    sin nx   − cos nx     sin nx   − cos nx   
= ( x )   − (1)    +  ( 2 − x )   − ( −1)  n2   
   n   n2   0   n     
 
 2
1  cos nx   cos nx  
=  − 
  n 2 0  n 2  
1  cos n cos 0   cos 2n cos n 
= − 2 − −
  n 2 n   n2 n2


1  2cos n 2 
=  − 2  = 2 2 (−1) n − 1
 n 2
n  n
 −4
 if n = 1,3,5,... −4
an =  n 2 = , n = 1, 3, 5,...
0  n2
if n = 2, 4, 6,...
2  2
1 
 ( 2 − x ) sin nxdx 
1
bn =
 0 f ( x)sin nx dx =
 
 x sin nxdx +
 0  
  2 
1   − cos nx   − sin nx     − cos nx   − sin nx  
= ( x ) 
    n 
− (1)    +
n2   0 
 ( 2 − x ) 
n 
− ( −1)  
n2  


   

  2 
1    − cos nx     − cos nx   
= ( x ) 
    n   0 
 +  2 − x  ( 
n   
)

 
1   − cos n       − cos n   
=  ( )  −   +
    − (  )   
    n   
0 0
    n   
bn = 0, n = 1, 2,3,...
Substitute a0 , an , bn in (1) we get
 4  cos nx
f ( x) = −  − − − (2)
2  n =1,3,5 n 2
2
1 a02  2  2
0 [ f ( x)] dx = 2 + n=1 an + n=1bn
2
By Parsevals identity,

1
 2

    =  +  16

+ −
2 2 2
( x ) dx (2 x ) dx
 0   2 n =1,3,5 n 
4 2

 2
1   x3   (2 − x)3    2 16  1
 + = + 2  4
   3  0  −3   2  n =1,3,5 n
 
1  3    3    2 16  1
 − 0 + 0 +   = +
   3   3   2  2 n =
1,3,5 n
4

2 2  2 16  1 2 2  2 16 
1  2 16  1
3
=
2
+
2

n =1,3,5 n
4

3
–
2
=  = 
 2 n =1,3,5 n4 6  2 n =1,3,5 n4

1 4
  4 = 96
n =1,3,5 n

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MA1352- Linear Algebra and Partial differential equations Dept. of ECE Year:2022-2023
3 Find the Fourier series of f (x) = x + x 2 in −  x   .
a0  nx  nx
Solution: General Fourier is f ( x) = +
2 n =1
an cos  +
 n =1
bn sin
  − − − − − − (*)

Upper Limit − Lower Limit  − ( − )  +  2

Here = = = =  =
2 2 2 2
a0  
f ( x) = +  an cos nx +  bn sin nx − − − − − − (1)
2 n =1 n =1

f ( x) = x + x 2  f (− x) = − x + x 2  f ( x) and  − f ( x)
 f ( x) is neither even nor odd.
1 1
a0 =  f ( x)dx =  ( x + x ) dx
2

 −  −

1 x x 
2
1    2  3    2  3 
3

= + =  +  −  − 
  2 3  −   2 3 2 3 
2 2
a0 =
3
1 1
an =  f ( x)cos nxdx =  ( x + x 2 ) cos nxdx
 −  −

1  sin nx   − cos nx   − sin nx  
=
( x + x2 )   − (1 + 2 x)   + (2)  
 n   n   n   −
2 3


1  cos nx  
= (1 + 2 x)  
  n   −
2

1   cos n    cos n  
= (1 + 2 )   − (1 − 2 )   
   n  
2
 n  
2

1   cos n  
= 4
   n 2  
4(−1)n
=
n2
1 1
bn =  f ( x)sin nxdx =  ( x + x 2 ) sin nxdx
 −  −

1 2  − cos nx   − sin nx   cos nx  
= ( x + x )   − (1 + 2 x)   + (2)  3  
  n   n
2
  n   −

1  − cos nx   cos nx  
= ( x + x 2 )   + (2)  3  
  n   n   −
1   − cos n   cos n    2  − cos n 
=  ( +  2 )   + (2)    − ( − +  )  
   n   n  
3
 n 
 cos n  
+ (2)   
 n  
3

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MA1352- Linear Algebra and Partial differential equations Dept. of ECE Year:2022-2023

1  cos n  
=  −2  
  n 
−2(−1)n 2(−1)n+1
= = .
n n
Substitute a0 , an , bn in (1) we get
2 
4(−1) n 
2(−1) n +1
f ( x) = + cos nx +  sin nx
3 n =1 n2 n =1 n
2 
(−1)n 
(−1) n +1
 f ( x) = + 4 2 cos nx + 2 sin nx − − − (2)
3 n =1 n n =1 n
4  − , −   x  0
Expand f(x) =  as a full range Fourier series.
 x, 0  x  
a0  nx  nx
Solution: General Fourier is f ( x) = +
2 n =1
an cos  +
 n =1
bn sin
  − − − − − − (*)

Upper Limit − Lower Limit  − ( − )  +  2

Here = = = =  =
2 2 2 2
a0  
f ( x) = +  an cos nx +  bn sin nx − − − − − − (1)
2 n =1 n =1
f1 ( x) = −   f1 (− x) = −   f 2 ( x) and  − f 2 ( x)  f ( x) is neither even nor odd.

1

1
0 
 1  x2  
 f ( x) dx =   − dx +  x dx  =  − x − +   
0
a0 =
 −
  − 0     2  0 
1 2 2 
= − +
  
2 
−
=
2
 
1 
0
1
an =  f ( x) cos nx dx =   (− ) cos nxdx +  ( x ) cos nxdx 
 −
  − 0 
1   − cos nx   
0 
 sin nx     sin nx 
=  ( − )   + ( ) 
x  ( )
− 1  
    n   −   n   n
2
  0 

1  cos nx  


=  
  n2 0 
1  cos n cos 0 
=  2 − 2 
 n n 
1 
= 2 (
−1) − 1
n

n 
 −2
 if n = 1,3,5,...
=  n 2
0 if n = 2, 4, 6,...
 
1 
0
1
bn =  f ( x) sin nx dx =   (− )sin nxdx +  ( x ) sin nxdx 
 −
  − 0 

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MA1352- Linear Algebra and Partial differential equations Dept. of ECE Year:2022-2023

1   − sin nx   
0 
 − cos nx     − cos nx 
=  ( − )    + ( x )   − (1)   
    n   −   n   n
2
  0 

1    − cos nx   
0 
 cos nx  
=  (  )  + ( x) 
    n  −   n  0 
1    cos 0     cos n      − cos n   
=   ( )    − ( )    +  ( )    − 0 
     n     n      n   
 1 2cos n 
= − 
n n 
1
= 1 − 2 ( −1) 
n
n  
Substitute a0 , an , bn in (1) we get
 1 − 2( −1) 
n
− 
−2   sin nx − − − − − − (2)
f ( x) = +  cos nx + 
4 n =1,3,5..  n 2
n =1 n
5 Obtain the Fourier series of f (x) = | x | in −1  x  1 and hence deduce that
1 1 1 2
+ + + ... = .
12 32 52 8
a0  nx  nx
Solution: General Fourier is f ( x) = +
2 n =1
an cos  +
 n =1
bn sin
  − − − − − − (*)

Upper Limit − Lower Limit 1 − ( −1) 1 + 1

Here = = = =1
2 2 2
 
a
 f ( x) = 0 +  an cos n x +  bn sin n x − − − − − − (1)
2 n =1 n =1

 − x, − 1  x  0
Given, f ( x ) = x =  . The given function is an even function. Hence bn = 0
 x, 0  x  1
1
2
1
 x2 
a0 =  x dx = 2   = 1
10  2 0
1
2
an =  x cos n xdx
10
 sin n x cos n x   cos n
1
1 
= 2 x + 2 2  = 2 2 2 − 2 2 
 n n  0  n n 
2  −2, n =1,3,5,...
2

= 2 2 ( −1) − 1 = 2 
n
n

n   0, n = 2, 4, 6,...
4
an = − 2 2 , n =1,3,5,…
n
 
−4
Substitute a0 , an , bn in (1) we get f ( x ) = + cos nx
2 1,3 n 2 2
 4 
1
 f ( x) = −  2 cos nx − − − (2)
2  1,3 n
Deduction: Put x = 0 ( cont. point) in RHS of (2)
 4  1
f ( 0 ) = −  2 cos 0
2  1,3 n

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MA1352- Linear Algebra and Partial differential equations Dept. of ECE Year:2022-2023

 4  1
0= − 
2  1,3 n 2
 4  1
− =−  2
2  1,3 n

1 2
n
1,3,5
2
=
8
 2 + x, − 2  x  0
6 Find the Fourier series expansion of f (x) =  . Hence deduce
 2 − x, 0  x  2

1

n= 1 (2n − 1)
2
.

a0  nx  nx
Solution: General Fourier is f ( x) = +
2 n =1 
an cos +
 n =1 
bn sin

− − − − − − (*)

Upper Limit − Lower Limit 2 − ( −2)

Here = = =2  = 2
2 2

a n x  n x
f ( x) = 0 +  an cos +  bn sin − − − − − − (1)
2 n =1 2 n =1 2
f1 (− x) = 2 + (− x) = 2 − x = f 2 ( x)  f ( x)is even.  bn = 0
2
2
2 2
 x 2   2 22 
a0 =  f ( x) dx =  2 − x dx =  2 x −  =  2 −  = 2
20 0  2 0  2
2
2
 n x  2  n x  
2 0
an = f ( x) cos   dx =   (2 − x) cos   dx 
 2  0  2  
2
   n x     n x   
  sin  2    − cos  2   
=  (2 − x)     − (−1)    
  n   n
2 2

    
   0
2
2 2

2
   n x  2  
2
=  −  cos    2 2 
   2  n  0
4
= − 2 2  cos n − cos 0 
n
4 4  −2, n = 1,3,5,...
= − 2 2  (−1) n − 1 = − 2 2 
n n  0, n = 2, 4, 6,...
8
an = 2 2 , n = 1,3,5,...
n
Substitute a0 , an , bn in (1) we get

2 8 1 n x
f ( x) = +
2 2

n=1,3,5 n 2
cos
2
− − − (2)

7 Expand f (x) = x (l-x) in (0,l ) as a Fourier cosine series.

Solution: Fourier cosine series of f(x) is given by
ao  nx
f (x ) = +  an cos − − − − − (1)
2 n=1 l

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MA1352- Linear Algebra and Partial differential equations Dept. of ECE Year:2022-2023
l
2  lx 2 x 3 
l l
2 2
ao =  f ( x ) dx =  (lx − x ) dx =  − 
2

l 0 l 0 l 2 3 0
2  3 l 3 − 2l 3  l 2
=   =
l 6  3
2l n x 2l n x
a =  f ( x ) cos dx =  (lx − x 2 ) cos dx
n l l l l
0 0
l
  n x   n x   n x  
2  sin l   − cos   − sin 
= (lx − x 2 )  − −  l  + −  l 
 (l 2 x ) ( 2)
l  n   n  n
2 2 3 3
 
    
 l   l 2
  l 3
 0
l
2l 2  n x 
= −
l  0
 (l 2 x ) cos
ln 2 2
2l
=  −l cos n − l 
n 2
2

 0, n is odd
−2l 2 (−1)n + 1 = 
= 2 2  −4l 2
n  
 2 2 , n is even
n 
l 2 4l 2
1 n x

Substituting a0 and an in (1) we get f ( x ) = −
6 2
n = 2,4,6 n
2
cos
l

8 Find the half range sine series of f ( x) = (l − x) in ( 0, l ) .
2

 n 

Solution: f ( x) =  bn sin   dx
n =1  l 
n x n x
l l
2 2
bn =  f ( x)sin dx =  (l − x)2 sin dx
l 0 l l 0 l
l
  n x   n x   n x  
 − cos  − sin   cos 
2 2 l  − ( −2 ( l − x ) ) 
= ( l − x )  
l  + ( 2)  l 
l  n   n
2 2
  n  
3 3

    
  l   l2   l3  0
2  l3   3 1 l 3 
=  0 + 2. cos n −
  −l + 2. 
l  n3 3   n n3 3 
2l 3  2 1
=  (−1) n − 1 +
3 3 
l n  n 
 2 1
= 2l 2  3 3 (−1) n − 1 +
n  n 

 2 1   n 
f ( x) =
n =1,3
 2l
 n3 3 (−1) − 1 + n  sin  l  dx
2 n

9 Find the Fourier Series up to the third harmonic for the function y=f(x) defined in
(0,2) by means of the table of values given below

x 0 /3 2/3  4/3 5/3 2

y 1.0 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.0
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MA1352- Linear Algebra and Partial differential equations Dept. of ECE Year:2022-2023
Solution:

x y o 2o 3o ycos ysin ycos2 ysin2 ycos3 ysin3

0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
/3 1.4 60 120 180 0.70 1.21 – 0.70 1.21 – 1.40 0
2/3 1.9 120 240 360 – 0.95 1.65 – 0.95 – 1.65 1.90 0
 1.7 180 360 540 – 1.70 0 1.70 0 – 1.70 0
4/3 1.5 240 480 720 – 0.75 – 1.30 – 0.75 1.30 1.50 0
5/3 1.2 300 600 900 0.60 – 1.04 – 0.60 – 1.04 – 1.20 0

8.7 - - - – 1.10 0.52 – 0.30 – 0.18 0.10 0

a0   n x n x 
General Fourier series is f ( x) = + 
2 n =1 

an cos + bn sin  − − − (*)

Since the last value of y is a repetition of the first , only first six values will be consider

x 0 /3 2/3  4/3 5/3 2

y 1.0 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.0
Upper Limit − Lower Limit 2 − 0
Given interval is (0,2).Here, = =  =
2 2
a0  a0 
f ( x) = +
2 n =1
 2 n =1

( an cos nx + bn sin nx ) = + ( an cos nθ + bn sin nθ ) , where θ =x .
a0
f ( x) = + ( a1 cos  + b1 sin  ) + ( a2 cos 2 + b2 sin 2 ) + ( a3 cos 3 + b3 sin 3 ) − − − (1)
2
( up to third harmonic)

  
2 2 2
where a0 =  y  , a1 =  y cos  , b1 =  y sin  
N N N

  
a2 =  y cos 2  , b2 =  y sin 2  , a3 =  y cos3  , b3 =  y sin 3 
2 2 2 2
N N N N
and N= 6 (number of data’s are given)
2 2 2
a0 = (8.7) = 2.9, a1 = (−1.10) = − 0.37, b1 = (0.52) = 0.17
6 6 6
2 2 2
a2 = (−0.3) = −0.1, b2 = (−0.18) = −0.06 , a3 = (0.10) = 0.03
6 6 6
2
b3 = (0) = 0
6
Substitute the above values in (1) we get
2.9
𝑓(𝑥) = + (−0.373 cos  + 0.17𝑠𝑖𝑛) + (−0.1𝑐𝑜𝑠2 − 0.06𝑠𝑖𝑛2) + (0.03𝑐𝑜𝑠3
2
+ 0𝑠𝑖𝑛3)
𝑓(𝑥) = 1.45 + (−0.373 cos 𝑥 + 0.17𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + (−0.1𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 − 0.06𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥) + (0.03𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥)
10 Find the first three harmonic of the Fourier series of f (x) from the following table
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
f (x) 9 18 24 28 26 20

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MA1352- Linear Algebra and Partial differential equations Dept. of ECE Year:2022-2023

a0   n x n x 
Solution: General Fourier series is f ( x) = + 
 an cos
2 n =1 
+ bn sin  − − − (*)

Rewrite the table as (include y = 9 for x = 6 to get the first and last values of y are equal)
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
f (x) 9 18 24 28 26 20 9

Upper Limit − Lower Limit 6 − 0

Given interval is (0,6).Here, = =  =3
2 2
a0   n x n x 
f ( x) = + 

2 n =1 
an cos
3
+ bn sin
3 

x

a0
= + ( an cos nθ + bn sin nθ ) , where θ = = 60o x
2 n =1 3
a
f ( x ) = 0 + ( a1 cos  + b1 sin  ) + ( a2 cos 2 + b2 sin 2 ) + ( a3 cos 3 + b3 sin 3 ) − − − (1)
2
( up to third harmonic)

 y  ,  y cos  , b = N  y sin  

2 2 2
where a0 =  a1 = 
N N
1

 y cos 2  , b  y sin 2  , a  y cos3  , b  y sin 3 

2 2 2 2
a2 =  =  =  = 
N N N N
2 3 3

and N= 6 (number of data’s are given)

𝒙 𝒚 o 2 3 ycos ysin ycos2 ysin2 ycos3 ysin3

0 9 0 0 0 9 0 9 0 9 0

1 18 60 120 180 9 15.59 –9 15.59 –18 0

2 24 120 240 360 –12 20.78 –12 –20.78 24 0

3 28 180 360 540 –28 0 28 0 –28 0

4 26 240 480 720 –13 –22.52 –13 22.52 26 0

5 20 300 600 900 10 –17.32 –10 –17.32 –20 0

- 125 - - - –25 –3.47 –7 0.01 –7 0

2 2 2
a0 = (125) = 41.66 , a1 = (−25) = −8.33, b1 = (−3.47) = −1.16
6 6 6
2 2 2
a2 = (−7) = −2.33, b2 = (0.01) = 0 , a3 = (−7) = −2.33,
6 6 6
2
b3 = (0) = 0
6
Substitute the above values in (1) we get
41.66
f ( x) = + ( −8.33cos  − 1.16sin  ) + ( −2.33cos 2 + 0 ) + ( −2.33cos 3 + 0 )
2
x x 2 x
f ( x ) = 20.83 − 8.33cos − 1.16sin − 2.33cos − 2.33cos  x
3 3 3
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MA1352- Linear Algebra and Partial differential equations Dept. of ECE Year:2022-2023
UNIT-V APPLICATIONS OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
PART-A
1 Write down the partial differential equation that represents one dimensional wave
equation.
Solution:
The partial differential equation that represents one dimensional wave equation is
2 y 2  y
2
= a .
 t2  x2
2 State any two assumptions made in the derivation of the one dimensional wave
equation.
Solution:
i.The string is perfectly elastic and does not offer any resistance to bending.
ii. Deflection y and slope dy/dx at every point of the string are small, so that their higher
powers may be neglected.
2 y 2 y
3 In the one dimensional wave equation 2 = a 2 , what does a2 stands for?
t x 2

Solution:
T
a2 = , where T is the tension and m is the mass of the string.
m
4 Write all possible solutions of the transverse vibration of the string in one dimension.
Solution:
(i) y ( x, t ) = ( Ax + B)(C t + D)
px −p x pat −pat
(ii) y ( x, t ) = ( Ae + Be )(Ce + De )
(iii) y( x, t ) = ( A cos p x + B sin p x)(C cos p at + D sin p at )
5 A tightly stretched string of length l has its ends fastened at x = 0 and x = l is
 3 x 
initially in a position given by y( x , 0) = y0 sin   . If it is released from rest in this
 l 
position, write the initial and boundary conditions.
Solution:
The conditions are
(i) y (0, t ) = 0 , t  0
(ii) y (l , t ) = 0 , t 0
y
(iii) ( x,0) = 0 , 0  x  l
t
 3 x  , 0  x  l
(iv) y ( x,0) = y0 sin  
 l 
6 A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x = 0 and x = l is initially in a position
 x
given by y( x ,0) = y0 sin   . It is released from rest in this position. Find the
 l 
displacement at any time ' t ' if the most general solution is given as

n x n at
y( x , t ) =  Bn sin
n=1 l
cos
l
.
Solution:

n x n at
Given the most general solution is y ( x, t ) =  Bn sin cos .
n =1 l l

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MA1352- Linear Algebra and Partial differential equations Dept. of ECE Year:2022-2023

n x

Put t = 0 we get, y ( x,0) =  Bn sin
l
n =1
.cos0

x  x 2 x 3 x 4 x
y0 sin   = B1 sin + B2 sin + B3 sin + B4 sin + ....
 l  l l l l
B1 = y0 , B2 = 0, B3 = 0, B4 = B5 = .......... = 0
Substitute Bn in most general solution we get,
n x n at x  at
y ( x, t ) =  Bn sin cos = B1 sin cos
n =1 l l l l
x  at
y ( x, t ) = y0 sin cos
.
l l
7 Write the boundary conditions and initial conditions for solving the vibration of string
equation, if the string is subjected to initial displacement f(x) and initial velocity g(x).
Solution:
The initial and boundary conditions are:
i) y(0, t) = 0, t  0
ii) y(l , t) = 0, t  0
y
iii) (x, 0) = g(x), 0  x  l
t
iv) y(x, 0) = f (x), 0  x  l
u  2u
8 In the one dimensional heat equation =2 2 , what does  stands for?
2
t x
Solution:
k
2 = , k = thermal conductivity,  = density, c = specific heat capacitance.
c
9 State Fourier law of heat conduction.
Solution:
The rate at which heat flows through an area is jointly proportional to the area and to the
temperature gradient normal to the area.
10 Write all possible solutions of one-dimensional heat equation.
Solution:
(i) u( x, t ) = ( Ax + B)

(ii) u ( x, t ) = ( Ae px + Be− px )(Ce p t )

2 2

(iii) u ( x, t ) = ( A cos px + B sin px)(Ce − p t )

2 2

 2 u u
−4t
11 Find the value of C, for which u = e cos 3x is the solution of the equation C = 2

x 2 t
Solution:
 2 u u
C2 = − − − −(1)
x 2 t
u
u = e −4t cos 3x  = − 3e −4t sin 3 x
x
 2u
 2 = − 9e−4t cos3x − − − (2)
x
u
= − 4e − 4t cos 3 x − − − −(3)
t
Substitute (2) and (3) in (1) weget,
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MA1352- Linear Algebra and Partial differential equations Dept. of ECE Year:2022-2023

( )
C 2 − 9e −4t cos 3x = − 4e −4t cos 3x
4 2
C2 =  C = .
9 3
12 What is the basic difference between the solutions of one-dimensional wave equation
and one-dimensional heat equation with respect to the time?
Solution:
The solution of one-dimensional wave equation is periodic in nature. But the solution of
one-dimensional heat equation is not periodic in nature.
13 Why can’t u(x ,t) = ( Ae px + Be − px )Ce p t be the suitable solution in one dimension
2 2

heat equation?
Solution:
− px  2 p2t
Since u →  as t→  , u(x ,t) = ( Ae + Be )Ce
px
cannot be chosen as the suitable
solution in one dimension heat equation.
14 What is meant by steady state in one dimensional heat equation.
Solution:
The state in which the temperature does not vary with respect to time ‘t’ is called steady
u
state. Therefore, when steady state condition exists, u (x, t) becomes u(x) and =0
t

u 2  u
2
We know that, one dimensional heat equation is =  ,
t x 2
d 2u
Therefore, steady state one-dimension heat equation is = 0.
dx 2
15 Derive the solution of steady state one dimensional heat flow equation.
Solution:
d 2u
Steady state one-dimension heat equation is = 0.
dx 2
du
Integrating with respect to x we get, =A
dx
Again, integrating with respect to x we get, u = Ax + B
Therefore, the solution of steady state one dimensional heat equation is u( x) = Ax + B
16 An insulated rod of length 60 cm has its ends A and B maintained at 20oC and 80oC
respectively. Find the steady state temperature in the rod.
Solution:
d 2u
Steady state heat equation is = 0.
dx 2
The solution is u ( x) = Ax + B ……..(1)
Given conditions are u ( 0 ) = 20, u ( 60 ) = 80 .
Put x = 0 in (1) and apply u ( 0) = 20 we get B = 20
Put x = 60 in (1) and apply u ( 60) = 80 we get A = 1
 u = x + 20 , which is the steady state temperature in the rod.
17 Write all possible solutions of steady state two-dimensional heat flow equation
 2u  2u
+ = 0.
 x2  y2

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MA1352- Linear Algebra and Partial differential equations Dept. of ECE Year:2022-2023
Solution:

(
(i). u ( x , y ) = Ae + Be
px – px
)
(C cospy + D sinpy )
(
(ii). u ( x , y ) = ( A cospx + B sinpx ) C e + De
py –py
)
(iii). u ( x, y ) = ( Ax + B )(Cy + D ) .
18 An infinitely long rectangular plate is of width l cm. The temperature along the short
edge y = 0 is given by u = f ( x ) and all the other three edges are kept at 0 C . Write the
boundary conditions that are needed for solving steady state two-dimensional heat flow
equation.
Solution: The boundary conditions are
(i ) u (0, y ) = 0
(ii ) u (l , y ) = 0
(iii ) u ( x, ) = 0
(iv ) u ( x, 0) = f ( x)
19 Given the boundary conditions on a square or rectangular plate, how will you identify
the suitable solution?
Solution:
If the non-zero temperature is prescribed either on x = 0 or on x = a (vertical edges), the
proper solution will be u ( x , y ) = ( Ae p x + Be p x ) (C cospy + D sinpy )
–

If the non-zero temperature is prescribed either on y = 0 or y = b (horizontal edges), the

proper solution will be u ( x , y ) = ( A cospx + Bsinpx ) C e + De
py –py
( )
20 A plate is bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 0, x = l and y = l. Its faces are insulated. The
o
edge coinciding with x-axis is kept at 100 C . The edge coinciding with y-axis is kept
o o
at 5 0 C . The other two edges are kept at 0 C . Write the boundary conditions that
are needed for solving steady state two-dimensional heat flow equation.
Solution:
Boundary conditions are
(i) u ( x,0 ) = 100; 0  x  l .
(ii) u ( 0, y ) = 50;0  y  l .
( x, l ) = 0; 0  x  l .
(iii) u
(iv) u ( l , y ) = 0; 0  y  l .
PART-B
1 A string is stretched and fastened to two points that are distant 'l ' apart. Motion is
started by displacing the string into the form y = k (lx − x 2 ) from which it is released
from rest at time t = 0 . Find the displacement y( x , t ).
2 y 2  y
2
T
Solution: One dimensional wave equation =a , where a 2 =
t2 x 2
m

The conditions are

(i) y(0, t ) = 0

(ii) y(l , t ) = 0

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MA1352- Linear Algebra and Partial differential equations Dept. of ECE Year:2022-2023
y
(iii) ( x,0) = 0
t
(iv) y( x,0) = k (lx − x2 ) = f ( x)

The correct solution is

y( x, t ) = ( A cos px + B sin px)(C cos pat + D sin pat ) ------------(1)

Put x =0 in (1) and apply condition (i)

y(0, t ) = ( A cos 0 + B sin 0) (C cos pat + D sin pat )

0 = A(C cos pat + D sin pat )

 A=0 Since (C cos pat + D sin pat )  0

Substitute A = 0 in (1) we get,

y ( x, t ) = B sin px(C cos pat + D sin pat ) ---------------(2)

Put x = l in (2) and apply condition (ii)

y (l , t ) = B sin pl (C cos pat + D sin pat )

0 = B sin pl (C cos pat + D sin pat )

 sin pl = 0 Since (C cos pat + D sin pat )  0 and B  0

sin pl = sin n  pl = n

n
 p= , n =1,2,3,...
l

n
Substitute p = in (2) we get,
l
n x  n at n at  ------------(3)
y ( x, t ) = B sin  C cos + D sin 
l  l l 

Differentiate (3) partially w.r.to t

y n x  n a n a t n a n a t 
( x, t ) = B sin  −C sin +D cos 
t l  l l l l 

Put t =0 in above and apply condition (iii)

y n x  n a n a 
( x, 0) = B sin −C sin 0 + D
l 
cos 0 
t l l 

n x n a
0 = B sin D
l l

 n x n a
D=0 Since B  0, sin  0, 0
l l
Substitute D =0 in (3) we get,
n x  n at  n x n at
y ( x, t ) = B sin  C cos  = Bn sin cos , where BC = Bn
l  l  l l

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By the superposition principle, the most general solution is


n x n at -------------------(4)
y( x, t ) =  Bn sin cos
n =1 l l

Put t = 0 in (4) and apply condition (iv)

 n x
y ( x,0) =  Bn sin .cos 0
n =1 l

 n x
f ( x ) =  Bn sin -------------------(5)
n =1 l


n x
By half range Fourier sine series f ( x) =  bn sin − − − − − − − (6)
n =1 l

On comparing (5) and (6), we get bn = Bn

2l n x
bn = 
l0
f ( x)sin
l
dx

2l n x
=  kx(l − x)sin dx
l0 l
l
  n x   n x   n x  
 − −
l  
 cos  sin   cos
= ( lx − x 2 ) 
2k l  − (l − 2x ) l + ( − )
   2  
l   n   n 
2 2
  n   
3 3

  l   l2   l3   0
2k  l3 l3 
= 0 + 0 − 2. cos n + 0 − 0 + 2. .1
l  n3 3 n3 3 
2k 2l 3
= 1 − (−1) n 
l n3 3 
4kl 2
= 3 3 1 − (−1) n 
n
0 if n is even

=  8k l 2

 n3 3 if n is odd
= Bn
8k l2 n x

n a t

Substitute Bn in most general solution (4)we get, y ( x, t ) =
n =1,3,5 n 
3 3
sin
l
cos
l
2 A tightly stretched string of length l has its ends fastened at x = 0 and x = l . The
midpoint of the string is then taken to a height h and then released from rest in that
position. Obtain an expression for the displacement of the string at any subsequent
time.
Solution: One dimensional wave equation  2y = a 2  2y , where a 2 =
2 2 T
t x m
The conditions are
(i) y(0, t ) = 0
(ii) y(l , t ) = 0

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y
(iii) ( x,0) = 0
t Y
(iv) y ( x,0) = f ( x)

X
(0,0)
To find f (x)
Consider the interval (0, l 2) , the end points are (0,0), ( l 2 , h)
Using two point formula for the straight line
y − y1 x − x1 y −0 x−0 2hx
=  = y=
y1 − y2 x1 − x2 0 − h 0 − l2 l
Consider the interval ( l 2 , l ) , the end points are ( l 2 , h), (l ,0)
Again by two point formula for the straight line
y − y1 x − x1 y − h x − l2 2h
=  =  y = (l − x)
y1 − y2 x1 − x2 h−0 l
2 −l l
 2hx
 , 0  x  l2
 l
 f ( x) = 
 2h (l − x), l 2  x  l
 l

The correct solution is y( x, t ) = ( A cos px + B sin px)(C cos pat + D sin pat ) ------------(1)

Put x =0 in (1) and apply condition (i)

y(0, t ) = ( A cos 0 + B sin 0) (C cos pat + D sin pat )

0 = A(C cos pat + D sin pat )

 A=0 Since (C cos pat + D sin pat )  0

Substitute A = 0 in (1) we get,

y ( x, t ) = B sin px(C cos pat + D sin pat ) ---------------(2)

Put x = l in (2) and apply condition (ii)

y (l , t ) = B sin pl (C cos pat + D sin pat )

0 = B sin pl (C cos pat + D sin pat )

 sin pl = 0 Since (C cos pat + D sin pat )  0 and B  0

sin pl = sin n  pl = n
n
 p= , n =1,2,3,...
l
n
Substitute p = in (2) we get,
l
n x  n at n at  ------------(3)
y ( x, t ) = B sin  C cos + D sin 
l  l l 
Differentiate (3) partially w.r.to t

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y n  x  n  a n a t n a n a t 
( x, t ) = B sin −C +D
l  
sin cos
t l l l l 

Put t =0 in above and apply condition (iii)

y n x  n a n a 
( x,0) = B sin  −C sin 0 + D cos 0 
t l  l l 

n x n a
0 = B sin D
l l

 D = 0 Since B  0, sin n x  0, n a  0
l l
Substitute D = 0 in (3) we get,
n x  n at  n x n at
y ( x, t ) = B sin  C cos  = Bn sin cos , where BC = Bn
l  l  l l
By the superposition principle, the most general solution is

n x n at -------------------(4)
y( x, t ) =  B sin n cos
n =1 l l
Put t = 0 in (4) and apply condition (iv)
 n x
y ( x, 0) =  Bn sin .cos 0
n =1 l
 n x
f ( x ) =  Bn sin -------------------(5)
n =1 l

n x
By half range Fourier sine series f ( x) =  bn sin − − − − − − − (6)
n =1 l

On comparing (5) and (6), we get bn = Bn

n x
l
2
bn =  f ( x) sin dx
l 0 l
l 
n x n x 
l
2  2 2hx 2h
l  0 l
= sin dx +  (l − x) sin dx
l l l 
 
l
2

 l l 
n x  
2 
  − cos n x    n x   n x   
4h     − sin    − cos l   − sin  
 − (1)      − (−1)   
= 2  x l l + (l − x)  l
l   n   n
2 2
    n   n
2 2
 
        
  l   l2  0   l   l2  l
 2

4h  l 
2
n  l  n  l 
2 2
n  l  n  
2
= 2   − cos  + 2 2  sin +  cos  + 2 2  sin 
l  2n  2  n  2  2n  2  n  2 
8h n
= 2 2 sin
n 2
= Bn
Substitute Bn in most general solution (4)we get,

8h n n x n a t
y ( x, t ) =  sin sin cos .
n =1 n 
2 2
2 l l

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3 A string is stretched between two fixed points at a distance 2l apart and the points of
 cx
 l ;0  x  l
the string are given initial velocities v where v =  , x being the
c
 ( 2l − x ) ; l  x  2l
 l
distance from one end point. Find the displacement of the string at any subsequent
time.
 y  y
2 2

=a
2 T
Solution: One dimensional wave equation , where a 2 = .
t x
2 2
m
L
Here the length of the string is 2l. So take 2l =L l=
2
The conditions are
(i) y(0, t ) = 0
(ii) y(2l , t ) = 0  y( L, t ) = 0
(iii) y ( x, 0) = 0
 cx  2c x L
 ;0  x  l  ;0  x 
y l 
(iv) ( x, 0) =  = L 2
t  c ( 2l − x ) ; l  x  2l  2c ( L − x ) ; L  x  L
 l  L 2
The correct solution is

y ( x, t ) = ( A cos px + B sin px)(C cos pat + D sin pat ) ------------(1)

Put x =0 in (1) and apply condition (i)

y(0, t ) = ( A cos 0 + B sin 0) (C cos pat + D sin pat )

0 = A(C cos pat + D sin pat )

 A=0 Since (C cos pat + D sin pat )  0

Substitute A = 0 in (1) we get,

y ( x, t ) = B sin px(C cos pat + D sin pat ) ---------------(2)

Put x = L in (2) and apply condition (ii)

y ( L, t ) = B sin pL(C cos pat + D sin pat )

0 = B sin pL(C cos pat + D sin pat )

 sin pL = 0 Since (C cos pat + D sin pat )  0 and B  0

sin pL = sin n  pL = n

n
 p= , n =1,2,3,...
L
n
Substitute p = in (2) we get,
L
n x  n at n at  ------------(3)
y ( x, t ) = B sin  C cos + D sin 
L  L L 
Put t =0 in (3) and apply condition (iii)
n x
y ( x,0) = B sin ( C cos0 + D sin 0 )
L
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MA1352- Linear Algebra and Partial differential equations Dept. of ECE Year:2022-2023
n x
0 = B sin (C )
L
 C = 0 Since B  0, sin n x  0
L
Substitute C = 0 in (3) we get,
n x  n at  n x n at
y ( x, t ) = B sin  D sin  = Bn sin sin , where BD = Bn
L  L  L L
By the superposition principle, the most general solution is

n x n at -------------------(4)
y( x, t ) =  B sin sin
n
n =1 L L
Differentiate (4) partially w.r.to t
y 
n x n at n a
( x, t ) =  Bn sin cos 
t n =1 L L L
Put t =0 in above and apply condition (iv)
y 
n x n a
( x,0) =  Bn sin cos0 
t n =1 L L

n x n a
f ( x) =  Bn sin  − − − − − (5)
n =1 L L

n x
By half range Fourier sine series f ( x) =  bn sin − − − − − − − (6)
n =1 L

On comparing (5) and (6), we get b = B n a

n n
L
n x
L
2
L 0
bn = f ( x) sin dx
L
L 
n x n x 
L
2  2 2c x 2c
L  0 L
= sin dx +  ( L − x) sin dx
L L L L 
 2 
 n x   
L L
n x   n x    n x  
2

  
4c  
− cos   − sin    − cos L   − sin  
= 2  x L
 − (1) 
L   +  ( L − x)   − (−1) 
L  
L   n  n 
2 2
   n  n 
2 2
  
        
   0      L 2 

2 2
L L L L
4c  L2  n  L2  n  L2  n  L2  n  
= 2  − cos  + 2 2  sin +  cos  + 2 2  sin 
L  2n  2  n  2  2n  2  n  2 
8c L2 n
bn = sin
L n
2 2 2
2
n a 8c n L 8c n 8cL n
 Bn = 2 2 sin  Bn = sin = 3 3 sin
L n 2 n a n 
2 2
2 n a 2
Substitute in (4) weget,

8cL n n x n at
y ( x, t ) =  sin sin sin
n =1 n  a
3 3
2 L L

n n x n at
(replace 2l = L)
16cl
= sin sin sin .
n =1 n  a
3 3
2 2l 2l

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4 If a string of length l is initially at rest in its equilibrium position and each point of it
 3 x  x
is given the velocity yt = v0 sin   cos   , determine the transverse displacement
 l   l 
y( x , t ).
 y  y
2 2

=a
2 T
Solution: One dimensional wave equation , where a 2 = .
t x
2 2
m
The conditions are
(i) y(0, t ) = 0
(ii) y(l , t ) = 0
(iii) y ( x, 0) = 0
y  3 x    x  v0   3 x  x   3 x  x  
(iv) ( x, 0) = v0 sin   cos  = sin  l + l  + sin  l − l  
t  l   l  2     
v0   4 x   2 x  
= sin  l  + sin  l  
2     
The correct solution is y( x, t ) = ( A cos px + B sin px)(C cos pat + D sin pat ) -------(1)
Put x =0 in (1) and apply condition (i)
y(0, t ) = ( A cos 0 + B sin 0) (C cos pat + D sin pat )

0 = A(C cos pat + D sin pat )

 A=0 Since (C cos pat + D sin pat )  0

Substitute A = 0 in (1) we get,

y ( x, t ) = B sin px(C cos pat + D sin pat ) ---------------(2)

Put x = l in (2) and apply condition (ii)

y (l , t ) = B sin pl (C cos pat + D sin pat )

0 = B sin pl (C cos pat + D sin pat )

 sin pl = 0 Since (C cos pat + D sin pat )  0 and B  0
sin pl = sin n  pl = n
n
 p= , n =1,2,3,...
l

n
Substitute p = in (2) we get,
l
n x  n at n at  ------------(3)
y ( x, t ) = B sin  C cos + D sin 
l  l l 

Put t =0 in (3) and apply condition (iii)

n x
y ( x,0) = B sin ( C cos0 + D sin 0 )
l
n x
0 = B sin (C )
l
 C = 0 Since B  0, sin n x  0
l
Substitute C = 0 in (3) we get,

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n x  n at  n x n at
y ( x, t ) = B sin  D sin  = Bn sin sin , where BD = Bn
l  l  l l
 n x n a t
The most general solution is y ( x, t ) =  Bn sin sin − − − (4)
n =1 l l
Differentiate (4) partially w.r.to t
y 
n x n at n a
( x, t ) =  Bn sin cos 
t n =1 l l l
Put t =0 in above and apply condition (iv)
y 
n x n a
( x,0) =  Bn sin cos0 
t n =1 l l
v0   4 x   2 x   
n x n a
sin  l  + sin  l   = n Bn sin 
2       = 1 l l

v0   2 x   4 x   =
sin  l  + sin  l  
2     
 x  a  2 x  2 a  3 x  3 a
B1 sin   + B2 sin   + B3 sin   + ......
 l  l  l  l  l  l

On Comparing B1 , B3 = 0
v0 2 a lv
= B2   B2 = 0
2 l 4 a
v0 4 a lv
= B4   B4 = 0
2 l 8 a

n x n a t
Substitute Bn value in most general solution (4) y ( x, t ) =  Bn sin sin
n = 2,4 l l

 2 x   2 at   4 x   4 at 
y ( x, t ) = B2 sin   sin   + B4 sin   sin  
 l   l   l   l 

 2 x   2 a t   lv0   4 x   4 a t 
y( x, t ) =  lv0  sin   sin  +  8 a  sin  l  sin  l 
 4 a   l   l       
 
5 The ends A and B of a rod 20 cm long have their temperatures kept at 30 C and 90 C
, until steady state conditions prevail. The temperatures of both the ends are suddenly
reduced to 0 C and kept so. Find the temperature distribution in the rod after time t.
Solution:
2
Steady state one dimensional heat equation is d u2 = 0 --------- (1)
dx
The solution is u( x) = ax + b -------- (2)
The boundary conditions are 300 900
(i) u(0) = 30 (ii) u(l ) = 90
Put x = 0 in (2) and apply (i)
u (0) = a .0 + b
30 = b
Then the equation (2) becomes u( x) = ax + 30 ---------- (3)
Put x = 0 in (3) and apply (ii)
u(l ) = a l + 30
90 = al + 30

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60
a=
l
0
60 x 0 00
Then the equation (3) becomes u ( x ) = + 30
l
Consider the one dimensional heat equation u = a 2  u2
2

t x
The conditions are
60 x
(iii ) u (0, t ) = 0 (iv) u (l , t ) = 0 (v) u ( x, 0) = u ( x) = + 30
l
2 p 2t
The correct solution is u ( x, t ) = ( A cos px + B sin px) e− a --------- (4)
Put x = 0 in (4) and apply (iii) condition
2 p 2t
u (0, t ) = ( A cos 0 + B sin 0) e− a
2 p 2t
0 = ( A) e− a
− 2 p 2t
 A=0 Since e 0
Substitute A = 0 in (4) we get,
2 p 2t
u ( x, t ) = ( B sin px) e− a
--------- (5)
Put x = l in (5) and apply (iii) condition
2 p 2t
u (l , t ) = ( B sin pl ) e− a
2 p2t
0 = ( B sin pl ) e− a
− 2 p2t
 sin pl = 0 Since e  0 and B0
sin pl = sin n  pl = n
n
 p= , n =1,2,3,...
l
n
Substitute p = in (5) we get,
l
 2n2 2  2n2 2
n x − l 2 t n x − l 2 t where B=Bn
u ( x, t ) = ( B sin )e = Bn sin e
l l
By the super position principle, the most general solution is
 2n2 2

n x − l 2 t --------------- (6)
u ( x, t ) =  Bn sin e
n=1 l
Put t =0 in (6) and apply condition (iii)
 n x
we get, u ( x, 0) =  Bn sin cos 0
n =1 l

n x
f ( x) =  Bn sin
n =1 l

nx
By Half range Fourier sine series f ( x) =  bn sin
n =1 l
On comparing Bn = bn .
2l n x 2  l  60 x  n x 
bn =  f ( x)sin dx =   
l 0  l
+ 30  sin

dx 
l 0 l l 

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 n x   
l
 − cos n x  
−
2   60 x l  −  60   l 

sin
=  

+ 30         
l   l   n  l  n 
2 2

   
  l   l  0  2

     
2   − cos n   − cos 0   
=  ( 90 )   − ( 30 )  n   
l  n
    
  l   l   
2 l
=  30 − 90(−1) n 
l n
60
= 1 + 3( −1) n +1  = Bn
n 
 2n2 2
Substitute in (6) we get, u ( x, t ) =  60 1 + 3( −1) n +1  sin n x e l 2
 − t

n=1 n l
 2n2 2
Put l =20 we get, u ( x, t ) =  60 1 + 3(−1) n+1  sin n x e− 400 t


 
n=1 n 20
6 The ends A and B of a rod 10 cm long have their temperatures kept at 50 C and 100 C
, until steady state conditions prevail. The temperature of the end B is suddenly reduced
to 60 C and that of A is increased to 90 C . Find the temperature distribution in the
rod after time t.
Solution: Proceed the problem with length l cm and finally replace l =10.
2
Steady state one dimensional heat equation is d u2 = 0 --------- (1)
dx
The solution is u( x) = ax + b -------- (2)
The boundary conditions are
(i) u(0) = 50 (ii) u(l ) = 100
Put x = 0 in (2) and apply (i) 500 1000
u (0) = a .0 + b
50 = b
Then the equation (2) becomes u( x) = ax + 30 ---------- (3)
Put x = 0 in (3) and apply (ii)
u(l ) = a l + 50
100 = al + 50
50
a=
l
50 x
Then the equation (3) becomes u ( x ) = + 50 900 600
l
Consider the unsteady state one dimensional heat equation u = a 2  u2
2

t x
− a 2 p 2t
the correct solution is u ( x, t ) = ( A cos px + B sin px) e − − − − − (4)
The boundary conditions are
50 x
(iii ) u (0, t ) = 90 (iv) u (l , t ) = 60 (v) u ( x, 0) = u ( x) =
+ 50
l
Since we have all nonzero boundary conditions, take the temperature distribution
function as u ( x, t ) = us ( x) + u T ( x, t ) − − − − − − − (5)
 u T ( x , t ) = u ( x, t ) − u s ( x )
To find us ( x)
The solution is us ( x) =  x +  − − − − − (6)
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The boundary conditions are (vi ) u s (0) = 90 , (vii ) u s (l ) = 60

Put x = 0 in (6) and apply (vi)
uS (0) =  .0 + 
90 = 
Then the equation (6) becomes uS ( x) =  x + 90 ---------- (7)
Put x = l in (7) and apply (vii)
uS (l ) =  l + 90
60 =  l + 90
Then the equation (7) becomes
 l + 90 = 60
−30 −30 x
 =  the equation (6) becomes u s ( x ) = + 90 --------- (8)
l l
To find u T ( x, t )
The boundary conditions are
(viii ) uT (0, t ) = u (0, t ) − us (0) = 90 − 90 = 0
(ix) uT (l , t ) = u (l , t ) − us (l ) = 60 − 60 = 0
 50 x   −30 x  80 x
( x) uT ( x, 0) = u ( x, 0) − us ( x) =  + 50  −  + 90  = − 40 = f ( x)
 l   l  l
In unsteady state, the correct solution is
2 p 2t
u T ( x, t ) = ( A cos px + B sin px) e − a ------- (9)
Put x = 0 in (9) and apply (viii) condition
2 p 2t
uT (0, t ) = ( A cos 0 + B sin 0) e− a
2 p 2t
0 = ( A) e− a
− 2 p2t
 A=0 Since e 0
Substitute A = 0 in (9) we get,
2 p 2t
uT ( x, t ) = ( B sin px) e − a
--------- (10)
Put x = l in (10) and apply (ix) condition
2 p 2t
uT (l , t ) = ( B sin pl ) e− a
2 p2t
0 = ( B sin pl ) e− a
− 2 p2t
 sin pl = 0 Since e  0 and B0
sin pl = sin n  pl = n
n
 p= , n =1,2,3,...
l
n
Substitute p = in (10) we get,
l
 2n2 2  2n2 2
n x − l 2 t n x − l 2 t where B=Bn
uT ( x, t ) = ( B sin )e = Bn sin e
l l
By the super position principle, the most general solution is
 2n2 2

n x − l 2 t --------------- (11)
uT ( x, t ) =  Bn sin e
n=1 l
Put t =0 in (11) and apply condition (x)

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 n x
we get, uT ( x, 0) = B n
sin cos 0
n =1 l

n x
f ( x) =  Bn sin
n =1 l

n x
By Half range Fourier sine series f ( x) =  bn sin l
n =1
On comparing Bn = bn
n x 2  80 x  n x
l l
2
bn = 
l 0
f ( x)sin
l
dx =  
l 0 l
− 40  sin
 l
dx

l
  n x   n x  
 − cos  − sin 
2  80 x  l  −  80   l 
=  − 40     
l  l  n   l   n 
2 2

 
 l   l 2
0
2  −40l 40l 
=  cos n − .1
l  n n 
−80
= 1 + (−1) n 
n
= Bn
− a 2n2 2

−80 n x t
 the equation (11) becomes uT ( x, t ) =  1 +(−1) n  sin e l2
n =1 n l
Substitute us ( x) and uT ( x, t ) in (5) weget
− a2n2 2
−30 x 
80 n x t
u( x, t ) = + 90 −  1 +(−1)n  sin e l2
l n =1 n l
n  2 2 2
80 
n x − a 100
Put l = 10 we get, u ( x, t ) = −3x + 90 − 
t
1 +(−1)  sin
n
e
n =1 n 10
7 An infinitely long uniform plate is bounded by two parallel edges and an end at right
angle to them. The breadth of this edge y = 0 is , this end is maintained at
temperature as u = k ( x − x 2 ) at all points while the other edges are at zero
temperature. Find the temperature u( x, y) at any point of the plate in the steady state.
 2u  2u
Solution: Steady state two dimensional heat equation + =0
x 2 y 2
Given the boundary conditions are
(i) u (0, y) = 0
(ii) u ( , y) = 0
(iii) u ( x, ) = 0
(iv) u ( x, 0) = K ( x − x 2 ) = f ( x)
The suitable solution which satisfying
boundary conditions is
u ( x, y ) = ( A cos px + B sin px)(Ce p y + De − p y ) ----------- (1)
put x =0 and apply the boundary condition (i)
u (0, y ) = A (Ce p y + De − p y ) = 0

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0 = A (Ce p y + De − p y )
 A=0
Substitute A = 0 in (1)
u ( x, y ) = B sin px (Ce p y + De − p y ) -------- (2)
put x = and apply the boundary condition (ii) in (2)
u ( , y ) = ( B sin p )(Ce p y + De − p y )
0 = ( B sin p )(Ce p y + De − p y )

here sin p = 0 sin p = sin n  p = n  p = n

Substitute p = n in (2)
u ( x, y ) = B sin nx(Ce n y + De − n y ) ----------- (3)
put y =  and apply the boundary condition (iii) in (3)
u ( x, ) = B sin nx(Ce  + De − )
0 = B sin nx(Ce  )
 C=0
Substitute C = 0 in (3) we get,
u( x, y) = B sin nx( De− n y ) = Bn sin n xe−n y since BD =Bn

The most general solution is u ( x, y ) =  Bn e − n y sin nx --------- (4)
n =1
Put y=0 and apply the boundary condition (iv) in (4)

u ( x, 0) =  Bn e0 sin nx
n =1

f ( x) =  B sin nx n
n=1

By Half range Fourier sine series. f ( x) =  bn sin nx − − − − − (5)
n =1
Comparing (4) and (5) we get bn = Bn
 
2 2
bn =  f ( x) sin nxdx =  k (x − x
2
) sin nxdx
 0
 0

2k   − cos nx   − sin nx   cos nx  2k  − 2 cos n 2 
=
  (x − x 2 )  − ( − 2 x )  + (−2) 3  = =
 
+ 3
 n   n   n  0 n 
2
n3
0 if n is even
4k

= 3 1 − (−1) =  8k
n
n


n 3 if n is odd
Then the equation (4) becomes

8k −n y
u( x, y) =  e sin nx
n=1,3,5  n3

8 A rectangular plate with insulated surface is 20cm wide and so long compared to its
width that it may be considered infinite in length without introducing appreciable
10 y, 0  y  10
error. The temperature at short edge x = 0 is given by u =  and
10(20 − y ), 10  y  20
all the other three edges are kept at 0 C . Find the steady state temperature at any point
in the plate.
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Solution:
 2u  2u
Steady state two dimensional heat equation + =0
x 2 y 2
The boundary conditions are
(i) u(x,0)=0
(ii) u(x,20)=0
(iii) u(,y)=0
10 y, 0  y  10
(iv) u (0, y ) =  = f ( y)
10(20 − y ), 10  y  20

The suitable solution which satisfying the given boundary conditions is

u ( x, y ) = ( A cos p y + B sin p y )(Ce + De − p x ) -------(1)
px

put y= 0 and apply the boundary condition (i) in (1)

+ De − p x )
px
u ( x, 0) = ( A cos 0 + B sin 0)(Ce
+ De− p x )
px
0 = ( A)(Ce
A=0
px −px
Substitute A = 0 in (1) u ( x, y ) = ( B sin p y )(Ce + De ) --------- (2)
put y =20 and apply the boundary condition (ii) in (2)
+ De − p x )
px
u ( x, 20) = ( B sin p 20)(Ce
+ De − p x )
px
0 = ( B sin p 20)(Ce
n
 sin p20 = 0  p20 = n  p=
20
n x −n x
n n y  
Substitute p = in (2) we get, u ( x, y ) = B sin  Ce 20 + De 20  ------- (3)
20 20  

put x = and apply the boundary condition (iii) in (3)
n y
u (, y ) = B sin
20
(
Ce + De − )
n y
0 = B sin
20
(
Ce + De − )
 C=0
− n x − n x
n y n y
Substitute C = 0 in (3) we get, u ( x, y ) = B sin e 20 = B
n sin e 20
20 20
−n x

n y
The most general solution is u ( x, y ) =  Bn e 20 sin -------- (4)
n =1 20
Put x =0 and apply the boundary condition (iv) in (4)

n y
u (0, y) =  Bn .1 sin
n=1
20

n y
f ( y) =  B sinn
20
n=1

ny
By Half range Fourier sine series f ( y) =  bn sin
n =1
20

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On comparing we get Bn = bn
n y 1  n y n y 
20 10 20
2
bn = 
20 0
f ( y )sin
20
dy = 
10  0
10 y sin
20
dx + 
10
10(20 − y)sin
20
dy 

  ny   ny 
10
  ny   ny  
20

  − cos   − sin    − cos   − sin  

=  y  20  − (1) 20   +  (20 − y ) 20  − (−1) 20  
  n   n 2 2    n   n 2 2  
  

   



  

20  400  0  20  400  10 
  n  n    n  n 
  − cos  sin 2    − cos  sin 2   800 n
= 10  2 20
 + 2 2  − 10  − 2 2   = 2 2 sin
  n
 n    n  n  n  2
   
  20  400    20  400 
 − n x
800 n n y
Substitute in (4) we get, u ( x, y ) =  2 2 sin e 20 sin
n =1 n  2 20
9 A rectangular plate bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 0, x = a , y = b . Its surfaces are
insulated the temperature along x = a , y = 0, y = b are kept at 0oC and the fourth edge
x = 0 is at 100oC. Find the steady state temperature distribution u (x,y).
 2u  2u
Solution: Steady state two-dimensional heat equation + =0
x 2 y 2
The boundary conditions are
(i) u(x,0)=0
(ii) u(x,b)=0
(iii) u(a,y)=0
(iv) u(0,y)=f(y)= 100

The suitable solution which satisfying the given boundary conditions is

u ( x, y ) = ( A cos p y + B sin p y )(Ce + De − p x ) -------(1)
px

put y= 0 and apply the boundary condition (i) in (1)

+ De − p x )
px
u ( x, 0) = ( A cos 0 + B sin 0)(Ce
+ De− p x )  A = 0
px
0 = ( A)(Ce
px −px
Substitute A = 0 in (1) u ( x, y ) = ( B sin p y )(Ce + De ) --------- (2)
put y =b and apply the boundary condition (ii) in (2)
+ De − p x )
px
u ( x, b) = ( B sin p b)(Ce
+ De − p x )
px
0 = ( B sin pb)(Ce
n
 sin pb = 0  pb = n  p=
b
n x −n x
n n y  
Substitute p = in (2) we get, u ( x, y ) = B sin  Ce b + De b  ------- (3)
b b  

put x =a and apply the boundary condition (iii) in (3)
na na
n y −
u (a, y) = B sin (Ce b
+ De b
)
b
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na na
n y −
0 = B sin (Ce b
+ De b
)
b
na na na na
− −
 Ce b
+ De b
= 0  De b
= − Ce b

2n  a

 D= −Ce b

n x 2n  a n x
n y −
Then the equation (3) becomes u ( x, y) = B sin (Ce b
− Ce b
e b
)
b
n x 2n  a n x
n y b −
= Bn sin (e −e b
e b ) since BC =Bn
b
The most general solution is
n x 2n  a n x

n y

−
u ( x, y) = Bn sin (e b
−e b
e b
) ---------(4)
n=1
b
put x=0 and apply the boundary condition (iv) in (4)

n y 0 2 nb a 0
u (0, y ) =  Bn sin (e − e e )
n =1 b
2n  a

n y
f ( y ) =  Bn sin (1 − e b )
n =1 b

n y
By Half range Fourier sine series. f ( y) =  bn sin
n =1 b
2n  a

On comparing we get bn = Bn (1 − e b
)  Bn = bn
2n  a
b
1− e
n y n y
b b
2 2
bn =  f ( y)sin dy =  (100)sin dy
b0 b b0 b
b
 n y   
− cos
200  b  200  − cos n cos 0 
=   =  n +
b  n   b n 
 
 b   0  b b 
0 if n is even
200 
= 1 − (−1)  =  400
n

n    n if n is odd

400
 Bn = 2n  a
, n = 1,3,5,...
 n(1 − e b
)
Then the equation (4) becomes
n x 2n  a n x

n y

400 −
u ( x, y ) = 2n  a
b
sin b
(e −e e b
)
b
n=1, 3, 5
 n(1 − e b
)
10 A square plate is bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 0, x = 20, y = 20 . Its surfaces are
insulated. The temperature along the upper horizontal edge is given by u(x,20)= x(20-
x), 0<x<20 while the other edges are kept at 0oC. Find the steady state temperature
distribution u(x,y).
 2u  2u
Solution: Steady state two-dimensional heat equation + =0
x 2 y 2
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MA1352- Linear Algebra and Partial differential equations Dept. of ECE Year:2022-2023

The boundary conditions are

(i) u(0,y)=0
(ii) u(20,y)=0
(iii) u(x,0)=0
(iv) u(x,20)=f(x)= x(20–
Thex)suitable solution is
u ( x, y ) = ( A cos px + B sin px)(Ce p y + De − p y ) --------- (1)
put x =0 and apply the boundary condition (i)
u (0, y ) = A (Ce p y + De − p y ) = 0

0 = A (Ce p y + De − p y )
 A=0
Substitute A = 0 in (1)
u ( x, y ) = B sin px (Ce p y + De − p y ) -------- (2)
put x =20 and apply the boundary condition (ii) in (2)
u (20, y ) = ( B sin p 20)(Ce p y + De − p y )
0 = ( B sin 20 p)(Ce p y + De − p y )
n
here sin 20 p = 0  sin 20 p = sin n  20 p = n  p =
20
n
Substitute p = in (2)
20
n y n y
n x −
u( x, y) = B sin (Ce + De 20 ) -------- (3)
20
20
put y=0& apply the boundary condition (iii) in (3)
n x
u ( x, 0) = B sin (Ce 0 + De 0 )
20
n x
0 = B sin (C + D )
20
 C + D = 0  D = −C
Then the equation (3) becomes
n y n y
n x −
u ( x, y ) = B sin (Ce 20 − Ce 20 )
20
n y n y
n x −
= BC sin (e 20 − e 20 ) Since 2BC =Bn and ( e x − e− x ) = 2sinh x
20
n x n y
= Bn sin sinh
20 20

n x n y
The most general solution is u ( x, y ) =  Bn sin
sinh ----------- (4)
n =1 20 20
put y=20and apply the boundary condition (iv) in (4)

n x n  20
u ( x, 20) =  Bn sin sinh
n =1 20 20

n x
f ( x)=  Bn sin sinh n
n =1 20
St. Joseph’s College of Engineering 70
MA1352- Linear Algebra and Partial differential equations Dept. of ECE Year:2022-2023

n x
By Half range Fourier sine series. f ( x) =  bn sin
n =1 20
bn
On comparing bn = Bn sinh n  Bn =
sinh n
n x n x
20 20
2 1
bn = 
20 0
f ( x) sin
20
dx = 
10 0
(20 x − x 2 ) sin
20
dx

20
  n x   n x   n x  
− cos − sin
1     
  cos
= ( 20 x − x 2 )  20 − ( 20 − 2 x ) 

20  + (−2)  20  
10   n   n
2 2
  n  
3 3

    
 20   20 2
  203   0
 

1 −2 cos n 2 
=  + 3 3
10  n  3 3
n 
 20 3
203 
2  8000 1600 2 if n is odd
= 3 3 
1 − (−1) n  = 3 3 
10n  n  0 if n is even
 3200
 if n is odd 3200
=   3 n3  Bn = , n =1,3,5,...
 0  n sinh n
3 3
if n is even
Then the equation (4) becomes

3200 n x n y
u ( x, y ) =  3 3 sin sinh
n =1,3,5  n sinh n 20 20

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