OCANZ Quiz | 220 Questions | 100%

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OCANZ Quiz
How many Australians have diabetes? - ✔✔1.7 million

What % of diabetes is type 2? 90% - ✔✔90%

What is type 1 diabetes? - ✔✔Immune mediated destruction of B cells

What is type 2 diabetes? B cell dysfunction and insulin resistance - ✔✔B cell
dysfunction and insulin resistance

Who is at risk of type 2 diabetes? - ✔✔>40, waistline >80cmF/>94cmM, south Asian or

African descent, polycystic ovaries, gestational diabetes, mental illness medication

How is type 2 diabetes diagnosed? - ✔✔Venous plasma glucose >11.1mmol/l,

>7.0mmol/l fasting, HbA1c 48 mmol/mol (6.5%)

Name diabetic meds types: - ✔✔Metformin, Thiazolidenediones (pioglitazone),

suplhonylureas (gliclazide), meglitinides, DPP-4 inhibitors (sitagliptin), glucosidase
inhibitors

What is prevalence of DR after two decades? - ✔✔100% type 1, 60% type 2

What are the consequences of microvascular occlusion in DR? - ✔✔Hypoxia -> IRMA
and NV

What are the consequences of microvascular leakage in DR? Haems, plasma leakage -
> oedema and exudates - ✔✔Haems, plasma leakage -> oedema and exudates

What is R1? - ✔✔Flame, dot haems, singular blot haem

What is R2? - ✔✔CWS, exudates, IRMA, venous changes, x2 blot haems

What is R3? - ✔✔NVD, NVW, Rubeosis iridis, pre-retinal haems

What are the types of diabetic maculopathy? - ✔✔Focal, diffuse, ischaemic, mixed

What do you need to provide medicare treatment? - ✔✔A provider number

Who is a green medicare card for? - ✔✔A permanent resident or citizen of Australia

Whois a blue medicare card for? - ✔✔Someone waiting for permanent residence - a
temporary medicare card

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What is a RHCA? - ✔✔A reciprocal health care agreement card for certified countries

When can't medicare benefits be claimed? - ✔✔For dispensing and adjustments, rx

copies, cosmetic surgery, refractive surgery, vocational tests or tests for sports, tests
requested by an employer, driving license tests, when testing a spouse or dependant,
post-op aftercare

What is code 10905? - ✔✔Referred following examination

10910? - ✔✔Sight test for px < 65

10911? - ✔✔Sight test for px > 65

10912? - ✔✔Early test with significant change in visual function

10913? - ✔✔Early test with new signs or symptoms

10914? - ✔✔Early test progressive disorder

10915? - ✔✔Examination of diabetic px

10918? - ✔✔Second consultation

0921? - ✔✔CL consultation NOT VALID IF WEARING FOR COSMETIC, WORK,

SOCIAL, SPORTING OR PSYCHOLOGICAL PURPOSES

10931-10933? - ✔✔Domiciliary

10940 and 10941? - ✔✔Visual fields testing

10942? - ✔✔Low Vision Assessment

10943? - ✔✔Children's vision assessment aged 3-14

10944? - ✔✔FB removal

What is the standard for Australian / NZ sunglasses? - ✔✔AS/NZS 1067

What is the standard mark for welding protection? - ✔✔AS/NZS 1338.1

What is the standard mark for filters against UV? - ✔✔AS/NZS 1338.2

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What is the standard mark for protection against IR radiation? - ✔✔1338.3

What is the minimum a px records should be kept for? - ✔✔7 years or until the age of
25, whichever is the longest

Which state quotes a minimum of 10 years? - ✔✔Western Australia

What is the ocular marking HT? - ✔✔Heat tempered

What is the ocular marking CT? - ✔✔Chemically tempered

What letters would be on a medium impact device? - ✔✔I and F

What letters would be on a high impact device? - ✔✔V and B

What letter would be on an extra high impact device? - ✔✔A

What letters would be on specs for molten metals or hot solids? - ✔✔M or 9

What are visual standards for cars and motorcycles? - ✔✔Uncorrected VA no worse
than 6/12 better eye - license allowed if adequate correction with specs, Corrected VA
no worse than 6/24. 110 degrees horizontally with 10 degrees above and below midline,
scotoma within 20 degrees of fixation

What are the visual standards for a HGV? - ✔✔Uncorrected VA is worse than 6/9 in
better eye or 6/18 either eye - conditional license if correctable. Visual field 140 degrees
within 10 degrees above and below the midline, no field loss/scotoma, hemianopia,
quadrantanopia likely to impede driving

What are the visual standards for a train driver? - ✔✔Can't be worse than 6/9 in best
eye, can't be worse than 6/18 either eye. No visual field defect, not monocular, normal
colour vision, no diplopia

What are the visual standards for an electrician? - ✔✔Adequate colour vision -
anomalous colour vision may be acceptable, D15 test.

What are category A conditions for firefighters? - ✔✔BCVA less than 6/9 binocularly,
less than 6/18 either eye, uncorrected distance less than 6/36 binocularly, BC NVA less
than N5, visual fields less than 120 degrees in the horizontal field each eye, protan
defect, significant deutan defect, retinal detachment, diplopia, night blindness, corneal
scarring, monocular vision

What are category B conditions for firefighters? - ✔✔Mild deutan defect, cataracts,
progressive or recurring eye disease

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What are visual standards for the police? - ✔✔May need good colour vision and no
refractive surgery - needs referring to specialist if either of these criteria met

If an occupational patient fails ishihara what is the next step? - ✔✔Occupational lantern
test

What are the visual standards for the armed forces? - ✔✔MRV1, MRV2, MRV3

What are the standards in MRV1? - ✔✔Unaided 6/12, aided 6/6, no greater than 6PD
horizontal, 1PD vertical

What are the standards for MRV2? - ✔✔Unaided 6/24, aided 6/9, rx -1.00 to +2.25 no
greater than 1DC, no greater than 6PD horizontal or 1PD vertical

What are the standards for MVR3? - ✔✔Unaided 3/60 Aided 6/12, up to +/- 7.00D

What are the standards for a pilot? - ✔✔6/9 corrected, 6/6 or better when tested with
both eyes, no greater than +/-5D, N5 with correction, N14 without correction

What level of amblyopia is significant? - ✔✔0.1 or more logMAR, greater than 1 line
snellen,

What is the expected VA of a 2 year old? - ✔✔6/12-6/9 with Cardiff Cards or SG

What is the expected VA of a 1 year old? - ✔✔6/18 Cardiff/Keeler

What is the expected VA of a 6 month old? - ✔✔6/36-6/30 Keeler or Cardiff

What is the expected VA of a 3 month old? - ✔✔6/90-6/60

When would you prescribe the full rx to a child? - ✔✔Reduced likelihood of

emmotropisation children with Down Syndrome / Cerebal Palsy. Strabismus. Previous
spec wear chance to adjust to rx.

What is the equation for back vertex distance? - ✔✔Fc = F/(1-dF)

What bifocal seg is best for myopes and why? - ✔✔D segs as induce less jump

What bifocal seg is for hypermetropes and why? - ✔✔Round segs, less prismatic effect
at near

What sizes are D segs available in? - ✔✔25,28,35,40,45

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What size are R segs available in? - ✔✔22,24,25,28,30,38,40,45

What is the equation for calculating inset? - ✔✔Mono distance CD - mono near CD

What is the equation for calculating different sized round segs? - ✔✔D1-D2 = 2xdp/add

What is slab off? - ✔✔Removes base down prism from the lower part of the more
negative lens.

Name 7 types of eye protection. - ✔✔Eyecup goggles, eyeshield, faceshield, safety clip
ons, spectacle eye protector, wide vision goggle, wide vision spectacles

What is the LTF of grade 0 tinted specs? - ✔✔80%-100%

What is the LTF of grade 1 tinted specs? - ✔✔43%-80%

What is the LTF of grade 2 tinted specs? - ✔✔18%-43%

What is the LTF of grade 3 tinted specs? - ✔✔8% - 18%

What is the formula for calculating true surface power? - ✔✔Ftrue = Fnom x (ntrue-
1)/(nnom-1)

What is n for nominal index on lens measure? - ✔✔1.53

What are the different plate designs in an Ishihara test? - ✔✔Demonstration,

Transformation, Vanishing, Hidden, Diagnostic

What can the D15 test be used for? - ✔✔Classifying type of a defect

What is the purpose of 100 hue test? - ✔✔Classifying type and severity

What is Sheard's criterion? - ✔✔Fusional reserve must be at least 2 x demand. Prism

needed = 2/3(phoria) - 1/3(BO to blur)

What is the 1:1 Rule? - ✔✔Base in recovery should be at least equal to the amount of
esophoria, base out prism needed = (esophoria - BI recovery)/2

What is Percival's rule? - ✔✔Comfort zone is in the middle third of the width of clear
single vision, prism needed = 1/3(Greater of lateral range blur limit BI or BO) - 2/3(less
of lateral range blur limit)

When will patients adopt a face turn? - ✔✔Horizontal deviation

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In a left lateral rectus palsy what head turn would be expected and why? - ✔✔Head will
be turned to the left which deviates the eyes to the right away from muscle weakness

When will a px adopt an elevation or depression? - ✔✔In A or V patterns

What is a base out prism test? - ✔✔20 base out prism in front of one eye, other eye
should shift to take up fixation then first eye take up compensatory movement.

Which intermittent esotropias require surgery? - ✔✔Near, distance, cyclic, non specific

How would you manage a constant esotropia with an accommodative element? -

✔✔Order full rx, treat amblyopia, surgery if cosmetically poor

What is a consecutive esotropia? - ✔✔Eso in a px who initially had an exo as a result of

surgical over correction often intentional

What are the types of esophoria? - ✔✔Convergence excess, divergence weakness,

non-specific

What are the types of exophoria? - ✔✔Convergence weakness, divergence excess,

non-specific

List 5 ways accommodation can be defective. - ✔✔1 - Presbyopia, 2 - Accommodative

insufficiency, 3 - accommodative fatigue, 4 - accommodative inertia, 5 - accommodative
paralysis

What is the normal range of AC/A ratio? - ✔✔3 - 5

What can cause a limitation of movement? - ✔✔1) neurogenic, 2) mechanical 3)

myogenic

What muscles cause an A eso? - ✔✔LR and IO

What muscles cause an A exo? - ✔✔IR and MR

What causes V eso? - ✔✔SO

What causes V exo? - ✔✔SR

What muscles are affected by a IIIrd nerve palsy? - ✔✔Medial, inderior and superior
recti, inferior oblique, sphincter pupillae, ciliary muscle, levator

What muscle is affected by a IVth nerve palsy? - ✔✔Superior oblique

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What muscle is affected by a VIth nerve palsy? - ✔✔Lateral Recturs

What is the most common congenital muscle palsy? - ✔✔4th nerve

What will be the appearance of a 4th palsy? - ✔✔Eye hypertropic and esotropic

What is the hallmark of a convergence excess esophoria? - ✔✔Greater at near than

distance

What is the hallmark of divergence weakness esophoria? - ✔✔Greater at distance than

near

What is the hallmark of a convergence weakeness exo? - ✔✔Greater at near with

convergence insufficiency

What is the hallmark of divergence excess exo? - ✔✔Greater at distance than near

What are typical fusional reserves for base out near fixation? - ✔✔30-35D

What are typical fusional reserves for base in near fixation? - ✔✔12-14D

What are typical fusional reserves for base out distance fixation? - ✔✔20-25D

What are typical fusional reserves for base in distance fixation? - ✔✔6-8D

What are typical fusional reserves for vertical base? - ✔✔2-4D

How do you perform fusional reserves? - ✔✔Introduce prism gradually, record blur /
break / recovery

What are exercises to improve esophoria and what is the aim? - ✔✔Aim to improve
negative relative convergence - stereograms, bar reading and fusional reserve
exercises

What are the exercises to improve exophoria and what is the aim? - ✔✔Aim to improce
positive relative convergence with stereograms, fusional exercises

What causes a high AC/A ratio? - ✔✔Accommodative esotropia

What causes a low AC/A ration? - ✔✔More exotropic at near

What is the relationship between Ks and corneal astigmatism? - ✔✔0.1mm = 0.50

astigmatism

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What can be done to amend an RGP with high decentration? - ✔✔Reduce lens
thickness, reduce total diameter, may have excessive amounts WTR astigmatism - back
surface toric

How can lens movement be increased? - ✔✔Increase BOZR, Decrease BOZD,

Decrease TD

A px presents with irritated lens, mucus and excessive lens movements as well as lens
deposits, investigation shows papillae and follicles on both upper lids and superior
corneal staining. What is the cause and management? - ✔✔CLIPC - Cease lens wear,
change lens material to lower modulus and more frequent replacement plan, cold
compress, reduce WT, improve hygiene, sodium cromglycate

What is the management for neovascularisation? - ✔✔Reduce lens wear, cease lens
wear for few days, stop EW, increase oxygen permeability, SiH, decrease mechanical
stimulation

What are successful rxs for OrthoKs? - ✔✔-1.00DS to -4.50DS, up to -1.50DC and
possible up to -6.00DS

What are the 4 key features of an orthoK lens? - ✔✔Flat central zone, reverse curve
zone, peripheral aspheric zone, bevel

Describe a typical reverse geometry fit. - ✔✔Central touch, mid peripheral clearance,
peripheral alignment, edge lift

What should the ideal fitting profile of an ortho Ks be? - ✔✔4-5mm diameter centrally
flattened zone, concentric regular steep zone, peripheral cornea with unchanged
geometry

How is Horner's pupil diagnosed? - ✔✔4% cocaine - no dilation with Horner's.

Hydroxyamphetamine 1% preganglionic lesion both pupils will dilate, post ganglionic
lesion the Horner's pupil won't dilate

What are causes of Horner's pupil? - ✔✔Brainstem disease, spinal cord tumour,
Pancoast tumour, carotid and aortic aneurysms, neck lesions, cluster headaches, otitis
media, cavernous sinus mass, nasopharyngeal tumour

How is Adie's pupil diagnosed? - ✔✔Pilocarpine causes abnormal pupil to contract

vigorously

What is the appearance of Adie's pupil? - ✔✔Larger pupil initially and may be irregular,
smaller over time 'Little Old Adie'

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What drops are often prescribed post cataract? - ✔✔Maxitrol - (dexamethasone,

polymyxin, neomycin) and predforte !%

What is the incidence of post-cat CMO? - ✔✔1-2%

What is the incidence of post-cat endophthalmitis? - ✔✔0.1%

What is the incidence of retinal detachment post-cat? - ✔✔0.7-3.6%

What is the incidence of raised IOP post-cats? - ✔✔8%

What % of men are deuteranomolous? - ✔✔5%

What is the incidence of PSCLO post-cats? - ✔✔8%

What are type 1 R-G defects? - ✔✔Associated with reduced VA and central field defect.
Caused by cone and RPE dystrophies - Stargardts, Chloroquine dystrophy

What are type 2 R-G defects? - ✔✔Acquired retinal ganglion cell disease, optic
neuropathy

What are type 3 defects? - ✔✔Blue-yellow, reduced sensitivity or peripheral field

defects - rod dystrophies, retinal vascular disorders, peripheral retinal lesions, retinal
nerve fibre defects, macula oedema,

What are causes of Roth spots? - ✔✔Endocarditis, leukaemia, anaemia, anoxia, CO

poisoning, hypertensive retinopathy, pre-eclampsia, diabetic retinopathy, neonatal birth
trauma, shaken baby syndrome

What are side effects of cocaine? - ✔✔ACG, reduced vision, CV defects, visual
hallucinations, photosensitivity, reduced pupil reactions to light and mydriasis, paralysis
of accommodation, exophthalmos, optic neuritis, madarosis, iritis, retinal haems, CRAO

How is CMO treated? - ✔✔CAI and steroids, ketorolac (NSAID)

What are non-optometric treatment options for keratoconus? - ✔✔Keratoplasty

(penetrating or deep lamellar), collagen cross linking

What are the advantages and disadvantages of DALK? - ✔✔Advantages - no risk of

endothelial rejection, less astigmatism and a structurally stronger, increased availability
of graft material Disadvantages: difficult and time consuming, high risk of perforated
cornea, interface haze

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What are the advantages and disadvantages of collagen cross linking? - ✔✔Can be
used in early to moderate keratoconus, helps to prevent keratoconus worsening, side
effects include: punctate keratitis, corneal epithelium defect, haziness, dry eye,
photophobia

What are the advantages and disadvantages of penetrating keratoplasty? -

✔✔Advantages: simpler technique, faster Disadvantages: higher rate of rejection.high
astigmatism, more sutures, neovasc, longer visual rehabilitation

What are the stages of treatment for a chemical injury? - ✔✔EMERGENCY: Irrigate eye
for 15-30 minutes, double eversion of lids, debridement of necrotic areas of epithelium,
MEDICAL TREATMENT: mild (grade 1 and 2) treated with short course of topical
steroids, cycloplegic and prophylactic antibiotics for 7 days: steroids, ascorbic acid, citric
acid, tetracyclines. SURGERY: Early surgery to revascularise limbus, Late surgery
depend on damage

What are the causes of diplopia in a blow out fracture? - ✔✔Haemorrhage and oedema,
mechanical entrapment, direct injury to an extraocular muscle

What are possible complications of blunt trauma? - ✔✔Corneal abrasion, acute corneal
oedema, tears in Descemet's membrane, hyphaema, miosis, pigment imprinting,
iridodialysis, ciliary shock, cataract, lens subluxation, lens dislocation, globe rupture,
PVD, retinal detachment, choroidal rupture, commotion retina, optic neuropathy, optic
nerve avulsion

How is hyphaema treated? - ✔✔Tranexamic acid 25mg/kg t.i.d, mydriasis with atropine,
monitor IOP

How are foreign bodies managed? - ✔✔Removed with a sterile needle, magnetic
removal for matellic bodies, a burr to treat rust rings, antibiotic, cycloplegie and
ketorolac

What medication can cause a vortex keratopathy? - ✔✔Hydroxychloroquine,

amiodarone

What are side effects of chlorpromazine? - ✔✔Granular deposits in the endothelium and
deep stroma, lens capsule deposits, retinopathy

What drugs can cause cataracts? - ✔✔Steroids, chlorpromazine, busulphan, gold,

allopurinol

What are the side effects of phenothiazines? - ✔✔Salt and pepper RPE disturbances,
plaque like pigmentation and choriocapillaris

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What medication can cause crystalline maculopathies? - ✔✔Tamoxifen, canthaxanthin,

methoxyflurane, nitrofurantoin, nicotinic acid, interferon alpha, desferrioxamine
mesylate, gentamicin

What drugs are cause of optic neuropathy? - ✔✔Ethambutol, amiodarone, vigabatrin

How is demyelinating optic neuritis treated? - ✔✔Intravenous methylprednisolone

sodium succinate 1g daily for 3 days, oral prednisolone 1mg/kg/day for 11 days and
tapered for 3 days, Intramuscular interferon beta-1a

What is the presentation of NAION? - ✔✔Sudden painless loss of vision usually on

waking, VA moderate to severe reduction, dyschromatopsia, visual field defect inferiorly,
disc pallor

What are predisposing factors for NAION? - ✔✔Hypertension, Diabetes, High

cholesterol, sleep apnea, post cataract, use of Viagra

What is the presentation of AION? - ✔✔Sudden profound unilateral visual loss,

periocular pain, preceeded with visual obscuration, flashing lights.

What is the treatment for AION? - ✔✔Intravenous methylprednisole sodium succinate

1g daily for 3 days and oral prednisolone 80mg daily, then reduced to 60mg, then 50mg.
Maintenance at 10mg.

What is the prognosis for CRVO? - ✔✔Non-ischaemic good prognosis, 50% return to
near normal vision. Ischaemic is very poor due to macula damage.

What is treatment for CRVO? - ✔✔Cannulation, IV triamcinolone for chronic macula

oedema, optic nerve sheathotomy to decompress the central retinal vein.

What are the three types of emboli and their appearance? - ✔✔Cholesterol - golden
crystals usually at arteriolar bifurcations. Calcific - aorta or carotid artery plaques, white,
non-scintillating close to the disc. Fibrin-platelet - dull grey elongated particles may fill
lumen, associated with TIA.

What medical investigation is required with patients with emboli? - ✔✔Pulse (to detect
AF), blood pressure, carotid elevation, ECG, Blood - ESR and full blood count, fasting
glucose, lipids

In a BRAO would you expect hypo or hyper fluorescence of the affected area? -
✔✔Hypofluorescnce

What is the prognosis of a CRAO? - ✔✔Very poor.

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What are the treatments options for CRAO? - ✔✔Ocular massage, anterior chamber
paracentesis, intravenous acetazolamide.

What are differential diagnosis of retinal flecks: - ✔✔ARMD, Stargardt, Fundus

Flavimaculatus, Alport Syndrome, Familial Dominant Drusen, Benign flecked retina

What are the associations of CSR? - ✔✔Young, M>F, type A personality, stress,
hypertension, alcohol, steroid use, lupus, organ transplantation, gastro-oesphagael
reflux

What are common causes of uveitis? - ✔✔Spondylitis, Psoriatic arthiritis, Juvenile

arthiritis, rheumatid arthititis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, sarcoidosis, kidney
disease, Behcet syndrome, VKH, toxoplasmosis, toxocariasis, CMV, HIV, Herpes
simplex, congenital rubella, herpes varicella zoster,

What are treatment options for uveitis? - ✔✔Mydriatics - tropicamide, cyclopentolate,

phenylephrine, homatropine, atropine, topical steroids, periocular steroids, systemic
steroids if non-responsive to topical treatment. Antimetabolites- methotrexate Immune
modulators - cyclosporine (Behcet),

Differentiate AAION and NAAION - ✔✔AAION and NAAION are very simular in there
ocular presentations. ON involvment, haemorrhages, vessesl tortuous, RAPD

AAION is often more sever symptoms

NAAION associated with transient loss of vision

AAION associated with GCA

AAION accounts for 5-10% (10) of anterior ischemic optic neuropathies (AION) and is
caused by inflammation and subsequent thrombosis of the short posterior ciliary arteries
(SPCA's)

Differentiate BRVO AND CRVO - ✔✔CRVO - thrombus of central retinal vein near
lamina cribosa

BRVO - thrombus at arterioveinous crossing point from atherosclerosis

Risk Factors for CRVO? - ✔✔Hypertension, open angle glaucoma, diabetes mellitus

Risk Factors for BRVO? - ✔✔Hypertension, cardiovascular disease, open angle

glaucoma, and high body mass index (not diabetes mellitus

What is often the presentation of BRVO CRVO? - ✔✔variable degrees of intraretinal

hemorrhage, cotton wool spots, macular edema, subretinal fluid, collateral vessels

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(chronic), iris and retinal neovascularization, dilated and tortuous veins, and ghost
vessels.

What are treatments for BRVO/CRVO, medical and surgical? - ✔✔Anti Veg F
panretinal photocoagulation

Describe how you would apply Sheards Criteroius - ✔✔Best for EXO
Best for EXO patients
The fusional reserve must be at least 2 times the demand
Prism Needed = 2/3(Demand) - 1/3(Reserve)
ex) @40cm = 10xp || BO: 12/20/10
So Demand = 10 || Reserve = 12

Describe how you would apply the 1:1 rule? - ✔✔Best for ESO patients
The base in recovery should be at least as great as the amount of the esophoria
Base-Out Prism Needed = (Esophoria - BI Recovery) / 2
ex) @40cm = 12ep || BI: 12/18/8
12ep - 8 / 2 = 2BO needed

What are fusional reserves? - ✔✔Fusional reserves - represents the

horizontal vergence and vertical range
required to overcome a heterophoria.

Describe how you would apply percivals criterous - ✔✔1/3 of the largest of BI BO
reserves - 2/3 of the smallest

Describe EBMD - ✔✔Anterior corneal disease causing RCE

( map-dot-fingerprint, Cogan's microcystic dystrophy, or anterior basement membrane
dystrophy)

FOH and LASIK are common risk factors

Describe the difference between LASIK and LASEK - ✔✔LASIK stands for laser-
assisted in-situ keratomileusis

LASIK surgeon has cut a flap in it using either a laser or microkeratome

LASEK (laser epithelial keratomileusis) - trephine to make a cut in the epithelium which
is then peeled back to expose the Bowman's layer of the cornea.

Who would LASEK be more suitable for? - ✔✔People who may experience trauma
(Boxer, fighter pilots) as it can be done again

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Who would LASIK be more suitable for? - ✔✔Higher Rx's and shorter recovery

3 types of laser surgery? - ✔✔Wavefront LASIK. Computer imaging provides the

surgeon with a three dimensional map of the patients eye. This allows more accuracy
with the procedure and a higher chance of the patient obtaining 20/20 vision post-
operation.

Standard LASIK. This involves reshaping the tissue of the cornea using a laser. Access
to the cornea is obtained by cuttinga flap in the outer layer to allow the laser entry.

Epi-LASIK. Here the surgeon cuts a thin layer from the cornea to allow him or her to
reshape it using the laser. Sometimes the layer is replaced or it may be removed
completely. The patient is provided with a soft contact lense to allow the cornea to heal
unharmed.

Describe Nafl - ✔✔permeates into the intercellular space associated with any epithelial
cellular disruption.

Wratten #12 yellow filter

contact lens related - mechanical, exposure, metabolic, toxic, allergic and infections

Describe Lissamine Green - ✔✔Lissamine green is an acidic, synthetically produced,

organic dye that has been historically used in food products.

Lissamine green stains dead and degenerate cells, yet does not stain healthy epithelial
cells

Describe Rose bengal - ✔✔stains dead and devitalized cells, as well as mucus, and
should be observed using a white light source

What is a normal amount of hyperopia for a 0-3 month year old? - ✔✔+2.00 D

What is a normal amount of hyperopia for a 3-12 month year old? - ✔✔+1.38 D

How much astigmatism do infants loose between 9-12 months? - ✔✔2/3

How much anisometropia may not cause amblyopia? - ✔✔<2.00D

There less <50 % change of emetropisation if there is how much myopia at 3 months
old? - ✔✔-5.00

Younger eyes usually show what type of astigamatism? - ✔✔WTR

OLder eyes tend to show what type of astigmatism? - ✔✔ATR

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WTR has the steepest meridian horizontal or vertical? - ✔✔Vertical (- cyl @ 180)

Hyperopic less likely to emetropise if there is what astigmatism? - ✔✔ATR

How often should you review a newly prescribed young high hyperope? - ✔✔4-6 weeks

If >3.50 of hyperopia then how much you should you presribe (unless in school) -
✔✔1.00 D less than lowest meridian

If more than 2.50 astig how much should you prescribe? - ✔✔1/2

If < -5.00 in first year how much should you undercorrect the child to allow for
emetropisation? - ✔✔2.00D

If > 3.50 D and <1 year , how much shoudl you reduce Rx by? - ✔✔1.00D

If > 2.50 D in > 4 year old (pre school) you should correct by what - ✔✔-1.50D

If > 1.50 D and in school correct how? - ✔✔Full

If > 2.00 DC at 15 months you should? - ✔✔Reduce cyl by 1.50DC

IF >2.00 DC at 2 years you should? - ✔✔Give partial

if > 1.50D of cyl at 4 years you should? - ✔✔Give full Cyll

If > 1D of oblique cyl you should? - ✔✔Correct 3/4 up to the age of 4, then correct full as
oblique cyl is a risk factor for astigmatism

How do you prescribe for a child with aphakia or pseudophakia? - ✔✔Over plus by 2-3
D to allow close world up until 2-3 years at which a bifocal would be appropiate

Describe how to interpret the Ishihara - ✔✔Fail

3 or 4 errors probable CVD
≥5 errors certain CVD

Failure to see the red numeral indicates protan and failure to see the red-purple
numeral indicates deuta

Describe how you would interpret the Medmont C-100 - ✔✔Average of 5 settings is
minus
(having failed the Ishihara test)
Has a protan (red) deficiency.

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Distinguishes protan or deutan abnormal colour vision

with high sensitivity and specificity. Test only those
who have failed the Ishihara

Medmont C100 should not be used to detect CVD or judge its severity.

Describe how you would interpret the Farnsworth D15 - ✔✔Pass: no errors arranging
the, colours, or only minor, transpositions or only 1
diametrical crossing.

Fail: two or more diametrical

crossings

Categorises those with abnormal colour vision as

either 'mild' or 'moderate/severe'.

May differentiate protan, deutan and tritan defects.

What is a Retinal Detachment? - ✔✔The separation of neurosensory retina (NSR)

from the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) by
subretinal fluid (SRF).

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