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D This ts nat handled by Ava dechnégue as we can: sod Rrastiyo redundancy in the tables of tesf Cares 2p Anis technique . the input & dhe autpert clo ramat Is _ctivtded. into o-fintio- number of equivatemee classes. “Thun, We select oat vopsetedtabive ol cach olass & felt vee 0 coh Hd 344 fs assurned hy. “the fetes that if ene ropreseotative dre from a clast #s able to detect error than) sb : he il ost, { Dw idea of Cqutualence last tentiag! is 4a Rdontity ue ae on thenwat doors | cach ; equi closes ira slypes of equivalence elas desita ore ~ () weak Nowmat Equivalence’ Clare ‘Torte 6) Mang Normal -fatd?valence Clase Tosten (2) peak Robust’ Pautvatence Clare Testa Scanned with CamScannercay wivolence Class ‘Tossa, a. leak Nomal Fautivatence Class “forge oo Votid values at , Cont Grom toe east) Cweaw towmal Cont valence Class Tesstny) ST word “weak! means Single Foutt arsumptinn’, “This | type of deutiog 2s _accomplishr cl by veg pee vastionte _frears {each equivalence” clase: én & tert caso. 2 > Fxom each Class wo have ono dot meanieg trot frured’ 24 + fossepere gene bve—atemait—af hcl dest sos ) ‘on 6 Q blen ce. a Tasting ag webs _ Volto, values (Out 1 wth all patagia) | , 3 ai k t a tet i i 1 z fat ! dood at : 0.6 © a aT 27Tre f 2 bas fr toueeple estump~ tion Aktory. Bo, Nea tao neva! lett coset Ton each elomod-- | Ol_tht oortesten proderet al tno dguivalence laser. —| 2ilut Line we have truth taper fn oegitol Legde _. td |tave stimtlartizes between these -truath fabtes duce dpatteren pf test casos . Ths Couttertan wok - eee thet 12 have O ‘notfon of “tonpletencss wat = (9 We prover all aquivalence classes 4 We have ono of each posstnie ord mbpantten, sof _Enpets __| Scanned v with Cam: CamScanner inEquivalence Clare “Testio 4 Valid values + 1 =| An \ i ( 1 oO b co “a TNVALID VALUE > “The ame for nis town af testing %6 counter fntutiive Oxyworonte « Thi word “weak "meant “ingle faut? AssumP +H & tra Word Robust aXN weber to fevattd vale.” : 20 POL omm OCC cere With Boburt equivalence Testing 4 ty Ore’ Lesteol polow * ; BH Mony often tke cportfieation loos ont latina what ‘ve e z id +t case si ee. 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Dumber of: combinations of Ove takin tindes varying sete of condi tons O tabte hos Y portion i. (0) Stu Portion i - JC) Entry paretian ‘ (0) Condition pomstoo *_(d) “Action: pot on - + ft ine Rules, — > | Landidton Site | Condi#oo Entre | Action Stub Kelton Entretes Stiuettire of Deeteton “Table 12 A column “tr tir ert A 8s O Hute s Rutor inditote which Gottans ace taceh fame the tondityenal __Ciftumibances tadicated 90 th’ Conte pawtion ai ~ De tn which ¥ NEON tonny axe cated ax Limitect snter gsi dlanies att o have thn sees Aa dablos ace called 2 bended” eotecu | chectarumbateiniens igs DIN “Io folont2fs, led cases with “noctytan tapes, wit —~ follow contain sep - \ Scanned with CamScannercage For a modute identifi, toput Condlid?on (causes) i. - sep Dovetop oO Cause - offoct 1a pls - fa step do A dectstor -deble . “yop ts Tarolnccen his couse = atheet geoph + do ft Ob ut Convert deetqion table Tuler ito dest cores. ope te [Numbe sof Li Moh = Niureokow ae Rutor cae foxo » Linbtecl ontvy titon dublox 2 tid nm conditfoms “pict p tere must be a” yules. F Advantages Deradvantages A Appitcatrons of DocisPor | Totes | *' id wok! Decision “Tables ‘ aio works tadet Ptomabé velo . | pool. “Tht ¢abie thet fs Sloan to “fhe fereet Peratfon acky ab 0 sopping Stone’ to clemoye O40 dlociston dable (8) 7 UW Abe toidias table fs ensattrfactony, dD. cintie tables guirta.catee that we Comedon every possible « combination of cond? oO volues “This bs Koowo it ay —panmises_o tom ol atop Os compaccedl to onditto occu Disadvantages ot Dectston “Tables Dettston tables, cle not sate up well. - Wwe need to doctor “Lange fanless into smaller Ones so temove teduedansy. Scanned with CamScannerApplications of Dectston Tabies E —_——_____ 2 Tht techotque Es useful for appt i ined bx acy o1_tbe_fallousiog Coy Prominent tf --tnen = elec agit 7 (b) Lat " in Z : oe ONL Yovol ying debsoks he fn iahies Cd Cote ~& - elfeot relattomhips beacon Enpute & : Ou tp i'. : : £2) High Cyclomatic complexities 1 } Examples — “lest cases for tin trefangle Promlemn using: dlectstan “Table Rosed “Leuttog “Laennigiee Case ay a b ¢ Expected Output Dy y 1 2 Not a dfangle Da 4 y 2 Nota trvangle f Dy div ti uy Not a d-rteengle Du tan € © Equi mend | De iM 4 4 _Ampos ble De 2 Par 00 ‘Imposst ble | Di a 2 3 Ico sector a 2 2 ai Amposs thle my a Bd ‘Tsoscetos Dro 3 aa Tso sectes Du 3 4 s Scatene AB Couse - CHse|_Grea petcg Technique 'e Fe Lge) 7 el ester. rotque A Sol-tira ing’: oH fs__block - bo box mothocl 14 feng the 7 —destroo eaterrnal behauioure of a _ system “Ines fy ye Scanned with CamScannersatiny A lech, at Sto ee Causes Cinpes) to effects re : AC Eitecds 5 yt Lem nS ebfe Fepauns 0 aulpat Condtitan 10 system tad formation 9p o Mate yowlting from a cambena tion of Careses. —Myen Sugg ers Sint follow’ag Mops to dentve tou carer! Steps t foro mole 1 tdentite Int fopub Conditiea Coser) & acdtann Ceffeet) . dlep 9) Develop a cause ~ebhect -gaaph : Sep 25 Tranilonm cauce eibedt graph foto a decifoa cteuple. i Step U1 Convert sdoristom dotio putes to decd casos . ach Column of the dectston table repewots a rhert case. [Tet Cases for tne Artangle: Paetiond [Atpa = Fimtly =e mud tei rhe scouts A EL atheels . Ste -Camses are - Crt dide Ege tose than sum-of 4 bogs Cat Sie Y 2s foxy than sum of Sa Cyt Gitte 2 2s fosy -thag um of hy Cut side mi ty equal do Side Cot Side mu equal fo i side % Ce. Side y ts opual to side 2 Ths otbecky ove — 2 Node pe rtatangte ord 2a 1 fcalene triangle Last Troscetor trtangle 4 Equtlateral secenapl iit Scanned with CamScanner| | 2x i Impossthte. = L i > Sicpla . T)'s eoudse -efftel qadph it | El me al} Terting antsoo 00 Block Box (on Functiant 21 + * Comp. 0 Ca__“Techatgues (ht “Testing Efforts ce NUM RER OF. ca TEST CASES ' : reg x oo £ iat ory ae _tt Gre Cores. p aa me fe, Thostteg, Mothod_) DP Tr funcleonal metnscls tat we have stuctted 0 fare ve nt fd Junobert of bead Cases qnenereatsel & die offacet to develop trese test easen.— + 2) Tae _domatn hosed techetques neve no _recognttion of Zeal at Z ve Sophistication _ mochnofcal tn {he wou Hwy —gcoeceabe test cases - _ Pocarmse of thes they ore niyo’ gary to autonigte. (2 7Tne tecrntoues Lice soguivalence” Class in Soa peadathesh Yo-camcoand aoa 2 | focus oo dd. d vk evodd . The shinctag—qoss_tnts Ani IdentiLZeabon ok th 2qsivetence Ctassor 4 btere Mat y"tis ponceat 2 | mechanical. ‘ : a 42 Also note that fyom tne graph + that ths docésion fable 2% bared dechnfque ts most sopnisitcated because tt 4 wequives tnt testers to camden footh olata. & {Logteat dopencencies. 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From mothacls . eda genet - tthe moc Sophecticoted rarthed twill help ty seagate gaps but not veg as quaranied Scanned with CamScannera —Thating Effectiveness Fo Hens can ise bind out dee offcetivencss of tet tes wii ——___ —teebedguees $ “The cour _cheice £4 Ca) To be Dogmadtc ' te can select a method tie if to aeotrate tett cater & tren ten the fet coset lle can Sripeove_on hte by col betng dogmatic 4 allowing lke deter te ch the mo. tiade method tale can _ 1 anclker énerementat: Cmprovement buy dlevisteg (b) “The serond choice can be the sdructurcal sheiting. Lechet ones! dow the Jost ‘of fectivencss » This euiil be féit £ + _fin hay Se yk Ayal 9 1 - Scanned with CamScannercHneTER” 4 fe or Structural “Testing “Tee hntquel ~* qa INTRODUCTION OE : ; phone ty ot Mint cole by crmmtning A testing In. eee en eee 48s a meth fu clorign [re teat cates thet caeal “ype Coadool tsticbars of tn. “apptiea ton te aleiten lost qrses a blnite chouvbestiog. fy cect to slest tne prr9gsorm Cocke “pode Mrutane A dhe: tcdeanal elostgn Tan wae Li Gua Codie Vercsus Dynante Lalitie Box Tertar pA oumbere. of clobects “gett amplified becauie ot. i bd fF wo gud ot: destyn en}o _pnpaan code _- ; # Tharcode: Woks accoy ding Ty cade hes been wnttied -2o Laccordance with te Aasten cevelopect eaceliore Eo -he poofeck Life cycle. eA edcle for Qoy« inebfonalty shas bee missed dub + ende> bor aay duneltenaltts ashen —méstocl out. 2% e The code handles i227 FOFe prcopertes _ : et: Stotec “Tertiag th Tv tt I : T code walk = Code int Unit. Caclo aw ro tore 4 Ao the dunational croquet vembts: *@Mademont Covera! y * 1. & Rath , Covertog® * Conditton Cevertage *Funckoo Coverage Scanned with CamScanner7 Static testing —Can be clone hy humant _O1ul th is help of —Spectaltacel “loaf t. So» Saktc tht tng ts Ane Pacers of cametety & Hauinoncl ye rstostng Tee at clextan s arcchiteckuvt or cocte fore bugs exttnoud ensuing * Dyoamie, White Box “Toate “Leehntgues = @ Untt / Code Functional “Tesivog 7 214 os the process of -bexting to hon stn clowelopore perchoreme SA_Can tbe performed” gn moose wrest. po pete t cd! Ade tne tnttt, ‘ 0: 2 on cad —pentorm* certain test baiaed 0 “Aho” oput vactabet & be a quick | text « AL “zepeatk Heese. teagan = muttiple fe 2. apne Fe level 0% 2 Ni x SOR oS fom compton moctutes » the tertere ean Lnoret Some pretat _Stadernents in between to cheek wWhethere ‘the prrogsam Contvoh Poses though Olt statements A Loops. T+ es tonportant -to cremove. Hu UIntenmedtate print statements — aftes Jae clofects ave fixeol Cw Anotnee methecl fs to aun the pradueb tenders oO Oo ox_an fot evelopment vovivenmeot Cane) Tae tool i trvotve my of insu ction Setking brsoak potote at any Loekion oe tort recta Scanned with CamScannervo € Covertage “losting Foods _coverces desta Censor es designing A execution sos A a5 Bed the poceettond wf code thet | Ty toured! by dae a q | Ode toye pte eat 25 fous aby adopting o-lechiique called Qs the thirumendabian of + Statement Cove tnt oe a Nasement Coverage “rele ty wetting ext casons that cexeeuibes” 20h of the prog rien Statemeots . [alo assume that y ; athe g etteng ab. dit Atecbtanal Tey A . i q i Lindicatton of tne peer cotage al statement achualbey’ exetuked Pra sot of. -texty an bs caleutateol Or. foltiws ao Sake ment | Tota Sa bow abt Exocectsecl a Lonvege ©: ablo Statements | - ‘bn Prog va _ | ¢ fox ox » UF dofal numbon of statements pxorecfrool = O08 “no. o “Hatemenfs co za 2 | SE x60 eh . 210 =, 80 +h 2 Poth verra.ge" = —In_path erage Aechnt que tie Split a progvacn bo into a numed abditstinc pads AL program OF Pork of o prmg-tam Can Sard from the beginctng. & of tne paths 40%. Complete Tht Path | -Cowesags ofa aa may be" ‘raleutatto! baseol: 00 ' Scanned with een