circulatory system

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM COMPONENTS

•Heart
•Blood Vessels
•Blood
1. Heart
1. The heart is a muscular pump made of CARDIAC MUSCLES which is a strong
type of muscle that keep the heart contracting with out stopping to keep the
blood flowing in the vessels without stopping all the human life long
 Heart 4 chambers
• The heart consists of 4 chambers
• 2 upper chambers thin walled ( ATRIA)
• 2 lowered chambers thick walled ( VENTRICLES)
 VALVES
1. The right atria is connected with the right
ventricle through ( RIGHT ATRIO
VENTRICULAR VALVE ) TRICASPID VALVE

2. The left atria is connected with the left

ventricle through ( LEFT ATRIO VENTRICULAR
VALVE ) BICASPED VALVE

3. Semilunar valves found at the base of

aorta& pulmonary artery
a.Mitral valve ( Aortic Semilunar valves)
between left ventricle & aorta
b. Pulmonary Semilunar valves between right
ventricle & pulmonary artery.

NB. THIS VALVES PREVINTS THE BACKFLOW

OF THE BLOOD TO FLOW IN ONE DIRECTION
 4.SEPTUM

The right atria is separated from the left atria

BY ( ATRIAL SEPTUM )
The right ventricle is separated from the left
ventricle BY ( VENTRICULAR SEPTUM )
The left ventricle wall is thicker than the right
ventricle wall because it has a strong
contraction with grater pressure to pump the
blood all over the body , while the right
ventricle pumps blood only to lungs Cardiac septum
 Coronary arteries

• These are blood vessels which supply blood to

the heart muscle , as they need a constant
supply of nutrients &O2 , used in respiration
to release energy needed for contraction &
relaxation
• Why does the heart need this blood supply
though its filled with blood ?
• Because heart muscles are so thick so that
nutrients & oxygen in blood inside heart
wouldn’t be able to diffuse to all the muscles
quickly enough .
Coronary arteries
 Coronary heart disease
( CHD)
CHD is Narrowing or Blockage of coronary arteries leading to heart attack, myocardial
infarction , angina& cardiac arrest.
Factors leads to CHD :
1. Smoking ( nicotine ) increases blood pressure
2. Diet high in salts ,saturated fats or cholesterol leading to increase in blood pressure
3. Stress over long period of time
4. Genes so try to having healthy life style
5. Obesity due to lack of exercising &high fat intake .
 CHD
Blood Clot
How CHD can happened? How Heart
Attack can happened ?
1. Fatty deposit in artery walls ( forming
plaque)
2. Thus Atherosclerosis of the artery
(hardening of artery wall)
3. Leading to narrowing of lumen of artery ,
which may lead to blockage of artery &
formation of blood clot ( thrombosis)
4.Thus increasing blood pressure &
restricting blood flow to heart muscle so
heart muscle unable to respire normally, so COMPLETE BLOCKAGE OF THE ARTERY
can’t obtain energy needed to contract so
heart stops beating
( heart attack/ cardiac arrest)
 CIRCULATION
HUMAN CERCULATION
 Double circulation
• Why is it called double circulation :
Because the blood passes in heart two
times during one circulation of body :
1. Heart to body ( systemic circulation )
2. Hear to lungs ( pulmonary circulation )
 HUMAN DOUBLE CERCULATION

• Pulmonary circulation :
It starts from the right ventricle pumping
deoxygenated blood out of heart to lungs and
returning into left atrium as oxygenated blood
• Systemic circulation :
It starts from left ventricle pumping oxygenated
blood out if the heart to body and returning
into right atrium as deoxygenated blood
 FISH CERCULATION
SINGLE CERCULATION

Single circulation in fish :

in which the blood flows through the
heart once for each complete circuit of
the body

Disadvantages
• Rapid fall in velocity and pressure as
blood leaves in the gills so slower
delivery of oxygen for respiration in
tissues
• Pressure of blood too low for efficient
kidney function in mammals
Heart function
 Heart function
• Is to Bump blood all over the body
• Supply different cells with nutrients needed as
(minerals , vitamins , glucose, ……) and oxygen
• Remove carbon dioxide and other waste
products from cells to execrated out from the
body
 Diastole & systole
• Diastole :
Relaxation of heart
muscle filling of
heart with blood
• Systole:
Contraction of the
heart muscle
 Phase Diastole ick Atrial systole Ventricle systole
Atrium Relax Contract to push the blood Relax
into the ventricle

Ventricle Relax to receive the blood from the Relaxes to receive blood Contract to push blood
veins through the atria some of the from atrium through pulmonary artery/
blood trickles downward into the aorta out of heart
ventricles through atrioventricular
valves

Cuspid valve OPEN OPEN as the pressure in CLOSE , by the pressurized

( A.V.V) atrium is greater than that in blood in the ventricle, so
ventricle so it opens that blood is forced into
preventing the back flow of arteries up to body /lungs
blood without lowing back

Semilunar valves CLOSE CLOSE OPEN

 Heart rate control
• The rate at which the heart beats is
controlled by peacemaker ,which
send electrical signals through the
walls of the heart at regular intervals
which ensures:
• That The atria contract just before the
ventricle ,so blood flows from atria to
ventricles
• The heart beat is fast enough to meet
the demands of the body tissues for
oxygen and nutrients , and for the
removal of wastes as in case of
exercising.
 Pacemaker
• An artificial pacemaker can be
replaced in the persons heart
,which produces an electric
impulse at a regular rate about
one impulse per second
• The latest pacemaker can
sense changes in breathing
,movement ,and body
temperature ,and make exactly
the right adjustments to heart
rate
• The battery in pacemaker is
usually replaced every year .
 Heart Beats
• Heart rate: is the number of heart beats in a
minute
• Heart beat: is the flow of blood into heart
through veins into atria to ventricles to be
pumped out of heart again through arteries
Which is equal to pulse rate Because
Pulse rate : is caused by the expansion and y
heart pushing relaxation of an artery , caused
blood into it
How can you hear your hear beats
• You can use a
stethoscope where
you will hear a lub /
dub sound as the
sound of the heart
beat is the sound
heart valves . Each
complete lub/dub
represents one heart
beat
 How can you measure your heart beats
• You can measure your heart
beats by measuring pulse
rate;
A. You can find a pulse e where
ever there is an artery fairly
near the surface of the skin
1. Inside your wrist
2. Just to the side of big
tendons in neck
3. Stress your fingers over an
artery over a bone ( near the
skin surface) and count
number of pulses per
minute
 How can the activity of your heart be monitored in
hospitals?

• It can be recorded using electrocardiograph (

ECG) at which little electrodes are stuck on
the persons body , and the electrical activity in
the heart is recorded as a mind of graph.
Part of ECG, the points labeled P,Q,R,S,T represent
different stage of heart beat
How to calculate heart rate from an ECG graph?

• Count the small ( 1mm) squares between two

QRS complexes.
The ECG paper runs at 25 mm/sec through the
ECG printer, therefore:
 How to calculate heart beat from an
ECG graph?

• To measure the heart rate ,measure the time

between 2 QRS complex , at which :
1- Large square = 5mm=0.2 sec.
1 line ( 1 small box) =1mm = 0.4 sec
• Count the small (1mm) square between two QRS complexes the ECG paper runs at 25mm/sec the ECG printer
,therefor:
25 x 60 = 1500
Divided over the No. of small square = 1500/ 21 = 71 bpm

• Notice that: a Normal heart rate( HR) range from 60 to 75 beat/ min
 2.Blood vessels
• There are 3 types of Blood vessels :
1. Arteries
2. Capillaries
3. Veins
 Arteries Capillaries veins
Function 1. Carry blood away 1.Exchange of 1. Return blood from
from heart to substances between tissues to heart
tissues blood & cells 2. Transport
2. Carry oxygenated a. Diffusion of gases deoxygenated
blood except from ( CO2& O2) blood except the
the pulmonary b. Allows reabsorption pulmonary vein
artery , under high of useful substances under low
presser back to blood pressure
c. Heat exchange
( lost/ gained)
d. Allow passage of
WBCs to tissue fluid
Supply all cells with
their requirements&
take away waste
products
 Arteries Capillaries veins

Adaptation 1.Thick wall : 1.Very thin walls , 1. Quite thin walls:

To withstand high only one cell thick 2. As blood is
pressure of blood as it For short distance of flowing under low
is pumped by heart diffusion to be in pressure
close contact with
blood cells, besides
blood passing
through it has lost
most of its pressure
2. Narrow lumen : 2. Narrow lumen : 2. Wide lumen with
So blood can flow ( wide enough to valves: offers no
under high pressure allow RBCs to pass) resistance to blood
No valves So blood can move flow under low
slowly for exchange of presser
materials Valves to prevent back
Narrow lumen with flow of blood with
thin walls together help of squeezing of
bring blood into close nearly muscles which
contact wit body cells help push blood up
No valves along veins
 Arteries Capillaries veins

3.Thick& strong 1. Have pores in 3. Thin layer of

muscles & elastic their walls which muscles and elastic
fibers allow filtration of fibers
Elastic to stress & small molecules Have collagen in
recoil for keeping 2. Large number of walls to prevent
blood moving under branching them from bursting
high pressure capillaries
Strong to with stand providing large
the pulsing of blood surface
Muscular tissue to capillaries
have the ability to providing large
contract surface area
( vasocontraction) giving more
Fibrous prevent space for
bursting diffusion
3. No thick muscles
& elastic fibers
Blood vessels
Naming blood vessels
 3.blood
• Blood consists of:
Plasma and blood cells
1.Blood cells are three types:
a. Red blood cells ( RBCs)
b. White blood cells ( WBCs)
• Lymphocytes
• phagocytes
• Platelets
2. Plasma : is the water content of the blood
Blood content
 plasma
• Forms 55% of blood , yellowish fluid of :
• 90% water which is an important solvent at which all
substances are dissolved to be transported to different
parts of body
• 10% dissolved substances
As glucose , amino acids , minerals , hormones, CO2, urea
Aver all function : transportation of blood cells , plasma
proteins ( hormones, fibrinogen , hemoglobin , enzymes ,
antibodies), soled nutrients ( glucose, amino acids ,
minerals) , waste products ( urea, CO2)
 Blood cells
• A. White blood cells :
They have nucleus , can squeeze out of blood
through walls of blood capillaries into all parts of
body
They fight pathogens ( disease causing bacteria
& viruses)
 Blood cells
Lymphocytes Phagocytes
( have large nucleuses) ( long lobed nucleus)

Release antibodies in response to specific Ingest/ Engulf / Surround the bacteria (

antigen ; these antibodies have the pathogen) and secrete digestive enzymes
following functions: that digest them.
1. Making agglutination = aggregation of They are attract & collected at wounds or
pathogens together so they can be site of infection, to engulf and digest any
ingested by phagocytes micro organism which might get in
OR
2. causing bacteria to lysin ( burst of
pathogen`s cell wall or membrane
OR
3. Neutralizing of pathogen`s toxins
OR
4. Stop bacteria from moving (
immobilization)
 Red blood cells ( RBCs)
1. Contain haemoglobin ( iron containing pigment)
which picks up oxygen at lungs and let go of all body
tissues
2. Biconcave disc shaped : increases surface area to
speed up rate of diffusion of oxygen in & out of RBCs
3. No nucleus : giving more space for haemoglobin
4. Flexible, small in size ( almost equal or slightly larger
than central lumen of capillaries. To be squeezed
through even the narrowest capillaries , and be closer
to surface of capillary wall to unload their oxygen & to
move slowly
 C- platelets
• Small fragment of cells with no nucleus , that help in blood clotting ,
reducing loss of blood & entry of pathogens through cut:
• Upon a cut / wound:
1. Blood vessels are damaged and blood is exposed to air.
2. Platelets stimulates clotting where ;
• An enzyme ( thrombin) is released
• Calcium ions , vitamin K and other blood clotting factors must ne
present.
3. Soluble fibrinogen ( plasma protein) turned by thrombin enzyme
into insoluble fibrin .
4. Fibrin forms a web of fibers to trap blood cells , and platelets stick
together and to the surface .
5. Then they dry out forming a scab preventing blood loss and entry of
pathogens.
Blood clotting formation
Thanks and good Luck