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Bio Niranjan Final

This document summarizes the key stages in human evolution from early apelike ancestors to modern humans. It describes the earliest hominin fossils such as Australopithecus that exhibited traits of both apes and humans. Key early human species discussed are Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Neanderthals, and Homo sapiens. Traits such as bipedalism, increased brain size, tool use, control of fire, and language developed through these stages over millions of years leading to modern humans originating in Africa around 200,000 years ago.

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114 views16 pages

Bio Niranjan Final

This document summarizes the key stages in human evolution from early apelike ancestors to modern humans. It describes the earliest hominin fossils such as Australopithecus that exhibited traits of both apes and humans. Key early human species discussed are Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Neanderthals, and Homo sapiens. Traits such as bipedalism, increased brain size, tool use, control of fire, and language developed through these stages over millions of years leading to modern humans originating in Africa around 200,000 years ago.

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kirubasankaran22606
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© © All Rights Reserved
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TABLE OF CONTENT

 INTRODUCTION

ORIGIN

STAGES OF EVOLUTION

APE FOSILLS

APE LIKE CHARACTER

PRE HISTORIC MAN

HOMO ERECTUS

CONCLUSION

TOPIC:HUMAN
EVOLUTION
INDRODUCTION
 Human evolution is the lengthy process of change by which
people originated from apelike ancestors.scientific evidence
shows that the physical and behavioral traits shared by all people
originated from “APELIKE ANCESTORS” and evolved over a period
of approximately six million year
 One of the earliest defining human traits,bipedalism
 The ability to walk on two legs—evolved over 4 million years ago
 Humans are primates physicaland genetic similarities show that
the modern human species “homo sapiens”has a very close
relations to another group of primate species,the apes
 Humans and the great apes of frica chimpanzesand gorillas.
 Common ancestor that lived between 8and 6 million years ago.
 Humans first evolved in Africa,and much od human evolution
occurred on that continent
 The fossils of early humans who lived between 6 and 2 million
year ago come entirely from africa

Most scientists currently recognize some 15 to 20 different species of


early human
ORIGIN
Our evolutionary history is written into our genome

The human genome looks the way it does because of all the
genetic change that have affected our ancestors the exact origin of
modern human has long been a topic of debat.

Modern human(homo sapiens )the species that we are means


wise man in latin.our species is the only surviving species of the genus
homo but where we came from has been a topic of much debate.

Africa within the past 200,000 years and evolved from their most
likely recent common ancestor,homo erectus,which means ‘upright
man’ in latin.homo erectus is an extinct species of human that lived
between 1.9million and 135,000year ago

Historically two key models have put forward to explain the


evolution of homo sapiens .These are the ‘out of Africa’ model and the
‘multi-regional’model.The ‘out of africa’model is currently the most
widely accepted model.It proposes that homo sapiens evolved in Africa
before migrating across the world.

This is still very much an area of active research however ,current


genomic evidence supports a single ‘out-of Africa ‘migration of modern
humans rather than the ‘multi-regional’model
STAGES OF EVOLUTOIN

Mainly consist of three stage:

1.APE FOSILLS

2.PRE HISTORIC MAN

3.MODER MAN

1.APE FOSILLS
1.Dryopithecus and ramapithecus-

 About 15 mya primates called Dryopithecus and


ramapithecus were existing
 Ramapithecus was more like man while dryopithecus was
more ape-like
 They were hairy and walked like gorillas and chimpanzees
 Few fossils of man like bones have been discovered in
Ethiopia and Tanzania


2.SHIVAPITHECUS - fossils discovered from shivalik hills in India.

3.KENYAIPTHECUS – fossils discovered from Kenya.

4.AUSTRALOPITHECUS –They lived in east African grasslands . according


to the evidence , they hunted with stone weapons but essentially ate
fruit

 It is considered connecting link between apes man

APE LIKE CHARACTERS:

 Less cranial capacity


 Thick hair grouth
 U shaped jaw
 Larger and sharper teeth

MAN LIKE CHARACTERS:

 Erect posture and bipedal locomotion


 Fore limbs shorter than hind limbs
 Vertebral column with distinct lumbar curve
2. PRE HISTORIC MAN:

1.HOMO HABILIS:

 The brain capacities were between 650-800cc


 They probably did not eat meat
 They were the makers of stone tools

 Homo habilis, meaning "handy man,"

 extinct species of the genus Homo


that lived approximately 2.1 to 1.5
million years ago during the early
Pleistocene.

 Homo habilis is considered a


transitional species between the
more apelike Australopithecus and later Homo species

 It had a relatively small brain size compared to later Homo


species, but its tool-making abilities marked a significant step in
human evolution

2.HOMO ERECTUS:

 About 1.5 mya homo erectus arose


 Homo erectus had a large brain around 900cc
 Homo erectus probably ate meat
 Early African homo erectus fossils(sometimes called homo
ergaster )
 The oldest known early human to have possessed human like
body
 Proportions with relatively elongated legs and shorter arms
compared to the size of the torso.These features are considered
adaptationsto a life lived in the ground.
 Early fossils discoveries from java (beginning in the 1890s)and
china(‘peking man’beginning in the 1920s)comprise example of
the this species

 Homo erectus was taller than earlier human ancestors. One of the
most complete fossil skeletons ever found, a 1.5-million-year-old
specimen of an adolescent male known as Turkana Boy

ALSO INCLUDES:

1.java man – homo erectus

 Fossils found in 1891


 Omnivorous
 Cranial capacity 800 to 1000cc
 1st man who used fire

2.pecking man homo erectus pekinesis

 W.c pei discovered fossils from china


 They used fire for cooking meat and protection
 Cranial capacity 850-1300cc
 They were omnivorus

3.heidelberg man-
 First fossils recovered from heideberg in germany
 This man had evolved as a branch from man line of
evolution but soon got extinct.

3. homo sapiens:

 Homo sapiens or modern humans are the most intelligent species


on earth. We belong to the order Primates and the family
Hominidae.
 They belong to the family Pongidae.

1.NENDERTHAL MAN- HOMO SAPIENS NEANDERTHALENIS

 They lived near east and central asia between 100,000 to


40,000 years back
 Fossils was discovered by fulhrott neandrathel valley pf
germany
 Cranial capacity – 1400cc
 They used hides to protect their bodies made with skin of
animals
 They buried their dead and believed in immortality of souls
 They lived in huts
 Omnivorous in nature
 Development of speech and language started at this stage
b) cromagnon man – homo sapiens fossillis

•Fossils discovered by Мас.Gregor from Cromagnon rocks of France

• Cranial capacity-1650cc

• They lived in caves

• Omnivorous

• They had large forehead and well developed chin

• Semi circular jaw and orthognathus face

• Speech and language were developed in them

• They wore clothes of animal skin

• Domestication was started by this man

• They also painted beautiful paintings on cave wall

• Hence pre-historic cave art started 18000 years ago

Origin and evolution 50,000 to 10,000 years ago


HOMO SAPIENS :

• During ice age between 75000 to 10000 years ago modern


homosapiens arose

• It arose in Africa and moved across continents and developed


into distinct races (Caucasoid, Negroid, Mongoloidand Australoid)

• This is the man today having the brain capacity of 1300 to 1600
cc

• This man has well developed

chin, well developed speech centre,smaller forehead and reduced


body hair

• Semi circular jaw and orthognathous face

• It is omnivorous by nature

• Agriculture was also started by this man 10,000 years back

• Human settlements started


BIPEDALISM
BIPEDALISM: The condition of having two feet or of using only two feet
for there movement or locomotion

Humans and primates


CONCLUSION
For instance, our larger and denser populations have made it far easier
for contagious diseases, such as tuberculosis, small pox, the plague, and
influenza to rapidly spread through communities and wreak havoc. This
has exerted strong selection for individuals who were fortunate to have
immune systems that allowed them to survive. This is mostly due to the
fact that our human population has explosively grown and moved into
new kinds of environments, including cities, where we have been
subject to new natural selection pressures. There also has been a
marked change in diet for most people since the end of the last ice age.
It is now less varied and predominantly vegetarian around the globe
with a heavy dependence on foods made from cereal grains. It is likely
that the human species has been able to adapt to these and other new
environmental pressures because it has acquired a steadily greater
genetic diversity. A larger population naturally has more mutations
adding variation to its gene pool simply because there are more people.
This happens even if the mutation rate per person remains the same.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:

 https://www.google.com/
 https://www.wikipedia.org/
 Class 12 Biology NCERT book

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