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Integral Calculs-Module6-Rational Fractions

The document discusses integration of rational fractions with linear and quadratic factors. It provides examples of evaluating integrals of fractions with distinct linear factors, repeated linear factors, and quadratic factors. It also discusses integrals with repeated quadratic factors.

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20 views12 pages

Integral Calculs-Module6-Rational Fractions

The document discusses integration of rational fractions with linear and quadratic factors. It provides examples of evaluating integrals of fractions with distinct linear factors, repeated linear factors, and quadratic factors. It also discusses integrals with repeated quadratic factors.

Uploaded by

theastephaniedump
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MODULE 6

Integration of
Rational
Fractions
DISTINCT LINEAR FACTORS

In algebraic every rational fraction whose numerator is of lower degree than the
denominator can be broken up into so-called partial fractions
Evaluate the following integrals:
Source: https://slideplayer.com/slide/6955820/

REPEATED LINEAR FACTORS


dx
 x ( x  2) 2

1 A B C
2
  
x ( x  2) x x  2 ( x  2) 2
1  A(( x  2) 2  Bx ( x  2)  Cx
1
if : x  0  A 
4
-1
x  -2  C 
2
-1
x 1 B 
4
1 dx 1 dx 1 dx
     
4 x 4 x  2 2 ( x  2) 2
1 dx 1 dx 1
   
4 x 4 x2 2
  ( x  2)  2 dx

1 1 1  ( x  2) 1 
 ln x  ln( x  2)   c
4 4 2   1 
1 x 1
 ln  c
4 x  2 2( x  2)

xdx
 ( x  2) 3

x A B C
  
( x  2) 3
x  2 x  2 2
x  23
x  A( x  2   B ( x  2)  C
2

x  A( x 2  4 x  4)  B ( x  2)  C

Equating Coefficients of Similar Terms :


x2  A  0
x1  4 A  B  1 ;B 1
x 0 (constant )  4 A  2 B  C  0 ; C  -2
0 1 2
  
x  2 x  2 2
x  23
dx 2dx
 2

( x  2) ( x  2) 3
   x  2  dx   2 x  2  dx
2 3


 x  2
1

2 x  2 
2
c
1 2
1 1
  c
x  2  x  2 2

QUADRATIC FACTORS
xdx
x 2
 6 x  13
A(2ax  b)  B A(2 x  6)  B
  2
ax 2  bx  c x  6 x  13
x A(2 x  6) B
2
 2  2
x  6 x  13 x  6 x  13 x  6 x  13
x  A(2 x  6)  B

* Equating coefficients of similar terms :


1
x  2A  1 ; A
2
0
x (constant )  6 A  B  0; B  -3
1 (2 x  6)dx dx
  2
2 x  6 x  13
 3 2
x  6 x  13
1 dx
 ln( x 2  6 x  13)  3
2 ( x  3) 2  2 2
1 1 x3
 ln( x 2  6 x  13)  3. Arc tan c
2 2 2

x 2

 4 x  10 dx  
x 2  4 x  10 dx
 x 3  2 x 2  5x
  x( x 2  2 x  5)
x 2  4 x  10 A B ( 2 x  2) C
3 2
  2  2
x  2 x  5x x x  2 x  5 x  2 x  5
x 2  4 x  10  A( x 2  2 x  5)  Bx (2 x  2)  Cx
x 2  4 x  10  A( x 2  2 x  5)  B (2 x 2  2 x)  Cx

* Equating coefficients of similar terms :


-1
x 2  A  2 B  1; B
2
x  2 A  2 B  C  4; C 1
x 0  5 A  10; A2
dx 1 (2 x  2)dx dx
 2   2  2
x 2 x  2x  5 x  2x  5
1 dx
 2 ln x  ln( x 2  2 x  5)  
2 ( x  1) 2  2 2
1
2 2 1 x 1
 ln x  ln( x  2 x  5)  2
Arc tan c
2 2
x2 1 x 1
 ln 1
 Arc tan c
2 2 2
( x  2 x  5) 2

REPEATED QUADRATIC FACTORS


( x 3  x 2  1)dx
 ( x 2  2 x  2) 2
A(2ax  b)  B C (2ax  b)  D
  2
x 2  2x  2 ( x  2 x  2) 2
A(2 x  2)  B C (2 x  2)  D
 2  2
x  2x  2 ( x  2 x  2) 2
x3  x2  1 A(2 x  2)  B C (2 x  2)  D
2 2
 2  2
( x  2 x  2) x  2x  2 ( x  2 x  2) 2
x3  x2  1 A(2 x  2) B C (2 x  2) D
2 2
 2  2  2 2
 2
( x  2 x  2) x  2 x  2 x  2 x  2 ( x  2 x  2) ( x  2 x  2) 2

x 3  x 2  1  A(2 x  2)( x 2  2 x  2)  B( x 2  2 x  2)  C (2 x  2)  D
x 3  x 2  1  A(2 x 3  6 x 2  8 x  4)  B( x 2  2 x  2)  C (2 x  2)  D

* Equating coefficients of similar terms :


1
x 3  2 A  1; A 
2
2
x  6 A  B  1; B  - 4
x  8 A  2 B  2C  0; C2
0
x  4 A  2 B  2C  D  1; D3

1 (2 x  2)dx dx (2 x  2)dx dx
 
2 x  2x  2
2
 4 2
x  2x  2
 2 2
( x  2 x  2) 2
 3 2
( x  2 x  2) 2
1 dx dx
 ln( x 2  2 x  2)  4  2 ( x 2  2 x  2)  2 (2 x  2)dx  3
2 2
( x  1)  12

( x  1) 2  12 
2

1 1 x 1 ( x 2  2 x  2) 1 dx
 ln( x 2  2 x  2)  4. Arc tan 2  3
2 1 1 1 
( x  1) 2  12 
2

1 2 dx
 ln( x 2  2 x  2)  4. Arc tan( x  1)  2  3
2 x  2x  2 
( x  1) 2  12 2
* for last term, considered trigonometric substitution :
dx
 3

( x  1) 2  12
2

let : x  1  tan 
dx  sec 2d
sec 2d
 3
(tan  ) 2
 12  2

sec 2d sec 2d


 3  3
(tan 2
  1
2
sec  
2 2

sec 2d d
 3  3
sec 
4
sec 2   
 3 cos 2 d
1
 3 (1  cos 2 )d
2
3 3
  d   cos 2d
2 2
3 3 1
  d  .  cos 2 (2)d
2 2 2
3 3
   sin 2  c
2 4
3 3
   2 sin  cos   c
2 4

from :
x  1  tan 
x 1
tan  
1
  Arc tan( x  1)
3 3
   2 sin  cos   c
2 4
3 3 x 1  1 
 Arc tan( x  1)    c
2 
2 ( x  1)  1 2  2 
  ( x  1)  1 
3 3  x 1 
 Arc tan( x  1)   c
2 2  ( x  1) 2  1 
3 3 x 1 
 Arc tan( x  1)   2 c
2 2  x  2x  2 
* Therefore :
1 2 3 3 x 1 
 ln( x 2  2 x  2)  4 Arc tan( x  1)  2  Arc tan( x  1)   2 c
2 x  2x  2 2 2  x  2x  2 
1 5 2 3 x 1 
 ln( x 2  2 x  2)  Arc tan( x  1)  2   2 c
2 2 x  2x  2 2  x  2x  2 
1 5 3x  1
 ln( x 2  2 x  2)  Arc tan( x  1)  c
2 2 2
2( x  2 x  2)

Evaluate the following integrals:

1.
x 3

 1 dx
x( x  1) 3

2.
x 2

 2 x  1 dx
x 2 ( x  1) 2

5 sin y cos ydy


3.
sin 2 y  3 sin y  4

10dx
4.
4 x  4 x 2  5x
3

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