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Lec 3

1. The document discusses special matrices including singular and non-singular matrices, the adjoint of a matrix, and the inverse of a matrix. 2. It also covers solving systems of linear equations using the matrix inversion method and Cramer's rule. For the matrix inversion method, the system is written in matrix form and solved by finding the inverse of the coefficient matrix. 3. Cramer's rule gives a formula for solving systems of linear equations with 2 or 3 variables in terms of determinants of the coefficient matrix and related matrices. The rule can be applied directly without algebraic operations. Examples are provided to illustrate both methods.

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Ahmed Hasiba
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26 views13 pages

Lec 3

1. The document discusses special matrices including singular and non-singular matrices, the adjoint of a matrix, and the inverse of a matrix. 2. It also covers solving systems of linear equations using the matrix inversion method and Cramer's rule. For the matrix inversion method, the system is written in matrix form and solved by finding the inverse of the coefficient matrix. 3. Cramer's rule gives a formula for solving systems of linear equations with 2 or 3 variables in terms of determinants of the coefficient matrix and related matrices. The rule can be applied directly without algebraic operations. Examples are provided to illustrate both methods.

Uploaded by

Ahmed Hasiba
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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2.

3 Some Special Matrices

1. Singular and Non-singular Matrices:

Example 5

2. Adjoint of a Matrix:
Let A = (aij) be a square matrix of order n x n and (cij) is a matrix
obtained by replacing each element aij by its corresponding cofactor cij
then (cij)t is called the adjoint of A. It is written as adj. A.
3. Inverse of a Matrix:
Alternately:
For a non-singular matrix A of order (n x n) if there exist another matrix
B of order (n x n) Such that their product is the identity matrix I of order
(n x n) i.e., AB = BA = I
Then B is said to be the inverse (or reciprocal) of A and is written as B =
A-1

Example 6

Example 7
Example 8

Verification of (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1

Then

det A = 3 × 0 – (–1) × l = 1 ≠ 0

and
det B = 0 × 2 – 3(–1) = 3 ≠ 0
Therefore, A and B are invertible i.e., their inverses exist.
Then, to verify the law of inverse of the product, take
Example

Solution
2.4 Solution of Simultaneous Linear Equations

System of two linear equations in two variables in general form is given


as
ax + by = m
cx + dy = n
where a, b, c, d, m and n are real numbers.
This system is also called simultaneous linear equations.
We discuss here the following methods of solution.
(i) Matrix inversion method
(ii) Cramer’s rule

(i) Matrix Inversion Method


Consider the system of linear equations
ax + by = m
cx + dy = n
Where A-1 B is an n x 1 column matrix. Since X and A-1 B are equal, each
element in X is equal to the corresponding element in A-1 B. These
elements of X constitute the solution of the given linear equations.

If A is a singular matrix, then of course it has no inverse, and either the


system has no solution or the solution is not unique.

Example
Solve the following system by using matrix inversion method.
4x – 2y = 8
3x + y = –4
Solution

Example
Hence the solution of the given linear equations does not exist.

Example
Example

Find the solution set of the following system by means of matrices:


(i) 2x – 3y = –1
x + 4y = 5
(ii) x + y = 2
2x – z = 1
2y – 3z = –1
(iii) x – 2y + z = –1
3x + y – 2z = 4
y–z=1
(iv) –4x + 2y – 9z = 2
3x + 4y + z = 5
x – 3y + 2z = 8

(v) x + y – 2z = 3
3x – y + z = 0
3x + 3y – 6z = 8

Soultion

(i) {(1, 1)}


(ii) {(1, 1, 1)}
(iii) {(1, 1, 0)}
(iv) {(7, -3, -4)}
(v) no solution

(ii) Cramer’s Rule

Consider a system of linear equations in two variables x and y,


a1 x + b 1 y = c1 (1)
a2 x + b 2 y = c2 (2)
Multiply equation (1) by b2 and equation (2) by b1 and subtracting, we
get

Again multiply eq. (1) by a2 and eq. (2) by a1 and subtracting, we get

Note that x and y from equations (3) and (4) has the same denominator
a1b2 – a2b1. So the system of equations (1) and (2) has solution only when
a1b2 – a2b1 ≠0.
The solutions for x and y of the system of equations (1) and (2) can be
written directly in terms of determinants without any algebraic
operations, as

This result is called Cramer‟s Rule.


Solution for a system of Linear Equations in Three Variables:
Consider the linear equations:
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3
Hence the determinant of coefficients is

Example Use Cramer‟s rule to solve the system


– 4x + 2y – 9z = 2
3x + 4y + z = 5
x – 3y + 2z = 8

Solution
Example

Use Cramer‟s rule to solve the following system of equations.


(i) x – y = 2 (ii) 3x – 4y = –2
x + 4y = 5 x+y=6
(iii) x – 2y + z = –1 (iv) 2x + 2y + z = 1
3x + y – 2z = 4 x – y + 6z = 21
y–z=13 x + 2y – z = –4

Solution

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