Normal Amplitude Modulation

Time and Frequency Domain Characteristics

Lecture Outline Lecture 1:

• Why do we need modulation?

• Define the normal AM signal
• The normal AM in the time and frequency domains
• Power efficiency
• Effect of the modulation index
1
Normal Amplitude Modulation

2
 Why Modulation?
• There are several reasons why modulation is needed in a communication system.
• Physical antenna size: For efficient transmission of a signal, the antenna length
should be about λ/4, where λ is the wavelength.
• For example, let the frequency of the message be 3KHz (audio signal)
𝑐 3.0𝑋108
• The wavelength 𝜆 = = = 105 𝑚 = 100𝑘𝑚.
𝑓 3.0𝑋103
• Hence, the size of the antenna should be around (λ/4 =25 km), which is not at all
practical.
• Now, let us find the antenna length in the GSM band (1000 MHz):
𝑐 3.0𝑋108
• 𝜆= = = 0.3𝑚
𝑓 1000𝑋106
• Hence, the size of the antenna should be around (λ/4 = 7.5 cm), which can easily fit
into a mobile device. This is a challenging design issue in modern mobile technology.
3
 Why Modulation?
• Band-pass channels: Most, if not all, channels over which messages are
transmitted are band-pass, while messages are low-pass signals. Hence, direct
transmission of messages over band-pass channels would result in high
attenuation (essentially no received signal). This necessitates shifting the
message spectrum to coincide with the channel bandwidth.
Y(f) = M(f)H(f)
M f
Pass-band

M f
Stop-band

Baseband Message Band-pass Channel 4

 Why Modulation?
• Multiplexing: Modulation allows multiple users to use the same channel by
assigning each user a portion of the available bandwidth without interfering
with other users.
𝑀1 (𝑓) 𝑴𝟏 𝑴𝟐 𝑴𝟑 𝑴𝟒

𝑀2 (𝑓)

Guard Band
Band-pass Channel
𝑀3 (𝑓)

5
 Amplitude modulation
• Amplitude modulation (AM) is defined as the process in which the amplitude of
the carrier 𝑐 𝑡 is varied linearly with 𝑚 𝑡 .
• Three types of amplitude modulation will be considered in detail. These are
• Normal amplitude modulation
• Double sideband suppressed carrier modulation (DSB-SC)
• Single sideband modulation (SSB-SC)

• The baseband (message) signal 𝑚 𝑡 is referred to as the modulating signal and

the result of the modulation process is referred to as the modulated signal 𝑠 𝑡 .
• Modulation is performed at the transmitter
• Demodulation, which is the process of extracting 𝑚 𝑡 from 𝑠 𝑡 , is performed
at the receiver. 6
Normal Amplitude modulation

7
Spectrum of the Normal AM Signal
Remarks
a. The baseband spectrum
𝑀(𝑓) , of the message has
been shifted to the bandpass
region centered around the
carrier frequency 𝑓𝑐 .
b. The spectrum 𝑆(𝑓) consists
of two sidebands (upper
sideband and lower
sideband) and a carrier.
c. The transmission bandwidth
of 𝑠(𝑡) is:
𝐵. 𝑊. = (𝑓𝑐 + 𝑊) −
𝑓𝑐 − 𝑊 = 𝟐𝑾 which is twice
the message bandwidth.

8
 Lecture 2
Spectrum of the Normal AM: Sinusoidal Modulation
Example: Consider the normal AM with sinusoidal modulation, where c t = 𝐴𝑐 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡);
m t = 𝐴𝑚 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡); plot m(t), c(t), s(t) and find their spectrum.
Solution: s t = 𝐴𝑐 (1 + 𝑘𝑎 m t )cos 2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 )𝑡
• 𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) + 𝐴𝑐 𝑘𝑎 𝐴𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 ;
𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑚 𝑘𝑎 𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑚 𝑘𝑎
• 𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋( 𝑓𝑐 +𝑓𝑚 )𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 −𝑓𝑚 )𝑡
2 2
• 𝑆 𝑓 = ℑ{𝑠(𝑡)}
𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑚
• M f = 𝛿(𝑓 − 𝑓𝑚 ) + 𝛿(𝑓 + 𝑓𝑚 )
2 2
• The next figure shows all the plots
when 𝑓𝑚 = 200 Hz and 𝑓𝑐 = 000 Hz 𝑺 𝒇
2000

0 𝒇𝒄 − 𝒇𝒎 𝒇𝒄 𝒇𝒄 + 𝒇𝒎
9
 Spectrum of the Normal AM Signal
An AM signal in the time and frequency domains.
s t = (1 + 𝑘𝑎 m t )cos 2𝜋(2000)𝑡 m t = cos 2𝜋(200)𝑡 𝑘𝑎 = 1.0 𝜇 = 𝐴𝑚 𝑘𝑎 = 1.0

m t = cos 2𝜋(200)𝑡

c t = cos 2𝜋(2000)𝑡

s t

10
Power Efficiency of Normal AM

𝜇 = 𝐴𝑚 𝑘𝑎

• The maximum efficiency occurs when μ=1,

i.e. for a 100% modulation index. The
corresponding maximum efficiency is only η
= 1/3. As a result, 2/3 of the transmitted
power is wasted in the carrier
• Remark: Normal AM is not an efficient
modulation scheme in terms of the
utilization of the transmitted power.11
Amplitude Modulation: AM Modulation Index

𝝁 = 𝑨𝒎 𝒌𝒂

The modulation index μ (modulation depth) of

an amplitude modulated signal is defined as the
measure or extent of amplitude variation about
an un-modulated carrier. In other words the
amplitude modulation index describes the
amount by which the modulated carrier
envelope varies about the static level.

12
 Amplitude Modulation: Effect of the Modulation Index

s t = (1 + 𝜇m t )cos 2𝜋(2000)𝑡 𝜇 = 1.0

m t = cos 2𝜋(200)𝑡 𝜇 = 𝑘𝑎 |𝑚 𝑡 |

𝜇 = 0.5

𝜇 = 1.5

13
 Amplitude Modulation: Multi-tone Modulation
s t = (1 + 𝑚1 t + 𝑚2 t )cos 2𝜋(2000)𝑡 𝑘𝑎 = 1; 𝐴𝑐 = 1
A non-envelope distortion case
for multitoned transmission
𝑚1 t = 0.5cos 2𝜋(200)𝑡 𝑚2 t = 0.25cos 2𝜋(100)𝑡

𝑚1 t + 𝑚2 t

c t

s t

14
 Normal Amplitude Modulation
Generation and Demodulation Lecture 3

Lecture Outline
• Last Lecture:
• Why do we need modulation?
• Define the normal AM signal
• The normal AM in the time and frequency domains
• Power efficiency
• Effect of the modulation index
• This Lecture:
• AM generation techniques: the switching modulator
• The envelope detector
15
 Normal Amplitude Modulation: Standard Form
s(𝑡) = 𝐴𝐶 (1 + 𝑘𝑎 𝑚(𝑡))cos2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
DC = 1 𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴𝐶 cos2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
𝑚(𝑡)
𝑘𝑎 + mixer
s(𝑡)
𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐶 𝑘𝑎 𝐴𝐶 𝑘𝑎
𝑆(𝑓) = 𝛿(𝑓 − 𝑓𝐶 ) + 𝛿(𝑓 + 𝑓𝐶 ) + 𝑀(𝑓 − 𝑓𝐶 ) + 𝑀(𝑓 + 𝑓𝐶 )
2 2 2 2

16
Generation of a Normal Amplitude Modulation: the Switching Modulator

𝒄 𝒕 = 𝑨𝑪 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕

Band-
pass
Filter

17
Generation of a Normal Amplitude Modulation: the Switching Modulator

𝑽𝟐 (𝒕) = 𝑨𝑪 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝝎𝑪 𝒕 + 𝒎(𝒕) 𝒈𝑷 (𝒕)

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝒈𝑷 (𝒕) = + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝝎𝑪 𝒕 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟑𝝎𝑪 𝒕 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟓𝝎𝑪 𝒕+. . .
𝟐 𝝅 𝟑 𝟓

BPF

18
 Demodulation of a Normal Amplitude Modulation: Envelope Detection

𝐴𝐶 (1 + 𝑘𝑎 𝑚(𝑡))cos2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
𝐴𝐶 |1 + 𝑘𝑎 m t |
Ideal Envelope ∝m t
Detector Capacitor
To avoid envelope distortion,
|1 + 𝑘𝑎 m t | should equal (1 + 𝑘𝑎 𝑚(𝑡))
That is, (1 + 𝑘𝑎 𝑚(𝑡)) ≥ 0 for all time
19
Example: single tone modulation (under-modulation)

Here, m(t) can be extracted without distortion. (1 + 𝑘𝑎 𝑚(𝑡)) ≥

0 for all time. |𝟏 + 𝒌𝒂 𝐦 𝒕 |= (𝟏 + 𝒌𝒂 𝒎(𝒕)) . By removing the
dc value, the output will be proportional to the message
𝒚(𝒕) = 𝑨𝑪 (𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 𝒕)

𝜇 = 0.25

s(𝑡) = 𝐴𝐶 (1 + 0.25cos2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)cos2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡

20
 Example: single tone modulation (100% - modulation)

𝒚(𝒕) = 𝑨𝑪 (𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 𝒕)
𝜇 = 1.0

s(𝑡) = 𝐴𝐶 (1 + cos2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)cos2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡

Here, m(t) can be extracted without distortion. (1 + 𝑘𝑎 𝑚(𝑡)) ≥ 0 for all time. That
is, |1 + 𝑘𝑎 m t |= (1 + 𝑘𝑎 𝑚(𝑡)). By removing the dc value, the output will be
proportional to the message
21
 Example: single tone modulation (over-modulation)

𝜇 = 1.25

s(𝑡) = 𝐴𝐶 (1 + 1.25cos2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)cos2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡

Here, m(t) cannot be extracted without distortion. The shape of the

envelope is not the same as the shape of the message. (1 + 𝑘𝑎 𝑚(𝑡)) fails
to remain positive for all time. |1 + 𝑘𝑎 m t | ≠ (1 + 𝑘𝑎 𝑚(𝑡))
22
 A Simple Practical Envelope Detector
• A practical envelope detector consists of a diode followed by an RC circuit that forms a low pass filter.
• During the positive half cycle of the input, the diode is forward biased and C charges rapidly to the peak value
of the input.
• When s(t) falls below the maximum value, the diode becomes reverse biased and C discharges slowly through
𝑅𝐿 .
1 1
• To follow the envelope of s(t), the circuit time constant should be chosen such that : << 𝑅𝐿 𝐶 <<
𝑓𝐶 𝑊
where W is the message B.W and 𝑓𝐶 is the carrier frequency.
• When a capacitor C is added to a half wave rectifier circuit, the output follows the envelope of s(t). The circuit
output (with C connected) follows a curve that connects the tips of the positive half cycles, which is the
envelope of the AM signal.

23
 A Simple Practical Envelope Detector: Effect of the Time Constant
Consider the AM signal 𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 1 + μ cos 2πfm t cos(2πfc t) that is demodulated using
the envelope detector. Assume 𝑅𝑠 = 0, μ = 0.25, 𝐴𝑐 = 1, fm = 1Hz, fc = 25Hz. We show the
effect of the time constant 𝜏 = 𝑅𝐿 𝐶 on the detected signal

RC output when tau 0.1 RC output when tau 0.9

𝑇𝐶 << 𝑅𝐿 𝐶 << 𝑇𝑚
RC optimum tau 0.74

24
 Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) Modulation:
Lecture Outline Lecture 4

• In this lecture, we consider a second type of AM modulation

called DSB-SC.
• We analyze this modulation technique in the time and
frequency domains.
• Consider the generation and demodulation techniques.
• Study the effect of non-coherence in the phase and
frequency of the locally generated carrier at the receiver on
the demodulated signal.

1
 Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) Modulation
• A DSB-SC signal is an amplitude-modulated signal that has the form
• 𝒔 𝒕 = 𝑨𝒄 𝒎 𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕), where
• 𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡): is the carrier signal
• 𝑚 𝑡 : is the baseband message signal
• 𝑓𝑐 >> 𝑊, 𝑊 is the bandwidth of the baseband message signal 𝑚 𝑡
FIGURE: 𝒎 𝒕 𝒄(𝒕)
𝒎 𝒕 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟐𝝅(𝟏𝟎𝟎)𝒕)
𝒄 𝒕 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟐𝝅 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒕);

2
 Spectrum of the Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC)
• DSB-SC: 𝒔 𝒕 = 𝑨𝒄 𝒎 𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕)
𝐴𝑐
• 𝑆 𝑓 = ℑ{𝐴𝑐 𝑚 𝑡 co s 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 } = [𝑀 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑀 𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 ]
2
Remarks: Similarities and Differences with Normal AM
• 1. No impulses are present in the spectrum at ± fc , i.e., no carrier is transmitted as in the case of AM
• 2. The transmission B.W of s(t) = 2W; twice the message bandwidth (same as that of normal AM).
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠
• 3. Power efficiency = = 100%. This is a power efficient modulation scheme.
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
• 4. Coherent detector is required to extract m(t) from s(t), as we shall demonstrate shortly.
• 5. Envelope detection cannot be used for this type of modulation.

Lower Sideband

Upper Sideband

3
 Spectrum of DSB-SC: Sinusoidal Modulation
• Example: Consider the sinusoidal modulation case where c t = 𝐴𝑐 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡);
m t = 𝐴𝑚 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡); plot m(t), c(t), s(t) and find their spectrum.
Solution:
• 𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑚 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 𝐴𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡);
𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑚
• = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 +𝑓𝑚 )𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 −𝑓𝑚 )𝑡
2 2
𝐴𝑐
• 𝑆 𝑓 = ℑ{𝐴𝑐 𝑚 𝑡 𝑐𝑜 𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 } = [𝑀 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑀 𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 ]
2
𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑚
• M f = 𝛿(𝑓 − 𝑓𝑚 ) + 𝛿(𝑓 + 𝑓𝑚 )
2 2
• The next figure shows all the plots when 𝑺 𝒇

𝑓𝑚 = 100 Hz and 𝑓𝑐 = 1000 Hz

0 𝒇𝒄 − 𝒇𝒎 𝒇𝒄 𝒇𝒄 + 𝒇𝒎
4
4
 Spectrum of the DSB-SC Signal: Sinusoidal Modulation
𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋(100)𝑡); c 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋(1000)𝑡); 𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑚 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡);

𝑚 𝑡
𝑓𝑚 = 100

c 𝑡
𝑓𝑐 = 1000

𝑠 𝑡
𝑓𝑢 = 1100
𝑓𝑙 = 900

5
 Generation of DSB-SC: The Product Modulator
• Product Modulator: It multiplies the message signal m(t) with the carrier c(t).
This technique is usually applicable when low power levels are possible and
over a limited carrier frequency range.

6
 Generation of DSB-SC: The Ring Modulator
• Consider the scheme shown in the figure.
• Let c(t) >> m(t). Here the carrier c(t) controls the behavior of the diodes .
• During the positive half cycle of c(t), c(t) > 0, and D1 and D2 are ON while D3 and D4 are
OFF. Here, y(t) = m(t).
• During the negative half cycle of c(t), c(t) < 0 and D3 and D4 are ON while and D1 and
D2 are OFF. Here, y(t) = - m(t).
• So m(t) is multiplied by +1 during the +ve half cycle of
c(t) and m(t) is multiplied by -1 during the -ve half cycle of c(t)

D1 and D2 ON D3 and D4 ON

c(t) > 0 c(t) < 0

y(t) = m(t) y(t) = - m(t) 7
 Generation of DSB-SC: The Ring Modulator
• So m(t) is multiplied by +1 during the +ve half cycle of c(t) and m(t) is multiplied by -1 during
the -ve half cycle.
• Mathematically, y(t) behaves as if m(t) is multiplied by the switching function gp(t) where
1
gp(t) is the square periodic function with period Tc = ; Tc the period of c(t). By expanding
𝑓𝑐
gp(t) in a Fourier series, we get
4 4 4
• y(t) = m(t) gp(t) = m(t)[ cos2πfct - cos 3(2πfct) + cos5(2πfct)]
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
4 4 4
• = m(t) cos2πfct - m(t) cos 3(2πfct) + m(t) cos5(2πfct)
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
• When y(t) passes through the BPF with center frequency 𝑓𝑐 , and bandwidth = 2W, the only
component that appears at the output is the desired DSB-SC signal, which is
𝟒
𝒔 𝒕 = 𝒎 𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕
𝝅

8
 Demodulation of DSB-SC
• A DSB-SC signal is demodulated using what is known as coherent demodulation. This means that the
modulated signal s(t) is multiplied by a locally generated signal at the receiver which has the same
frequency and phase as that of the carrier c(t) at the transmitting side
Perfect Coherent Demodulation
𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 m(t)cos(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕) v(t) Low pass y(t)
• Let 𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) X filter
• 𝑐′ 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 ′cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) B.W = W
𝑐′ 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 ′cos(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕)
• Mixing the received signal with the version of the carrier at the receiving side, we get
• v t = 𝑠(𝑡)𝐴𝑐 ′cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) = Ac 𝐴𝑐 ′ m(t) cos22πfct
A c 𝐴𝑐 ′ 𝐀𝐜𝑨𝒄 ′ Ac𝐴𝑐 ′
• = m(t) [1+ cos 2 (2πfct)] = m(t) + m(t) cos 2(2πfct)
2 𝟐 2
• The first term on the RHS is proportional to 𝑚 𝑡 , while the second term is a DSB signal modulated
on a carrier with frequency 2𝑓𝑐 . The high frequency component can be eliminated using a LPF with
𝑨𝒄 𝑨′𝒄
B.W = W. The output is 𝒚 𝒕 = 𝒎(𝒕)
𝟐
• Therefore, 𝑚(𝑡) has been recovered from 𝑠(𝑡) without distortion, i.e., the whole modulation-
9
demodulation process is distortion-less.
 Effect of Carrier Non-Coherence on Demodulated Signal: Constant Phase Shift
A constant phase difference between c(t) and 𝒄′ 𝒕
• Let c(t) = Accos2πfct , 𝑐′ 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 ′cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜑)
• We use the same demodulator
• v(t) = Acm(t)cos2πfct . 𝐴𝑐 ′ cos(2πfct+Ø) 𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 m(t)cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) v(t) y(t)
Low pass
Ac𝐴𝑐 ′ X filter
• = m(t)[ cos (4πfct + Ø) + cos Ø]
2
𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑐 ′ 𝑨𝒄 𝑨𝒄 ′ 𝐴𝑐 ′cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜑)
• = m(t) cos (4πfct + Ø) + m(t) cos Ø
2 𝟐
• The low pass filter suppresses the first high frequency term and admits only the second low
𝑨𝒄 𝑨′𝒄
frequency term. The output is 𝒚 𝒕 = 𝒎(𝒕)𝒄𝒐𝒔∅
𝟐
𝜋
• For 0 < Ø < , 0 < cos Ø < 1, y(t) suffers from an attenuation due to Ø.
2
𝝅
• However, for Ø = , cos Ø = 0 and y(t) = 0, i.e., receiver loses the signal.
𝟐
• The disappearance of a message component at the demodulator output is called
quadrature null effect. This highlights the importance of maintaining synchronism between
the transmitting and receiving carrier signals 𝑐′ 𝑡 and c(t). 10
 Effect of Carrier Non-Coherence on Demodulated Signal: Constant Phase Shift
Example: Let m1(t) = cos2π(1000)t; m2(t) = cos2π(2000)t; m(t) = m1(t) + m2(t)
c(t) = cos2π(10000)t and let φ = 50 degrees.
Solution: From the analysis above,
𝑨𝒄 𝑨′𝒄
• 𝒚 𝒕 = 𝒎(𝒕)𝒄𝒐𝒔∅
𝟐
• The next figure shows the input message, carrier, modulated, and
demodulated signals in the time and frequency domains.

𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 m(t)cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) v(t) y(t)

Low pass
X filter

𝐴𝑐 ′cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜑)

11
 Effect of Carrier Non-Coherence on Demodulated Signal: Constant Phase Shift
m1(t) = cos2π(1000)t; m2(t) = cos2π(2000)t; m(t) = m1(t) + m2(t) c(t) = cos2π(10000)t and let φ = 50 degrees.

𝒎 𝒕 𝑓𝑚 = 1000,2000

c 𝒕 c(t) = cos(2π𝑓𝑐 t)
c’ 𝒕
c’ 𝒕 = cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜑)

s 𝒕 𝑓𝑙 = 8000,9000
𝑓𝑢 = 11000,12000

y(t) No distortion, just

attenuation, unless φ = 90

12
 Effect of Carrier Non-Coherence on Demodulated Signal: Constant Frequency Difference

Constant Frequency Difference between c(t) and 𝒄′ 𝒕

• Let c(t) = Accos2πfct , 𝑐′ 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 ′ cos(2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 +∆𝑓)𝑡)
• Again, we use the same receiver structure as before.
• 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 m(t)cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡). 𝐴𝑐 ′ cos(2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 +∆𝑓)𝑡)
Ac𝐴𝑐 ′
• = m(t)[ cos (4πfct + 2π∆ft) + cos 2π∆ft]
2
• After low-pass filtering, 𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 m(t)cos(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕) v(t) Low pass
y(t)
𝑨𝒄 𝑨′𝒄 X filter
𝒚 𝒕 = 𝒎(𝒕)𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟐𝝅∆𝒇𝒕)
𝟐
𝐴𝑐 ′cos(𝟐𝝅(𝒇𝒄 +∆𝒇)𝒕)

• As you can see, 𝑦(𝑡) ≠ 𝑘𝑚(𝑡) , but rather 𝑚(𝑡) is multiplied by a time function. Hence, the
system is not distortion-less.
• In addition, y(t) appears as a double side band modulated signal with a carrier with
magnitude ∆f. The next example illustrates this case more.
13
 Effect of Carrier Non-Coherence on Demodulated Signal: Constant Frequency Difference
Example: Let m(t) = cos2π(1000)t; c(t) = cos2π(10000)t and let ∆f =500 Hz
Solution: From the analysis in case 2 above,
𝐴𝑐 𝐴′𝑐
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑚(𝑡)𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋∆𝑓𝑡)
2
Ac𝐴𝑐 ′
y(t) = cos2π(1000)t cos2π(500)t
2
Ac𝐴𝑐 ′
= [cos 2π(1500)t + cos 2π(500)t]
4
• The original message is a signal with a single frequency of 1000 Hz, while the
output consists of a signal with two frequencies at f1 =1500 Hz and f2 = 500 Hz
• ⇒ 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏) 𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 m(t)cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) v(t) y(t)
Low pass
X filter

𝐴𝑐 ′cos(2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 +∆𝑓)𝑡)

14
 Effect of Carrier Non-Coherence on Demodulated Signal: Constant Frequency Difference
𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋(1000)𝑡); c 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋(10000)𝑡); c’ 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋(10500)𝑡); ∆𝑓 = 500

𝒎 𝒕 𝑓𝑚 = 1000

c 𝒕
c’ 𝒕

𝑓𝑢 = 11000
s 𝒕
𝑓𝑙 = 9000

500
y(t)
1500
15
 Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier (SSB-SC) Modulation:
Lecture Outline Lecture 5

• In this lecture, we consider another type of AM modulation

called SSB-SC.
• We analyze this modulation technique in the time and
frequency domains.
• Consider the generation and demodulation techniques.
• Study the effect of non-coherence in the phase and
frequency of the locally generated carrier at the receiver, on
the demodulated signal.

1
 Normal AM Signal

𝑩. 𝑾. = (𝒇𝒄 + 𝑾) − 𝒇𝒄 − 𝑾 = 𝟐𝑾
• Two impulses are present in the
spectrum at ± fc ,
• 2. The transmission B.W of s(t) =
2W; twice the message bandwidth
• Poor power efficiency.
• Envelope detection is used for this
type of modulation.

2
 Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC)
• DSB-SC: 𝒔 𝒕 = 𝑨𝒄 𝒎 𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕)
𝐴𝑐
• 𝑆 𝑓 = ℑ{𝐴𝑐 𝑚 𝑡 co s 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 } = [𝑀 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑀 𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 ]
2
Remarks:
• 1. No impulses are present in the spectrum at ± fc , i.e., no carrier is transmitted as in the case of AM
• 2. The transmission B.W of s(t) = 2W; twice the message bandwidth (same as that of normal AM).
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠
• 3. Power efficiency = = 100%. This is a power efficient modulation scheme.
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
• 4. Coherent detector is required to extract m(t) from s(t)
• 5. Envelope detection cannot be used for this type of modulation.

Lower Sideband

Upper Sideband

3
 Single Sideband Modulation
• Rationale: The information representing the modulating waveform is contained in both
the upper and the lower sidebands of the DSB signal.  Redundant Transmission.
• Therefore, it is not essential to transmit both side-bands. The transmission of one
sideband will suffice in reconstructing the message signal at the receiver.
• In SSB-SC the carrier is suppressed and one of the two sideband is transmitted.
• Hence, power saving and bandwidth saving are achieved
• Sometimes, an attenuated part of the carrier is transmitted that will ease the process of
demodulation called residual carrier SSB signal, but this will not be addressed in this
lecture.
Lower Sideband
Upper Sideband Upper Sideband

4
 Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) Modulation
• In this type of modulation, only one of the two sidebands of a DSB-SC is
retained while the other sideband is suppressed. This means that the B.W of
the SSB signal is one half that of DSB-SC. The saving in the bandwidth comes at
the expense of increasing modulation/demodulation complexity.
• The time-domain representation of a SSB signal is
• 𝒔 𝒕 = 𝑨𝑪 𝒎 𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒄 𝒕 ± 𝑨𝑪 𝒎 ෝ 𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒄 𝒕
• 𝑚 𝑡 : is the baseband message signal with bandwidth W.
•𝑚 ෝ 𝑡 : Hilbert transform of 𝑚 𝑡 obtained by passing 𝑚 𝑡 through a 90-
degrees phase shifter.
• - sign: upper sideband is retained.
• + sign: lower sideband is retained.
• 𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡): is the high frequency carrier signal; 𝑓𝑐 >> 𝑊.
5
 Generation of SSB: Filtering Method
• A DSB-SC signal 𝒙 𝒕 = 𝟐𝑨𝑪 𝒎 𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒄 𝒕 is
generated first. A band pass filter with appropriate
B.W and center frequency is used to pass the
desired side band only and suppress the other
sideband.
• The pass band of the filter must occupy the same
frequency range as the desired sideband.
• Remark: Ideal filter do not exist in practice meaning
that a complete elimination of the undesired side
band is not possible. The consequence of this is that
either part of the undesired side band is passed or
the desired one will be highly attenuated. SSB
modulation is suitable for signals with low
frequency components that are not rich in terms of
their power content, as we shall see next.

6
 Generation of SSB: Practical Consideration on the Filtering Method
• The following practical considerations must be
taken into account:
• The pass band of the filter must occupy the same
frequency band as the desired sideband.
• The width of the transition band of the filter DSB-SC
separating the pass band and the stop band must be
at least 1% of the center frequency of the filter. i.e.,
0.01f0 ≤ ∆f. This is sort of a rule of thumb for
realizable filters on the relationship between the
transition band and the center frequency. Upper sideband should fall
• The width of the transition band of the filter should within the passband
be at most twice the lowest frequency components Lowe sideband within the
stopband.
of the message signal so that a reasonable Transition band coincide
separation of the two side band is possible. If the with the empty band
message significant frequency components extends
between 𝑓1 , 𝑓2 , then 𝟐𝒇𝟏 ≥ ∆𝒇.

7
 Single Tone Modulation: Filtering Requirements
• Let 𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑚 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡); message signal
• Let c 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡); carrier signal
• 𝑠𝐷𝑆𝐵 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑚 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡); DSB-SC modulation
𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑚
• 𝑠𝐷𝑆𝐵 𝑡 = cos(2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 +𝑓𝑚 )𝑡) + cos(2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 −𝑓𝑚 )𝑡); M 𝑓
2 2
𝑨𝒄 𝑨𝒎
• 𝒔𝑺𝑺𝑩 𝒕 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟐𝝅(𝒇𝒄 +𝒇𝒎 )𝒕); upper SSB (using ideal filter)
𝟐
𝑨𝒄 𝑨𝒎
• 𝒔𝑺𝑺𝑩 𝒕 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟐𝝅(𝒇𝒄 −𝒇𝒎 )𝒕); lower SSB (using ideal filter)
𝟐

Practical Band-pass Filter  fm 0 fm

|H(f)|
𝒇𝟎 : Center frequency of filter
𝑆𝐷𝑆𝐵 (𝑓) Ideal BPF
Lowe
−30 𝑑𝐵 Upper
Sideband
f0 Sideband

fC  f m fC  f m 0 fC  f m fC fC 8 f m
 Upper SSB Signal in the Time and Frequency Domains: Single Tone Message
𝑨𝒄 𝑨𝒎
• Example: 𝑚 𝑡 = 3cos(2𝜋100𝑡); Let c 𝑡 = cos(2𝜋1000𝑡); s 𝒕 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟐𝝅𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒕)
𝟐

𝑚 𝑡

c 𝑡

DSB-SC

BPF

Upper SSB-SC

Single Tone: Filter center frequency coincides with Upper SSB-SC

desired upper sideband. Still part of LSB appears
 Filtering Issues in SSB Modulation
𝑚 𝑡

c 𝑡

Ideal
DSB-SC BPF
Ideal
BPF

BPF

Upper SSB-SC

𝑚 𝑡 = 3 cos 2𝜋100𝑡 + 2 cos 2𝜋200𝑡 + cos(2𝜋300𝑡)

𝑚 𝑡 = 3cos(2𝜋150𝑡); c 𝑡 = cos(2𝜋1000𝑡);
Multi-tone: Filter center frequency does not coincide with desired
Single Tone: Filter center frequency does not coincide with USB. Components in USB are not passed proportionately. Part of
desired USB. USB attenuates, Part of LSB appears LSB appears
 Generation of SSB Signal: Phase Shift Method
• The method is based on the time –domain representation of the SSB signal
• 𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝐶 𝑚 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 ± 𝐴𝐶 𝑚 ෝ 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡

11
 Comparison of the three types of AM modulation
Here, we show all three types of AM modulation in the time and frequency
domains when 𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑚 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡); c 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡);

AM in time and frequency DSB in time and SSB in time and

domains frequency domains frequency domains
(carrier + two sidebands)

(no carrier but (only a lower

upper and lower sidebands is
sidebands) displayed)

𝒇𝒄 − 𝒇𝒎 𝒇𝒄 𝒇𝒄 + 𝒇𝒎
𝒇 𝒄 − 𝒇𝒎 𝒇𝒄 + 𝒇𝒎 𝒇𝒄 − 𝒇𝒎 12
 Demodulation of SSB-SC
• A SSB-SC signal is demodulated using what is known as coherent demodulation. This means
that the modulated signal s(t) is multiplied by a locally generated signal at the receiver
which has the same frequency and phase as that of the carrier c(t) at the transmitting side

𝑠(𝑡) v(t) Low pass y(t)

Perfect Coherent Demodulation X filter
B.W = W
• Let the received signal be the upper single sideband
• 𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝐶 𝑚 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝐴𝐶 𝑚 ෝ 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡 𝑨𝒄 ′𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕)

• At the receiver, 𝑠 𝑡 is mixed with the carrier signal. The result is

• 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑠 𝑡 𝐴𝐶 𝑐ƴ 𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡
• = 𝐴𝐶 ƴ [𝐴𝐶 𝑚(𝑡)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝐴𝐶 𝑚ෝ 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡]𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡
• = 𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐶 𝑚
ƴ 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 2 − 𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐶 𝑚
ƴ ෝ 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡
𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐶 ƴ 𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐶 ƴ 𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐶 ƴ
• = 𝑚 𝑡 + 𝑚 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑚
ෝ 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜔𝑐 𝑡
2 2 2
𝑨𝑪 𝑨𝑪 ƴ
• The low pass filter admits only the first terms. The output is: 𝒚 𝒕 = 𝒎 𝒕
𝟐 13
 Single Tone Modulation: Why One Sideband is Sufficient
• Example: When 𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑚 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡); c 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡);
• 𝑠𝐷𝑆𝐵 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑚 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡); DSB-SC modulation
𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑚
• 𝑠𝐷𝑆𝐵 𝑡 = cos(2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 +𝑓𝑚 )𝑡) + cos(2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 −𝑓𝑚 )𝑡);
2 2
𝑨𝒄 𝑨𝒎
• The upper SSB signal is: 𝒔𝑺𝑺𝑩 𝒕 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟐𝝅(𝒇𝒄 +𝒇𝒎 )𝒕);
𝟐
𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐 ′
• 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑠(𝑡)𝐴𝑐 ′cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 +𝑓𝑚 )𝑡);
2
𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐 ′
• 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋(2𝑓𝑐 +𝑓𝑚 )𝑡 + cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡
4
𝑨𝒄 𝑨𝒎 𝑨𝒄 ′ 𝑠(𝑡) v(t) Low pass y(t)
• y 𝒕 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 𝒕 X filter
𝟒
B.W = W
• Message has been recovered without distortion
𝑨𝒄 ′𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕)
 Effect of Carrier Non-Coherence on Demodulated Signal: Constant Phase Shift

A constant phase difference between c(t) and 𝒄′ 𝒕

𝑠(𝑡) v(t) y(t)
• The local oscillator takes the form Low pass
X filter
• 𝑐ƴ 𝑡 = 𝐴ሖ 𝑐 cos(𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + ∅);
• 𝑣 𝑡 = [𝐴𝑐 𝑚 𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝐴𝑐 𝑚(𝑡)
ෝ sin 𝜔𝑐 𝑡]𝐴ሖ 𝑐 cos(𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + ∅) 𝑨𝒄 ′𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕 + 𝝋)

• = 𝐴𝑐 𝐴ሖ 𝑐 𝑚 𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 cos(𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + ∅) − 𝐴𝑐 𝐴ሖ 𝑐 𝑚(𝑡)

ෝ sin 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 cos(𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + ∅)
𝐴𝑐 𝐴ሖ 𝑐 𝐴𝑐 𝐴ሖ 𝑐
• = 𝑚 𝑡 cos 2𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + ∅ + 𝑚 𝑡 cos ∅
2 2
𝐴𝑐 𝐴ሖ 𝑐 𝐴𝑐 𝐴ሖ 𝑐
• − 𝑚
ෝ 𝑡 cos 2𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + ∅ + 𝑚(𝑡)
ෝ sin(∅)
2 2
𝑨𝒄 𝑨ሖ 𝒄 𝑨𝒄 𝑨ሖ 𝒄
• 𝒚 𝒕 = 𝒎 𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅ + ෝ
𝒎 𝒕 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ∅
𝟐 𝟐
• Note that there is a distortion due to the appearance of the Hilbert transform of the
message signal at the output.

15
 Single Tone Modulation: Effect of a Constant Phase Shift of the Carrier at Receiver
• Example: When 𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑚 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡); c 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡);
𝑨𝒄 𝑨𝒎
• The upper SSB signal is: 𝒔𝑺𝑺𝑩 𝒕 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟐𝝅(𝒇𝒄 +𝒇𝒎 )𝒕);
𝟐
𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐 ′
• 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑠(𝑡)𝐴𝑐 ′cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + ∅) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + ∅)𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 +𝑓𝑚 )𝑡);
2
𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐 ′
•𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (4𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 + ∅) + cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 − ∅
4
𝑨𝒄 𝑨𝒎 𝑨𝒄 ′
•y 𝒕 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 𝒕 − ∅ v(t) y(t)
𝟒 𝑠(𝑡) Low pass
• If the message consists of multiple tones X filter
𝐴𝑐 𝐴1 𝐴𝑐 ′
•y 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓1 (𝑡 − ∅/2𝜋𝑓1 𝑨𝒄 ′𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕 + ∅)
4
𝐴𝑐 𝐴2 𝐴𝑐 ′ 𝐴𝑐 𝐴3 𝐴𝑐 ′
+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓2 (𝑡 − ∅/2𝜋𝑓2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓3 (𝑡 − ∅/2𝜋𝑓3
4 4
Here, phase distortion becomes more apparent since we cannot write y t = 𝑘𝑥(𝑡 − 𝑡𝑑 )
 Effect of Carrier Non-Coherence on Demodulated Signal: Constant Frequency Difference

Constant Frequency Difference between c(t) and 𝒄′ 𝒕

• 𝑐ƴ 𝑡 = 𝐴′𝑐 cos 2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 + ∆𝑓)𝑡; Constant frequency shift
• 𝑣 𝑡 = [𝐴𝑐 𝑚 𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝐴𝑐 𝑚(𝑡)
ෝ sin 𝜔𝑐 𝑡]𝐴ሖ 𝑐 cos 2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 + ∆𝑓)𝑡
𝐴𝑐 𝐴ሖ 𝑐
• = 𝑚 𝑡 cos 2𝜔𝑐 + ∆𝜔 𝑡 + cos 2𝜋∆𝑓𝑡
2
𝐴𝑐 𝐴ሖ 𝑐
• − 𝑚
ෝ 𝑡 [sin 2𝜔𝑐 + ∆𝜔 𝑡 − sin 2𝜋∆𝑓𝑡]
2
𝑨𝒄 𝑨ሖሖ 𝒄 𝑨𝒄 𝑨ሖ 𝒄
• 𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒎 𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝝅∆𝒇𝒕 + ෝ
𝒎 𝒕 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝝅∆𝒇𝒕
𝟐 𝟐
• Once again we have distortion and m(t) appears as if single sideband modulated on a
carrier frequency = ∆𝑓
s(t) v(t) y(t)
Low pass
X filter

𝑨𝒄 ′𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟐𝝅(𝒇𝒄 +∆𝒇)𝒕) 17
 Single Tone Modulation: Effect of a Constant Frequency of the Carrier at Receiver
• Example: When 𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑚 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡); c 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡);
𝑨𝒄 𝑨𝒎
• The upper SSB signal is: 𝒔𝑺𝑺𝑩 𝒕 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟐𝝅(𝒇𝒄 +𝒇𝒎 )𝒕);
𝟐
• 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑠(𝑡)𝐴𝑐 ′cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 2𝜋∆𝑓𝑡)
𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐 ′
• 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 2𝜋∆𝑓𝑡)𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 +𝑓𝑚 )𝑡);
2
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 ′
• 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑐 𝑚 𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (4𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 + 2𝜋∆𝑓𝑡) + cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 − 2𝜋∆𝑓𝑡
4
𝑨 𝑨 𝑨 ′
• y 𝒕 = 𝒄 𝒎 𝒄 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝝅(𝒇𝒎 − ∆𝒇)𝒕
𝟒
• So, when ∆𝑓 = 100, a message component with f = 1000Hz appears as a 900Hz component
at the demodulator output. Again, distortion occurs because of failing to synchronize the
transmitter and receiver carrier frequencies.
s(t) v(t) Low pass
X filter y(t)

𝐴𝑐 ′cos(2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 +∆𝑓)𝑡) 18
 𝑓𝑚 = 1000 𝑚 𝑡
Single Tone Modulation:
Effect of a Constant
Frequency of the Carrier at
c 𝑡
Receiver
𝑚 𝑡 = 3cos(2𝜋1000𝑡)
DSB-SC
c 𝑡 = cos(2𝜋10000𝑡)
c’ 𝑡 = cos(2𝜋10100𝑡) BPF

∆𝑓 = 100
SSB-SC

SSB-SC

y 𝑡

𝑓′𝑚 = 900 y 𝑡
19