M.E.

S INDIAN SCHOOL, DOHA -QATAR

NOTES 2023-2024

Section : BOYS’ & GIRLS’ Date : 20-05-2023

Class &Div. : CLASS XI( all divisions) Subject: CHEMISTRY
Lesson: CH :1 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY
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LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS

1. Law of Conservation of Mass : It states that matter/ mass can neither be created nor
destroyed
C + O2 → CO2
12 g + 2x16g → 12+2x16g
44g → 44g

2. Law of Definite Proportions/ composition. It states that a given compound always contains
same elements in the same proportion by mass
H2 O CO2
2:16 12: 2x16
1:8 3:8

3. Law of Multiple Proportions : It states that if two elements can combine to form more than one
compound, the masses of one element that combine with a fixed mass of the other element, are in
the small whole number ratio.
H + O Hydrogen+ Oxygen → Water
2g 16g 18g
Hydrogen + Oxygen → Hydrogen peroxide
H2O H2O2 2g 32g 34g
2 : 16 2 : 2x16
2 : 16 2: 32
16:32
1:2
Masses of oxygen (i.e. 16 g and 32 g) which combine with a fixed mass of hydrogen (2g) bear a
simple ratio, i.e. 16:32 or 1: 2.

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 4. Gay Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes : It states that when gases combine or are produced in
a chemical reaction they do so in a simple ratio by volume provided all gases are at same
temperature and pressure
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
2V + 1V → 2V H2 and O2 combine in the simple ratio of 2:1.

5. Avogadro Law : It states that equal volumes of gases should contain equal number of molecules
at same temperature and pressure
6. Relative Atomic Mass
It is the mass of the atom relative to 1/12th the mass of one carbon – 12 atom.
7. Atomic mass unit / Unified mass (u) : One atomic mass unit is defined as a mass exactly equal
to 1/12th the mass of one carbon – 12 atom
8. Molecular Mass : Molecular mass is the sum of atomic masses of the elements present in a
molecule
Molecular mass of methane, (CH4) = 12 + 4 x1 = 16u
Molecular mass of water (H2O) = 2 x1 + 16 = 18 u
9. Formula Mass : Formula mass is the sum of atomic masses of the elements present in a formula
unit of a compound
Formula mass of NaCl = 23.0 u + 35.5 u = 58.5 u

Mole Concept
mass particles
molar mass 1 mole 6.022x1023 particles
[GAM/GMM] volume

molar volume [22.4L at STP (273K & 1 bar)]

10. Mole One mole is the amount of a substance that contains 6.022x1023 particles (OR )

One mole is the amount of a substance that contains as many particles as there are atoms in

exactly 12 g of the 12C isotope

6.022x1023 is known as ‘Avogadro constant’, denoted by NA

1 mol of hydrogen atoms = 6.022×1023 atoms

1 mol of water molecules = 6.022×1023 water molecules

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 11. Molar mass : The mass of one mole of a substance in grams is called its molar mass
Molar mass in grams = atomic/molecular/formula mass in grams.
Molar mass of water = 18 g mol-1 which contain 6.022×1023 water molecules

1. Calculate the molecular mass of

i) H2O ii)CO2 iii)CH4

2.Calculate the number of atoms in the following

a). 52 moles of He
Number of atoms = mole x 6.022x1023
= 52 x 6.022x1023
= 313.144 x 1023 atoms
b). 52u of He
4 u mass of He i= one gram atom
52 u mass of He= 52 𝑢 𝑥 𝑖 𝑔 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑒 = 13 gram atoms
4𝑢

c). 52 g of He
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑒 52 𝑔
Moles of He = = = 13 moles
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 4 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒

Number of atoms = mole x 6.022x1023

= 13 x 6.022x1023 =78.286 x 1023

12. Molar volume : Volume occupied by I mole gas

Molar volume of a gas at STP is 22.4L which contain 6.022×1023 molecules
a) Calculate volume occupied by 2 moles of oxygen gas
Volume of gas = mole x 22.4 L
= 2 X 22. 4 L = 44.8 L

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 b) Calculate the moles present in 5.6 L of He
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 5.6
Mole = = =1 = 0.25 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
22.4 𝐿 22.4 4

Try : Which gas occupies more volume a} 11 g CO2 b) 2 moles of O2

13. Percentage composition

It is the percentage of a particular element present in a compound
𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝
Mass % of an element = 𝑿𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝

1.Calculate the percentage of carbon , hydrogen and oxygen in ethanol( C2H50H)

Molar mass of ethanol is = 2x12 + 6x1+ 1x16) = 46g/mole
𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝
Mass % of an element = 𝑿𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝
Mass % of an carbon =24 𝑋100 = 52%
46

Mass % of an Hydrogen = 6 𝑋100 = 13.04%

46

Mass % of oxygen = 16 𝑋100 = 34.78%

46

Try : Calculate the percentage of hydrogen and oxygen in H2O ( H=1 g/mole,
O=16g/mole
14. Empirical formula Empirical formula represents the simplest whole number ratio of atoms
present in a compound
15. Molecular formula Molecular formula shows the exact number of atoms present in a molecule
of a compound
Molecular Formula Emp.Formula
Glucose C6H12O6 CH2O
Ethene C2H4 CH2
Ethane C2H6 CH3

 A compound contains 4.07 % of Hydrogen , 24% of Carbon and 71.65% of Chlorine .

a) Calculate the empirical formula .
b) Its molar mass is 98.98 g/mole , what is its molecular formula

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  Empirical formula CH2Cl
b).

Try : .Determine molecular formula of an oxide of iron which has 69.9% iron and 30.1%
dioxygen by mass.

Stoichiometry
 Stoichiometry is the quantitative relationship between the reactants and products in a balanced
chemical equation. It deals with the calculation of masses (or volumes) of the reactants and the
products involved in a chemical reaction
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
 1 mole of CH4 + 2 moles of O2 → 1 mole of CO2 +2 moles of H2O
 1 molecule of CH4 + 2 molecules of O2 → one molecule of CO2+ 2 molecules of H2O
 22.4 L of CH4 + 2x 22.4 L of O2 → 22.4 L of CO2 + 2x 22.4 L of H2O
 16 g of CH4 + 2x32 g of O2 → 44 g of CO2 + 2x18 g of H2O.
1. Calculate the amount of water (g) produced by the combustion of 4 g of methane
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
1 mole of CH4 + 2 moles of O2 → 1 mole of CO2 +2 moles of H2O
1 x 16 g of CH4 forms 2 x18 g of H2O

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 4 𝑥 36
4 g of CH4 forms =9𝑔
16

Try:
1. Three moles of ethane (C2H6), calculate the following :
(i) Number of moles of carbon atoms.
(ii) Number of moles of hydrogen atoms.
(iii) Number of molecules of ethane.

2. How many moles of methane are required to produce 22 g CO2 (g) after combustion?

 Limiting reagent [ present in lesser amount]

The reactant that is completely consumed in a reaction and limits the amount of product formed
 Excess reagent : The reagent that is present in excess

 In a reaction A + B2 → AB2. Identify the limiting reagent, if any, in the following reaction mixtures.
(i) 300 atoms of A + 200 molecules of B
A + B2 → AB2.
one atom of A + 1 Molecule of B2
300 atoms required 300 molecules but have only 200 , hence B is the limiting reagent.

(ii) 2 mole A + 3 mole B

A + B2 → AB2.
one mole of A + 1 mole of B
2 mole of A + 2 moles of B but have only 3 moles of B, hence A is limiting reagent.

 3g of H2 reacts with 29g of O2 to form water. Which is the limiting reagent? Calculate the
amount of water formed and also calculate the amount of unreacted substance

2H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2 H2O (g)

2 moles of H2 reacts with 1 mole of O2
2 x 2 g of H2 reacts with 1 x 32g of O2
3g of H2 reacts with =3𝑥 32 = 24 𝑔 𝑜𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑢𝑡 h𝑎𝑣𝑒 29 𝑔
4

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 2 moles of H2 reacts with 2 mole of H2O
2 g of H2 reacts with 2 x 18 of H2O
3g of H2 reacts with =3𝑥 36 = 27 𝑔
4

Try:
a) N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) →2NH3 (g) (i) Calculate the mass of NH3 produced if 2 × 103 g N2 reacts with
1×103 g of H2 (ii) Will any of the two reactants remain unreacted? (iii) If yes, which one and
what would be its mass?
b) How much MgS can be obtained from 2g of Mg and 2g of S by the reaction, Mg + S→ MgS.
Which is the limiting reagent? Calulate the amount of the reactants which remain unreacted.

Reactions in Solutions
The concentration of a solution can be expressed in any of the following ways.
(1)Mass per cent (2)Mole fraction (3) Molarity (4) Molality
Mass per cent
Mass per cent = Mass of solute x 100
Mass of solution

1.A solution is prepared by adding 2 g of a substance to 18 g of water. Cal. the mass % of the solute

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 Mole Fraction (X) It is the ratio of no. of moles of a particular component to the total number of moles of
the solution
Mole fraction of A = No .of moles of A nA
No .of moles of =
solution nA+nB

Mole fraction of B =
No.of moles of B
= nB
No.of moles of solution nA+nB XA + XB = 1

Molarity [Unit-mol/L or Molar(M)]

It is defined as the number of moles of the solute in 1 litre of the solution.

Molarity=
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝟏
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 = 𝒙
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒏 𝑳 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒏 𝑳
= 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝑳

Molarity (M) = No. of moles of solute = mass/molar mass

Volume of solution in litres Volume of solution in litres

Molarity Equation
Suppose if we want to dilute a solution of particular concentration, then the concentration of this dilute
solution can be calculated using M1 V1 = M2 V2 where M and V are molarity and volume resp.

\
4. Molality [Unit-mol/Kg or molal (m)]
It is defined as the number of moles of solute present in 1 kg of solvent.

Molality (m) = No. of moles of solute = mass / molar mass

Mass of solvent in kg Mass of solvent in kg

Q. How does molarity and molality varies with temperature?

Molarity depends upon temperature because volume of a solution is temperature dependent.
Molality does not change with temperature since mass does not depend on temperature.

Stock solution The solution of higher concentration is also known as stock solution.

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Questions:
a) Cal. the molarity of NaOH in the solution prepared by dissolving its 4 g in water to form 250
mL of the solution.

b) Calculate the mass of sodium acetate (CH3COONa) required to make 500 mL of 0.375 molar
aqueous solution. Molar mass of sodium acetate is 82.0245 g mol-1.

c) Calculate the concentration of nitric acid in moles per litre in a sample which has a density,
1.41 g mL- 1 and the mass per cent of nitric acid in it being 69%.

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