Lippia Grata Tambatinga PDF
Lippia Grata Tambatinga PDF
Lippia Grata Tambatinga PDF
AMAZONICA http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392202102442
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
ABSTRACT
Lippia grata (formerly known as Lippia gracillis) is an aromatic plant native to Brazil, with leaves rich in essential oils that
possess significant biological activities. We evaluated the effect of essential oil of L. grata (EOLG) as a dietary additive on
the growth, somatic indices, and biochemical parameters of juveniles (5.25 ± 0.26 g) of tambatinga, a hybrid fish obtained
by crossing tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) with pirapitinga (Piaractus brachypomum) of great economic importance in
north and northeastern Brazil. We evaluated four dietary treatments, consisting of EOLG supplemented at 0.0, 0.5, 1.0,
and 2.0 mL kg-1, over 60 days. Carcass yield was significantly higher in fish fed all EOLG diets compared to those fed the
control diet (0.0 mL kg-1). Animals that received the 0.5 mL kg-1 treatment gained significantly more weight and showed a
higher specific growth rate than those treated with 1.0 and 2.0 ml kg-1 EOLG, although none differed significantly from the
control. The feed conversion rate was significantly lower in the 0.5 than in the 1.0 mL kg-1 treatment. Compared with higher
concentrations, the diet containing 0.5 mL kg-1 EOLG increased the use of muscle glycogen, glucose, and lactate to meet
energy demands, avoiding the use of muscle protein. Our results suggest that dietary supplementation with EOLG significantly
improves carcass yield in tambatinga juveniles but that concentrations above 0.5 mL kg-1 may compromise growth rates and
carbohydrate metabolism in this fish.
KEYWORDS: diets; growth; Lippia gracillis; Colossoma macropomum; Piaractus brachypomum
CITE AS: Costa, T.S.; Silva, R.C.; Pretto, A.; Monteiro, O.S.; Siqueira, J.C.; Baldisserotto, B.; Lopes, J.M. 2022. Effect of Lippia grata essential oil as a feed
additive on the performance of tambatinga juveniles. Acta Amazonica 52: xx-xx.
Table 1. Composition and proximate analysis of the experimental diets with of with the dried ingredients, and the mixtures were pelletized.
the essential oil of Lippia grata (EOLG). The pellets were dried for 24 h at 40 ºC in a forced-air
EOLG concentration in diet (mL kg-1) circulation oven. The diets were stored at -18 ºC until use.
Ingredients (g kg-1) The analysis of diet composition followed AOAC (1995) for
0 0.5 1.0 2.0
crude protein, dry matter, and ash; Bligh and Dyer (1959)
Soybean meal 300 300 300 300
for fat; and Van Soest et al. (1991) for neutral detergent fiber.
Meat and bone meal 350 350 350 350
Rice bran 120 120 120 120 Feed management and water quality
Corn grain 150 150 150 150 Fish were fed with the experimental diets to apparent
Canola oil 30 30 30 30
satiation three times a day (8:00, 12:00, and 17:00) for 60
days. Thirty minutes after the first meal, fecal residues were
Salt 10 10 10 10
removed from the tanks by siphoning, and the water level
Vitamin/mineral mixture a
30 30 30 30
was replaced.
Dicalcium phosphate 10 10 10 10
The temperature (28.0 ± 1.5 °C) and dissolved oxygen
Essential oil (mL kg )
-1
0 0.5 1.0 2.0 levels (6.94 ± 0.92 mg L-1) were monitored daily with an
Proximate analysis (%)b oximeter (HANNA, T160). Weekly measures of pH (6.9 ±
Dry matter 90.0 91.9 90.9 91.9 0.2 units) were taken with a digital (DMPH-2) pH meter,
Crude protein 29.9 31.4 30.6 30.5 and those of total ammonia (0.25 ± 0.03 mg L-1) and non-
Lipids 8.7 9.2 9.0 9.1 ionized ammonia (0.08 ± 0.02 mg L-1) using a commercial
ammonia kit (LabconTest toxic ammonia). All water quality
Ash 16.2 15.4 14.4 15.4
parameters were within the limits considered suitable for the
Neutral detergente fiber 25.1 26.6 25.6 26.5
species (Moro et al. 2013; Ribeiro et al. 2019).
a
Vitamin and mineral mixture (minimum levels per kilogram of diet): folic acid, Performance parameters
250 mg; pantothenic acid, 5,000 mg; antioxidant, 0. 60 g; biotin, 125 mg; cobalt,
25 mg; copper, 2,000 mg; iron, 820 mg; iodine, 100 mg; manganese, 3,750 mg; At the end of the feeding trial, all fish were fasted for 24 h,
niacina, 5,000 mg; selenium, 75 mg; vitamin A, 1,000,000 UI; vitamin B1, 1,250 mg; anesthetized with eugenol (40 µL L-1) (Moraes et al. 2017), and
vitamin B12, 3,750 mg; vitamin B2, 2,500 mg; vitamin B6, 2,485 mg; vitamin C, then weighed and measured to determine growth variables.
28,000 mg; vitamin D3, 500,000 UI; vitamin E, 20,000 UI; vitamin K, 500 mg; zinc, Two fish per replicate (tank) were randomly selected and
17,500 mg. bAnalyzed proximate composition.
euthanized by spinal cord sectioning behind the operculum,
The leaves were dried for five days at room temperature, and their livers were removed, weighed, quickly placed on ice,
ground, and then submitted to hydrodistillation (3 h) using and frozen at –20 ºC for biochemical analysis. After complete
a Clevenger-type apparatus (Figueiredo et al. 2019). The dissection, each carcass was weighed, the fillets were removed
essential oil was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate (Merck- and weighed, and a sample of white muscle was taken and
Millipore, São Paulo, Brazil), and the yield per dry weight stored at -20 ºC for biochemical analysis.
of plant material was calculated. The moisture content was We determined the following performance parameters:
calculated in duplicate using an Infrared Moisture Balance final weight (FW, g); final total length (FL, cm); condition
(Genaka, São Paulo, Brazil) for water loss measurement. factor (CF) = 100 x (body weight; g)/(body length; cm)3; feed
The EOLG was analyzed on a gas chromatograph coupled conversion ratio (FCR) = feed intake/weight gain; specific
to a mass spectrometer (GCMS)QP2010 Ultra system growth rate (SGR, %/day) = (ln (final weight) – ln (initial
(Shimadzu Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), equipped with the weight)/period x 100; weight gain (WG, g) = final weight –
GCMS-Solution software containing the NIST 11, FFNSC initial weight; survival (S, %) = live animals at day 60/initial
2, and Adams libraries, as described in detail by Fernandes number of animals in the tank (Ribeiro et al. 2019; Lopes et
et al. (2021). al. 2020); hepatic somatic index (HSI, %) = (liver weight /
whole fish weight) x 100; carcass yield (CY, %) = (eviscerated
Experimental design and treatments fish weight/whole fish weight) x 100 (Rampelotto et al. 2018);
The experimental design was randomized with four fillet yield (FY, %) = (fillet weight/whole fish weight) x 100
treatments (test diets) and five replicates per treatment. The (Geraldo et al. 2015).
diet formulations were based on Zeppenfeld et al. (2016), with
a control diet and three diets with increasing concentrations of Biochemical parameters
EOLG (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mL kg-1) (Table 1). The ingredients Glycogen levels in the liver and muscle were determined
of the base diet were ground, weighed, and mixed to complete following Bidinotto et al. (1997). Subsamples of 50 mg
homogenization. The EOLG was added with canola oil for were added to 1 mL potassium hydroxide (KOH) and 3 mL
adequate homogenization. Water was added to aid mixing ethanol for hydrolysis and precipitation of glycogen. Tissue
subsamples of 50 mg were heated at 100 ºC with KOH, and analysis of variance and Duncan’s test (P < 0.05), with the
the supernatant was used to determine the total protein level statistical program SPSS 21.0.
following Lowry et al. (1951), with bovine serum albumin
as the standard. Other tissue subsamples of 50 mg were RESULTS
homogenized with 10% trichloroacetic acid (1:20 dilution)
Characterization of the essential oil
using a motor-driven Teflon pestle and centrifuged at 1,000
The major constituents of the EOLG were α-pinene
g for 10 min to flocculate the proteins. The supernatant was
(24.47%), 1,8-cineol (16.18%), β-pinene (11.89%), and
used for glucose and lactate determination following Dubois
limonene (9.64%) (Table 2).
et al. (1956) and Harrower and Brown (1972), respectively.
Performance parameters
Statistical analysis
Overall, performance parameters in the EOLG treatments
All variables showed homogeneity of variances (Levene did not differ significantly from those of the control, except
test) and a normal distribution (Shapiro-Wilk test). The for carcass yield, which was significantly higher in all EOLG
variables were compared among treatments using one-way treatments (Table 3). The final weight, final total length,
Table 2. Chemical composition of the essential oil of Lippia grata leaves collected in Chapada das Mesas National Park (Maranhão, Brazil). IRCa = calculated retention
index (on Rxi-5ms column); IRCb = retention index from literature (Adams, 2001).
Table 3. Growth parameters and somatic indices of tambatinga juveniles fed diets supplemented with different concentrations of the essential oil of Lippia grata
(EOLG). IW: initial weight; IL: initial length; FW: final weight; FL: final length; CF: condition factor; FCR: feed conversion rate; SGR: specific growth rate; WG: weight gain;
HSI: hepatic somatic index; CY: carcass yield; FY: fillet yield.
Values are the mean ± SD (n = 5). For all variables, except survival, data were analyzed as average per tank (replicate). Different letters in the rows indicate significant
difference by the Duncan test (P < 0.05).
specific growth rate, and weight gain were significantly higher Biochemical parameters
in the 0.5-mL kg-1 EOLG treatment than in the 1.0 or 2.0-mL Biochemical parameters tended to vary more in the EOLG
kg-1 treatments, but no EOLG treatment differed significantly treatments than in the control (Table 4). Lactate in muscle
from the control. The condition factor was significantly was significantly higher in all EOLG treatments than in the
lower in the 1.0-mL kg-1 treatment than in the control. The control, while protein levels were significantly lower in the
feed conversion rate was significantly lower in the 0.5-mL 1.0 and 2.0-mL kg-1 EOLG treatments. Glycogen levels in
kg-1 EOLG treatment than in the 1.0-mL kg-1 treatment muscle were significantly higher in the 1.0 and 2.0-mL kg-1
but did not differ significantly from the control. The EOLG than in the 0.5 mL kg-1 EOLG treatment but did not differ
treatments tended to produce a lower HSI than the control. from the control. Muscle glucose levels were significantly
Fillet yield was not affected significantly by dietary EOLG, lower in the 0.5 and 2.0-mL kg-1 EOLG treatments than in
and no mortality was observed in any treatments during the the other two treatments.
experimental period.
Table 4. Hepatic and muscular metabolic parameters of tambatinga juveniles fed diets supplemented with different concentrations of the essential oil of Lippia grata.
Glucose and glycogen= µmol glucose g tissue-1; Lactate= µmol lactate g tissue-1; Protein= mg g tissue-1.
Values presented as mean ± SD (n=8). Different letters in the rows indicate significant difference by Duncan test (P < 0.05).
Hepatic lactate was significantly lower in the 0.5 mL kg-1 thymol and carvacrol were the primary constituents, as in
EOLG treatment than in the control. Hepatic glycogen was other EOs from the Brazilian northeast (Teles et al. 2010;
not affected by dietary supplementation with EOLG, but Souza, 2013; Santos et al. 2014). The chemical composition of
glucose was significantly lower in all EOLG treatments than our sample suggests the presence of a new L. grata chemotype
in the control. A significantly lower hepatic protein level was from Maranhão state, with a predominance of α-pinene,
observed only in the 2.0-mL kg-1 EOLG treatment. β-pinene, 1,8-cineol, and limonene, instead of thymol and
carvacrol. In a detailed review, Pascual et al. (2001) reported
DISCUSSION that the compounds most frequently found in essential oils
Lippia grata varies in the composition of its volatile of Lippia species are limonene, β-caryophyllene, ρ-cymene,
constituents throughout northeastern Brazil (Franco et al. camphor, linalool, α-pinene, and thymol. In fact, essential oil
2014). The major constituents of EOLG from Chapada das content and composition can differ greatly, even within the
Mesas National Park (α-pinene, 1,8-cineole, β-pinene, and
same genus, as well as amongs different ripening stage or in
limonene) in this study corroborated those described by
different organs (Tirado et al.1995; Stashenko et al. 1996).
Monteiro et al. (2021) for EOLG from the same region of
The variability in the constitution of Lippia essential oils owes
the state Maranhão but differed markedly from those from
other localities. The essential oil of L. grata [L. gracilis] leaves to the large number of species in the genus and their wide
from other northeastern Brazilian localities has components geographic distribution (Monteiro et al. 2021). Gomes et al.
in common with our sample, even regarding low level (2011) reported that the chemical composition of L. gracilis
constituents. EO of L. grata [L. gracilis] leaves collected in oil presents quantitative fluctuations of the major components
Crato, Ceará state, contained a minor percentage of α-pinene which are probably owed to genetic variability, depending
(Bitu et al. 2012), however, the oxygenated monoterpenes on where and in which conditions the plant was cultivated.
The results for FW, FL, WG, and SGR indicated that the through the gluconeogenic pathway and their conversion into
use of EOLG concentrations greater than 0.5-mL kg-1 does not glucose may be reflected in the lower growth rates presented
favor the growth of juvenile tambatinga. Similarly, Brum et al. by tambatinga juveniles in these treatments. According to
(2017) evaluated the effect of the essential oil of O. gratissimum Lehninger et al. (2006), the metabolic routes that maintain
and Z. officinale (40 and 16% 1.8-cineol, respectively) in the blood sugar levels in fish are gluconeogenesis, using substrates
diet of Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758 at concentrations such as amino acids, lactate, and pyruvate, and the breakdown
of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%. The essential oil of O. gratissimum at of glycogen reserves in the muscle and liver, which can occur
0.5% significantly improved food conversion in comparison aerobically or anaerobically. Still, the lactate produced in the
with the control, while no improvements in the growth muscle and released into the circulation and that available in
parameters were observed for Z. officinale. Likewise, diets the fish liver are metabolically converted into glucose (Rito
supplemented with essential oil of O. gratissimum, Z. officinale et al. 2018).
(28.2% and 15.8% 1.8-cineol, respectively), and Lippia Different responses to essential oil concentrations were
sidoides Cham. (0.7% 1.8-cineol) did not significantly affect also observed in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen Silfvergrip) fry
growth parameters of tambaqui (Monteiro et al. 2021). treated with dietary supplementation of Citrus x aurantium
The concentration and synergy of compounds in an essential oil (93.8% limonene, 2.6% linalool, and 1.7%
essential oil and the level of dietary inclusion, as well as β-pinene): fish treated with 2 mL kg-1 oil showed changes
factors such as the form of administration, target species, in carbohydrate and protein metabolism in the liver and
and age of the individuals, explain variations in the responses muscle that resulted in a higher growth rate, while lower
observed to its use (Campagnolo et al. 2013). Essential oil concentrations were associated with metabolic rearrangements
components differ in their mechanisms of action, which may to maintain blood sugar and tissue glycogen and lactate levels,
result in improved or antagonistic specific activity (Efferth and impairing zootechnical performance (Lopes et al. 2019).
Koch 2011). The biological effect of essential oil is a result
of interactions among its constituent compounds (Sonboli CONCLUSIONS
et al. 2006).
Our results suggest that dietary supplementation with
The evaluation of fish carcasses is of great economic and EOLG significantly improves carcass yield in tambatinga
production importance (Fernandes et al. 2010). In this sense, juveniles but that concentrations above 0.5 mL kg-1 may
supplementation with EOLG increased the carcass yield in compromise growth rates and carbohydrate metabolism in
tambatinga juveniles compared to the control. Fish carcass this fish.
is an important indicator in nutrition studies, as it is mainly
related to visceral fat or muscle deposition. In Salvelinus
fontinalis Mitchill, Salmo trutta Linnaeus, 1758, and hybrid
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
trout, differences in carcass yield were approximated by fat The present work was supported in part by Instituto
content (Şahin et al. 2011). The same method was used for Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia – Centro de Estudos de
Astronotus ocellatus Agassiz, Pellona castelnaeana Valenciennes, Adaptações Aquáticas da Amazônia II (INCT-Adapta II) and
and Leporinus friderici Bloch (Barai et al. 2022). We did not a fellowship from Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado
analyze fat content, but the EOLG may have influenced the do Maranhão (FAPEMA, Brazil) for Thaisa Sales Costa.
fish body composition and, consequently, the carcass yield.
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(Rhamdia quelen). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 40: 701‐714. ASSOCIATE EDITOR: Rodrigo do Valle
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