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2.2 Vector Multiplication

There are three types of vector products: the scalar product, which equals the magnitude of one vector multiplied by the other and cosine of the angle between them; the vector product, which results in a vector normal to the plane of the two input vectors with a magnitude equal to the product of the magnitudes and sine of the angle between them; and triple products relating three vectors. Vectors can be transformed between Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate systems using defined formulas. Examples are given of applications like GPS and CT scans that utilize vector and coordinate system transformations.

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53 views15 pages

2.2 Vector Multiplication

There are three types of vector products: the scalar product, which equals the magnitude of one vector multiplied by the other and cosine of the angle between them; the vector product, which results in a vector normal to the plane of the two input vectors with a magnitude equal to the product of the magnitudes and sine of the angle between them; and triple products relating three vectors. Vectors can be transformed between Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate systems using defined formulas. Examples are given of applications like GPS and CT scans that utilize vector and coordinate system transformations.

Uploaded by

fathin noorshafirah
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Position and Distance Vectors

Vector Multiplication
• There exist three types of products in vector calculus: the simple product, the scalar (or dot) product, and
the vector (or cross) product.
• Scalar or Dot Product
A·B = AB cosθAB
A·B = B·A
A·(B+C) = A·B + A·C
• Vector or Cross Product

A × B = n̂ AB sin θAB
where n̂ is a unit vector normal to the plane containing A and B

A × B = −B × A
A × (B + C) = A × B + A × C
A×A=0
Example
Scalar & Vector Triple Product
• Scalar Triple Product
A � ( B x C ) = B � ( C x A ) = C � (A x B )
-The equalities hold as long as the cyclic order (ABCABC…) is preserved.

• Vector Triple Product


Ax(BxC)≠(AxB)xC

A x ( B x C ) = B ( A � C ) – C (A � B )
Example
v v

w w

w
v v
Vector v and vector w are
the same and identical
because they have same
w magnitude and direction
w

Vector v and vector w are


not the same because they
have different magnitude
and direction

v
Vector v and vector w are
not the same eventhough
w they have same magnitude
but different direction
Transformation between Coordinate Systems
Transformation between Coordinate Systems
• Cartesian to Cylindrical Transformation
+
r= 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2
𝜃𝜃= 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 𝑦𝑦⁄𝑥𝑥
z=z
• Cylindrical to Cartesian Transformation
x = r cos 𝜃𝜃
y = r sin 𝜃𝜃
z=z
• Cartesian to Spherical Transformations
+
R= 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 + 𝑧𝑧 2
+
−1 𝑥𝑥 2 +𝑦𝑦 2�
𝜃𝜃= 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑥𝑥
𝜑𝜑 = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 𝑦𝑦⁄𝑥𝑥
Example
Application
• The Global Positioning System (GPS), initially developed in the 1980s by the U.S. Department of Defense
as a navigation tool for military use, has evolved into a system with numerous civilian applications, including
vehicle tracking, aircraft navigation, map displays in automobiles and hand-held cell phones.
• X-Ray Computed Tomography also known as CT scan or CAT scan (for computed axial tomography), refers to
a technique capable of generating 3-D images of the X-ray attenuation (absorption) properties of an object.
This is in contrast to the traditional, X-ray technique that produces only a 2-D profile of the object.

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