MATHEMATICS — IIT Transform Calculus - 1 Transform Calculus - 2 Sets, Relations and Functions Propositional Logic Partially Ordered Sets Algebraic Structures Introduction to Counting Introduction to Graphs NOTE: 57 81 101 121 144 university questions patterns, MAKAUT course structure and syllabus of 3% Sem has been changed from 2018, Present syllabus of MATHEMATICS Il [for CE] has been introduced as a new subject in present curriculum. Taking special care of this matter we are providing ‘chapterwise model questions and answers, so that students can get an idea aboutTRANSFORM CALCULUS - a —Aaeet CALCULUS - 1 2 Chapter at a Glance Laplace Transform ‘The Laplace Transform ofa function y(t) is defined by 166) = Up(0he > s]= fey if the integral exists. The notation L[¥(0)](s) ‘means take the Laplace transform of (1). The finatons (0) and ¥(3) are partner functions. Note that ¥(3) is inde ‘only a function of « since the definite integral i with respect to 1 Examples: Let »(1) =exp(:). Wehave i ‘he incre convergesif > 1. The fneonsexp(t) and 1/(s1) are pamnerfnctions, Let y(t) =0s(31). We have ¥(s)= Jo cos(3e)ar 5 ‘The integral converges for s>0. The integral ean be computed by doing integration by parts twice or by looking in an integration table. Rules for Computing Laplace Transforms of Functions Linearity tins liferetiaton and integration the Laplace trasformation iss nee operation. What does ceantan? In words, it means that th Laplace transform ofa const teen oe constant times the Laplace transforms of the function, In adi Of finctions isthe sum of the Laplace transforms, ‘st ws rextate the above in math speak. Let ¥,(s) and Y;(s) denote the Laplace transforms of Ji (t) and y, (1), respectively, and let © be a-constant: Recall that Z[ f(c)](s) denotes the Laplace transform of f(t). We have Asn Nlo)=o4[n ()]le)=or(s) Li +9,()](s)= ZDi(O16)+2L.(0](6) =H (3) +H (s) ¥(s)= fovea afer cs MATH-CE-2‘As a corollary, we have the third formula: Lenlt) ter (a)=a%(s) 464%, (5) Here are several examples: 1[3e' ](s)=32[e'](s)=3- ipa s-l s-l Laplace Transform of the Derivative Suppose tha the Laplace ransform of (1) is ¥(s). Then the Laplce Transform of y(t) is Lys) =s¥(s)-»(0) For the second order derivative we have 2[y"()s)=#¥(3)-s1(0)-»'(0) For the 1 order derivative we have LD ]ls)=s'7(8)-9(0)-#2y'0)- Derivatives of the Laplace Transform Let ¥(s) bethe Laplace Transform of (1). Then zl ]()= Here isan example. Suppose we wish to compute the Laplace transform of rsin(). The Laplace transform of sin(() is 1/(s2-+1). Hence, we have sac] Sede | aoe Lpsine] = a4] ean ‘The Inverse Laplace Transform ‘The inverse Laplace transform of the function Y(s) is the unigue function y(t) that-is continuous on [0, 20) and satisfies L['y(¢) |(s)=¥(s). tf all possible functions y(t) are discontinuous one can select @ piecewise continuous function to be the inverse transform, We will use the notation LP()O ot Li[¥(s)](¢) to denote the inverse Laplace transform of ¥(s). MATH-CE-34. L{sin? at} ie 2a 2a* 2a? aay ora) 2. Lite”) ts i 4 ‘ 1 1 a) 7a >) ea ce) Answer: (b) 3. Laplace transform of the function sinat is s a s a b Ek, Maat aa eee Answer: (c) 4.0! a) sinat b) sinhat ©) cosar Answer: (d) 5. L{H(1—a)},H being Heavyside unit step function, is ayes b) se" eit ‘Answer: (¢) sin 2t 6. Laplace transform of iw is ioe ae 2 = by cot? a) cot" cot" = nee Answer: (a) foe a) lie by 1-2 o) l+e" Answer: (4) MATH-CE-4 [WBUT 2019) ) none of these [weuT 2019) d) (s-2) eats [MODEL QUESTION) IMODEL QUESTION} 9) coshat [MODEL QUESTION] ‘d)none of these [MODEL QUESTION} [MODEL QUESTION} d) I-e*‘MATHEMATICS IIL @ L{rcosr} = [MODEL QUESTION] 5 s+1 25 # oe aa oe Gay Answer: (4) 9. ESO} = tan ) thon Li} 18 [MODEL QUESTION] 5 a(t) =l8 ae (2 ow(s) 935 a7 a=(Z) Answer: (b) i chat 40, [a= [MODEL QUESTION} x 2x x x a4 »= af as Answer: (d) 11. L{r*} is equal to [MODEL QUESTION] se > Ces a ¥ 5 5 ¥ ‘Answer: (4) 1 [MODEL QUESTION] ite ve Answer: (b) 13.10 Lf p(9)} tan’ (2), than Lif (O}is IMODEL QUESTION} a( ae att of 2 Ml (e) Le le 4) tan (3) Answer: (b) 14. L{e* coss} is equal to [MODEL QUESTION] fh By uel fests ay = P22 ptapes P+4pes p+apes p+4pss ‘Answer: (4) MATH-CE-5SFea) aa) }etetae| 2. Find the Laplace transform of sini. Answer: 1{sin Vi} =? [WBUT 2019] sint=1 VA v vt =e’ a fans = 9} Lel ale = {= a) aafvin(h) 211% AB pe 3! p® 1% 7 pe MATH-CE-63. Evaluate: of ~. a rs 5] [MODEL QUESTION} = Answer: std A, B C+D s(s-1)(s?+4) 55-1 S44 A(s=1)(s? +4) + Bs(s? +4)+(Cs+D)s(5-1) wee +8) (A+ B+C)s’ +(-d+D~C)s* +(44+4B—D)s— 44 s(s=1)(s? +4) Equating the coefficients from both sides we get, AtB+C=0 -A+D-C=0 44+4B-D=1 ~44=4 or, A=-l -. From equation (3) we get, 4B-D=5 of, D=4B-5 Then from equation (1) we get, B+C=1 and t+ 4B-S-C=0 MATH-CE-7or, 4B-C=4 Solving these two equations we obtain; B=1,C=0. 344 Bee Pena s(s-1)(s? +4) ne Lisa rb 4. Solve the following differential equation by Laplace Transform: (D? +6D+9)y=0, (0)=y"(0)=1 {MODEL QUESTION) Answer: We have (D? +6D+9)y =0)......(1) pat ‘Taking L.T. in both sides w.rt. x and denoting L{ y(x); x > s] = F(s) we get, (s)— sy(0) — y'(0) + 659(5)- y(0) + 95s) = 0 or, te OST HAE £9 =y'@=11 $242 1 1 paar rreeciare se “S43 G43" ‘Taking inverse Laplace transform we get, y(x)= (I~ x)e" 6. Find the Laplace Transform of /(/) defined as: [MODEL QUESTION} F008 -Ewhen0k Answer: Use s\= [ swear n-tewT 1 en “4 : [+4 [ena arta [MODEL QUESTION] If LLf(; (> s]= F(s) and ieaeaisow. MATH-CE-8then LU f*gi1>s]=F(s)G(s), where f * g denotes the conduction of two functions f(1) and g(0) E'[F(); st) =e" and LG(s); 5 )=sint So according to convolution theorem; E'[F(s)G(s.s > 1) =e *sint = fince®rde ne" fe sine de =e a a 2e™ sint 20" est) fe asin] 7 y EomenLita 1~cos*1)}. GRODEL QUESTION) orton ‘sin(3r) = 3sin¢ —4 sin3¢ or, sin” += 4G@sine—sin3) “Asin 4» 4] {tine > 5] Efsinae¢-» sf = 3 wis Again cos(3t) = 4c0s' 3 cost or, cst = 1 [cos +3008] 3 Alleattt > asta -L[sin’¢—cos']=3 4-5 _3 Aes 41+s 4949 “Le (sin's— eos 9] =-2 sGe)4 (es) 2s} 3{ 1 2sdd+s) (sy [SF 9 +9? 142-57 Gey MATH-CE-98. if L{/(0}=F(p) then prove that Ue10} cr FtFw)} where n is a positive integer. IMODEL QUESTION} Answer: Let LO] =F) ot, [ fie "dt= Fp) Differentiate both sides w.r.t. p we obtain, Proeroa=Lerpy on, [fear =-L tr} d tft 10st lp Je of Lt sO Pp) {F(p)} LLP 1031p Jetfe SOK p= -£{-Le) e yp fr Wp FO} Continuing this process upto n times we get, esos s]acy F (Fo) (n>0) 8. Find the Laplace transform of the function /(), where [MODEL QUESTION] i Octet, ror{s lsJ=—e peta “ee feta leet It el a 10. Solve by Laplace transform the equation “2. y=8cosr where 0)=1,y'O)=—I [MODEL QUESTION} Answer: MATH-CE-10Taking Laplace Transform in both sides wort. ¢ and. denoting L[y(s);¢ > s]=F(s)we obtain, 8s +1 "i : pave [: 90)=1; ¥@)=-1) a 8s 1 s Oe Fa d(_1 s dx\ (s? +1) 41 S741 “ ¥(¢)=-4rsins sin’ +cost S°F(8)— y'O)— 310) + Hs) = or, (s? + D7(s) = 411, Prove that IMODEL QUESTION] |T@|<1 for -Is xsi. Answer: Property 1 is often used as the definition for higher-order Chebyshev polynomials, Let us show that 7,(x)=2x7,(x)-T;(x). Using the expressions for 7;(x) and 7,(%) we obtain 2xT, (x) -T, (x)= 2x(2x? -1)-x = 4x? -3x=7,(x) Property 2 is proved by observing that the recurrence relation doubles the leading coefficient of 7, (x) to get the leading coefficient of 7, (x). Property 3 is established by showing that T,,, (x) involves only even powers of x and Ty, (2) involves only odd powers of x. The details are left for the reader. ‘The proof of property 4 uses the trigonometric identity 0s (k8) = c0s(20)cos((k -2)4)—sin(26)sin((k -2)8) Substitute 05 (28) = 2cos*(#)~1 and sin(2@) = 2sin(#)cos(0) and get £05 (k@) = 2c0s(8)( cos (8)cos((k ~2)4)—sin(@)sin ((k-2)4)) ~cos((k-2)4), which is simplified as 08 (0) = 2c0s(4)cos((k-1)8)-cos((k-2)0). Finally, substitute @=arccos(x) and obtain 2xe05((k -1)arecos(x)) ~cos((k -2)arccos(x)) =cos(karccos(r)) for -Isx<1 MATH-CE-11POPULAR PUBLICATIONS ‘The first two Chebyshev polynomials are T,(x)=cos(Qarecos(x))=1 and T,(x)=cos(Larccos(x))=x. Now assume that 7,(x)=cos(karccos(x)) for k=2,3, ', N-1. The general case: Ty (x) = 2x7. ()-Tya (2) = 2xcos((N —1)arecos(x))~cos((W -2)arceos(x)) =cos(Narccos(x)) for = -ISxS1. 12. Solve the differential equation by Laplace Transformation. Proyat r(o)=1(Z)=-1 [MODEL question] Answer: Let Ly] =16) Now, Sz ]ooepy-ota o s4(s)-9(0)=¥(0)+9/(0)=4 or, (s* +9)f()=a+s+4, where a= s/(0) ner ee MTS Te) fee oe ifle ee AT ae ret +5)| mcr ere ee 8 = Ssin31 +003 + 41-0053) = + Zsinar+ Sooese a lia@ 10 Now, = |=-l=>-1=--=. or, — y 2) 1 1 3 ate a 3 110 8 Therefore, y(*)=5-+ sind + Boosie 13. Evaluate. -{ i Crane ani oo MATH-CE-121 a = poi =f oe ola] oe ba") sin(ar) — 1. a) Using Laplace transformation method find the solution of (D* +D)y=2, »(0)=3 and y'@)=1. in2t, 2a s] = ¥(s) we get, Fs) 90) (0) +91) 0)=2 or, (+a)7|6)=2 4304143 or, (3+ 990) =2 +3544 ow 2 3s+4 Maes MET i-s 1 3 ot Ate th Sed, Ea MATH-CE-13(Hints: tet Pe AEE oe Fee) # ‘G+ _ AP + (ALB)s+ Bes? ‘Taking inverse Laplace transform, we get 2.) =2[-2x- 246" ] 436% + afl =e » pon {i2h 2x s]= ['sin2yH@-22)eat =f sinanHz—Hedt = [sine "ar ~ [sin reat _[ =ssin(2ne™ = 2c0s(2ne" |” ae a [WBUT 2019) 2. Find L{G(1)}, where a0 Answer: ox Go- 2 eer. UG > 3\= [ Ge “ae MATH-CE-14MATHEMATICS IL Jcosze "dz s se 3.a) Prove that 4a, =, by Laplace transform. [MODEL QUESTION] — Answer: Usinar] = 4; ea at]__@ i le [ere eae St eta = Therefore, f Making a= 1 and s=0, we get {=a 0 ») Apply convolution theorem to prove that fsin.wcos(!—u)du =fsins i {MODEL QUESTION] Answer: foinucos(1—u)du = sine*cose :.[sint cost] -_S ‘ @ay Now, 1 5in ‘| a 2 (s? +1) +. L[sine* cost] = 1[ sine] => sin’ scosr = sine = fsinucos (-u)du = (proved) 4, Apply the convolution theorem to evaluate ,') —_! __ (255) [MODEL QUESTION} MATH-CE-15POPULAR PUBLICATIONS: Answer: paral Teta] pena ark ‘i [wales 2 Sek cence epg rt (s* +25 +5) =f (a 1 con2t) = (in ‘21cos2/) 5. Solve the differential equation by Laplace transform: (Gee2giesy erin} »(0)=0, '(0)=1. (MODEL QUESTION] Answer: ay Bes2B esy-e sine Let, Z[())]=F(s) Now, fae hale ]sofo)]=2¢ sine] on, [s°F(s)-s9(0)-y' 0)]+2[ f(8)- Or. aia on OTT tea ( re 1 1 raat (+1) +4][@— 1 MATH-CE-16 or, (s° +2s-+5) f(s)=1+——rt 1 | 1 1 eee farak (rarstcral ola? en) wf tee (pty) es 1 ff ne (er) er vay ral: Heese ee. te pais $$ [55 Camo e28n 04-9) (-aam(eoe) site] £42 ewer sins) (eos it) © 2en +sin2#)+4(-2e080¢sin | =| Sp osomar ann £60 ~285n)] = Ele (1600521 + 2sine)— (1600s: —28sine)] Therefore, He) Sein a+ 5 e ; * (16c0s21 + 2sint)~16cos¢ + 28sin¢ ] (MODEL QUESTION] (S-NS—2Y- (S=)S=2F- =p {(S=D-(S-2) (S=S-2y° : ey aa ee we} (8-2) (S-1S-27 (S-S-2)°" (S-S-2), MATH-CE-170 4 Sa=D=(S-2) “Sys= = splot ae 1 1 GS-2 G= ca qe Is -2) “(= me 2 S=" I 1 2 (S=I)-(S-2) -lz 7 anf S-0S= 3h = ca aye ssa ies ee ret GS-7 5-2 S-1 S-F Sohne saletesl| voefaheete ore fl) pes ae a ot et aie 3e'-1-e! (E-ae3}-e0+9 u 7. Solve the differential equation by Laplace Transformation: a -2B-sy=100s1 ¥(0)=0, y'(0)=0. [MODEL QUESTION] ers : We have, 22-2 43y-=re0st (1) de “dt ‘Taking Laplace transform L{ f(:):t>s]=7(s)- In both sides we obtain, £5le)=9(0)~(0)-2(59(2)-(0) +3500) =(-0) 4] 5] ‘Now using ial condition we obtain, #5(9)- soto Pay | => (s°-28+3)y(s) HOG ao (# +1) (s-3)(s#1) (# #1) (s-3) MATH-CE-18MATHEMATICS eke a ee isl 8. a) State convolution theorem. Using convolution theorem prove that _tsinat a [MODEL QUESTION} a Answer: Convolution Theorem: If Uf():t>s]=F(s) and LL g(t > s]= G(s) then L'[F(sG()] = f +e where f+ g= [f(u)g(t—w)du 5 1 Let F)= 3s, =a + L"[F(s)]= cos(at)= f() (Say) and L"[G(s)}=1/ asin(ar) = g(0) (say) Therefore, according to convolution theorem we obtain, e [= = L'[F()G(s)] = [fg - wd feos(au) sin (ab—auddu = z Jfsincar)+ sin (ar ~ any] } a a =e [usin atl, 3 tsinar 1 St ype leontan) cosa] = tsinat 2a b) Solve the following differential equation using Laplace transform (D'+6D+9)y=1 [MODEL QUESTION} ¥(0)=0, »(0)=1 [p= Answer: We have, (D? +6D+9)y=1 elt): Taking L-T. in both sides and denoting L[y(x);x > s]= F(s), We get, »°F(s)—s1(0)— yO) + 657(s)—-6)(0) + 1F(S)) -t MATH-CE-19or, #5(8)-1+6 571s) +9(9)=4 [using initial conditions] or, (5? +65 + 9)3(8)= +t ig, pao avail 1 HOT 6s49) ast? GH ‘Taking inverse L. T. we get, yO)= trix P 1 ser? ™ A ena pasty | Sa 3 9 =1[x+(6x-De™ This is the required solution : req ©) Evaluate fe sinrcosrdr using Laplace transform. [MODEL QUESTION) - Answer: fle" sinr cose dt = {{sin1 cose}, Now, Z[sinr cose] =fupinad= Loe soy a \ fro ation (1, -™ sint cost =| =— ev equation) we get, [sinc cos =[ = 8. Solve the following differential equation using Laplace transform: (D'+2D+5)y=e"'sins, y(0)=0. y/(0)=1 [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: - 3 Weave, £24284 sy =e" sine ao) Taking Laplace transform of equation (1) w.r.t. ‘f° and denoting I y(Q:t > 5]=F(s) we ser e fi e; 1 {s°¥(s)-s7(0)-y'(0)} +2{59(s)-»(0)} +57 (5) = mara 1 ero o, (8 Se ree {using initial conditions} MATH-CE-20———— MATHEMATICS 542843 1 if | or, pom ae teat Seale ; (8° 42s+5)(8°+25+2) 31 S 42542. Now taking inverse Laplace transform we get diy . Vy 1 Pe rem Ht mee pas aaa apa : = nar int = 4(sin21+sint)e" which is the required solution of equation (1). 40. Find the im peste? 0. Find the inverse Laplaco transform of <5"? {MODEL QUESTION] Answer: abel” Be. ae Sa 3543 5-2 _ As? +5 ~6)+ Bis? ~2s) + C(s? +38) - 4 (8 +3\(8—2) (A+ B+ O)s? +(A~2B +3C)s~64 ‘Me+3\s—2) A+B+C=1, A-2B4+3C=1, +64=2 = aot on B+C=2, -20+30=2 3 3 2 4 sc=542 5C=345 or, C=2 aI Si s-2 SG@+3\S-2) 5 543 5-2 feat abso 2e s(s +35 -2) 5 11. Use Laplace Transform to find the integral ["e“csinsdr. [MODEL QUESTION] MATH-CE-21Answer: We know Z[sint)= 1 2 or, Lltsing¢->s}=-— 4(55) “op on Le usinna = A Now putting s=4 we get, 42, a) Evaluate: 1" {ion 22}. . [MODEL QUESTION} Answer: (s+2) Let FB) =l0g, aF(s)_ 1 ds s+2 sl Brae eee es eee intial equation using Laplace transform method +e", where y(0)=0, »'(0) [MODEL QUESTION] OR, Solve the ordinary differential equation y"—3y’+2y=4r+e", y(0)=0, y'(0)=-1 by Laplace transform method. | [MODEL QUESTION] “Answer: We have Wasa nase = () Taking L.T. in both sides w.r.t. 7 and denoting Uyoit > 5] = (8) we get, #F(s)- yO) — 990) -3{7(6)- HO} +2913) = = MATH-CE-22or, (s?=3s a7 - 5+ x 4 oF WO) Faas) GING aD) Fade or, F(s) = See #(s-2Ys- 1 ane FE-) +f5- pele ahead tes #(s-2) S(s-1) 28-3 3-2 ‘Taking inverse L.T. we get, zy v= [edt [edreter 20" te {€ -- [e[de-2e ty a tet evgle 3 Se tjeet 13. Apply convolution theorem to find inverse Laplace transform of ———!__ (1) (+2) where is the transform parameter. [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: Let F(s)-—_, and G(s) oe] G- 4 ey “AO = LF (sys > 4] T° and g(1)=L"[G(s);s > =e” Now by convolution theorem: E'[F(NG(s):s +1] = [f@ge-nar “Lis ends = [ie etar e en i = [S«-$ -Lar Gre Fier Sal MATH-CE-23POPULAR PUBLICATIONS: ae one pee as = [sg 1 4? +S Sia = Kaus So | 3 yet At 12 ar, 24 9 27 81 243. 14. a) Find the eee ‘Transform of the following function: O Here y= 4 "Its Fourie F(f(x))is given by en FV) =e JE ae “zg! Sage fe MATH-CE-29 de [MODEL QUESTION}[MODEL QUESTION] Answer: We have F,(f(x))= ie ie in pode * cos pxd = aos px + psi = camer £af-omeer oir] uP a))= = c. “rt af Sena Note when p=0, F,(p)=0, SoC =0, Hence F, {f(x)}= tan : a B.If f(x)=x, O0 oR (f(s) = Jr(s)sin peer - en P+ el inpe- peor) so 6. Write the Convolution Theorem of Fourier Transform, [MODEL QUESTION) 7. Find the Fourier inverse transform of the function [MODEL QUESTION) Il ros P+4pes Answer: We have fete beta hs sy sles 35 ee, } ie rears an Nipper" eo feet ot, wives 2x Fs Ms G 5) 8. a) State Parseval's Identify on Fourier cosine transform, [MODEL QUESTION} Find the Fourier cosine transform of e-*,a > 0. Answer: © [roeWa=2 fe (6, (2 “i Jey a2 ima where F,(s)= Jr scored feo cossxde = lim gagPOPULAR PUBLICATIONS b) Using the Parseval's identity of Fourier cosine transform, show that + a& a ($$ —$__—_ = —__—_ .b>0. (MODEL QUESTION) lamer wc oR, ; a z Using Parsova's identity, prove that | ag 7 say’ a,b>0. MODEL QUESTION) Answer: oe We {___ ere: See) Letustake f(x)=e", a(x)=e" a i EQ=aop Ga Jr ()o.(0)de~ Jrtepateyar= fem a 9. a) If f(x) i@ an odd function then find the Fourier transform of F(x). {MODEL QUESTION] Answer: Given f(-x)=-f(9) Then Pvc) = Joe fers )aes Fe Fee ee f(x)ex Eh" “f(x)de =if rtoyin eet) ww F{7()}= FO) thon snow thal Fe" ()f= #(e*é)> jgnete 7 tedster Fourier transform. [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: Fle" f@}= j Slayer" de = F(s+a) MATH-CE-32MATHEMATICS.IIL 410. Find the Fourier sine and cosine transforms of the function [MODEL QUESTION] f (x)= 0sx5]=F(s) ‘Then F(s) is also absolutely integrable in (20,20) and Jiseoras F{fCO}=F(s)= fletar = By Perseval’s Identity eo 7 2, ag Se as Jur dt Now Jopsin’as ds =2% far tar fs in? as ds = dan MATH-CE-33by I F{#(x)} = F(S). then show that #{ /(.x)} -1r(2). Use it to find He given that re} =\2ire > , where F stands for Fourier transform. [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: ols (an)}~ [ (one de =* fr =O oven of re* wor Liege <4 [Wethd equation ()} 12, Find the Fourier Sine Transform of the function of f(x)=1, 01, then find Fourier Transform of f(x). [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: Fsesoam se [yee de =m fea Lee ge) 25H =zle oe See MATH-CE-34MATHEMATICS.IIt 14. If F(s) represents the Fourier transform of the function (x), find the Fourier transform of /(x-a); a being a constant. IMODEL QUESTION] Answer: FUP(x)ix>5]=F(s) 3 Fe liora-r) FL (=a): x9s]= ye Jrls-ajenas = Jey 10) aye ( 15. Find the Fourier sine transform of the function of (x) =1 Oa. [MODEL QUESTION] wee 2sin pa , if pro | nae 2a, Fit =o ‘Now, for (i) we recall that Fo)= Fe Meld 10) =e [Tele an 1_72sin pa pe, _flif jfa ‘sin pacos px mit |a ‘Changing’p to x, and x to b, we get ‘pimarcosti x if |x| Again, for (i), we note that the substitution a =1 and 6 = 0 reduces the above equation to the form Hence, or, + \\ MATH-CE-38 r—— ‘MATHEMATICS 3. Find the Fourier sine transform of the function 1 for O 7 = whenOsx x [MODEL QUESTION} “} 4. a) Consider Heavyside unit function (tle) =04]e|>1 =4|t|s1 MATH-CE-39POPULAR PUBLICATIONS, Prove that F~'(sins/s)=h(1-|x|) where F" F'(F(s))=£0- Answer: Let, f(x) =A(1-|x|) f(x) isan even function, FLP (2): xs] =F[ f(x); 5] = Pf rteostpa =f foston a - [ae - ps Hence, we vo]-7t0) :so3]= Ert= En-te)- 'b) Using Fourier transform solve the heat equation [MODEL QUESTION] 657u/5x* =(Ifc*)(Su/dx), -20 with boundary condition u(x,/)—>0, 5u(x,1)/8x->+0 as |x|—>< & initial condition is the inverse Fourier transform i.e., oF (250 2, we At et ae a or, ~Oe dt On integration we get,i7 = A(Z)e*" Q) ‘Taking Fourier transform of the initial conditions we get, etd MATH-CE-40MATHEMATICS From (2) and (3) we get, 1 A(é)= ie wn @ (S)= pq Jeeta ® ‘Therefore, (2) reduces to “te w(E.0)= Te ae lat he OD) “Taking inverse Fourier transform we obtain, few [scat (eset eek he He=2) acts Ele Wa ns i ajinueeceopaeies Wane wien inadion pc a ed pase a) 6 Fourier Transform ofthe function F(x)=19 or | , show that [MODEL QUESTION] OR, Find the Fourier Transform of /(x) STS ended ta. 0,|x|>@ [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: Wesee, 7(p) Ei Jem r(s)ax IK era oe ps0 Feit =o MATH-CE-41eee POPULAR PUBLICATIONS Now, we recall that FoF forsee 10) [Ieee Hence, j2setena al pon 1 sin pacos px or, 7; ee dp ie Lee lif |x]a 1 tsin pacos px , _ [lif y]a Again, we note that the substitution a=1 and 6=0 reduces the above equation to the form 'b) Find the Fourier Sine Transform of the function f(x)=e*,x>0. Using Parseval's identity find the value of I ea dx. [MODEL QUESTION] a(t OR, Find the Fourier sine transform of the function ¢1"!, IMODEL QUESTION] MATH-CE-42Answer: F[S(x)sx>5]= [ flasin(sxy de = [fe @*(csinsx—seossx) |” Tes in.sx de | F,{s) (Say). Now according to parseval’s identity for Fourier sine transforms: tr Or) e- £76) we lap Meda afena =e =2 4h, 4 6. a) find the inverse Fourier Transform of the function ay $7 +65+25 IMODEL QUESTION} Answer: rf 1—s3|- J _ eas F 465425" Vow Ji Reapoeise 1 foe lear es ig te whi she “er aelh; 8 i 2a na? pages ae [ewe s]=2ta> ae ») Find the Fourier transform of xe? . IMODEL QUESTION] Answer: : 2 if Flfoxe > x]- J J/epe"as then fens] $0 fe xe]arle Exo] tel) Now FlxeFix-velect [dee lap eves : Altes). F(s)(say) aly 3 5 125 MATH-CE-43,ar POPULAR PUBLICATIONS 7. Solve y,,.~2e0sa.y,,,+y, =cosan . [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: Given equation in symbolic form is E* -2cosa.£+1=0 2eosat J(4c0s*a-4) E= ; cosa tisina CF.=(1)" [¢,cosan+e, sinan J,ie.c,cosan+c,sinan (a a 8. Solv Answer: Given equation is (£*—4) y,=n*-+n=1 IMODEL QUESTION] ‘The auxiliary equation is £* — CF.=4(2)' +¢,(-2)"=-Her + Spe} mn Hence the complete solution is y,=¢,2" +c, (-2)" ae ies MATH-CE-45eee POPULAR PUBLICATIONS SETS, RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS * Chapter at a Glance ______ Set: A set is the representation of a collection of objects; distinct objects with one or more common Properties. Grouping up the objects in a set is an act of distinguishing those objects from the members of another set. We can use the terms — elements or members of a set instead of the term objects. How to denote set: If “A” is @ sot and ‘a’ one of its elements then: ‘a € A” denotes that element ‘a’ belongs 10 ‘A’ ‘whereas, ‘a € A’ denotes that ‘a’ is not an element of A. Alternatively, we can say that “A° contains ‘a’. A set is usually represented by capital letters and an element of the set by the small letter. Empty Set A set with no elements. Empty sets are also called null sets or void sets and are denoted by { } or ©. Ex. (x: x is an integer which is a perfect cube and lies between 2 and 7). Equal Sets Sets with equal elements Example: A = (5, 6,7} and B= (5,6, 5,7,7} Here, the elements of A and B are equal 10 each other (S,6,7) i.e, A=B In case of repetition as in B we write B = {5, 6, 7} by ignoring the repetition. Equivalent Sets Sets with the equal number of members. Ex. A=(,6,8} and B= {p.q,1}. Both A and B having three elements are equivalent sets Two equal sets are equivalent too but the vice-versa doesn’t always hold true. Finite and Infinite Sets Based on the number of elements (finite or infinite) present in the set, the set is either finite or infinite. in case of infinite the set, itis given as: N= Numbers divisible by 4 = (4,8 12, 16...) Subsets and Super-sets A set qualifies as the subset of another set if all of its elements are also the elements of that ‘another set, A collection of all the subsets of a given set is a power set. Example, for R = {5, 8} , POR) = {{5, 8}. {5}, {8}, (} will be the power set. Now, we can infer that a set with n no, of elements has 2n no. of subsets or 2n no. of elements in its power set. MATH-CE-46MATHEMATICS-If ‘A superset can be thought of as the parent set that at least contains all the elements of the subset and may of may not contain some extra elements. Cartesian Product Ifp € P and q € Q then the set ofall ordered pair i.e. (p.a) is called the Cartesian product of PQ. This means every first clement of the ordered pair belongs to the set P and every second element belongs tothe set Q. P and Q must be non-empty sets. P Qis null ifeither Por Q is a null set, Example: X= {1,3} and Y= (4, 7} then, X «Y= {(1, 4), (1, 7,4), 0}. Relations and Functions ‘The relation is the subset of the Cartesian product which contains only some of the ordered pair based on the relationships defined between the first and second elements, The relation is usually denoted by R. every element of a set A is related with one and only one element of another set then this kind of relation qualifies as 8 function. A function is a special case of relation where no two ordered pairs, ccan have the same first element ‘This notation X—+¥ denotes that f is a function from X to Y. For x€X there is unique yEY and his y is represented as y = fx) which means value of f at x which in turn is the value of y at a specific value of x. Types of Functions Based on the kind of element thatthe sets involved consists of functions can be: Identity function: y = f(x) = x; both range and domain of the function isthe same, Constant function: y = f(x) = Constant; the range of the function is eonstant Polynomial function; y = fx) = polynomial for every value of x Rational function: these are y = f(x) = g(xv/h(x) type of function where both g(x) and h(x) are polynomials and h(x) £0. Modulus function: The range ofthe function is positive plus the set of 0 Signum function: Range of fis {-1, 0, 1} Greatest Integer function: The function assumes the value of the greatest integer. The range is a pure integer value. 4. Let |A| = |B] = n, where |A| denotes number of elements of A. Then the number of bi cctive mapping from A to B is [MODEL QUESTION] a) 4 by ne ©) nl d) can't be said Answer: (©) 2. Let f: Z— Z given by flx) = 2x, x eZ. Thon [MODEL QUESTION] ) f is injective but not surjective b) f is surjective but not injective ©) f Is bijective 4) none of the: Answer: (a) MATH-CE-47Br POPULAR PUBLICATIONS 3. Null set is the subset of [MODEL QUESTION] 2) universal set ) universe of discourse ©) every set d) none of these Answer: (c) ‘4. Cardinality of the power set of a non-empty set Ais [MODEL QUESTION} a) 26 b)2 IA) ©) IAF d) none of these ‘Answer: (a) 8 ANB [MODEL QUESTION) a) 4-B ») (AUB) ©) A~B* dy none of these Answer: (a) 6 4={1,2,3}, B= {4,5}, C={1,2,3,4,5},then (CxB)-(4xB) = [MODEL QUESTION] 1) 8) (C-A)x(B-A) b) 2x3 lt ©) (CNA)xB 4d) none of these it Answer: (c) it} 7. Ifthe function /:R—> R defined ys(ye{ an then "!(2) = i [MODEL QUESTION] l 3) (2) ») (0,2) ©)(2,-2) __d) none of these | Answer: (a) 8. Which one is a singloton [MODEL QUESTION} 2) (0,1) by, 14,141 ) (0) 4) None of the Answer: (6) 8. IA Is a proper subset of a non-empty set S and two subsets A and 1’ are non- | empty. in which one is true? [MODEL QUESTION] | a) AUA=S b) And=¢ | ©) both (a) and (b) 4d) None of these Answer: (b) 10. If A and B are two subsets, then A and B are said to be disjoint if [MODEL QUESTION} a AOB=$ Bb) AUB ©) A~B=9 d) None of these Answer: (a) MATH-CE-48MATHEMATICS-IIL 11, If set $ = (1, 2, 3}, then the power set of S is [MODEL QUESTION} a) {4,5} ») {9} ¢) {S} ) None of these. ‘Answer: () 12. Arolation Ris called an equivalence relation if [MODEL QUESTION] a) Ris reflexive and transitive ) Ris reflexive and symmetric ) Ris reflexive, transitive and symmetric 4) Ris reflexive, anti-symmetric and transitive Answer: (c) 13. If A and B are nonempty sets, then cardinality of A and B are 2 & 3 respectively then cardinality Ax B is [MODEL QUESTION] a6 bys ce) 13 4 Answer: (a) 414, Null set is th [MODEL QUESTION} 8) univer ) universe of discourse c) every set d) none of these Answer: (c) 18. Cardinality of the power set of a non-empty set A is [MODEL QUESTION] a) 241 b) 2/4] °) fat. 4) none of these Answer: (a) 16. Which of the following is not true? [MODEL QUESTION] a) A®@B=(A-B)A(B-A) b) AUA=U ©) AUB=(4nB) a) A-B=B-A Answer: (a) 17. Out of the following the singleton set is [MODEL QUESTION} a) A={x:3x-2=0, x2Q} b) B={x:x7-1=0, xeR} 6) C={x:30x-59=0, xeN} 4) D 0, xez} where Q, R, N, Zs the set of all rational number, real number, natural number and integers respectively. Answer: (a) 18. If A, B & Care any three arbitrary sets, then 4—(2-\C)is [MODEL QUESTION} a) (4-B)U(4-c) by (4-B)n(4-C) ©) (4-B)n(C-A) 4) (B-4)u(4-c) Answer: (a) MATH-CE-49en POPULAR PUBLICATIONS 418. For the mapping x:[-3,2]-> R dofined by (x) =3x +4 for any xe[-3,2] then image set of gis [MODEL QUESTION] a) [-5,10] b) (0, 10] ©) [2,-3] 4) None of these Answer: (a) 20. p is a relation defined on R by "aph iff a> b" where Ris real numbers set. Then p is [MODEL QUESTION] a) an equivalence relation ) reflexive and anti-symmetric ©) transitive and symmetric 4) reflexive, anti-symmetric and transitive Answer: (d) 24. The mapping f: NN defined by /(n) (=) ne Nis [MODEL QUESTION] a) injective ) surjective ©) bijective 4d) none of th Answer: (b) i 22. The mapping f:R—> R defined by f(x)(x' +1)”, then the mapping is [MODEL QUESTION) i a) bijective b) only injective \ ©) only surjective d) neither injective nor surjective Answer: ‘Short Answer juestions: 1. By using “Principle of Mathematical Induction”, prove that 11° + 2n is divisible by 3, for n21. [MODEL QUESTION] oR, Use mathematical induction to prove that n’ + 2n Is divisible by 3. [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: Let p(n) denotes the statement that n’ +2n is divisible by 3. Clearly P(\)is true since P(1)=" +2.1=3 Let us assume that P(m) is true i.e. m?+2m =k for some ke Z. We now observe that P(m+1)=(m+1) +2(m4l) =m? +2m43m? +3m43 =3k+3(m? m4) =3{K-+m? +m] Hence P(m +1) is also divisible by 3. MATH-CE-50MATHEMATICS 2 LetA={xeR:x42} & B={xeR: x21}, and let the following two functions 2x > B & g:B-> A, are defined by f(x) then find the following: i) £.g ii) Are the two functions f and g invertible? [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: VreB a Hee Ulett et ae x-l 2f(x) 7)-1* = f(x), then y= similarly (g,7)(x) = 9(F(x)) = For f(x) we see, if or xy—2y or, -x(y-1)=2y ae ; Thus inverse of f exists and itis no other than g(x). Similarly f(x) is the inverse of g(x). or, ‘3. Prove that in a Distributive Boolean Algebra (B,+,..,/) if x, vx, =x, Vx, & Ax =x, Athen x =5,, where 5,,%,,.5,1,€B. IMODEL QUESTION} Answe AVX, +E Ay AV EH AHO AR XV —yv a0 Axn=0 x AR oF &, Vy = VX =H, Hx) AH HRA OF (Van Va) =a HH AHA) Ores 4.Let A={I, 2,3}, B={w,x,y, 2} and f:A>B. [MODEL QUESTION] a) How many function fare there? b) How many of them are injective? Answer: a) As f:A—B so number of functions depends on A. So no. Of functions=3, b) f:4—B 50 for all number of A there is a number in B, So all three functions are MATH-CE-51os POPULAR PUBLICATIONS: 5. Let A be some fixed 10-clement subset of § = {1,2,3,4,5,....50} - Show that A possesses two different 5-clement subsets the sums of whose elements are equal. [MODEL QUESTION} Answer: This is false. Consider 4={I, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18} ‘A is a 10 element set. It is impossible to divide it into two subsets having the same sum Let X= (1, 2, 3, ..csssn7) and R= {(x, y): x~y is divisible by 3}. {(«,»):-yis divisible by 3}. Prove that R is an equivalence relation and draw the relation graph. [MODEL QUESTION] Answer Clearly R is 0 as x—x is divisible by 3 for any x € X If x—yis divisible by 3, then’ y—2is divisible by 3 Hence R is symmetric If x ys divisible by 3then -y-=36 forsome eZ, If y— is divisible by 3, then y-2=34'for some k’ eZ, So adding we get xz =3(k + k')i.e.,x—z is divisible by 3 Hence R is transitive, Hence R is an equivalence relation. 7. Find the transitive closure of a relation Ron the set {a, b, c}, whose relation bo. matrix M, is givenasiv,=|1 1 0]. IMODEL QUESTION} Tpit Answer: Denoting R set theoretically we get, {(a,a),(a,c),(b,a),(5,6),(c.4).(c,b),(e.c)} oR Clearly for transitivity of R, we see (a,c) & (c,d) will require (a,) to be in R (6,2) & (a,c) will require (b,c) t0 be in R MATH-CE-52—2 and h(x)=3x for xe R, the set of real numbers. Thenfind gof, fof, foh, hog, fogoh. [MODEL QUESTION} Answer: Here f(x) = x+2, g(x) =2-2; h(a) = 3exeR Boflx)= g(fx)) =f{x)—2 = xt2-2 =x Fog(x)=f(e00) =g(x)+2 =x-242 =x foh(x)= fh) =h(x) +2 he g(x) = h(g(x)) = 3g(x) Fogoh (x) =fo(goh(x) =f (3x—2)=3x-2+2=3x 8. Give an example of a relation on A (described by you) which is symmetric and transitive but not reflexive (with justification). [MODEL QUESTION] Answer Consider the relation defined by xpy if +0 on R Clearly xpx does not hold as x* >OWxe R except x=0 xpy= ypx Vx, EA, xpy & yor xpz Vx, y,2€ A. 10. For each of the following mappings determine whether it is (i) injective, (ii) surjective. Find the inverse mapping of the mapping which is bijective. #-1, x20 [MODEL QUESTION] =, x<0 K:R— R defined by k(x) { Answer Given Ho={ Bk. 20. Cee See a 4) Let x,, x, (20) be any two numbers from the domain set R. £ k(x) (x5) = (x9 -1)-(x3 -1) sy-d#0 (ox 2%) Similarly if x,, x,(<0) thus (x) —k(x,) = + (=x? =1)-(-x3 -1) ~(f-")#0 (vx, ex) So k( an injective function. MATH-CE-53a POPULAR PUBLICATIONS ii) Let y be any element from the co-domain set R. Such that y= k(x). if x20, yext-1 or, xP =y4l on x=tly+l eR if x<0, yex?-1 on x? =-y-1 i or, x=tJ-y-1 eR Vy So k(x)is not surjective, 41. Show that the mapping /:-{V2| > & defined by / (x eal 2y ‘surjective but not injective. Answer: 1 Not injective, since ~1#2, but f(-1)=1= 72) : lyin ; Surjective, since for yeR,. y gives yx? =2y —x=0 or, x= 1a 12, Prove that a collection of sets closed under and intersection is a lattice. [MODEL QUESTION} e Answer: Let S denote a collection of sets closed under union and intersection. Then for A, BeS, define AX f(x,)= f(x) Onif x 2x, /(x)2 F(x) Here, let x, =3, x,=-3 So, f(%)= f(3)=27-2=25 £(2)=£(-3)=(-3)' -2=-27-2=-29 1 #¥ and f(x) # f(x.) So, '* is injective mapping (Ans.) -2 ii) Surjective Now, Let y MATH-CE-S5If we take y =f (x)=25, then x=425+2 = 9/27 =3 (exists in R) Itwe take y= f(x)=-29, then x =_-29+2 = 9-27 =-3 (exists in R) \ But, here the problem is the values of y like, 1, 2, 3, 10, 12 ete. which will give a non- perfect cube number in result, will have no pre-image in x Iflet, y=30, => then => x= 432 + nota real number. ‘So, we can say 'f" is not surjective. = So, from (i), (ii) we can say that '" is not bijective mapping. F is not bijective, So f-* does not exist. 16. A relation on the set 4={4, 6, 8, 10} whose matrix representation is given by ee orto 0000 Find the transitive closure of 2. [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: ‘The given relation can be written as R= {(4,4),(4,10),(6,6).(6.8).(8.10)} Hence the required transitive closure of Ris given by R ={(4,4),(4,10),(6.6),(6.8),(6,10)} ae 47. Show that the mapping /:R~{V3|-> R defined by /(=) , xeV2 is pee surjective but not injective. [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: Let y= oa Then yx?=x-2y=0 or, x=(14yi+8)")/2y If ye RR, then xis areal no. # V2. Hence fis surjective. f isnot injective as f(2)= f(-1)=1 MATH-CE-56MATHEMATICS-1U1_ PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC = Chapter at a Glance es Propositional Logic: A proposition is a collection of declarative statements that has either a truth value "true" or a truth value "false". A propositional consists of propositional variables and connectives. We denote the propositional. variables by capital letters (A, B, etc). The connectives connect the propositional variables. ‘Some examples of Propositions are given below ~ "Man is Mortal’, it returns truth value “TRUE” “12 + 9=3~2"\it returns truth value “PALSE ‘The following is not a Proposition ~ "A is less than 2". It is because unless we give a specific value of A, we cannot say whether the statement is true of false Connectives: |n propositional logic generally we use five connectives which are — © ORV) © AND(A) ‘© Nevation/ NOT (4) ‘+ Implication /if-then (>) © Ifand only if (<>) Tautologi ‘A Tautology is formula which is always true for every value of its propositional variables. Contradictions: ‘A Contradiction is a formula which is always false for every value of its propositional variables. Normal Forms: ‘We can convert any proposition in two normal forms ~ ‘© Conjunctive normal form * Disjunctive normal form Conjunctive Normal Form: ‘A compound statement is in conjunctive normal form if it is obtained by operating AND amofig variables (negation of variables included) connected with ORS. In terms of set operations, tis compound statement obtained by Intersection among variables connected with Unions. MATH-CE-S7j uded) connected with ANDs. In terms of set operations, itis a compound statement obtained by Union among variables connected with Intersections. ‘Multiple Choice Type Questions 4. If p: Anil is rich and g: Kanchan is poor then the symbolic form of the statement either Anil or Kanchan is rich is [WBUT 2019) b) pv~a )~pya 4) ~(paq) 2. The proposition pa(ga~q) isa [MODEL QUESTION] 2) contradiction ) tautology ¢) both (a) and (b) 4d) none of th Answer: (a) 3. The generating function for the sequence 1/3, ~1/3,1/3,-1/3,---+- Is [MODEL QUESTION) a) 1/{3(1+x)} b)(1/3)/(1-x) ) 14{(1/3)(1-x)} 4) 3/(1-x) Answer: (a) 4. Which is the rule of reference for the following statement? [MODEL QUESTION] (P)4@) = (Raa) a) Dilemma b) Conjunction ©) Resolution 4) Addition Answer: (b) 5. The generating function of {I, 1,1, 1,-++-"-}is [MODEL QUESTION) aye els ¥ Tex 3 d) none of these xt Answer: (a) 6. For statements p and q, (pq) implies [MODEL QUESTION] a) pang by py—q ©) pvg 4) none of these Answer: (a) MATH-CE-58MATHEMATICS.111 7. If the general term of sequence {a} be a‘, which will bo the generating function? IMODEL QUESTION] a) 9 b) ¢) Answer: (d) 8. The generating function of (0,1,0,0;1,0,0,1,0,0,1) f@ [MODEL QUESTION] a » 1 Saas ° TaD T+2 Answer: (b) 9. A statement Tis called a tautology if [MODEL QUESTION] Tis true for all possible values of its variables b) Tis false for all p 4) none of these Answer: (a) 10. The generating function of the sequence <0, 1,0, 0,1,0,0,1...> Is eats pps [MODEL QUESTION} =x °) AES Answer: (b) 11. A relation R is called an equivalent relation if [MODEL QUESTION] 4) Ris reflexive and transitive b) Ris reflexive and symmetric ©) Ris reflexive, symmetric and transitive 4) none of these 12, Let 4= R-(3} and B= R-{1}. [MODEL QUESTION] MS :A>B:f(2) == then a 2) fisinto b) ftesujective c) fis bijective) none of these Answer: (c) MATH.CE-59POPULAR PUBLICATIONS | 43, Solution of the recurrence relation a, =2a,., +1 with 4, =0 is [MODEL QUESTION] a) 1-2" b) 2"-2 d) 2"-1 Answer: (4) 44, Express the following sentence in symbolic form: {MODEL QUESTION] itis raining but not cloudy a)~panq b) ~(- pva) ©) pa~q 4) none of these Answer: (c) 46. Solution of the recurrence relation a, = 2a, , +1 with a, =0 I8 [MODEL QUESTION} a) 1-2" b) 2"-2 o) 24-1 a 2-1 Answer: (d) 46. The proposition p*(q*~q) isa [MODEL QUESTION] a) contradiction b) tautology €) both (a) and (b) 4) none of these Answer: (a) 47. The generation function for the sequence 1, 2, 3,4....18_ [MODEL QUESTION] a) (1+23) b) (1-2x)" ¢) (I-x)* ; ¢) (1+x)* Answer: (c) 48. The generating function for the sequence + y3 1 ae me a hits "Ts ” Stix) ‘Answer: (@) 49. If the truth value of p and q are F and T respectively then the truth value of p + qis [MODEL QUESTION] a)T b)F c) both Tand F d) none of these Answer: (b) MATH-CE-60