Lesson 04:

Psychology

Prepared by: Lloyd Landicho

ATTENDANCE
THREE FACES
LESSON
1 Introduction
OBJECTIVES 2 William James

3 Carl Rogers

4 Carver and Scheier

5 Sigmund Freud
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL
VIEW OF THE SELF
Self - the sense of personal identity
and of who we are as individuals
(Jhangiani and Tarry 2014)

Identity- concept of an individual

about oneself and often referred to
as "self-identity"

Self-identity - the belief of what the

individuals thinks and feels about
them. It can also be influenced by
how others perceive an individual
Self-development - a continuous
process throughout the lifespan; one's
sense of self may change, at least
somewhat, throughout one's life

Self-representation - has important

implications for socio-emotional
functioning throughout the lifespan.
 PIONEERS
WHO MOLD
PSYCHOLOGY
WILLIAM JAMES
 THE GREATEST DISCOVERY OF MY
GENERATION IS THAT HUMAN BEINGS
CAN ALTER THEIR LIVES BY ALTERING
THEIR ATTITUDES OF THE MIND

JAMES, (1890)
WILLIAM JAMES is an American psychologist and
philosopher.

He conceptualized the self as having two (2) aspects:

1. I - subjective and active aspect of the self, reflecting the

immediate experience of one's own consciousness and
personal identity.
2. Me - represents the objective and social aspect of the
self, reflecting the self as an object of awareness and
reflection.
“Me” can be further broken down into three sub-
categories:

Material self
Consists of what belongs to a person, such as the
body, family, clothes, or money.

Social self
Marks who you are in a specific social situation. We
tend to change our actions, thoughts, emotions,
words, and mannerisms based on the current
social situation or the people with whom we are
interacting.
“Me” can be further broken down into three sub-
categories:

Spiritual self
Who we are at our core, including our personality,
values, and conscience. Our spiritual self typically
remains relatively stable throughout our lifetime
(Green, 1997).
James's further assumptions on the self:

According to James, the "I" is the thinking, acting, feeling self. While the "Me" is
the physical characteristics as well psychological capabilities that makes who you
are.
 CARL
ROGERS
Carl Rogers is an American Psychologist. He is the
proponent of Humanistic Psychology and
Nondirective Psychotherapy or Person-
Centered Therapy

The "I" as the one who acts and decides while

the "Me" is what you think or feel about yourself
as an object.

Self-Schema - our organized system or

collection of knowledge about who we are. It
may also include our interests, work, course,
age, name, and physical characteristics.

Unconditional Positive Regard - refers to

accepting and supporting another exactly as
they are, without evaluating or judging them.
 IDENTY AND SELF
Identity
composed of personal characteristics, social roles
and responsibilities, as well as affiliations that
define who one is.
Roles
Part of his identity. (E.g. birth order in the family,
nature of work, occupation or title, academic
and social standing)

Self-Concept
how someone thinks about or perceives
themselves. It is the individual's belief about himself
or herself, including the person's attributes and
who and what the self is.
 IDENTY AND SELF
Experiences of the Self

1. The existential self - The concept that you are

unique/different from others Persian poet RUMI
pondered, "Who am I in the midst of all this thought
traffic?"), Subjective (I).
2. The Categorical self - concept (and the concept of
others) tends to focus on his or her own visible
characteristics, Objective (ME).
 SELF-CONCEPT
The real self is WHO WE ACTUALLY ARE. It is HOW WE THINK, HOW WE
FEEL, LOOK, and ACT. The real self can be seen by others, but because
we have no way of truly knowing how others view us, the real self is
our self-image
 IDENTY AND SELF
Self-Concept/Self-Schema Composed of 3 Things:

1. Self-Image(Real Self)
Who you are at the moment
2. Ideal Self
Who you like to be
3. Ought Self ( Self-Esteem/Self-worth)
Who you think you should be
 IDENTY AND SELF
Self-Esteem and Self-Worth
refers to the extent to which we like, accept, or
approve of ourselves; or how much we value
ourselves.

Self-esteem always involves a degree of

evaluation, and we may have either a positive or a
negative view of ourselves
 IDENTY AND SELF
Social Comparison Theory
We learn about ourselves, the appropriateness
of our behaviors, as well as our social status by
comparing aspects of ourselves with other
people
 IDENTY AND SELF
There are types of social comparison:

1. Downward Social Comparison

We create a positive self-concept by comparing
ourselves with those who are worse off than us.
By having the advantage, we can raise our self-
esteem.
2. Upward Social Comparison
Comparing ourselves with those who are better
off than us. While it can be a form of motivation
for some, a lot of those who do this actually felt
lower self-esteem as they highlight more of
their weakness or inequities.
 IDENTY AND SELF
SOCIAL COMPARISON also entails what is called Self-
Evaluation Maintenance Theory.

1. We distance ourselves from that person or redefine

our relationship with them.
2. Reconsider the importance of the aspect or skill in
which you were outperformed.
3. Strengthen or resolve to improve that certain aspect
of ourselves. Achieving your goal through hardwork
may increase your self-esteem, too.
HIERARCHY
OF NEEDS
HIERARCHY
OF NEEDS
HIERARCHY
OF NEEDS
CARVER &
SCHEIER
Charles Carver and Michael Scheier have identified 2
types of self that we can be aware of:

1. The Private self - your internal standards and private

thoughts and feelings
2. The Public self - public image commonly geared
toward having a good presentation of yourself to
others

Self-consciousness

Self-awareness can be too much that we are

concerned about being observed and criticized by
others.
LOOKING OUTSIDE
It's common to look at others and compare
ourselves, often dreaming of achieving a
similar level of success or recognition.
This external comparison can motivate us
but may also lead to self-doubt and
feelings of inadequacy.

Might lead to:

Poor Self-esteem
Imposter Syndrome
LOOKING INSIDE
Reflecting on our desires and
aspirations, understanding what truly
drives us from within, is a critical
aspect of self-awareness.
By acknowledging our inner
motivations and passions, we can align
our actions with our authentic selves.
 HOANAL
YC YSI
S SIGMUND FREUD
P

S
Sigmund Freud is the Father of Psychoanalysis. An
Austrian neurologist who introduced Psychoanalysis
treating psychopathology through dialogue between a
patient and a psychoanalyst.

Keywords:

Free association
Verbalize every thought that comes to their mind,
no matter how irrelevant or repugnant it may
appear.
Dreams
Rich source of unconscious material
Libido
Sexual drive
Sigmund Freud is the Father of Psychoanalysis. An
Austrian neurologist who introduced Psychoanalysis
treating psychopathology through dialogue between a
patient and a psychoanalyst.

True Self vs. False Self

True Self
Authentic, genuine, and innate aspects of a
person's personality, values, and beliefs.
False Self
Pertains to the persona or facade that an
individual presents to others, often in response to
social or situational pressures
Levels of mental life
Conscious
Awareness
Unconscious
Pre-conscious
Not in current awareness but can be brought
to consciousness
Unconscious proper
Inaccessible thoughts

Provinces of the mind

Id - Pleasure Principle
Ego - Realistic Principle
Superego - Moral Principle
 FREUD

Retrieved from: (Feist, Feist, &

Roberts, 2018)
 FREUD

Retrieved from: (Feist, Feist, &

Roberts, 2018)
REFLECTION
I UNDERSTAND
THAT...

I REALIZED THAT...
 SUMMARY
Study of psychology is concerned with specific study of behavior and mental process.
Psychology focus on the individual, cognitive functions and other possible factors that affect
the individual
William James was one of the earliest psychologists to study the self and conceptualized the
self as having 2 aspects - the " and the "me". the "" is the thinking, acting, feeling self. While
the "me" is the physical characteristics as well psychological capabilities that makes who you
are. Carl Rogers's theory of personality also used the same terms "" and "me". The "l" as the
one who acts and decides while the "me" is what you think or feel about yourself as an object.
Carver and Scheier have identified 2 types of self that we can be aware of: The Private self -
your internal standards and private thoughts and feelings and the Public self - public image
commonly geared toward having a good presentation of yourself to others.
In the concept of True Self vs. False Self, the true self si the core of you who are, the original
you, unshaped by upbringing or society. This is the state you were born ni and ti is a state
that still exists inside you. Your false self can also be called your adapted self. This is the
parts of you that have altered behavior, repressed feelings, and pushed your needs aside to fit
ni with others.
 REFERENCES:
Ruhl, C. (2023, August 3). Who was William James and how did he influence the field of
psychology?. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/william-james.html#Theory-
of-Self
Cherry, K. (2022, May 6). What is a Self-Schema? Verywell Mind.
https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-a-self-schema-2795026
QUESTIONS?
THANK YOU!