FOUNDATION

SYSTEMS
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 SHALLOW FOUNDATION
FOUNDATION Shallow foundations, also known as "surface foundations," are used when
the soil near the surface is capable of supporting the load imposed by
SYSTEMS the structure. They are typically used for buildings with relatively light
loads or when the soil conditions near the surface are strong and stable.
Foundation systems are Shallow foundations include:
essential structural
components in construction
that transmit the loads from
a building or structure to the
underlying soil or rock,
ensuring stability and ISOLATED FOOTINGS
preventing settlement. Isolated footings (also known as Pad or Spread footings) are commonly used
These systems can be for shallow foundations in order to carry and spread concentrated loads,
broadly classified into two caused for example by columns or pillars. Isolated footings can consist either
main categories: shallow
of reinforced or nonreinforced material.
foundations and deep
foundations.

1.FLAT, PAD, PLAIN, OR REINFORCED ISOLATED

FOOTING
It is constructed under each column
independently and is usually square, rectangular,
or circular in shape. The thickness of flat isolated
footing is uniform. It is provided so as to reduce the
bending moments and shearing forces at their
critical sections. It can be constructed from plain
concrete or reinforced concrete to increase the
ultimate load carrying capacity. 54 PURVA SHIRKE
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2. SLOPED ISOLATED FOOTING SLOPED OR 3. STEPPED ISOLATED FOOTING
TRAPEZOIDAL FOOTINGS It is generally used in the construction of residential
are designed and executed with utmost attention to buildings. Stepped footings are stacked upon one
maintain a top slope of 45 degrees from all sides. The another as steps. By and large, three concrete
amount of reinforcement and concrete used in the cross-sections are stacked upon each other to
sloped footing construction is less than that of plain create steps
isolated footing. Therefore, it decreases the utilization
of concrete and reinforcement.

COMBINED FOOTING
Combined footings are constructed for two or more
columns when they are close to each other and their
foundations overlap. The design of combined
footings with examples is discussed. The function of a
footing or a foundation is to transmit the load from
the structure to the underlying soil. The choice of a
suitable type of footing depends on the depth at
which the bearing strata lie, the soil condition, and
the type of superstructure.
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TYPES OF COMBINED FOOTING
•The combined footing may be rectangular,
trapezoidal, or Tee shaped in the plan.
•The geometric proportions and shape are so fixed that
the centroid of the footing area coincides with the
resultant of the column loads. This results in uniform
pressure below the entire area of the footing.
•Trapezoidal footing is provided when one column load
is much more than the other. As a result, both
projections of the footing beyond the faces of the
columns will be restricted.
•Rectangular footing is provided when one of the
projections of the footing is restricted or the width of the
footing is restricted.

CANTILEVER FOOTING
Cantilever footing is a type of combined footing
that the cantilever action is used to balance the
eccentricity induced due to the eccentricity of
the column load. It is comprised of more
individual columns that are interconnected by a
beam known as a strap. The Strap beam in the
cantilever footing is subjected to the bending
moment and shear force. It is very important to
design the strap beam in such a way that it will
withstand the Bending moment and shear force.
There are two types of Cantilever Footings with
the strap.
•Cantilever footings with uniform strap.
•Cantilever footings with non-uniform strap

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WALL FOOTING RAFT/MAT FOUNDATION
A wall footing, also known as a wall foundation A mat footing, also known as a raft footing or
or strip footing, is a horizontal, structural raft foundation, is a type of foundation used in
component of a building's foundation that construction to support the entire load of a
supports the load of a wall or a series of walls. Its building or structure. It is a large, continuous
primary purpose is to distribute the weight of the concrete slab that extends under the entire
walls evenly to the underlying soil or bedrock, footprint of the building, distributing the load
preventing settling or structural instability. Wall evenly over a wide area of the underlying soil or
footings are typically made of concrete and are bedrock.
wider than the walls they support to provide
stability and prevent excessive settlement.

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STRIP FOOTING
Strip foundations (or strip footings) are a type
of shallow foundation that is used to provide
a continuous, level (or sometimes stepped)
strip of support to a linear structure such as a
wall or closely-spaced rows of columns built
centrally above. Strip foundations can be
used for most subsoil, but are most suitable
for soil that is of relatively good bearing
capacity. The depth of a traditional strip
foundation is generally equal to or greater
than the overall wall width, and the
foundation width is generally three times the
width of the supporting wall. This results in the
load being transmitted at 45º from the wall
base to the soil.

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

1.Simplicity and Cost-Effectiveness: Isolated footings are 1.Limited Load Capacity: Isolated footings may not be suitable
relatively simple to design and construct, making them for buildings with extremely heavy loads or high-rise structures,
cost-effective for a wide range of building types. as they have a limited load-bearing capacity compared to
2.Versatility: They can be easily adapted to different load deep foundation systems.
configurations and can support various types of structures, 2.Differential Settlement: They can be vulnerable to differential
including residential buildings, commercial buildings, and settlement, where one footing settles more than another,
industrial facilities. potentially causing structural issues.
3.Stability: Isolated footings provide stable support for 3.Soil Sensitivity: The effectiveness of isolated footings depends
individual columns, distributing the structural loads on the soil's strength and stability. Poor or expansive soils may
effectively to the underlying soil or bedrock. require additional engineering solutions.
4.Ease of Maintenance: If maintenance or repairs are 4.Footprint Size: For larger or irregularly shaped structures, the
needed, isolated footings are accessible and allow for number and size of isolated footings may increase, reducing
relatively straightforward work on individual footings without usable space. 54 PURVA SHIRKE
affecting the entire structure. B.TECH. SEM V
 PILE FOUNDATIONS: PIER FOUNDATIONS,
Pile foundations use vertical composed of vertical columns
DEEP FOUNDATION elements (piles) driven or inserted (piers) and horizontal beams,
Deep foundations are into the ground to support transfer loads to stable soil or rock
structural elements used in structures. Piles, made of materials layers. They are ideal for high
construction to transfer the like concrete, steel, or wood, rely water table areas and coastal
loads of a building or structure on end-bearing capacity or skin regions requiring elevation to
to deeper layers of soil or rock friction to resist forces. avoid flooding.
when the upper soil layers are
unable to support the required
loads effectively. They are
essential for ensuring the
stability and safety of
structures, especially in areas
with weak or compressible soil
conditions.

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
1.Load-Bearing Capacity: Deep foundations can support 1.Cost: Deep foundations are typically more expensive than
much heavier loads than shallow foundations, making them shallow foundations due to the increased materials, labor,
suitable for large and heavy structures like skyscrapers, and equipment required for excavation and installation.
bridges, and industrial facilities. 2.Complex Design and Construction: Designing and
2.Stability: They are less susceptible to settlement and constructing deep foundations are more complex processes
differential settlement because they transfer loads to that require specialized engineering expertise and
deeper, more stable layers of soil or bedrock. equipment.
3.Versatility: Deep foundations can be designed to 3.Environmental Impact: Excavation and construction of
accommodate various soil conditions, including soft soils, deep foundations can have a more significant environmental
expansive clays, and loose sands, making them adaptable impact, in sensitive ecosystems.
to a wide range of construction sites. 54 PURVA SHIRKE
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 DEFINITION
BUOYANT Buoyant foundations are a type of innovative foundation system
designed to float on water or utilize the buoyant force of water to
FOUNDATIONS support the weight of a structure. These foundations are commonly
used in areas prone to flooding, high water tables, or regions with
A buoyant foundation is a
poor soil conditions.
specialized type of foundation
used in construction, primarily in
areas prone to flooding, high Buoyant foundations
are primarily used in
water tables, or soil with poor
flood-prone areas and
load-bearing capacity. Unlike regions with high water
conventional foundations that tables. Their application
rely on the weight of the is focused on keeping
building to resist settlement, buildings and structures
buoyant foundations work on above water during
the principle of buoyancy, floods, ensuring
utilizing the buoyant force of structural integrity and
preventing damage.
water to counteract the
downward force of the
structure.

APPLICATIONS OF BUOYANT FOUNDATIONS INCLUDE:

1. Residential Buildings : Protecting homes in flood-prone areas, allowing residents to stay safely during floods.
2. Commercial and Industrial Structures : Ensuring business continuity and minimizing flood-related losses for
commercial and industrial buildings.
3. Infrastructure : Supporting critical facilities like hospitals, emergency response centers, and utilities to maintain
essential services during floods.
4. Eco-Friendly Construction : Reducing environmental impact by minimizing excavation and disruption to natural
habitats.
5. Floating Homes and Structures: Enabling construction of floating homes, houseboats, and floating hotels in areas
with high water tables or water-based living preferences. 54 PURVA SHIRKE
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