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Power Roots

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104 views13 pages

Power Roots

Uploaded by

Naeem Ahmad
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CHAPTER 7 POWERS AND ROOTS 7. EXPONENTIAL NOTATIONS (Positive powers only) |f number 3 is multiplied to itself 4 times, we get : 3 x 3x 3 x 3. The product of 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 can be written as 34. 34 is called the exponential notation for the product of 3 x 3 x 3 x 3. In the product 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 = 34, the repeating number 3 is called the base, whereas 4 is called the exponent (or index or power). Similarly: (i) _ in 2°, base = 2 and exponent (power) = 3 (ii) in (-3)4, base = -3 and exponent (power) = 4 2 (ii) in x3, base = x and exponent (index) = = and so on. In general, 34 is read as: 3 raised to the power 4 or the fourth power of three. 1. (8)t=-3x-3x-3x-3=81 and —(3)#=-(8x3x3x3)=-81 2. For any non-zero number a, a =1 je 2 =1, 5)? Jes and so on. 3. For any number a, at =a 2y 2 ie. (-2)'=- te =) 22 ie, (-2)'=-2, 51=5, (3) = 3 and soon, Example 1: Evaluate: (i) 32x 24 (i) 32x 20 Solution : () 3x 2%=3x3x2x2x2x2= 144 (Ans.) (i) 3? x 2=3x3x2=9x1=9 (Ans.) Example 2: ‘Simplify and express the result in exponential form : . - 5x2x3° ~. 3x24 9 Seaxax88 O Bye Solution : _5x2x39 5x2x3x3x3 3 3 Bugxax5® ~ BxBx2x5x5x5 ~ Exes? (Ans) 66 i strat 3x3x3x3x2x2x2x2 (i) O88 = DxaxexSxSxOx3x9xd (Ans.) Example 3 : Evaluate : 6a2b? for a = 3 and b = 2. Solution : 6a? = 6xaxaxbxbxb = 6x3x3xK2x2x2= 432 (Ans.) The following table will make it more clear : Number As a product of prime factors In the exponential form 8 2x22 2 243 3x3x3x3x3 3 72 2x2x2x3x3 Bx 630 2x3x3x5x7 2! x 32 x 51x71 9000 2x2x2x3x3x5x5x5 23 x 32 x 5% a EXERCISE 7(A) 1. Fill in the blanks : (i) In expression x, base = (i) In expression (-6)', power (ii) It bas (iv) If base = -2 and power = 10, then expression 2. Evaluate the following : 8 and exponent = 5, then expression = a @ 5° i) -4 =. (vy) Ifx =, then 15 x7 (vii) Ifa =~2, then 4a? 3, Find the value of : ) (28 4, Find the value of : 0 @ (i) (10) caf (i) = (iv) 4)" (vi) fy =, then y? = (viii) If 3? = 1, then a= ii) 10# a (af (iv) 74 » 6 5. — Simplify and express the result in exponential notation : | 2x2x2x2x3 x2 _ SX5x5°x3" 0) ~gxaxoxa ) gxax8 (ii) axaxe® _. 23x34 x5? 88x18 () ixatxa TB xexs 6. Evaluate : ) C8Sx-22 Gg 5 yg SS iw 88 i) 5)? @P 67 7. Evaluate : () @tora=3 (i) 4b? for b = 4 (il) 2x8 for x = 5 (iv) (Bx)? for x = 1 (v) (4a) for a = 1 (vi) 2a%b? for a = 2 and b = 3 (vil) 8x8y4 for x = 1 and y = -1 (vil) ab? for a = 2 and b = -3 (ix) a9 +b? fora=1 andb=2 (x) a9 +b? ~ 3ab fora = 2andb=1 8. Express each of the following numbers in the exponential form of its prime factors : ) 16 (i) 81 (ii) 144 (iv) 2700 (v) 3000 (vi) 6075 (vil) 4500 7.2 | PROPERTIES OF EXPONENTS Property 1 (Product Law) : a™ x al = amen For example : @) ®x ata adt2 a8 (i) 97 x38 = 9743-310 5S gy (il) (5)* x C5 = (-5)8 7) (3). () = (3) and 80 on. Property 2 (Quotient Law) : m oars itm>n and =m ifm 0 Fe (0) ya? (i) Cay? | 28x52 52 x3° (iv) (wv) e 3. Evaluate : , 3Pxcey* (2 x5‘? 7 i : @ oa (i) eur (i) Cate st (vy) 3 FOP 4, Evaluate : (@) B92 44° (ii) 5% + 22 - 9 + 8° 5. Evaluate : () 22, ifx=3 (i) 8, fx =2 andy =3 (ii) 2 +8, tx =1 andy =2 (iv) 8x2y — 2xy’, if x = 5 and y = 6 (iv) Bx2y-2xy2 = 3x 5?x6-2x5x 6 = 3x25x6- 10x 96 450 — 360 = 90 69 SQUARES When a number is multiplied by itself, the product obtained is called the square of that number. For example : (i) Since 4 x 4 = 16, ~. 16 is square of 4, and we write : (4)? = 16 (ii) Since -2 x -2=4, ~. 4 is square of -2 and we write : (-2)? = 4 - 2 2 4 4, 20 ay 4 (ii) Since 3*g79° sg is square of 3 which is written as @ =9 (iv) Since 0-2 x 0.2 = 0.04 +. 0-04 is square of 0-2 i.e. (0-2)? = 0-04 and so on. Whether the number is positive or negative, its square is always positive. eg. (i) (@)2=3x3=9 (i) (3)? =-3x-3=9 (ili) (+5)? =-5 x -5 = 25 and so on More examples : () Square of 0 = 0? =0 (i) Square of 5=5?=5x5=25 (ii) Square of 2 7 (2) = (-3) x (-2) -4 2 (iv) Square of 22 = (23) = (ej a 1717 _ 289 7 7 1 1 7 Z 7 49 1 (v) Square of 35 = (-23f 7 (3 = (-3) x (-2) = Pei (vi) Square of -2:3 = (-2:3)? = -2.3 x-2.3=5:29 and so on. EXERCISE 7(C) 1. Find the squares of first five natural numbers. 2. — Find the squares of first six even natural numbers. 3. Find the squares of first four odd natural numbers. 4. — Find the squares of first five prime numbers. 5. Find the squares of : : 9 (ii 2 (i 2 (wv) 23 6. Find the squares of : () -3 wy -2 iy 12 Ww 7. Find the squares of : (i) 25 (i) 0-6 (ili) 0-23 (w) 002 ) -16 (w) -08 ——— 70 _7.4| SQUARE ROOT The square root of a given number, is that number which when multiplied by itself, gives the given number. For example : (i) Square root of 16 = 4, as 4 multiplied by itself = 4 x 4 = 16. (i) Square root of 25 = 5, as 5 multiplied by itself = 5 x 5 = 25 and so on. [75] sympot FoR saUARE ROOT The square root is denoted by the radical sign J". For example : 16 (i) means square root of 9; (i) Square root of 22 = 25 (iii). J0-16 means square root of 0-16 and so on. 7.6 | METHODS OF FINDING THE SQUARE ROOT (a) To find the square root of a number (whole number) using the prime factor method : Steps : 1. Express the given number as the product of its prime factors. 2. Make groups, each consisting of two identical factors obtained in step (1). 3. Take one factor from each group and multiply them together. 4. The product so obtained is the square root of the given number. Example 5 : Find the square root of: (i) 144 (i) 225 (iii) 900 Solution : (i) Since 144 =2x2x2x2x3x3 <. Square root of 144 = Jiaa = J(@x2)x(2x2)x 8x3) 2x2x3 [Taking one factor from each pair] = 12 (Ans.) 2x2x2x2x3x3 = (2x2) x (2x 2)x (3x3) s. Square root of 144 = 2x2x3=12 (Ans.) (i) 225 = 3x3x5x5 = (3x 3) x (5 x 5) 3x5=15 (Ans.) V2x2x3x9K5x5S 2x 2x3x3x5x5 =2x3x5=30 = (Ans.) 71 OR, — directly, as 144 Square root of 225 (iy " 900 0 (b) To find the square root of a number in the fraction form : The square root of a fraction is found by getting the square roots of its numerator and denominator separately. Square root of a fraction = Sawaterootofitsnumerator_ 4 is va ‘Squarerootofitsdenominator “" Vb yo _ vb For example : (y= PeebxS _ 8x5 _ 18 49 7x7 OT 7°? ) wa- 4 - [Sx8x7x7 = 9x7 _ toy 4-41 = Vi9g = Voxax5x5 ~ 2x5 ~ 10 ~ (c) To find the square root of a number in index form : In general, the square root of a given number in its index form can be obtained only when its index (power) is an even number i.e. the given number is of the form 2", 3°, 54, etc. Method : Keeping the base same, divide index (power) by 2. Example 6 : Find the square root of : (i) 2° (il) 3° (il) 24 x 5? Solution : (i) 28 shows that the power of 2 is 8, and half of 8 is 4. Square root of 28 = 24=2x2x2x2=16 (Ans.) oR, directly, (2° = 24=2x2x2x2=16 (Ans.) Similarly : (i) ¥3° =99=3x3x%3=27 (Ans.) (ii) J2*x5? =22x5'=2x2x5=20 (Ans.) More examples : i) V44x22x8 = J(2x2x11)x(2x11)x(2x2x2) = V(@x2)x (1X1) x(2x2)x (2x2) =2x11x2x2=88 (iy 32x36 _ [3% (2x2)x(3x3) a 5 - EXERCISE 7(D) 18 and so on. 1. Fill in the blanks : (i) The square of 7 is (7), then a = (ii) The square of b is 49, then b 72 (ii) If x is positive and x? = 121, then x = (iv) Ifthe square of 0:8 = 0:64, then the square root of 0-64 = 2. Find the square root of : () 64 (i) 144 (ii) 225 (iv) 324 ) 441 (vi) 484 (vil) 625 (ili) 729 3. Find the square root of : i 4+ i iy 25. Om i) 3% Wi) vy 12 2 i) 22 Ww) 15 ™ 195 Wi) 279 4, Find the square root of : () 4x49 (i) 9x 81 (il), 100 x 16 . 81x121 (iv) 1% 25 x 36 (v) 36 x 64x 81 Wi) So 5. Find the square root of : (i) 98x8 (ii) 72 x 18 (iii) 8 x 25 x 200 6. Evaluate : (i) V144x4 (ii) 425x400 (iil) ¥100x36 (iv) ¥9x81x100 (vy) Vi6x25x4x64 (i) VB1x64x4 (vii) V2? x4? x3? wily Ya%x5* x2" (x) feert00 28 x3? 4? x25 ., [e1x225 3 i) i) 00 7 Evaluate : () v5 + Vie (i) Vag - J36 (i) V25 x 6 ¥B1+V9 (wv) Vag = 6 wv) Vag - J16 + V4 i) Figg ver [zz] cubes When a number is multiplied by itself three times, the product obtained is called the cube of that number. For example : () Since 4x 4x 4=64, <. 64's the cube of 4, and we write : (4)° = 64 (i) Since -2 x -2 x -7 1 7 2 2 2 8 (ii) Since Fx 5x5 =a * s (iv) Since 0.2 x 0.2 x 0.2 = 0.008, 73 +. -Bis the cube of -2, and we write : ey 3 © isthe cube of =, and we write: G J 8 oat 2 0.008 is cube of 0.2, and we write : (0.2)9 = 0.008 1. The cube of a positive number is always positive. eg. (8) =3x3x3=27, (5)%=5x5x5=125 andsoon. 2. The cube of a negative number is always negative. eg., (-3)? =-3 x -3 x-3 =-27, (-5)?=-5 x-5 x-5 =-125 and so on. 3. -a = (-a)3 ie., -23 = (-2)8, -53 = (-5)?_ and so on. More examples : (i) The cube of O= 03=0x0x0=0 (ii), The cube of 6 =6x6x6= 216 _ 2 (ii) The cube of -= = (-3 2 a 2 8 8 8 8 512 26 (i) The cube of 25 -3 aR x gx gs oe a t8e 3 3 (v) The cube of -3} = (-23) = (-3) =- (vi) The cube of 1.2 = (1.2)8 = 1.2% 1.2% 1.2= 1.728 and soon. EXERCISE 7(E) 1. Find the cubes of the first three whole numbers. 2. Find the cubes of each natural number between 3 and 8 3. Find the cubes of each integer between ~ 3 and 3. 4. Find the cubes of each integer from — 5 to - 2. 5. Find the cubes of the even natural numbers between 4 and 10. 6. Find the cubes of the odd natural numbers from 3 to 9. 7. Find the cubes of : (i) 3 (i) 23 (wy) at 8. Find the cubes of : ) - 2 (i) - 2 (ii) - ot (iv) - az 9. Find the cubes of : @) 04 (i) 05 (ii) 15 (iv) 0.02 (vy) -06 (vi) - 0.08 (vil) - 0.14 (vill) - 1.6 7.8 | CUBE ROOT The cube root of a given number, is that number which when multipled by itself three times, gives the given number. For example (i) The cube root of 64 = 4, as 4x 4x 4=64 (ii), The cube root of 125 = 5, as 5 x 5x 5 = 125 74 = 27 i 1 1 1 1 4 1 (iv) The cube root of - a7" pasa Xp XB B (v)_ The cube root of 0.027 = 0.3, as 0.3 x 0.3 x 0.3 = 0.027 and so on. 2.2 2 2 (ili), The cube root of = gr 89% B%Q> 7. SYMBOL FOR THE CUBE ROOT The symbol for cube root is J. 1 That is, the cube root of 243 is written as : /243 or (243) 8 Thus : (i) The cube root of 64 = 4 => Vr=4 i 8 8 2 (ii) The cube root of a7 => a3 ae 1 1 1 (iil) The cube root of - 5 = Yerc? (iv) The cube root of 0.027=0.3 = ¥0.027 = 0.3 and so on. METHODS OF FINDING THE CUBE ROOT (a) To find the cube root of a number (integer) using the factor method : Steps : 4. Express the given number as the product of its prime factors. 2. Make groups [out of the prime factors obtained in step (1)], each consisting of three identical factors. 3, Take one factor from each group and multiply them together. 4, The product so obtained is the cube root of the given number. Example 7 : Find the cube root of : (i) 64 (ii) 216 (ii) 729 Solution : i The cube root of a positive number is always positive. (i) Since, 64 = 2x2x2x2x2x2 The cube root of 64 = Vea = Y2x2x2x2x2x2 (2x2 2)x(2x2x2) 2x2=4 (Ans.) 2x2x2x2x2x2 " OR, Since, 64 The cube root of 64 = (Ans.) (ii) Since, 216 = 2x2x2x3x3x3 (2x 2x 2) x (3x3 x3) The cube root of 216 = 2x3=6 (Ans.) (iii) Since, 729 = 3x3x3x3x3x3 = (8x3x3)x (3x3x 3) The cube root of 729 = 3x3=9 (Ans.) Example 8 : Find the cube root of : (i)-64 (ii) - 3375 Solution : The cube root of a negative number is always negative. (i) Since, - 64 = -2x2x2x2x2x2 (2x 2x 2)x (2x 2x2) 2x2=-4 (Ans.) 5x5x5x3x3x3 (5x 5x5) x (8x3x3) The cube root of — 3375 5x3=-15 (Ans.) (b) To find the cube root of a number in the fraction form : The cube root of - 64 (ii) Since, — 3375 " The cube root of its numerator Mhescube rogtiof a fraction =e rr aie toot afte UeAominST For example : 7 8 (i) The cube root of = = Cube root of 8 Cube root of 27 8=2x2x2and27=3x3x3 ie. : . 729 (ii) Since 0.729 = +555 = d,axbnaxeee = The cube root of 0.729 = 3% 2x6 - . 27 3x3x3 “ Since - 0.027 = — T095 =- axaxax5xSxs 3 3 The cube root of ~ 0.027 = -y—- =-75 =-03 (c) To find the cube root of a number in index form : In general, the cube root of a given number, in the index form, is obtained only when its index (power) is exactly divisible by 3. Method : Keeping the base same, divide the index (power) by 3. 76 Example 9 : Find the cube root of : (i) 2° (ii) 3° (il) 5° Solution : () The cube root of 25 = 26+3 = 2=2x2=4 (Ans.) ie. Yoo = 249-2 =2x2=4 (Ans.) (i) The cube root of 3° = 39+3 = 8=9x3x3=27 (Ans.) (i) The cube root of 5? = 5°+8 =51=5 (Ans.) Example 10 : Find the cube root of : (i) 2° x 3° (ii) 5° x 2° Solution : Method : Divide the power (index) of each number used by 3. (i) The cube root of 26 x 3= 28*3 x 33+ =2x2x3=12 (Ans.) (i) The cube root of 5° x 2°= 58*3 x 29+3 = 52x 23=5x5x2x2x2=200 (Ans.) OR, directly, 0 WS? = 2x9 = 2x2x3=12 (Ans.) di) Ysex2® = 52x23 = 5x5x2x2x2=200 (Ans.) 3 ‘The cube root of ab? = ab and the cube root of > = =, but the cube root of a? + b? # a + b and the cube root of a? — b?# a — b. More examples : () Yeaxdsx25 = Y2x2x2x3)x(3x3x5)x (5x5) = Y@X2x2)x(Bx3x3)x (5x55) = 2x3x5=30 (iy (ees _ {SERED SECO 15 Bx7X7X7 [Gx 5x5) x (2x 2x 2)x(Bx3x3)x5 = 5x(7x7x7) 5x2x3 _ 30 _ 42 7 7° 7 7 EXERCISE 7(F) 1. Fill in the blanks : () The cube of 5 is 5%, then x (i) The cube of y is 64, then y (ii) WF x9 = 125, then x (iv) Ifa? = 27, then a (v)_ If cube of 0.5 is 0.125, then cube root of 0.125 = .. 2. Find the cube root of : a4 (i) 343, (ii) 512 (iv) 3375 3. Find the cube root of : aa i) 125 (iil) -216 (iv) -512 4. Find the cube root of : 1 iy 43. G10 yy . & 3 Om (i) 255 ) - 3 5. Find the cube root of : (@) 0.125 (i) 0.064 (ii) 0.001 (iv) 3.375 (v) - 0.008 (vi) - 0.064 6. Find the cube root of : () 58 (ii) 3*5 (iii), 29 x 312 (iv) 48 x 39 x 212 Revision Exercise (Chapter 7) 1. Fill in the blanks : (i) 5S = () (5)! (i) sy (vi) -5" (ii) -5: (vil) 5? (iv) 5° (vill) (-5)? fix) -5%= (x) 535 (xi), (-5)3 = (xii) 53 = 2. State true or false (i) 28 =a positive number (ii) -28 = a positive number (iii) (-2)8 = a negative number (iv) 25 negative number (v) -25 = a negative number (vi) (-2)° = a positive number 3. Verify that : (i) 5? - 32 and 4? are equal. (ii) 10? - 8 and 6? are equal. (iii) 12? + 5? and 132 are equal. 4. Hari planted 324 plants in such a way that there were as many rows of plants as there were number of columns. Find the number of rows and columns. 5. Evaluate : (i) fea - Yea (i), Yas + J81 (ii) Yar - fag + Yate 6. (i) Write the number whose cube root is 0-6. . (ii) Write the number whose cube root is -0.6. 7. Evaluate : (i) 8°x 324 23x 5 (ii) 5? - 92 + 33 x 120 x 22 (iil) 82 x 6 + 23 x 32 (iv) 62 x 109 - (5) + 4 8. Evaluate : ¥a+ vies (i) yo - 25 (ii) 7 + Vet 78

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