0x00.

Shell, navigation
Quiz questions
Great! You've completed the quiz successfully! Keep going! (Show quiz)

Tasks
0. Create me!
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Access your sandbox and:

• Change your working directory to /root

• Then, create an empty file so_cool

Advices:

• Don’t forget to validate your current working directory

• Don’t forget to display the list of files of your current directory to validate the creation of
the new file

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

1. More of me
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Access your sandbox and:

• Change your working directory to /root

• Then, copy the file school to /tmp

Advices:

• Don’t forget to validate your current working directory

• Don’t forget to display the list of files of your current directory to validate the copy of the
file

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

2. To old
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Access your sandbox and:

• Change your working directory to /root

• Then, rename the file old_school to new_school (in the same directory)
Advices:

• Don’t forget to validate your current working directory

• Don’t forget to display the list of files of your current directory to validate the renaming of
the file

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

3. Not here
mandatory

Score: 66.67% (Checks completed: 66.67%)

Access your sandbox and:

• Change your working directory to /root

• Then, move the file not_here to /tmp/right_school

Advices:

• Don’t forget to validate your current working directory

• Don’t forget to display the list of files of your current directory to validate the move of the
file

Done? Help Check your code Ask for a new correction Get a sandbox QA Review

4. Not anymore
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Access your sandbox and:

• Change your working directory to /root

• Then, delete the file ready_to_be_removed

Advices:

• Don’t forget to validate your current working directory

• Don’t forget to display the list of files of your current directory to validate the removal of
the file

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

5. Organization is key!
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Access your sandbox and:

• Change your working directory to /root

• Then, create a directory school_is_amazing

Advices:

• Don’t forget to validate your current working directory

 • Don’t forget to display the list of directories of your current directory to validate the
creation of the directory

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

6. No need
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Access your sandbox and:

• Change your working directory to /root

• Then, remove the directory empty_directory

Advices:

• Don’t forget to validate your current working directory

• Don’t forget to display the list of directories of your current directory to validate the
removal of the directory
0x01. Emacs
ShellEditor

• By: Julien Barbier

• Weight: 1
• Project over - took place from Nov 28, 2022 6:00 AM to Nov 29, 2022 6:00 AM
• An auto review will be launched at the deadline

In a nutshell…

• Auto QA review: 8.0/8 mandatory

• Altogether: 100.0%
o Mandatory: 100.0%
o Optional: no optional tasks

Concepts
For this project, we expect you to look at these concepts:

• Shell
• Using Emacs as editor
• The Framework

Congrats!
Now you know how to navigate into a Unix system!
It’s time to test and decide what will be your favorite text editor on your sandbox: Emacs or Vi.
During this project you will play with Emacs.

Resources
Read or watch:

• A Guided Tour of Emacs

Learning Objectives
At the end of this project, you are expected to be able to explain to anyone, without the help of
Google:

General
• What is Emacs
• Who is Richard Stallman
• How to open and save files
• What is a buffer and how to switch from one to the other
• How to use the mark and the point to set the region
 • How to cut and paste lines and regions
• How to search forward and backward
• How to invoke commands by name
• How to undo
• How to cancel half-entered commands
• How to quit Emacs

Copyright - Plagiarism
• You are tasked to come up with solutions for the tasks below yourself to meet with the
above learning objectives.
• You will not be able to meet the objectives of this or any following project by copying and
pasting someone else’s work.
• You are not allowed to publish any content of this project.
• Any form of plagiarism is strictly forbidden and will result in removal from the program.

Requirements
• All tasks must be done inside the sandbox Ubuntu 20.04
• Your sandbox must be available at the end of this project - the Checker will access to
it at midnight for running the correction!
• The answer of a task must be in a specific file
• Each answer file must contain only the command to execute in Emacs for solving the
task. Example: “What is the command to write buffer to a specified file?” -> the file should
contain only C-x C-w

Quiz questions
Great! You've completed the quiz successfully! Keep going! (Show quiz)

Tasks
0. Create your answer directory
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Navigate to /root and create a directory named 0x01_emacs
Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

1. Opening
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

What is the command to open a file from within Emacs?
Write the answer into the file /root/0x01_emacs/opening.
You can validate if the format of your answer is correct by displaying the file information:

root@hex:~# ls -l /root/0x01_emacs/opening

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 9 Nov 11 04:34 /root/0x01_emacs/opening

root@hex:~#

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

2. Saving
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

What is the command to save a file?
Write the answer into the file /root/0x01_emacs/saving.
Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

3. Cutting
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

What is the command to cut an entire line?
Write the answer into the file /root/0x01_emacs/cutting.
Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

4. Pasting
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

What is the command to paste?
Write the answer into the file /root/0x01_emacs/pasting.
Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

5. Searching
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

What is the command to search forward?
Write the answer into the file /root/0x01_emacs/searching.
Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

6. Undoing
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

What is the command to undo?
Write the answer into the file /root/0x01_emacs/undoing.
Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

7. Quitting
mandatory
Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)
What is the command to quit Emacs?
Write the answer into the file /root/0x01_emacs/quitting.
[Optional] Vagrant
DevOpsVirtual machine

• By: Julien Barbier

• Weight: 1
• Project over - took place from Nov 28, 2022 6:00 AM to Dec 3, 2022 6:00 AM
• An auto review will be launched at the deadline

In a nutshell…

• Auto QA review: 1.0/1 mandatory & 10.0/10 optional

• Altogether: 200.0%
o Mandatory: 100.0%
o Optional: 100.0%
o Calculation: 100.0% + (100.0% * 100.0%) == 200.0%

Concepts
For this project, we expect you to look at this concept:

• Using Vagrant on your personal computer

Vagrant - or - how to code in your local

computer
Sandboxes are great, but you can also do your ALX assessments on your local computer -
having a virtual machine (VM) is the perfect tool for that.
Let’s dig into Vagrant today!
Also:

• This project is 100% optional

• This project can’t be done in Sandboxes - it can be done only in your local computer.

Resources
Read or watch:

• Virtual machine
• man uname

Learning Objectives
At the end of this project, you are expected to be able to explain to anyone, without the help of
Google:

General
 • What is a virtual machine
• What is Vagrant
• Who wrote Vagrant
• What is Ubuntu
• What does “Ubuntu” mean
• How to use VMs with Vagrant
• What does the command uname do

Copyright - Plagiarism
• You are tasked to come up with solutions for the tasks below yourself to meet with the
above learning objectives.
• You will not be able to meet the objectives of this or any following project by copying and
pasting someone else’s work.
• You are not allowed to publish any content of this project.
• Any form of plagiarism is strictly forbidden and will result in removal from the program.

Requirements
General
• A README.md file at the root of the repo, containing a description of the repository
• A README.md file, at the root of the folder of this project (i.e. 0x00-vagrant), describing
what this project is about

More Info
Install git
If git is not already installed on your terminal:

$ sudo apt-get update

$ sudo apt-get upgrade

$ sudo apt-get install git

Basic usage
At the end of this project you should be able to reproduce and understand these command lines:

$ git clone <repo>

$ touch test

$ git add test

$ git commit -m "Initial commit"

$ git push origin main

Warning
This project can’t be done in Sandboxes - it can be done only in your local computer. Please
refer to our concept pages for your operating system.

Quiz questions
Great! You've completed the quiz successfully! Keep going! (Show quiz)

Tasks
0. Create and setup your Git and GitHub account
#advanced

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

You will need Git for this project, you might have to install it on your computer if it’s not done yet.

• Configure your basic info (name, email) on your local machine – they will be part of your
commits. Tips

On GitHub.com:

• Using the graphic interface on the website, create the repository (if it’s not done yet)
o Description: This is my first repository as a full-stack engineer
o Public repo: zero_day
o No README, .gitignore, or license

On your computer, open a terminal and do the following:

• Navigate to your home directory. Tips

• Create a directory zero_day. Tips
• Navigate to this new directory. Tips
• Initialize git and add the remote origin
• Create a file README.md with Emacs (or other command line editors) and write a
small Markdown text to present this project. This file is mandatory in projects
• Add this new file to git, commit the change with this message “My first commit” and push
to the remote server / origin (Note: You will probably need to set your login/password to
push to the remote server)

Good job!
You pushed your first file in your first repository of the first task of your first School project.
Repo:

• GitHub repository: zero_day

• File: README.md

Done! Help Check your code QA Review

1. Hello Ubuntu
#advanced

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Inside the zero_day repo, create a new directory called 0x00-vagrant. Add a README.md file to
this directory.
ssh into your Ubuntu VM. What does the command uname print when you run it without any
option?
Type your answer into a file in the 0x00-vagrant directory and push it to GitHub. Name your file
accordingly as shown below.
Repo:

• GitHub repository: zero_day

• Directory: 0x00-vagrant
• File: 0-hello_ubuntu
0x02. vi
ShellEditor

• By: Julien Barbier

• Weight: 1
• Project over - took place from Nov 29, 2022 6:00 AM to Nov 30, 2022 6:00 AM
• An auto review will be launched at the deadline

In a nutshell…

• Auto QA review: 7.0/8 mandatory

• Altogether: 87.5%
o Mandatory: 87.5%
o Optional: no optional tasks

Another text editor

After Emacs, it’s time to play with Vi.

Resources
Read or watch:

• Basic vi Commands

Learning Objectives
At the end of this project, you are expected to be able to explain to anyone, without the help of
Google:

General
• What is vi
• Who is Bill Joy
• How to start and exit vi
• What are the command and insert modes, and how to switch from one to the other
• How to edit text
• How to cut and paste lines
• How to search forward and backward
• How to undo
• How to quit vi

Copyright - Plagiarism
• You are tasked to come up with solutions for the tasks below yourself to meet with the
above learning objectives.
 • You will not be able to meet the objectives of this or any following project by copying and
pasting someone else’s work.
• You are not allowed to publish any content of this project.
• Any form of plagiarism is strictly forbidden and will result in removal from the program.

Requirements
• All tasks must be done inside the sandbox Ubuntu 20.04
• Your sandbox must be available at the end of this project - the Checker will access to
it just after the deadline to run the correction!
• The answer of a task must be in a specific file
• Each answer file must contain only the command to execute in Emacs for solving the
task. Example: “What is the command to quit without saving changes?” -> the file should
contain only :q!

Quiz questions
Great! You've completed the quiz successfully! Keep going! (Show quiz)

Tasks
0. Create your answer directory
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Navigate to /root and create a directory named 0x02_vi
Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

1. Inserting
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

What is the command to insert text before the cursor?
Write the answer into the file /root/0x02_vi/inserting.
You can validate if the format of your answer is correct by displaying the file information:

root@hex:~# ls -l /root/0x02_vi/inserting

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2 Nov 11 04:34 /root/0x02_vi/inserting

root@hex:~#

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

2. Cutting
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

What is the command to delete and cut the current line?
Write the answer into the file /root/0x02_vi/cutting.
Tips:

• How to Copy, Cut and Paste

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

3. Pasting
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

What is the command to paste the lines in the buffer into the text after the current line?
Write the answer into the file /root/0x02_vi/pasting.
Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

4. Undoing
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

What is the command to undo what you just did?
Write the answer into the file /root/0x02_vi/undoing.
Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

5. Exiting
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

What is the command to quit vi even though latest changes have not been saved for this vi call?
Write the answer into the file /root/0x02_vi/exiting.
Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

6. Beginning of the line

mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

What is the command to move the cursor to the start of the current line?
Write the answer into the file /root/0x02_vi/beginning_of_the_line.
Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

7. End of the line

mandatory

Score: 0.0% (Checks completed: 0.0%)

What is the command to move the cursor to the end of the line?
Write the answer into the file /root/0x02_vi/end_of_the_line.
0x03. Git
GitCode versioningGithub

• By: Guillaume
• Weight: 1
• Project over - took place from Nov 29, 2022 6:00 AM to Nov 30, 2022 6:00 AM
• An auto review will be launched at the deadline

In a nutshell…

• Auto QA review: 26.0/26 mandatory & 9.25/11 optional

• Altogether: 184.09%
o Mandatory: 100.0%
o Optional: 84.09%
o Calculation: 100.0% + (100.0% * 84.09%) == 184.09%

Concepts
For this project, we expect you to look at these concepts:

• Right-engineering, right-documenting
• Source code management
• Git and Github cheat sheet - Everything in less than 30 seconds

Resources
Read or watch:

• Resources to learn Git

• About READMEs
• How to write a Git commit message

Resources for advanced tasks (Read only after finishing the mandatory tasks):

• Learning branching
• Effective pull requests and other good practices for teams using GitHub

Learning Objectives
At the end of this project, you are expected to be able to explain to anyone, without the help of
Google:

General
• What is source code management
• What is Git
• What is GitHub
• What is the difference between Git and GitHub
• How to create a repository
• What is a README
 • How to write good READMEs
• How to commit
• How to write helpful commit messages
• How to push code
• How to pull updates
• How to create a branch
• How to merge branches
• How to work as collaborators on a project
• Which files should and which files should not appear in your repo

Copyright - Plagiarism
• You are tasked to come up with solutions for the tasks below yourself to meet with the
above learning objectives.
• You will not be able to meet the objectives of this or any following project by copying and
pasting someone else’s work.
• You are not allowed to publish any content of this project.
• Any form of plagiarism is strictly forbidden and will result in removal from the program.

Requirements
General
• A README.md file at the root of the alx-zero_day repo, containing a description of the
repository
• A README.md file, at the root of the folder of this project (i.e. 0x03-git), describing what
this project is about
• Do not use GitHub’s web UI, but the command line to perform the exercise (except for
operations that can not possibly be done any other way than through the web UI). You
won’t be able to perform many of the task requirements on the web UI, and you should
start getting used to the command line for simple tasks because many complex tasks can
only be done via the command line.
• Your answer files should only contain the command, and nothing else

More Info
Basic usage
At the end of this project you should be able to reproduce and understand these command lines:

$ git clone <repo>

$ touch test

$ git add test

$ git commit -m "Initial commit"

$ git push origin main

Quiz questions
Great! You've completed the quiz successfully! Keep going! (Show quiz)

Tasks
0. Create and setup your Git and GitHub account
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Step 0 - Create an account on GitHub [if you do not have one already]
You will need a GitHub account for all your projects at ALX. If you do not already have a
github.com account, you can create an account for free here

Step 1 - Create a Personal Access Token on Github

To have access to your repositories and authenticate yourself, you need to create a Personal
Access Token on Github.
You can follow this tutorial to create a token.
Once it’s created, you should have a token that looks like this:

Step 2 - Update your profile on the Intranet

Update your Intranet profile by adding your Github username here
If it’s not done the Checker won’t be able to correct your work

Step 3 - Create your first repository

Using the graphic interface on the github website, create your first repository.

• Name: alx-zero_day
• Description: I'm now a ALX Student, this is my first repository as a full-
stack engineer
• Public repo
• No README, .gitignore, or license

Step 4 - Open the sandbox

On the intranet, just under the task, click on the button and run to start the machine.
Once the container is started, click on to open a shell where you can start work from.

Step 5 - Clone your repository

On the webterm of the sandbox, do the following:

• Clone your repository

root@896cf839cf9a:/# git clone https://{YOUR_PERSONAL_TOKEN}@github.com/{YO
UR_USERNAME}/alx-zero_day.git

Cloning into 'alx-zero_day'...

warning: You appear to have cloned an empty repository.

Replace {YOUR_PERSONAL_TOKEN} with your token from step 1

Replace {YOUR_USERNAME} with your username from step 0 and 1
Pro-Tip: On windows, use CTRL + A + V to paste in the web terminal

Step 6 - Create the README.md and push the modifications

• Navigate to this new directory. Tips

root@896cf839cf9a:/# cd alx-zero_day/

root@896cf839cf9a:/alx-zero_day#

• Create the file README.md with the content My first readme. Tips

root@896cf839cf9a:/alx-zero_day# echo 'My first readme' > README.md

root@896cf839cf9a:/alx-zero_day# cat README.md

My first readme

• Update your git identity

root@896cf839cf9a:/alx-pre_course# git config --global user.email "you@exam

ple.com"

root@896cf839cf9a:/alx-pre_course# git config --global user.name "Your Name

"

• Add this new file to git, commit the change with this message “My first commit” and push
to the remote server / origin

root@896cf839cf9a:/alx-zero_day# git add .

root@896cf839cf9a:/alx-zero_day# git commit -m 'My first commit'

[master (root-commit) 98eef93] My first commit

1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

create mode 100644 README.md

root@896cf839cf9a:/alx-zero_day# git push

Enumerating objects: 3, done.

Counting objects: 100% (3/3), done.

Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 212 bytes | 212.00 KiB/s, done.

Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)

To https://github.com/{YOUR_USERNAME}/alx-zero_day.git

* [new branch] master -> master

Good job!
You pushed your first file in your first repository of the first task of your first ALX School
project.
You can now check your repository on GitHub to see if everything is good.
Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-zero_day

• File: README.md

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

1. Repo-session
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Create a new directory called 0x03-git in your alx-zero_day repo.
Make sure you include a not empty README.md in your directory:

• at the root of your repository alx-zero_day

• AND in the directory 0x03-git

And important part: Make sure your commit and push your code to Github - otherwise the
Checker will always fail.
Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-zero_day

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

2. Coding fury road
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

For the moment we have an empty project directory containing only a README.md. It’s time to
code!

• Create these directories at the root of your project: bash, c, js

• Create these empty files:
o c/c_is_fun.c
o js/main.js
o js/index.js
• Create a file bash/alx with these two lines inside: #!/bin/bash and echo "ALX"
• Create a file bash/school with these two lines inside: #!/bin/bash and echo "School"
 • Add all these new files to git
• Commit your changes (message: “Starting to code today, so cool”) and push to the
remote server

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-zero_day

• Directory: 0x03-git
• File: bash/alx, bash/school, c/c_is_fun.c, js/main.js, js/index.js

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

3. Collaboration is the base of a company
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

A branch is like a copy of your project. It’s used mainly for:

• adding a feature in development

• collaborating on the same project with other developers
• not breaking your entire repository
• not upsetting your co-workers

The purpose of a branch is to isolate your work from the main code base of your project and/or
from your co-workers’ work.
For this project, create a branch update_script and in this branch:

• Create an empty file named bash/98

• Update bash/alx by replacing echo "ALX" with echo "ALX School"
• Update bash/school by replacing echo "School" with echo "The school is open!"
• Add and commit these changes (message: “My personal work”)
• Push this new branch Tips

Perfect! You did an amazing update in your project and it’s isolated correctly from
the main branch.
Ho wait, your manager needs a quick fix in your project and it needs to be deployed now:

• Change branch to main

• Update the file bash/alx by replacing echo "ALX" with echo "ALX School is so
cool!"
• Delete the directory js
• Commit your changes (message: “Hot fix”) and push to the origin

Ouf, hot fix is done!

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-zero_day

• Directory: 0x03-git
• File: bash/alx, bash/school, bash/98

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

4. Collaboration: be up to date
mandatory
Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)
Of course, you can also work on the same branch as your co-workers and it’s best if you keep up
to date with their changes.
For this task – and only for this task – please update your file README.md in the main branch
from GitHub.com. It’s the only time you are allowed to update and commit from GitHub interface.
After you have done that, in your terminal:

• Get all changes of the main branch locally (i.e. your README.md file will be updated)
• Create a new file up_to_date at the root of your directory and in it, write the git
command line used
• Add up_to_date to git, commit (message: “How to be up to date in git”), and push to the
origin

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-zero_day

• Directory: 0x03-git
• File: README.md, up_to_date

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

5. HAAA what did you do???
#advanced

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Collaboration is cool, but not really when you update the same file at the same time…
To illustrate that, please merge the branch update_script to main: “Cool, all my changes will be
now part of the main branch, ready to be deployed!”
HHHHHHHAAAAAAAA

CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in bash/alx

As you can see, you have conflicts between two branches on the same file.
Your goal now is to resolve conflicts by using the version of the branch update_script, and
push the result to the origin.
At the end, you should have all your work from the branch update_script (new file and two
updated files) and all latest main commits (new files, delete folder, etc.), without conflicts.
Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-zero_day

• Directory: 0x03-git

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

6. Never push too much
#advanced

Score: 65.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Create a .gitignore file and define a rule to never push ~ files (generated by Emacs). Tips
Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-zero_day

• Directory: 0x03-git
• File: .gitignore
0x00. C - Hello, World
man or help:

• gcc
• printf (3)
• puts
• putchar

Learning Objectives
At the end of this project, you are expected to be able to explain to anyone, without the help of
Google:

General
• Why C programming is awesome
• Who invented C
• Who are Dennis Ritchie, Brian Kernighan and Linus Torvalds
• What happens when you type gcc main.c
• What is an entry point
• What is main
• How to print text using printf, puts and putchar
• How to get the size of a specific type using the unary operator sizeof
• How to compile using gcc
• What is the default program name when compiling with gcc
• What is the official C coding style and how to check your code with betty-style
• How to find the right header to include in your source code when using a standard library
function
• How does the main function influence the return value of the program

Copyright - Plagiarism
• You are tasked to come up with solutions for the tasks below yourself to meet with the
above learning objectives.
• You will not be able to meet the objectives of this or any following project by copying and
pasting someone else’s work.
• You are not allowed to publish any content of this project.
• Any form of plagiarism is strictly forbidden and will result in removal from the program.

Requirements
C
• Allowed editors: vi, vim, emacs
• All your files will be compiled on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS using gcc, using the options -Wall -
Werror -Wextra -pedantic -std=gnu89
• All your files should end with a new line
• A README.md file at the root of the repo, containing a description of the repository
 • A README.md file, at the root of the folder of this project, containing a description of the
project
• There should be no errors and no warnings during compilation
• You are not allowed to use system
• Your code should use the Betty style. It will be checked using betty-style.pl and betty-
doc.pl

Shell Scripts
• Allowed editors: vi, vim, emacs
• All your scripts will be tested on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS
• All your scripts should be exactly two lines long ($ wc -l file should print 2)
• All your files should end with a new line
• The first line of all your files should be exactly #!/bin/bash

More Info
Betty linter
To run the Betty linter just with command betty <filename>:

• Go to the Betty repository

• Clone the repo to your local machine
• cd into the Betty directory
• Install the linter with sudo ./install.sh
• emacs or vi a new file called betty, and copy the script below:

#!/bin/bash

# Simply a wrapper script to keep you from having to use betty-style

# and betty-doc separately on every item.

# Originally by Tim Britton (@wintermanc3r), multiargument added by

# Larry Madeo (@hillmonkey)

BIN_PATH="/usr/local/bin"

BETTY_STYLE="betty-style"

BETTY_DOC="betty-doc"

if [ "$#" = "0" ]; then

echo "No arguments passed."

exit 1

fi
for argument in "$@" ; do

echo -e "\n========== $argument =========="

${BIN_PATH}/${BETTY_STYLE} "$argument"

${BIN_PATH}/${BETTY_DOC} "$argument"

done

• Once saved, exit file and change permissions to apply to all users with chmod a+x betty
• Move the betty file into /bin/ directory or somewhere else in your $PATH with sudo mv
betty /bin/

You can now type betty <filename> to run the Betty linter!

Quiz questions
Great! You've completed the quiz successfully! Keep going! (Show quiz)

Tasks
0. Preprocessor
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a script that runs a C file through the preprocessor and save the result into another file.

• The C file name will be saved in the variable $CFILE

• The output should be saved in the file c

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$ cat main.c

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - Entry point

* Return: Always 0 (Success)

*/

int main(void)

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$ export CFILE=main.c

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$ ./0-preprocessor

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$ tail c
# 942 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

# 2 "main.c" 2

# 3 "main.c"

int main(void)

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x00-hello_world
• File: 0-preprocessor

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

1. Compiler
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a script that compiles a C file but does not link.

• The C file name will be saved in the variable $CFILE

• The output file should be named the same as the C file, but with the extension .o instead
of .c.
o Example: if the C file is main.c, the output file should be main.o

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$ export CFILE=main.c

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$ cat main.c

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - Entry point

* Return: Always 0 (Success)

*/

int main(void)
{

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$ ./1-compiler

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$ ls

0-preprocessor 1-compiler c main.o

Makefile 100-intel main.c main.s

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$ cat -v main.o | head

^?ELF^B^A^A^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^A^@>^@^A^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^
@^P^B^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@@^@^@^@^@^@@^@^K^@^H^@UHM-^IM-eM-8^@^@^@^@]M-C^@GC
C: (Ubuntu 5.4.0-6ubuntu1~16.04.2) 5.4.0 20160609^@^T^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^AzR^@^A
x^P^A^[^L^G^HM-^P^A^@^@^\^@^@^@^\^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^K^@^@^@^@A^N^PM-^F^BC^M^FF^
L^G^H^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^A^@^@^@^D^@M-qM
-^?^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^C^@^A^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@
^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^C^@^B^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^C^@^C^@^@^
@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^C^@^E^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@
^@^@^@^@^@^C^@^F^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^C^@^D^@^@^@^@^@^
@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^H^@^@^@^R^@^A^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^K^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@ma
in.c^@main^@^@^@^@ ^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^B^@^@^@^B^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@.symtab^
@.strtab^@.shstrtab^@.text^@.data^@.bss^@.comment^@.note.GNU-stack^@.rela.e
h_frame^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@
^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^[^@^
@^@^A^@^@^@^F^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^K^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^
@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^A^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@!^@^@^@^A^@^@^@^C^@^@^@^@^@^
@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@K^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^A^@^@^@^
@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@'^@^@^@^H^@^@^@^C^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@K^@^@
^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^A^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@,
^@^@^@^A^@^@^@0^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@K^@^@^@^@^@^@^@5^@^@^@^@^@^@^@
^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^A^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^A^@^@^@^@^@^@^@5^@^@^@^A^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@
^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@M-^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^A^@^
@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@J^@^@^@^A^@^@^@^B^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@M
-^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@8^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^H^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^
@^@^@E^@^@^@^D^@^@^@@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@M- ^A^@^@^@^@^@^@^X^@^@^
@^@^@^@^@ ^@^@^@^F^@^@^@^H^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^X^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^Q^@^@^@^C^@^@^@
^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@M-8^A^@^@^@^@^@^@T^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^
@^@^@^A^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^A^@^@^@^B^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@
^@^@^@^@^@M-8^@^@^@^@^@^@^@M-X^@^@^@^@^@^@^@

^@^@^@^H^@^@^@^H^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^X^@^@^@^@^@^@^@ ^@^@^@^C^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^
@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@M-^P^A^@^@^@^@^@^@^M^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^A^@^@
^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x00-hello_world
• File: 1-compiler
Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

2. Assembler
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a script that generates the assembly code of a C code and save it in an output file.

• The C file name will be saved in the variable $CFILE

• The output file should be named the same as the C file, but with the extension .s instead
of .c.
o Example: if the C file is main.c, the output file should be main.s

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$ export CFILE=main.c

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$ cat main.c

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - Entry point

* Return: Always 0 (Success)

*/

int main(void)

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$ ./2-assembler

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$ ls

0-preprocessor 1-compiler 2-assembler c main.c main.s Makefile

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$ cat main.s

.file "main.c"

.text

.globl main

.type main, @function

main:

.LFB0:

.cfi_startproc

pushq %rbp
 .cfi_def_cfa_offset 16

.cfi_offset 6, -16

movq %rsp, %rbp

.cfi_def_cfa_register 6

movl $0, %eax

popq %rbp

.cfi_def_cfa 7, 8

ret

.cfi_endproc

.LFE0:

.size main, .-main

.ident "GCC: (Ubuntu 5.4.0-6ubuntu1~16.04.2) 5.4.0 20160609"

.section .note.GNU-stack,"",@progbits

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x00-hello_world
• File: 2-assembler

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

3. Name
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a script that compiles a C file and creates an executable named cisfun.

• The C file name will be saved in the variable $CFILE

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$ export CFILE=main.c

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$ cat main.c

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - Entry point

* Return: Always 0 (Success)

*/
int main(void)

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$ ./3-name

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$ ls

0-preprocessor 1-compiler 3-name cisfun main.o Makefile

100-intel 2-assembler c main.c main.s

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x00-hello_world
• File: 3-name

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

4. Hello, puts
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a C program that prints exactly "Programming is like building a multilingual
puzzle, followed by a new line.

• Use the function puts

• You are not allowed to use printf
• Your program should end with the value 0

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$ gcc -Wall -Werror -Wextra -pedantic -std=gnu89 4-pu

ts.c && ./a.out

"Programming is like building a multilingual puzzle

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$ echo $?

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x00-hello_world
• File: 4-puts.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

5. Hello, printf
mandatory
Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)
Write a C program that prints exactly with proper grammar, but the outcome is a piece
of art,, followed by a new line.

• Use the function printf

• You are not allowed to use the function puts
• Your program should return 0
• Your program should compile without warning when using the -Wall gcc option

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$ gcc -Wall -Werror -Wextra -pedantic -std=gnu89 5-pr

intf.c

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$ ./a.out

with proper grammar, but the outcome is a piece of art,

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$ echo $?

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x00-hello_world
• File: 5-printf.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

6. Size is not grandeur, and territory does not make a nation

mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a C program that prints the size of various types on the computer it is compiled and run on.

• You should produce the exact same output as in the example

• Warnings are allowed
• Your program should return 0
• You might have to install the package libc6-dev-i386 on your Linux to test the -
m32 gcc option

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$ gcc 6-size.c -m32 -o size32 2> /tmp/32

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$ gcc 6-size.c -m64 -o size64 2> /tmp/64

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$ ./size32

Size of a char: 1 byte(s)

Size of an int: 4 byte(s)

Size of a long int: 4 byte(s)

Size of a long long int: 8 byte(s)

Size of a float: 4 byte(s)

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$ ./size64

Size of a char: 1 byte(s)

Size of an int: 4 byte(s)

Size of a long int: 8 byte(s)

Size of a long long int: 8 byte(s)

Size of a float: 4 byte(s)

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$ echo $?

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x00-hello_world
• File: 6-size.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

7. Intel
#advanced

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a script that generates the assembly code (Intel syntax) of a C code and save it in an
output file.

• The C file name will be saved in the variable $CFILE.

• The output file should be named the same as the C file, but with the extension .s instead
of .c.
o Example: if the C file is main.c, the output file should be main.s

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$ export CFILE=main.c

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$ cat main.c

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - Entry point

* Return: Always 0 (Success)

*/

int main(void)
{

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$ ./100-intel

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$ cat main.s

.file "main.c"

.intel_syntax noprefix

.text

.globl main

.type main, @function

main:

.LFB0:

.cfi_startproc

push rbp

.cfi_def_cfa_offset 16

.cfi_offset 6, -16

mov rbp, rsp

.cfi_def_cfa_register 6

mov eax, 0

pop rbp

.cfi_def_cfa 7, 8

ret

.cfi_endproc

.LFE0:

.size main, .-main

.ident "GCC: (Ubuntu 5.4.0-6ubuntu1~16.04.2) 5.4.0 20160609"

.section .note.GNU-stack,"",@progbits

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x00-hello_world
• File: 100-intel

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

8. UNIX is basically a simple operating system, but you have to be a genius to
understand the simplicity
#advanced

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a C program that prints exactly and that piece of art is useful" - Dora Korpar,
2015-10-19, followed by a new line, to the standard error.

• You are not allowed to use any functions listed in the NAME section of the man
(3) printf or man (3) puts
• Your program should return 1
• Your program should compile without any warnings when using the -Wall gcc option

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$ gcc -Wall -Werror -Wextra -pedantic -std=gnu89 -o q

uote 101-quote.c

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$ ./quote

and that piece of art is useful" - Dora Korpar, 2015-10-19

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$ echo $?

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$ ./quote 2> q

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$ cat q

and that piece of art is useful" - Dora Korpar, 2015-10-19

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$ grep printf < 101-quote.c

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$ grep put < 101-quote.c

julien@ubuntu:~/c/0x00$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x00-hello_world
• File: 101-quote.c
0x01. C - Variables, if, else, while
man or help:

• ascii (You do not need to learn

about scanf, getc, getchar, EOF, EXIT_SUCCESS, time, rand, srand, RAND_MAX, for loo
ps, do...while loops, functions.)

Learning Objectives
At the end of this project, you are expected to be able to explain to anyone, without the help of
Google:

General
• What are the arithmetic operators and how to use them
• What are the logical operators (sometimes called boolean operators) and how to use
them
• What the the relational operators and how to use them
• What values are considered TRUE and FALSE in C
• What are the boolean operators and how to use them
• How to use the if, if ... else statements
• How to use comments
• How to declare variables of types char, int, unsigned int
• How to assign values to variables
• How to print the values of variables of type char, int, unsigned int with printf
• How to use the while loop
• How to use variables with the while loop
• How to print variables using printf
• What is the ASCII character set
• What are the purpose of the gcc flags -m32 and -m64

Copyright - Plagiarism
• You are tasked to come up with solutions for the tasks below yourself to meet with the
above learning objectives.
• You will not be able to meet the objectives of this or any following project by copying and
pasting someone else’s work.
• You are not allowed to publish any content of this project.
• Any form of plagiarism is strictly forbidden and will result in removal from the program.

Requirements
General
• Allowed editors: vi, vim, emacs
• All your files will be compiled on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS using gcc, using the options -Wall -
Werror -Wextra -pedantic -std=gnu89
• All your files should end with a new line
 • A README.md file, at the root of the folder of the project
• There should be no errors and no warnings during compilation
• You are not allowed to use system
• Your code should use the Betty style. It will be checked using betty-style.pl and betty-
doc.pl

Quiz questions
Great! You've completed the quiz successfully! Keep going! (Show quiz)

Tasks
0. Positive anything is better than negative nothing
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

This program will assign a random number to the variable n each time it is executed. Complete
the source code in order to print whether the number stored in the variable n is positive or
negative.

• You can find the source code here

• The variable n will store a different value every time you will run this program
• You don’t have to understand what rand, srand, RAND_MAX do. Please do not touch this
code
• The output of the program should be:
o The number, followed by
▪ if the number is greater than 0: is positive
▪ if the number is 0: is zero
▪ if the number is less than 0: is negative
o followed by a new line

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 0-posi

tive_or_negative.c -o 0-positive_or_negative

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ ./0-positive_or_negative

-520693284 is negative

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ ./0-positive_or_negative

-973398895 is negative

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ ./0-positive_or_negative

-199220452 is negative

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ ./0-positive_or_negative

561319348 is positive

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ ./0-positive_or_negative

561319348 is positive

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ ./0-positive_or_negative

266853958 is positive
julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ ./0-positive_or_negative

-48147767 is negative

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ ./0-positive_or_negative

0 is zero

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x01-variables_if_else_while
• File: 0-positive_or_negative.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

1. The last digit
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

This program will assign a random number to the variable n each time it is executed. Complete
the source code in order to print the last digit of the number stored in the variable n.

• You can find the source code here

• The variable n will store a different value every time you run this program
• You don’t have to understand what rand, srand, and RAND_MAX do. Please do not touch
this code
• The output of the program should be:
o The string Last digit of, followed by
o n, followed by
o the string is, followed by
▪ if the last digit of n is greater than 5: the string and is greater than 5
▪ if the last digit of n is 0: the string and is 0
▪ if the last digit of n is less than 6 and not 0: the string and is less than
6 and not 0
o followed by a new line

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 1-last

_digit.c -o 1-last_digit

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ ./1-last_digit

Last digit of 629438752 is 2 and is less than 6 and not 0

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ ./1-last_digit

Last digit of -748255693 is -3 and is less than 6 and not 0

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ ./1-last_digit

Last digit of -1052791662 is -2 and is less than 6 and not 0

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ ./1-last_digit

Last digit of -284805734 is -4 and is less than 6 and not 0

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ ./1-last_digit

Last digit of -284805734 is -4 and is less than 6 and not 0

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ ./1-last_digit

Last digit of 491506926 is 6 and is greater than 5

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ ./1-last_digit

Last digit of 954249937 is 7 and is greater than 5

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ ./1-last_digit

Last digit of 652334952 is 2 and is less than 6 and not 0

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ ./1-last_digit

Last digit of -729688197 is -7 and is less than 6 and not 0

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ ./1-last_digit

Last digit of -729688197 is -7 and is less than 6 and not 0

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ ./1-last_digit

Last digit of 45528266 is 6 and is greater than 5

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ ./1-last_digit

Last digit of 45528266 is 6 and is greater than 5

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ ./1-last_digit

Last digit of 809065140 is 0 and is 0

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x01-variables_if_else_while
• File: 1-last_digit.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

2. I sometimes suffer from insomnia. And when I can't fall asleep, I play what I call the
alphabet game
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a program that prints the alphabet in lowercase, followed by a new line.

• You can only use the putchar function (every other function (printf, puts, etc…) is
forbidden)
• All your code should be in the main function
• You can only use putchar twice in your code

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 2-prin

t_alphabet.c -o 2-print_alphabet
julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ ./2-print_alphabet

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x01-variables_if_else_while
• File: 2-print_alphabet.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

3. alphABET
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a program that prints the alphabet in lowercase, and then in uppercase, followed by a new
line.

• You can only use the putchar function (every other function (printf, puts, etc…) is
forbidden)
• All your code should be in the main function
• You can only use putchar three times in your code

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 3-prin

t_alphabets.c -o 3-print_alphabets

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ ./3-print_alphabets | cat -e

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ$

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x01-variables_if_else_while
• File: 3-print_alphabets.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

4. When I was having that alphabet soup, I never thought that it would pay off
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a program that prints the alphabet in lowercase, followed by a new line.

• Print all the letters except q and e

• You can only use the putchar function (every other function (printf, puts, etc…) is
forbidden)
• All your code should be in the main function
• You can only use putchar twice in your code
julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 4-prin
t_alphabt.c -o 4-print_alphabt

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ ./4-print_alphabt

abcdfghijklmnoprstuvwxyz

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ ./4-print_alphabt | grep [eq]

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x01-variables_if_else_while
• File: 4-print_alphabt.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

5. Numbers
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a program that prints all single digit numbers of base 10 starting from 0, followed by a new
line.

• All your code should be in the main function

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 5-prin

t_numbers.c -o 5-print_numbers

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ ./5-print_numbers

0123456789

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x01-variables_if_else_while
• File: 5-print_numbers.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

6. Numberz
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a program that prints all single digit numbers of base 10 starting from 0, followed by a new
line.

• You are not allowed to use any variable of type char

• You can only use the putchar function (every other function (printf, puts, etc…) is
forbidden)
 • You can only use putchar twice in your code
• All your code should be in the main function

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 6-prin

t_numberz.c -o 6-print_numberz

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ ./6-print_numberz

0123456789

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x01-variables_if_else_while
• File: 6-print_numberz.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

7. Smile in the mirror
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a program that prints the lowercase alphabet in reverse, followed by a new line.

• You can only use the putchar function (every other function (printf, puts, etc…) is
forbidden)
• All your code should be in the main function
• You can only use putchar twice in your code

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 7-prin

t_tebahpla.c -o 7-print_tebahpla

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ ./7-print_tebahpla

zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcba

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x01-variables_if_else_while
• File: 7-print_tebahpla.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

8. Hexadecimal
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a program that prints all the numbers of base 16 in lowercase, followed by a new line.
 • You can only use the putchar function (every other function (printf, puts, etc…) is
forbidden)
• All your code should be in the main function
• You can only use putchar three times in your code

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 8-prin

t_base16.c -o 8-print_base16

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ ./8-print_base16

0123456789abcdef

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x01-variables_if_else_while
• File: 8-print_base16.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

9. Patience, persistence and perspiration make an unbeatable combination for success
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a program that prints all possible combinations of single-digit numbers.

• Numbers must be separated by ,, followed by a space

• Numbers should be printed in ascending order
• You can only use the putchar function (every other function (printf, puts, etc…) is
forbidden)
• All your code should be in the main function
• You can only use putchar four times maximum in your code
• You are not allowed to use any variable of type char

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 9-prin

t_comb.c -o 9-print_comb

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ ./9-print_comb | cat -e

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9$

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x01-variables_if_else_while
• File: 9-print_comb.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

10. Inventing is a combination of brains and materials. The more brains you use, the less
material you need
#advanced

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a program that prints all possible different combinations of two digits.

• Numbers must be separated by ,, followed by a space

• The two digits must be different
• 01 and 10 are considered the same combination of the two digits 0 and 1
• Print only the smallest combination of two digits
• Numbers should be printed in ascending order, with two digits
• You can only use the putchar function (every other function (printf, puts, etc…) is
forbidden)
• You can only use putchar five times maximum in your code
• You are not allowed to use any variable of type char
• All your code should be in the main function

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 100-pr

int_comb3.c -o 100-print_comb3

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ ./100-print_comb3

01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 23, 24,
25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 56, 57, 58,
59, 67, 68, 69, 78, 79, 89

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x01-variables_if_else_while
• File: 100-print_comb3.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

11. The success combination in business is: Do what you do better... and: do more of
what you do...
#advanced

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a program that prints all possible different combinations of three digits.

• Numbers must be separated by ,, followed by a space

• The three digits must be different
• 012, 120, 102, 021, 201, 210 are considered the same combination of the three
digits 0, 1 and 2
• Print only the smallest combination of three digits
• Numbers should be printed in ascending order, with three digits
• You can only use the putchar function (every other function (printf, puts, etc…) is
forbidden)
• You can only use putchar six times maximum in your code
• You are not allowed to use any variable of type char
• All your code should be in the main function
julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 101-pr
int_comb4.c -o 101-print_comb4

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ ./101-print_comb4

012, 013, 014, 015, 016, 017, 018, 019, 023, 024, 025, 026, 027, 028, 029,
034, 035, 036, 037, 038, 039, 045, 046, 047, 048, 049, 056, 057, 058, 059,
067, 068, 069, 078, 079, 089, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 134, 135,
136, 137, 138, 139, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 156, 157, 158, 159, 167, 168,
169, 178, 179, 189, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249,
256, 257, 258, 259, 267, 268, 269, 278, 279, 289, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349,
356, 357, 358, 359, 367, 368, 369, 378, 379, 389, 456, 457, 458, 459, 467,
468, 469, 478, 479, 489, 567, 568, 569, 578, 579, 589, 678, 679, 689, 789

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x01-variables_if_else_while
• File: 101-print_comb4.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

12. Software is eating the World
#advanced

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a program that prints all possible combinations of two two-digit numbers.

• The numbers should range from 0 to 99

• The two numbers should be separated by a space
• All numbers should be printed with two digits. 1 should be printed as 01
• The combination of numbers must be separated by comma, followed by a space
• The combinations of numbers should be printed in ascending order
• 00 01 and 01 00 are considered as the same combination of the numbers 0 and 1
• You can only use the putchar function (every other function (printf, puts, etc…) is
forbidden)
• You can only use putchar eight times maximum in your code
• You are not allowed to use any variable of type char
• All your code should be in the main function

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 102-pr

int_comb5.c -o 102-print_comb5

julien@ubuntu:~/0x01$ ./102-print_comb5

00 01, 00 02, 00 03, 00 04, 00 05, 00 06, 00 07, 00 08, 00 09, 00 10, 00 11
, [...] 40 91, 40 92, 40 93, 40 94, 40 95, 40 96, 40 97, 40 98, 40 99, 41 4
2, 41 43, 41 44, 41 45, 41 46, 41 47, 41 48, 41 49, 41 50, 41 51, 41 52, 41
53 [...] 93 95, 93 96, 93 97, 93 98, 93 99, 94 95, 94 96, 94 97, 94 98, 94
99, 95 96, 95 97, 95 98, 95 99, 96 97, 96 98, 96 99, 97 98, 97 99, 98 99

Repo:
• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming
• Directory: 0x01-variables_if_else_while
• File: 102-print_comb5.c
0x02. C - Functions, nested loops
C

• By: Julien Barbier

• Weight: 1
• Project over - took place from Dec 13, 2022 6:00 AM to Dec 14, 2022 6:00 AM
• An auto review will be launched at the deadline

In a nutshell…

• Auto QA review: 106.0/106 mandatory & 36.0/36 optional

• Altogether: 200.0%
o Mandatory: 100.0%
o Optional: 100.0%
o Calculation: 100.0% + (100.0% * 100.0%) == 200.0%

Resources
Read or watch:

• Nested while loops

• C - Functions
• Learning to Program in C (Part 06) (stop at 14:00)
• What is the purpose of a function prototype?
• C - Header Files (stop before the “Once-Only Headers” paragraph)

Learning Objectives
At the end of this project, you are expected to be able to explain to anyone, without the help of
Google:

General
• What are nested loops and how to use them
• What is a function and how do you use functions
• What is the difference between a declaration and a definition of a function
• What is a prototype
• Scope of variables
• What are the gcc flags -Wall -Werror -pedantic -Wextra -std=gnu89
• What are header files and how to to use them with #include

Requirements
General
• Allowed editors: vi, vim, emacs
 • All your files will be compiled on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS using gcc, using the options -Wall -
Werror -Wextra -pedantic -std=gnu89
• All your files should end with a new line
• A README.md file, at the root of the folder of the project is mandatory
• Your code should use the Betty style. It will be checked using betty-style.pl and betty-
doc.pl
• You are not allowed to use global variables
• No more than 5 functions per file
• You are not allowed to use the standard library. Any use of functions like printf, puts,
etc… is forbidden
• You are allowed to use _putchar
• You don’t have to push _putchar.c, we will use our file. If you do it won’t be taken into
account
• In the following examples, the main.c files are shown as examples. You can use them to
test your functions, but you don’t have to push them to your repo (if you do we won’t take
them into account). We will use our own main.c files at compilation. Our main.c files
might be different from the one shown in the examples
• The prototypes of all your functions and the prototype of the function _putchar should be
included in your header file called main.h
• Don’t forget to push your header file

Copyright - Plagiarism
• You are tasked to come up with solutions for the tasks below yourself to meet with the
above learning objectives.
• You will not be able to meet the objectives of this or any following project by copying and
pasting someone else’s work.
• You are not allowed to publish any content of this project.
• Any form of plagiarism is strictly forbidden and will result in removal from the program.

More Info
You do not have to understand the call by reference (address), stack, static variables, recursions
or arrays, yet.

Quiz questions
Great! You've completed the quiz successfully! Keep going! (Show quiz)

Tasks
0. _putchar
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a program that prints _putchar, followed by a new line.

• The program should return 0

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 _putc

har.c 0-putchar.c -o 0-putchar

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$ ./0-putchar
_putchar

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x02-functions_nested_loops
• File: 0-putchar.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

1. I sometimes suffer from insomnia. And when I can't fall asleep, I play what I call the
alphabet game
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that prints the alphabet, in lowercase, followed by a new line.

• Prototype: void print_alphabet(void);

• You can only use _putchar twice in your code

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$ cat 1-main.c

#include "main.h"

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

print_alphabet();

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 _putch

ar.c 1-main.c 1-alphabet.c -o 1-alphabet

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$ ./1-alphabet

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$

Repo:
 • GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming
• Directory: 0x02-functions_nested_loops
• File: 1-alphabet.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

2. 10 x alphabet
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that prints 10 times the alphabet, in lowercase, followed by a new line.

• Prototype: void print_alphabet_x10(void);

• You can only use _putchar twice in your code

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$ cat 2-main.c

#include "main.h"

/**

* main - check the code.

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

print_alphabet_x10();

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 _putch

ar.c 2-main.c 2-print_alphabet_x10.c -o 2-alphabet_x10

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$ ./2-alphabet_x10

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x02-functions_nested_loops
• File: 2-print_alphabet_x10.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

3. islower
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that checks for lowercase character.

• Prototype: int _islower(int c);

• Returns 1 if c is lowercase
• Returns 0 otherwise

FYI: The standard library provides a similar function: islower. Run man islower to learn more.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$ cat 3-main.c

#include "main.h"

/**

* main - check the code.

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

int r;

r = _islower('H');

_putchar(r + '0');

r = _islower('o');

_putchar(r + '0');

r = _islower(108);

_putchar(r + '0');
 _putchar('\n');

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 _putch

ar.c 3-main.c 3-islower.c -o 3-islower

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$ ./3-islower

011

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x02-functions_nested_loops
• File: 3-islower.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

4. isalpha
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that checks for alphabetic character.

• Prototype: int _isalpha(int c);

• Returns 1 if c is a letter, lowercase or uppercase
• Returns 0 otherwise

FYI: The standard library provides a similar function: isalpha. Run man isalpha to learn more.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$ cat 4-main.c

#include "main.h"

/**

* main - check the code.

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

int r;

r = _isalpha('H');
 _putchar(r + '0');

r = _isalpha('o');

_putchar(r + '0');

r = _isalpha(108);

_putchar(r + '0');

r = _isalpha(';');

_putchar(r + '0');

_putchar('\n');

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 _putch

ar.c 4-main.c 4-isalpha.c -o 4-isalpha

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$ ./4-isalpha

1110

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x02-functions_nested_loops
• File: 4-isalpha.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

5. Sign
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that prints the sign of a number.

• Prototype: int print_sign(int n);

• Returns 1 and prints + if n is greater than zero
• Returns 0 and prints 0 if n is zero
• Returns -1 and prints - if n is less than zero

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$ cat 5-main.c

#include "main.h"

/**

* main - check the code.

*
 * Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

int r;

r = print_sign(98);

_putchar(',');

_putchar(' ');

_putchar(r + '0');

_putchar('\n');

r = print_sign(0);

_putchar(',');

_putchar(' ');

_putchar(r + '0');

_putchar('\n');

r = print_sign(0xff);

_putchar(',');

_putchar(' ');

_putchar(r + '0');

_putchar('\n');

r = print_sign(-1);

_putchar(',');

_putchar(' ');

_putchar(r + '0');

_putchar('\n');

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 _putch

ar.c 5-main.c 5-sign.c -o 5-sign

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$ ./5-sign

+, 1

0, 0

+, 1
-, /

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x02-functions_nested_loops
• File: 5-sign.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

6. There is no such thing as absolute value in this world. You can only estimate what a
thing is worth to you
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that computes the absolute value of an integer.

• Prototype: int _abs(int);

FYI: The standard library provides a similar function: abs. Run man abs to learn more.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$ cat 6-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

int r;

r = _abs(-1);

printf("%d\n", r);

r = _abs(0);

printf("%d\n", r);

r = _abs(1);

printf("%d\n", r);
 r = _abs(-98);

printf("%d\n", r);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 _putch

ar.c 6-main.c 6-abs.c -o 6-abs

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$ ./6-abs

98

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x02-functions_nested_loops
• File: 6-abs.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

7. There are only 3 colors, 10 digits, and 7 notes; it's what we do with them that's
important
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that prints the last digit of a number.

• Prototype: int print_last_digit(int);

• Returns the value of the last digit

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$ cat 7-main.c

#include "main.h"

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

{
 int r;

print_last_digit(98);

print_last_digit(0);

r = print_last_digit(-1024);

_putchar('0' + r);

_putchar('\n');

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 _putch

ar.c 7-main.c 7-print_last_digit.c -o 7-last_digit

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$ ./7-last_digit

8044

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x02-functions_nested_loops
• File: 7-print_last_digit.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

8. I'm federal agent Jack Bauer, and today is the longest day of my life
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that prints every minute of the day of Jack Bauer, starting from 00:00 to 23:59.

• Prototype: void jack_bauer(void);

• You can listen to this soundtrack while coding :)

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$ cat 8-main.c

#include "main.h"

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/
int main(void)

jack_bauer();

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 _putch

ar.c 8-main.c 8-24_hours.c -o 8-24

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$ ./8-24 | head

00:00

00:01

00:02

00:03

00:04

00:05

00:06

00:07

00:08

00:09

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$ ./8-24 | tail

23:50

23:51

23:52

23:53

23:54

23:55

23:56

23:57

23:58

23:59

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$ ./8-24 | wc -l

1440

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$

Repo:
 • GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming
• Directory: 0x02-functions_nested_loops
• File: 8-24_hours.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

9. Learn your times table
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that prints the 9 times table, starting with 0.

• Prototype: void times_table(void);

• Format: see example

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$ cat 9-main.c

#include "main.h"

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

times_table();

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 _putch

ar.c 9-main.c 9-times_table.c -o 9-times_table

ulien@ubuntu:~/0x02$ ./9-times_table | cat -e

0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0$

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9$

0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18$

0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27$

0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36$

0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45$

0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54$

0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63$

0, 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72$

0, 9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 63, 72, 81$

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$ ./9-times_table | tr ' ' . | cat -e

0,..0,..0,..0,..0,..0,..0,..0,..0,..0$

0,..1,..2,..3,..4,..5,..6,..7,..8,..9$

0,..2,..4,..6,..8,.10,.12,.14,.16,.18$

0,..3,..6,..9,.12,.15,.18,.21,.24,.27$

0,..4,..8,.12,.16,.20,.24,.28,.32,.36$

0,..5,.10,.15,.20,.25,.30,.35,.40,.45$

0,..6,.12,.18,.24,.30,.36,.42,.48,.54$

0,..7,.14,.21,.28,.35,.42,.49,.56,.63$

0,..8,.16,.24,.32,.40,.48,.56,.64,.72$

0,..9,.18,.27,.36,.45,.54,.63,.72,.81$

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x02-functions_nested_loops
• File: 9-times_table.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

10. a + b
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that adds two integers and returns the result.

• Prototype: int add(int, int);

julien@ubuntu:~/$ cat 10-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/
int main(void)

int n;

n = add(89, 9);

printf("%d\n", n);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 _putch

ar.c 10-main.c 10-add.c -o 10-add

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$ ./10-add

98

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x02-functions_nested_loops
• File: 10-add.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

11. 98 Battery Street, the OG
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that prints all natural numbers from n to 98, followed by a new line.

• Prototype: void print_to_98(int n);

• Numbers must be separated by a comma, followed by a space
• Numbers should be printed in order
• The first printed number should be the number passed to your function
• The last printed number should be 98
• You are allowed to use the standard library

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$ cat 11-main.c

#include "main.h"

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.
 */

int main(void)

print_to_98(0);

print_to_98(98);

print_to_98(111);

print_to_98(81);

print_to_98(-10);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 _putch

ar.c 11-main.c 11-print_to_98.c -o 11-98

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$ ./11-98

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 2
1, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39,
40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58,
59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77,
78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96,
97, 98

98

111, 110, 109, 108, 107, 106, 105, 104, 103, 102, 101, 100, 99, 98

81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98

-10, -9, -8, -7, -6, -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,
30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48,
49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67,
68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86,
87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x02-functions_nested_loops
• File: 11-print_to_98.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

12. The World looks like a multiplication-table, or a mathematical equation, which, turn
it how you will, balances itself
#advanced

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that prints the n times table, starting with 0.

• Prototype: void print_times_table(int n);

• If n is greater than 15 or less than 0 the function should not print anything
• Format: see example

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$ cat 100-main.c

#include "main.h"

/**

* main - check the code.

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

print_times_table(3);

_putchar('\n');

print_times_table(5);

_putchar('\n');

print_times_table(98);

_putchar('\n');

print_times_table(12);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 _putch

ar.c 100-main.c 100-times_table.c -o 100-times_table

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$ ./100-times_table

0, 0, 0, 0

0, 1, 2, 3

0, 2, 4, 6

0, 3, 6, 9

0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15

0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20

0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25

0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12

0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24

0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36

0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48

0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60

0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, 60, 66, 72

0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63, 70, 77, 84

0, 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72, 80, 88, 96

0, 9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 63, 72, 81, 90, 99, 108

0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120

0, 11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66, 77, 88, 99, 110, 121, 132

0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120, 132, 144

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$ ./100-times_table | tr ' ' . | cat -e

0,...0,...0,...0$

0,...1,...2,...3$

0,...2,...4,...6$

0,...3,...6,...9$

0,...0,...0,...0,...0,...0$

0,...1,...2,...3,...4,...5$

0,...2,...4,...6,...8,..10$

0,...3,...6,...9,..12,..15$

0,...4,...8,..12,..16,..20$

0,...5,..10,..15,..20,..25$

0,...0,...0,...0,...0,...0,...0,...0,...0,...0,...0,...0,...0$
0,...1,...2,...3,...4,...5,...6,...7,...8,...9,..10,..11,..12$

0,...2,...4,...6,...8,..10,..12,..14,..16,..18,..20,..22,..24$

0,...3,...6,...9,..12,..15,..18,..21,..24,..27,..30,..33,..36$

0,...4,...8,..12,..16,..20,..24,..28,..32,..36,..40,..44,..48$

0,...5,..10,..15,..20,..25,..30,..35,..40,..45,..50,..55,..60$

0,...6,..12,..18,..24,..30,..36,..42,..48,..54,..60,..66,..72$

0,...7,..14,..21,..28,..35,..42,..49,..56,..63,..70,..77,..84$

0,...8,..16,..24,..32,..40,..48,..56,..64,..72,..80,..88,..96$

0,...9,..18,..27,..36,..45,..54,..63,..72,..81,..90,..99,.108$

0,..10,..20,..30,..40,..50,..60,..70,..80,..90,.100,.110,.120$

0,..11,..22,..33,..44,..55,..66,..77,..88,..99,.110,.121,.132$

0,..12,..24,..36,..48,..60,..72,..84,..96,.108,.120,.132,.144$

julien@ubuntu:~/0x02$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x02-functions_nested_loops
• File: 100-times_table.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

13. Nature made the natural numbers; All else is the work of women
#advanced

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

If we list all the natural numbers below 10 that are multiples of 3 or 5, we get 3, 5, 6 and 9. The
sum of these multiples is 23. Write a program that computes and prints the sum of all the
multiples of 3 or 5 below 1024 (excluded), followed by a new line.

• You are allowed to use the standard library

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x02-functions_nested_loops
• File: 101-natural.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

14. In computer class, the first assignment was to write a program to print the first 100
Fibonacci numbers. Instead, I wrote a program that would steal passwords of students.
My teacher gave me an A
#advanced

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a program that prints the first 50 Fibonacci numbers, starting with 1 and 2, followed by a
new line.

• The numbers must be separated by comma, followed by a space ,

• You are allowed to use the standard library

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x02-functions_nested_loops
• File: 102-fibonacci.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

15. Even Liber Abbaci
#advanced

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Each new term in the Fibonacci sequence is generated by adding the previous two terms. By
starting with 1 and 2, the first 10 terms will be: 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89. By
considering the terms in the Fibonacci sequence whose values do not exceed 4,000,000, write a
program that finds and prints the sum of the even-valued terms, followed by a new line.

• You are allowed to use the standard library

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x02-functions_nested_loops
• File: 103-fibonacci.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

16. In computer class, the first assignment was to write a program to print the first 100
Fibonacci numbers. Instead, I wrote a program that would steal passwords of students.
My teacher gave me an A+
#advanced

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a program that finds and prints the first 98 Fibonacci numbers, starting with 1 and 2,
followed by a new line.

• The numbers should be separated by comma, followed by a space ,

• You are allowed to use the standard library
• You are not allowed to use any other library (You can’t use GMP etc…)
• You are not allowed to use long long, malloc, pointers, arrays/tables, or structures
• You are not allowed to hard code any Fibonacci number (except for 1 and 2)

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x02-functions_nested_loops
• File: 104-fibonacci.c
0x03. C - Debugging
Learning Objectives
At the end of this project, you are expected to be able to explain to anyone, without the help of
Google:

General
• What is debugging
• What are some methods of debugging manually
• How to read the error messages

Copyright - Plagiarism
• You are tasked to come up with solutions for the tasks below yourself to meet with the
above learning objectives.
• You will not be able to meet the objectives of this or any following project by copying and
pasting someone else’s work.
• You are not allowed to publish any content of this project.
• Any form of plagiarism is strictly forbidden and will result in removal from the program.

Requirements
General
• Allowed editors: vi, vim, emacs
• All your files will be compiled on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS using gcc, using the options -Wall -
Werror -Wextra -pedantic -std=gnu89
• All your files should end with a new line
• Your code should use the Betty style. It will be checked using betty-
style.pl and betty-doc.pl
• A README.md file at the root of the repo, containing a description of the repository
• A README.md file, at the root of the folder of this project (i.e. 0x03-debugging),
describing what this project is about

Quiz questions
Great! You've completed the quiz successfully! Keep going! (Show quiz)

Tasks
0. Multiple mains
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

In most projects, we often give you only one main file to test with. For example, this main file is a
test for a postitive_or_negative() function similar to the one you worked with in an earlier C
project:

carrie@ubuntu:/debugging$ cat main.c

#include "main.h"

/**

* main - tests function that prints if integer is positive or negative

* Return: 0

*/

int main(void)

int i;

i = 98;

positive_or_negative(i);

return (0);

carrie@ubuntu:/debugging$

carrie@ubuntu:/debugging$ cat main.h

#ifndef MAIN_H

#define MAIN_H

#include <stdio.h>

void positive_or_negative(int i);

#endif /* MAIN_H */

carrie@ubuntu:/debugging$

carrie@ubuntu:/debugging$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 po

sitive_or_negative.c main.c

carrie@ubuntu:/debugging$ ./a.out
98 is positive

carrie@ubuntu:/debugging$

Based on the main.c file above, create a file named 0-main.c. This file must test that the
function positive_or_negative() gives the correct output when given a case of 0.
You are not coding the solution / function, you’re just testing it! However, you can adapt your
function from 0x01. C - Variables, if, else, while - Task #0 to compile with this main file to test
locally.

• You only need to upload 0-main.c and main.h for this task. We will provide our
own positive_or_negative() function.
• You are not allowed to add or remove lines of code, you may change only one line in this
task.

carrie@ubuntu:/debugging$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 po

sitive_or_negative.c 0-main.c -o 0-main

carrie@ubuntu:/debugging$ ./0-main

0 is zero

carrie@ubuntu:/debugging$ wc -l 0-main.c

16 1-main.c

carrie@ubuntu:/debugging$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x03-debugging
• File: 0-main.c, main.h

Done! Help Check your code QA Review

1. Like, comment, subscribe
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Copy this main file. Comment out (don’t delete it!) the part of the code that is causing the output
to go into an infinite loop.

• Don’t add or remove any lines of code, as we will be checking your line count. You are
only allowed to comment out existing code.
• You do not have to compile with -Wall -Werror -Wextra -pedantic for this task.

carrie@ubuntu:/debugging$ cat 1-main.c

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - causes an infinite loop

* Return: 0

*/

int main(void)

int i;

printf("Infinite loop incoming :(\n");

i = 0;

while (i < 10)

putchar(i);

printf("Infinite loop avoided! \\o/\n");

return (0);

carrie@ubuntu:/debugging$

Your output should look like this:

carrie@ubuntu:/debugging$ gcc -std=gnu89 1-main.c -o 1-main

carrie@ubuntu:/debugging$ ./1-main

Infinite loop incoming :(

Infinite loop avoided! \o/

carrie@ubuntu:/debugging$ wc -l 1-main.c

24 1-main.c

carrie@ubuntu:/debugging$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x03-debugging
• File: 1-main.c
Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review
2. 0 > 972?
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

This program prints the largest of three integers.

carrie@ubuntu:/debugging$ cat 2-main.c

#include <stdio.h>

#include "main.h"

/**

* main - prints the largest of 3 integers

* Return: 0

*/

int main(void)

int a, b, c;

int largest;

a = 972;

b = -98;

c = 0;

largest = largest_number(a, b, c);

printf("%d is the largest number\n", largest);

return (0);

carrie@ubuntu:/debugging$

carrie@ubuntu:/debugging$ cat 2-largest_number.c

#include "main.h"
/**

* largest_number - returns the largest of 3 numbers

* @a: first integer

* @b: second integer

* @c: third integer

* Return: largest number

*/

int largest_number(int a, int b, int c)

int largest;

if (a > b && b > c)

largest = a;

else if (b > a && a > c)

largest = b;

else

largest = c;

return (largest);

carrie@ubuntu:/debugging$

carrie@ubuntu:/debugging$ gcc -Wall -Werror -Wextra -pedantic -std=gnu89 2-

largest_number.c 2-main.c -o 2-main

carrie@ubuntu:/debugging$ ./2-main

0 is the largest number

carrie@ubuntu:/debugging$

? That’s definitely not right.

Fix the code in 2-largest_number.c so that it correctly prints out the largest of three numbers,
no matter the case.

• Line count will not be checked for this task.

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x03-debugging
• File: 2-largest_number.c, main.h

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

3. Leap year
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

This program converts a date to the day of year and determines how many days are left in the
year, taking leap year into consideration.

carrie@ubuntu:/debugging$ cat 3-main_a.c

#include <stdio.h>

#include "main.h"

/**

* main - takes a date and prints how many days are left in the year, taking

* leap years into account

* Return: 0

*/

int main(void)

int month;

int day;

int year;

month = 4;

day = 01;

year = 1997;
 printf("Date: %02d/%02d/%04d\n", month, day, year);

day = convert_day(month, day);

print_remaining_days(month, day, year);

return (0);

carrie@ubuntu:/debugging$

carrie@ubuntu:/debugging$ cat 3-convert_day.c

#include "main.h"

/**

* convert_day - converts day of month to day of year, without accounting

* for leap year

* @month: month in number format

* @day: day of month

* Return: day of year

*/

int convert_day(int month, int day)

switch (month)

case 2:

day = 31 + day;

break;

case 3:

day = 59 + day;

break;

case 4:
 day = 90 + day;

break;

case 5:

day = 120 + day;

break;

case 6:

day = 151 + day;

break;

case 7:

day = 181 + day;

break;

case 8:

day = 212 + day;

break;

case 9:

day = 243 + day;

break;

case 10:

day = 273 + day;

break;

case 11:

day = 304 + day;

break;

case 12:

day = 334 + day;

break;

default:

break;

return (day);

carrie@ubuntu:/debugging$
carrie@ubuntu:/debugging$ cat 3-print_remaining_days.c

#include <stdio.h>

#include "main.h"

/**

* print_remaining_days - takes a date and prints how many days are

* left in the year, taking leap years into account

* @month: month in number format

* @day: day of month

* @year: year

* Return: void

*/

void print_remaining_days(int month, int day, int year)

if ((year % 4 == 0 || year % 400 == 0) && !(year % 100 == 0))

if (month >= 2 && day >= 60)

day++;

printf("Day of the year: %d\n", day);

printf("Remaining days: %d\n", 366 - day);

else

if (month == 2 && day == 60)

printf("Invalid date: %02d/%02d/%04d\n", month, day - 31, year)

;

else

{
 printf("Day of the year: %d\n", day);

printf("Remaining days: %d\n", 365 - day);

carrie@ubuntu:/debugging$

carrie@ubuntu:/debugging$ gcc -Wall -Werror -Wextra -pedantic -std=gnu89 3-

convert_day.c 3-print_remaining_days.c 3-main_a.c -o 3-main_a

carrie@ubuntu:/debugging$ ./3-main_a

Date: 04/01/1997

Day of the year: 91

Remaining days: 274

carrie@ubuntu:/debugging$

Output looks good for 04/01/1997! Let’s make a new main file 3-main_b.c to try a case that is a
leap year: 02/29/2000.

carrie@ubuntu:/debugging$ gcc -Wall -Werror -Wextra -pedantic -std=gnu89 3-

convert_day.c 3-print_remaining_days.c 3-main_b.c -o 3-main_b

carrie@ubuntu:/debugging$ ./3-main_b

Date: 02/29/2000

Invalid date: 02/29/2000

carrie@ubuntu:/debugging$

? That doesn’t seem right.

Fix the print_remaining_days() function so that the output works correctly for all dates
and all leap years.

• Line count will not be checked for this task.

• You can assume that all test cases have valid months (i.e. the value of month will never
be less than 1 or greater than 12) and valid days (i.e. the value of day will never be less
than 1 or greater than 31).
• You can assume that all test cases have valid month/day combinations (i.e. there will
never be a June 31st or November 31st, etc.), but not all month/day/year combinations
are valid (i.e. February 29, 1991 or February 29, 2427).

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x03-debugging
• File: 3-print_remaining_days.c, main.h
0x04. C - More functions, more
nested loops
Requirements
General
• Allowed editors: vi, vim, emacs
• All your files will be compiled on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS using gcc, using the options -Wall -
Werror -Wextra -pedantic -std=gnu89
• All your files should end with a new line
• A README.md file, at the root of the folder of the project is mandatory
• Your code should use the Betty style. It will be checked using betty-style.pl and betty-
doc.pl
• You are not allowed to use global variables
• No more than 5 functions per file
• You are not allowed to use the standard library. Any use of functions like printf, puts,
etc… is forbidden
• You are allowed to use _putchar
• You don’t have to push _putchar.c, we will use our file. If you do it won’t be taken into
account
• In the following examples, the main.c files are shown as examples. You can use them to
test your functions, but you don’t have to push them to your repo (if you do we won’t take
them into account). We will use our own main.c files at compilation. Our main.c files
might be different from the one shown in the examples
• The prototypes of all your functions and the prototype of the function _putchar should be
included in your header file called main.h
• Don’t forget to push your header file

More Info
You do not have to understand the call by reference (address), stack, static variables, recursions
or arrays, yet.

Quiz questions
Great! You've completed the quiz successfully! Keep going! (Show quiz)

Tasks
0. isupper
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that checks for uppercase character.

• Prototype: int _isupper(int c);

• Returns 1 if c is uppercase
 • Returns 0 otherwise

FYI: The standard library provides a similar function: isupper. Run man isupper to learn more.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ cat 0-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - check the code.

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

char c;

c = 'A';

printf("%c: %d\n", c, _isupper(c));

c = 'a';

printf("%c: %d\n", c, _isupper(c));

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 0-main

.c 0-isupper.c -o 0-isuper

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ ./0-isuper

A: 1

a: 0

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x04-more_functions_nested_loops
• File: 0-isupper.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

1. isdigit
mandatory
Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)
Write a function that checks for a digit (0 through 9).

• Prototype: int _isdigit(int c);

• Returns 1 if c is a digit
• Returns 0 otherwise

FYI: The standard library provides a similar function: isdigit. Run man isdigit to learn more.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ cat 1-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

char c;

c = '0';

printf("%c: %d\n", c, _isdigit(c));

c = 'a';

printf("%c: %d\n", c, _isdigit(c));

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 1-main

.c 1-isdigit.c -o 1-isdigit

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ ./1-isdigit

0: 1

a: 0

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

 • Directory: 0x04-more_functions_nested_loops
• File: 1-isdigit.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

2. Collaboration is multiplication
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that multiplies two integers.

• Prototype: int mul(int a, int b);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ cat 2-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

printf("%d\n", mul(98, 1024));

printf("%d\n", mul(-402, 4096));

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 2-main

.c 2-mul.c -o 2-mul

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ ./2-mul

100352

-1646592

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x04-more_functions_nested_loops
• File: 2-mul.c
Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review
3. The numbers speak for themselves
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that prints the numbers, from 0 to 9, followed by a new line.

• Prototype: void print_numbers(void);

• You can only use _putchar twice in your code

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ cat 3-main.c

#include "main.h"

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

print_numbers();

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 _putch

ar.c 3-main.c 3-print_numbers.c -o 3-print_numbers

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ ./3-print_numbers | cat -e

0123456789$

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x04-more_functions_nested_loops
• File: 3-print_numbers.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

4. I believe in numbers and signs
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that prints the numbers, from 0 to 9, followed by a new line.
 • Prototype: void print_most_numbers(void);
• Do not print 2 and 4
• You can only use _putchar twice in your code

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ cat 4-main.c

#include "main.h"

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

print_most_numbers();

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 _putch

ar.c 4-main.c 4-print_most_numbers.c -o 4-print_most_numbers

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ ./4-print_most_numbers

01356789

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x04-more_functions_nested_loops
• File: 4-print_most_numbers.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

5. Numbers constitute the only universal language
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that prints 10 times the numbers, from 0 to 14, followed by a new line.

• Prototype: void more_numbers(void);

• You can only use _putchar three times in your code

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ cat 5-main.c

#include "main.h"
/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

more_numbers();

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 _putch

ar.c 5-main.c 5-more_numbers.c -o 5-more_numbers

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ ./5-more_numbers

01234567891011121314

01234567891011121314

01234567891011121314

01234567891011121314

01234567891011121314

01234567891011121314

01234567891011121314

01234567891011121314

01234567891011121314

01234567891011121314

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x04-more_functions_nested_loops
• File: 5-more_numbers.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

6. The shortest distance between two points is a straight line
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that draws a straight line in the terminal.
 • Prototype: void print_line(int n);
• You can only use _putchar function to print
• Where n is the number of times the character _ should be printed
• The line should end with a \n
• If n is 0 or less, the function should only print \n

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ cat 6-main.c

#include "main.h"

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

print_line(0);

print_line(2);

print_line(10);

print_line(-4);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 _putch

ar.c 6-main.c 6-print_line.c -o 6-lines

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ ./6-lines | cat -e

__$

__________$

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x04-more_functions_nested_loops
• File: 6-print_line.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

7. I feel like I am diagonally parked in a parallel universe
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that draws a diagonal line on the terminal.

• Prototype: void print_diagonal(int n);

• You can only use _putchar function to print
• Where n is the number of times the character \ should be printed
• The diagonal should end with a \n
• If n is 0 or less, the function should only print a \n

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ cat 7-main.c

#include "main.h"

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

print_diagonal(0);

print_diagonal(2);

print_diagonal(10);

print_diagonal(-4);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 _putch

ar.c 7-main.c 7-print_diagonal.c -o 7-diagonals

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ ./7-diagonals | cat -e

\$

\$

\$

\$

\$

\$
 \$

\$

\$

\$

\$

\$

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x04-more_functions_nested_loops
• File: 7-print_diagonal.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

8. You are so much sunshine in every square inch
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that prints a square, followed by a new line.

• Prototype: void print_square(int size);

• You can only use _putchar function to print
• Where size is the size of the square
• If size is 0 or less, the function should print only a new line
• Use the character # to print the square

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ cat 8-main.c

#include "main.h"

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

print_square(2);

print_square(10);
 print_square(0);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 _putch

ar.c 8-main.c 8-print_square.c -o 8-squares

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ ./8-squares

##

##

##########

##########

##########

##########

##########

##########

##########

##########

##########

##########

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x04-more_functions_nested_loops
• File: 8-print_square.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

9. Fizz-Buzz
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

The “Fizz-Buzz test” is an interview question designed to help filter out the 99.5% of
programming job candidates who can’t seem to program their way out of a wet paper bag.
Write a program that prints the numbers from 1 to 100, followed by a new line. But for multiples of
three print Fizz instead of the number and for the multiples of five print Buzz. For numbers which
are multiples of both three and five print FizzBuzz.

• Each number or word should be separated by a space

 • You are allowed to use the standard library

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 9-fizz

_buzz.c -o 9-fizz_buzz

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ ./9-fizz_buzz

1 2 Fizz 4 Buzz Fizz 7 8 Fizz Buzz 11 Fizz 13 14 FizzBuzz 16 17 Fizz 19 Buz

z Fizz 22 23 Fizz Buzz 26 Fizz 28 29 FizzBuzz 31 32 Fizz 34 Buzz Fizz 37 38
Fizz Buzz 41 Fizz 43 44 FizzBuzz 46 47 Fizz 49 Buzz Fizz 52 53 Fizz Buzz 56
Fizz 58 59 FizzBuzz 61 62 Fizz 64 Buzz Fizz 67 68 Fizz Buzz 71 Fizz 73 74 F
izzBuzz 76 77 Fizz 79 Buzz Fizz 82 83 Fizz Buzz 86 Fizz 88 89 FizzBuzz 91 9
2 Fizz 94 Buzz Fizz 97 98 Fizz Buzz

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x04-more_functions_nested_loops
• File: 9-fizz_buzz.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

10. Triangles
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that prints a triangle, followed by a new line.

• Prototype: void print_triangle(int size);

• You can only use _putchar function to print
• Where size is the size of the triangle
• If size is 0 or less, the function should print only a new line
• Use the character # to print the triangle

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ cat 10-main.c

#include "main.h"

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

print_triangle(2);
 print_triangle(10);

print_triangle(1);

print_triangle(0);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 _putch

ar.c 10-main.c 10-print_triangle.c -o 10-triangles

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ ./10-triangles

##

##

###

####

#####

######

#######

########

#########

##########

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ ./10-triangles | tr ' ' . | cat -e

.#$

##$

.........#$

........##$

.......###$

......####$

.....#####$

....######$

...#######$

..########$

.#########$
##########$

#$

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x04-more_functions_nested_loops
• File: 10-print_triangle.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

11. The problem of distinguishing prime numbers from composite numbers and of
resolving the latter into their prime factors is known to be one of the most important
and useful in arithmetic
#advanced

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

The prime factors of 1231952 are 2, 2, 2, 2, 37 and 2081.
Write a program that finds and prints the largest prime factor of the number 612852475143,
followed by a new line.

• You are allowed to use the standard library

• Your program will be compiled with this command: gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -
Wextra -std=gnu89 100-prime_factor.c -o 100-prime_factor -lm

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x04-more_functions_nested_loops
• File: 100-prime_factor.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

12. Numbers have life; they're not just symbols on paper
#advanced

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that prints an integer.

• Prototype: void print_number(int n);

• You can only use _putchar function to print
• You are not allowed to use long
• You are not allowed to use arrays or pointers
• You are not allowed to hard-code special values

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ cat 101-main.c

#include "main.h"
/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

print_number(98);

_putchar('\n');

print_number(402);

_putchar('\n');

print_number(1024);

_putchar('\n');

print_number(0);

_putchar('\n');

print_number(-98);

_putchar('\n');

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 _putch

ar.c 101-main.c 101-print_number.c -o 101-print_numbers

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ ./101-print_numbers

98

402

1024

-98

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x04-more_functions_nested_loops
• File: 101-print_number.c
0x04. C - More functions, more
nested loops
Resources
Read or watch:

• Nested while loops

• C - Functions
• Learning to Program in C (Part 06) (stop at 14:00)
• What is the purpose of a function prototype?
• C - Header Files (stop before the “Once-Only Headers” paragraph)

Learning Objectives
At the end of this project, you are expected to be able to explain to anyone, without the help of
Google:

General
• What are nested loops and how to use them
• What is a function and how do you use functions
• What is the difference between a declaration and a definition of a function
• What is a prototype
• Scope of variables
• What are the gcc flags -Wall -Werror -pedantic -Wextra -std=gnu89
• What are header files and how to to use them with #include

Copyright - Plagiarism
• You are tasked to come up with solutions for the tasks below yourself to meet with the
above learning objectives.
• You will not be able to meet the objectives of this or any following project by copying and
pasting someone else’s work.
• You are not allowed to publish any content of this project.
• Any form of plagiarism is strictly forbidden and will result in removal from the program.

Requirements
General
• Allowed editors: vi, vim, emacs
• All your files will be compiled on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS using gcc, using the options -Wall -
Werror -Wextra -pedantic -std=gnu89
• All your files should end with a new line
• A README.md file, at the root of the folder of the project is mandatory
 • Your code should use the Betty style. It will be checked using betty-style.pl and betty-
doc.pl
• You are not allowed to use global variables
• No more than 5 functions per file
• You are not allowed to use the standard library. Any use of functions like printf, puts,
etc… is forbidden
• You are allowed to use _putchar
• You don’t have to push _putchar.c, we will use our file. If you do it won’t be taken into
account
• In the following examples, the main.c files are shown as examples. You can use them to
test your functions, but you don’t have to push them to your repo (if you do we won’t take
them into account). We will use our own main.c files at compilation. Our main.c files
might be different from the one shown in the examples
• The prototypes of all your functions and the prototype of the function _putchar should be
included in your header file called main.h
• Don’t forget to push your header file

More Info
You do not have to understand the call by reference (address), stack, static variables, recursions
or arrays, yet.

Quiz questions
Great! You've completed the quiz successfully! Keep going! (Show quiz)

Tasks
0. isupper
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that checks for uppercase character.

• Prototype: int _isupper(int c);

• Returns 1 if c is uppercase
• Returns 0 otherwise

FYI: The standard library provides a similar function: isupper. Run man isupper to learn more.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ cat 0-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - check the code.

* Return: Always 0.
 */

int main(void)

char c;

c = 'A';

printf("%c: %d\n", c, _isupper(c));

c = 'a';

printf("%c: %d\n", c, _isupper(c));

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 0-main

.c 0-isupper.c -o 0-isuper

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ ./0-isuper

A: 1

a: 0

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x04-more_functions_nested_loops
• File: 0-isupper.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

1. isdigit
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that checks for a digit (0 through 9).

• Prototype: int _isdigit(int c);

• Returns 1 if c is a digit
• Returns 0 otherwise

FYI: The standard library provides a similar function: isdigit. Run man isdigit to learn more.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ cat 1-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>
/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

char c;

c = '0';

printf("%c: %d\n", c, _isdigit(c));

c = 'a';

printf("%c: %d\n", c, _isdigit(c));

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 1-main

.c 1-isdigit.c -o 1-isdigit

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ ./1-isdigit

0: 1

a: 0

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x04-more_functions_nested_loops
• File: 1-isdigit.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

2. Collaboration is multiplication
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that multiplies two integers.

• Prototype: int mul(int a, int b);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ cat 2-main.c

#include "main.h"
#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

printf("%d\n", mul(98, 1024));

printf("%d\n", mul(-402, 4096));

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 2-main

.c 2-mul.c -o 2-mul

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ ./2-mul

100352

-1646592

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x04-more_functions_nested_loops
• File: 2-mul.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

3. The numbers speak for themselves
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that prints the numbers, from 0 to 9, followed by a new line.

• Prototype: void print_numbers(void);

• You can only use _putchar twice in your code

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ cat 3-main.c

#include "main.h"
/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

print_numbers();

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 _putch

ar.c 3-main.c 3-print_numbers.c -o 3-print_numbers

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ ./3-print_numbers | cat -e

0123456789$

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x04-more_functions_nested_loops
• File: 3-print_numbers.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

4. I believe in numbers and signs
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that prints the numbers, from 0 to 9, followed by a new line.

• Prototype: void print_most_numbers(void);

• Do not print 2 and 4
• You can only use _putchar twice in your code

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ cat 4-main.c

#include "main.h"

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.
 */

int main(void)

print_most_numbers();

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 _putch

ar.c 4-main.c 4-print_most_numbers.c -o 4-print_most_numbers

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ ./4-print_most_numbers

01356789

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x04-more_functions_nested_loops
• File: 4-print_most_numbers.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

5. Numbers constitute the only universal language
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that prints 10 times the numbers, from 0 to 14, followed by a new line.

• Prototype: void more_numbers(void);

• You can only use _putchar three times in your code

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ cat 5-main.c

#include "main.h"

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

more_numbers();
 return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 _putch

ar.c 5-main.c 5-more_numbers.c -o 5-more_numbers

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ ./5-more_numbers

01234567891011121314

01234567891011121314

01234567891011121314

01234567891011121314

01234567891011121314

01234567891011121314

01234567891011121314

01234567891011121314

01234567891011121314

01234567891011121314

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x04-more_functions_nested_loops
• File: 5-more_numbers.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

6. The shortest distance between two points is a straight line
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that draws a straight line in the terminal.

• Prototype: void print_line(int n);

• You can only use _putchar function to print
• Where n is the number of times the character _ should be printed
• The line should end with a \n
• If n is 0 or less, the function should only print \n

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ cat 6-main.c

#include "main.h"

/**

* main - check the code

 *

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

print_line(0);

print_line(2);

print_line(10);

print_line(-4);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 _putch

ar.c 6-main.c 6-print_line.c -o 6-lines

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ ./6-lines | cat -e

__$

__________$

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x04-more_functions_nested_loops
• File: 6-print_line.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

7. I feel like I am diagonally parked in a parallel universe
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that draws a diagonal line on the terminal.

• Prototype: void print_diagonal(int n);

• You can only use _putchar function to print
• Where n is the number of times the character \ should be printed
• The diagonal should end with a \n
• If n is 0 or less, the function should only print a \n

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ cat 7-main.c

#include "main.h"
/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

print_diagonal(0);

print_diagonal(2);

print_diagonal(10);

print_diagonal(-4);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 _putch

ar.c 7-main.c 7-print_diagonal.c -o 7-diagonals

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ ./7-diagonals | cat -e

\$

\$

\$

\$

\$

\$

\$

\$

\$

\$

\$

\$

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$

Repo:
 • GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming
• Directory: 0x04-more_functions_nested_loops
• File: 7-print_diagonal.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

8. You are so much sunshine in every square inch
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that prints a square, followed by a new line.

• Prototype: void print_square(int size);

• You can only use _putchar function to print
• Where size is the size of the square
• If size is 0 or less, the function should print only a new line
• Use the character # to print the square

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ cat 8-main.c

#include "main.h"

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

print_square(2);

print_square(10);

print_square(0);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 _putch

ar.c 8-main.c 8-print_square.c -o 8-squares

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ ./8-squares

##

##

##########
##########

##########

##########

##########

##########

##########

##########

##########

##########

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x04-more_functions_nested_loops
• File: 8-print_square.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

9. Fizz-Buzz
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

The “Fizz-Buzz test” is an interview question designed to help filter out the 99.5% of
programming job candidates who can’t seem to program their way out of a wet paper bag.
Write a program that prints the numbers from 1 to 100, followed by a new line. But for multiples of
three print Fizz instead of the number and for the multiples of five print Buzz. For numbers which
are multiples of both three and five print FizzBuzz.

• Each number or word should be separated by a space

• You are allowed to use the standard library

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 9-fizz

_buzz.c -o 9-fizz_buzz

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ ./9-fizz_buzz

1 2 Fizz 4 Buzz Fizz 7 8 Fizz Buzz 11 Fizz 13 14 FizzBuzz 16 17 Fizz 19 Buz

z Fizz 22 23 Fizz Buzz 26 Fizz 28 29 FizzBuzz 31 32 Fizz 34 Buzz Fizz 37 38
Fizz Buzz 41 Fizz 43 44 FizzBuzz 46 47 Fizz 49 Buzz Fizz 52 53 Fizz Buzz 56
Fizz 58 59 FizzBuzz 61 62 Fizz 64 Buzz Fizz 67 68 Fizz Buzz 71 Fizz 73 74 F
izzBuzz 76 77 Fizz 79 Buzz Fizz 82 83 Fizz Buzz 86 Fizz 88 89 FizzBuzz 91 9
2 Fizz 94 Buzz Fizz 97 98 Fizz Buzz

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$
Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x04-more_functions_nested_loops
• File: 9-fizz_buzz.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

10. Triangles
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that prints a triangle, followed by a new line.

• Prototype: void print_triangle(int size);

• You can only use _putchar function to print
• Where size is the size of the triangle
• If size is 0 or less, the function should print only a new line
• Use the character # to print the triangle

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ cat 10-main.c

#include "main.h"

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

print_triangle(2);

print_triangle(10);

print_triangle(1);

print_triangle(0);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 _putch

ar.c 10-main.c 10-print_triangle.c -o 10-triangles

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ ./10-triangles

##
 #

##

###

####

#####

######

#######

########

#########

##########

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ ./10-triangles | tr ' ' . | cat -e

.#$

##$

.........#$

........##$

.......###$

......####$

.....#####$

....######$

...#######$

..########$

.#########$

##########$

#$

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x04-more_functions_nested_loops
• File: 10-print_triangle.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

11. The problem of distinguishing prime numbers from composite numbers and of
resolving the latter into their prime factors is known to be one of the most important
and useful in arithmetic
#advanced

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

The prime factors of 1231952 are 2, 2, 2, 2, 37 and 2081.
Write a program that finds and prints the largest prime factor of the number 612852475143,
followed by a new line.

• You are allowed to use the standard library

• Your program will be compiled with this command: gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -
Wextra -std=gnu89 100-prime_factor.c -o 100-prime_factor -lm

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x04-more_functions_nested_loops
• File: 100-prime_factor.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

12. Numbers have life; they're not just symbols on paper
#advanced

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that prints an integer.

• Prototype: void print_number(int n);

• You can only use _putchar function to print
• You are not allowed to use long
• You are not allowed to use arrays or pointers
• You are not allowed to hard-code special values

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ cat 101-main.c

#include "main.h"

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

print_number(98);
 _putchar('\n');

print_number(402);

_putchar('\n');

print_number(1024);

_putchar('\n');

print_number(0);

_putchar('\n');

print_number(-98);

_putchar('\n');

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 _putch

ar.c 101-main.c 101-print_number.c -o 101-print_numbers

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$ ./101-print_numbers

98

402

1024

-98

julien@ubuntu:~/0x04$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x04-more_functions_nested_loops
• File: 101-print_number.c
0x05. C - Pointers, arrays and
strings
Resources
Read or watch:

• C - Arrays
• C - Pointers
• C - Strings
• Memory Layout

Learning Objectives
At the end of this project, you are expected to be able to explain to anyone, without the help of
Google:

General
• What are pointers and how to use them
• What are arrays and how to use them
• What are the differences between pointers and arrays
• How to use strings and how to manipulate them
• Scope of variables

Copyright - Plagiarism
• You are tasked to come up with solutions for the tasks below yourself to meet with the
above learning objectives.
• You will not be able to meet the objectives of this or any following project by copying and
pasting someone else’s work.
• You are not allowed to publish any content of this project.
• Any form of plagiarism is strictly forbidden and will result in removal from the program.

Requirements
General
• Allowed editors: vi, vim, emacs
• All your files will be compiled on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS using gcc, using the options -Wall -
Werror -Wextra -pedantic -std=gnu89
• All your files should end with a new line
• A README.md file, at the root of the folder of the project is mandatory
• Your code should use the Betty style. It will be checked using betty-style.pl and betty-
doc.pl
• You are not allowed to use global variables
 • No more than 5 functions per file
• You are not allowed to use the standard library. Any use of functions like printf, puts,
etc… is forbidden
• You are allowed to use _putchar
• You don’t have to push _putchar.c, we will use our file. If you do it won’t be taken into
account
• In the following examples, the main.c files are shown as examples. You can use them to
test your functions, but you don’t have to push them to your repo (if you do we won’t take
them into account). We will use our own main.c files at compilation. Our main.c files
might be different from the one shown in the examples
• The prototypes of all your functions and the prototype of the function _putchar should be
included in your header file called main.h
• Don’t forget to push your header file

More Info
You do not need to learn about pointers to functions, pointers to pointers, multidimensional
arrays, arrays of structures, malloc and free - yet.

Quiz questions
Great! You've completed the quiz successfully! Keep going! (Show quiz)

Tasks
0. 98 Battery st.
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that takes a pointer to an int as parameter and updates the value it points to
to 98.

• Prototype: void reset_to_98(int *n);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$ cat 0-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

int n;
 n = 402;

printf("n=%d\n", n);

reset_to_98(&n);

printf("n=%d\n", n);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 0-main

.c 0-reset_to_98.c -o 0-98

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$ ./0-98

n=402

n=98

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x05-pointers_arrays_strings
• File: 0-reset_to_98.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

1. Don't swap horses in crossing a stream
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that swaps the values of two integers.

• Prototype: void swap_int(int *a, int *b);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$ cat 1-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)
{

int a;

int b;

a = 98;

b = 42;

printf("a=%d, b=%d\n", a, b);

swap_int(&a, &b);

printf("a=%d, b=%d\n", a, b);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 1-main

.c 1-swap.c -o 1-swap

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$ ./1-swap

a=98, b=42

a=42, b=98

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x05-pointers_arrays_strings
• File: 1-swap.c

Done! Help Check your code QA Review

2. This report, by its very length, defends itself against the risk of being read
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that returns the length of a string.

• Prototype: int _strlen(char *s);

FYI: The standard library provides a similar function: strlen. Run man strlen to learn more.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$ cat 2-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

/**
 * main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

char *str;

int len;

str = "My first strlen!";

len = _strlen(str);

printf("%d\n", len);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 2-main

.c 2-strlen.c -o 2-strlen

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$ ./2-strlen

16

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x05-pointers_arrays_strings
• File: 2-strlen.c

Done! Help Check your code QA Review

3. I do not fear computers. I fear the lack of them
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that prints a string, followed by a new line, to stdout.

• Prototype: void _puts(char *str);

FYI: The standard library provides a similar function: puts. Run man puts to learn more.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$ cat 3-main.c

#include "main.h"
/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

char *str;

str = "I do not fear computers. I fear the lack of them - Isaac Asimov"
;

_puts(str);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 _putch

ar.c 3-main.c 3-puts.c -o 3-puts

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$ ./3-puts

I do not fear computers. I fear the lack of them - Isaac Asimov

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x05-pointers_arrays_strings
• File: 3-puts.c

Done! Help Check your code QA Review

4. I can only go one way. I've not got a reverse gear
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that prints a string, in reverse, followed by a new line.

• Prototype: void print_rev(char *s);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$ cat 4-main.c

#include "main.h"
/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

char *str;

str = "I do not fear computers. I fear the lack of them - Isaac Asimov"
;

print_rev(str);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 _putch

ar.c 4-main.c 4-print_rev.c -o 4-print_rev

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$ ./4-print_rev

vomisA caasI - meht fo kcal eht raef I .sretupmoc raef ton od I

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x05-pointers_arrays_strings
• File: 4-print_rev.c

Done! Help Check your code QA Review

5. A good engineer thinks in reverse and asks himself about the stylistic consequences
of the components and systems he proposes
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that reverses a string.

• Prototype: void rev_string(char *s);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$ cat 5-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>
/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

char s[10] = "My School";

printf("%s\n", s);

rev_string(s);

printf("%s\n", s);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 5-main

.c 5-rev_string.c -o 5-rev_string

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$ ./5-rev_string

My School

loohcS yM

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x05-pointers_arrays_strings
• File: 5-rev_string.c

Done! Help Check your code QA Review

6. Half the lies they tell about me aren't true
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that prints every other character of a string, starting with the first character,
followed by a new line.

• Prototype: void puts2(char *str);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$ cat 6-main.c

#include "main.h"
/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

char *str;

str = "0123456789";

puts2(str);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 _putch

ar.c 6-main.c 6-puts2.c -o 6-puts2

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$ ./6-puts2

02468

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x05-pointers_arrays_strings
• File: 6-puts2.c

Done! Help Check your code QA Review

7. Winning is only half of it. Having fun is the other half
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that prints half of a string, followed by a new line.

• Prototype: void puts_half(char *str);

• The function should print the second half of the string
• If the number of characters is odd, the function should print the last n characters of the
string, where n = (length_of_the_string - 1) / 2

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$ cat 7-main.c

#include "main.h"
/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

char *str;

str = "0123456789";

puts_half(str);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 _putch

ar.c 7-main.c 7-puts_half.c -o 7-puts_half

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$ ./7-puts_half

56789

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x05-pointers_arrays_strings
• File: 7-puts_half.c

Done! Help Check your code QA Review

8. Arrays are not pointers
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that prints n elements of an array of integers, followed by a new line.

• Prototype: void print_array(int *a, int n);

• where n is the number of elements of the array to be printed
• Numbers must be separated by comma, followed by a space
• The numbers should be displayed in the same order as they are stored in the array
• You are allowed to use printf

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$ cat 8-main.c

#include "main.h"
/**

* main - check the code for

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

int array[5];

array[0] = 98;

array[1] = 402;

array[2] = -198;

array[3] = 298;

array[4] = -1024;

print_array(array, 5);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 8-main

.c 8-print_array.c -o 8-print_array

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$ ./8-print_array

98, 402, -198, 298, -1024

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x05-pointers_arrays_strings
• File: 8-print_array.c

Done! Help Check your code QA Review

9. strcpy
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

• Prototype: char *_strcpy(char *dest, char *src);

Write a function that copies the string pointed to by src, including the terminating null byte (\0),
to the buffer pointed to by dest.
 • Return value: the pointer to dest

FYI: The standard library provides a similar function: strcpy. Run man strcpy to learn more.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$ cat 9-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

char s1[98];

char *ptr;

ptr = _strcpy(s1, "First, solve the problem. Then, write the code\n");

printf("%s", s1);

printf("%s", ptr);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 9-main

.c 9-strcpy.c -o 9-strcpy

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$ ./9-strcpy

First, solve the problem. Then, write the code

First, solve the problem. Then, write the code

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x05-pointers_arrays_strings
• File: 9-strcpy.c

Done! Help Check your code QA Review

10. Great leaders are willing to sacrifice the numbers to save the people. Poor leaders
sacrifice the people to save the numbers
#advanced

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that convert a string to an integer.

• Prototype: int _atoi(char *s);

• The number in the string can be preceded by an infinite number of characters
• You need to take into account all the - and + signs before the number
• If there are no numbers in the string, the function must return 0
• You are not allowed to use long
• You are not allowed to declare new variables of “type” array
• You are not allowed to hard-code special values
• We will use the -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow gcc flag to compile your code.

FYI: The standard library provides a similar function: atoi. Run man atoi to learn more.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$ cat 100-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

int nb;

nb = _atoi("98");

printf("%d\n", nb);

nb = _atoi("-402");

printf("%d\n", nb);

nb = _atoi(" ------++++++-----+++++--98");

printf("%d\n", nb);

nb = _atoi("214748364");

printf("%d\n", nb);

nb = _atoi("0");

printf("%d\n", nb);
 nb = _atoi("Suite 402");

printf("%d\n", nb);

nb = _atoi(" + + - -98 Battery Street; San Francisco

, CA 94111 - USA ");

printf("%d\n", nb);

nb = _atoi("---++++ -++ Sui - te - 402 #cisfun :)");

printf("%d\n", nb);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 -fsani

tize=signed-integer-overflow 100-main.c 100-atoi.c -o 100-atoi

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$ ./100-atoi

98

-402

-98

214748364

402

98

402

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x05-pointers_arrays_strings
• File: 100-atoi.c

Done! Help Check your code QA Review

11. Don't hate the hacker, hate the code
#advanced

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Create a program that generates random valid passwords for the program 101-crackme.

• You are allowed to use the standard library

• You don’t have to pass the betty-style tests (you still need to pass the betty-
doc tests)
• man srand, rand, time
• gdb and objdump can help
julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra 101-keygen.c -o 1
01-keygen

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$ ./101-crackme "`./101-keygen`"

Tada! Congrats

julien@ubuntu:~/0x05$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x05-pointers_arrays_strings
• File: 101-keygen.c
0x06. C - More pointers, arrays and
strings
Learning Objectives
At the end of this project, you are expected to be able to explain to anyone, without the help of
Google:

General
• What are pointers and how to use them
• What are arrays and how to use them
• What are the differences between pointers and arrays
• How to use strings and how to manipulate them
• Scope of variables

Copyright - Plagiarism
• You are tasked to come up with solutions for the tasks below yourself to meet with the
above learning objectives.
• You will not be able to meet the objectives of this or any following project by copying and
pasting someone else’s work.
• You are not allowed to publish any content of this project.
• Any form of plagiarism is strictly forbidden and will result in removal from the program.

Requirements
General
• Allowed editors: vi, vim, emacs
• All your files will be compiled on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS using gcc, using the options -Wall -
Werror -Wextra -pedantic -std=gnu89
• All your files should end with a new line
• A README.md file, at the root of the folder of the project is mandatory
• Your code should use the Betty style. It will be checked using betty-style.pl and betty-
doc.pl
• You are not allowed to use global variables
• No more than 5 functions per file
• You are not allowed to use the standard library. Any use of functions like printf, puts,
etc… is forbidden
• You are allowed to use _putchar
• You don’t have to push _putchar.c, we will use our file. If you do it won’t be taken into
account
• In the following examples, the main.c files are shown as examples. You can use them to
test your functions, but you don’t have to push them to your repo (if you do we won’t take
them into account). We will use our own main.c files at compilation. Our main.c files
might be different from the one shown in the examples
 • The prototypes of all your functions and the prototype of the function _putchar should be
included in your header file called main.h
• Don’t forget to push your header file

Quiz questions
Great! You've completed the quiz successfully! Keep going! (Show quiz)

Tasks
0. strcat
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that concatenates two strings.

• Prototype: char *_strcat(char *dest, char *src);

• This function appends the src string to the dest string, overwriting the terminating null
byte (\0) at the end of dest, and then adds a terminating null byte
• Returns a pointer to the resulting string dest

FYI: The standard library provides a similar function: strcat. Run man strcat to learn more.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$ cat 0-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

char s1[98] = "Hello ";

char s2[] = "World!\n";

char *ptr;

printf("%s\n", s1);

printf("%s", s2);

ptr = _strcat(s1, s2);

printf("%s", s1);
 printf("%s", s2);

printf("%s", ptr);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 0-main

.c 0-strcat.c -o 0-strcat

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$ ./0-strcat

Hello

World!

Hello World!

World!

Hello World!

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x06-pointers_arrays_strings
• File: 0-strcat.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

1. strncat
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that concatenates two strings.

• Prototype: char *_strncat(char *dest, char *src, int n);

• The _strncat function is similar to the _strcat function, except that
o it will use at most n bytes from src; and
o src does not need to be null-terminated if it contains n or more bytes
• Return a pointer to the resulting string dest

FYI: The standard library provides a similar function: strncat. Run man strncat to learn more.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$ cat 1-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - check the code

*
 * Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

char s1[98] = "Hello ";

char s2[] = "World!\n";

char *ptr;

printf("%s\n", s1);

printf("%s", s2);

ptr = _strncat(s1, s2, 1);

printf("%s\n", s1);

printf("%s", s2);

printf("%s\n", ptr);

ptr = _strncat(s1, s2, 1024);

printf("%s", s1);

printf("%s", s2);

printf("%s", ptr);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 1-main

.c 1-strncat.c -o 1-strncat

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$ ./1-strncat

Hello

World!

Hello W

World!

Hello W

Hello WWorld!

World!

Hello WWorld!

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$

Repo:
 • GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming
• Directory: 0x06-pointers_arrays_strings
• File: 1-strncat.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

2. strncpy
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that copies a string.

• Prototype: char *_strncpy(char *dest, char *src, int n);

• Your function should work exactly like strncpy

FYI: The standard library provides a similar function: strncpy. Run man strncpy to learn more.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$ cat 2-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

char s1[98];

char *ptr;

int i;

for (i = 0; i < 98 - 1; i++)

s1[i] = '*';

s1[i] = '\0';

printf("%s\n", s1);

ptr = _strncpy(s1, "First, solve the problem. Then, write the code\n",
5);
 printf("%s\n", s1);

printf("%s\n", ptr);

ptr = _strncpy(s1, "First, solve the problem. Then, write the code\n",
90);

printf("%s", s1);

printf("%s", ptr);

for (i = 0; i < 98; i++)

if (i % 10)

printf(" ");

if (!(i % 10) && i)

printf("\n");

printf("0x%02x", s1[i]);

printf("\n");

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 2-main

.c 2-strncpy.c -o 2-strncpy

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$ ./2-strncpy

***************************************************************************
**********************

First**********************************************************************
**********************

First**********************************************************************
**********************

First, solve the problem. Then, write the code

First, solve the problem. Then, write the code

0x46 0x69 0x72 0x73 0x74 0x2c 0x20 0x73 0x6f 0x6c

0x76 0x65 0x20 0x74 0x68 0x65 0x20 0x70 0x72 0x6f

0x62 0x6c 0x65 0x6d 0x2e 0x20 0x54 0x68 0x65 0x6e
0x2c 0x20 0x77 0x72 0x69 0x74 0x65 0x20 0x74 0x68

0x65 0x20 0x63 0x6f 0x64 0x65 0x0a 0x00 0x00 0x00

0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

0x2a 0x2a 0x2a 0x2a 0x2a 0x2a 0x2a 0x00

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x06-pointers_arrays_strings
• File: 2-strncpy.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

3. strcmp
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that compares two strings.

• Prototype: int _strcmp(char *s1, char *s2);

• Your function should work exactly like strcmp

FYI: The standard library provides a similar function: strcmp. Run man strcmp to learn more.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$ cat 3-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

char s1[] = "Hello";

char s2[] = "World!";

 printf("%d\n", _strcmp(s1, s2));

printf("%d\n", _strcmp(s2, s1));

printf("%d\n", _strcmp(s1, s1));

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 3-main

.c 3-strcmp.c -o 3-strcmp

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$ ./3-strcmp

-15

15

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x06-pointers_arrays_strings
• File: 3-strcmp.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

4. I am a kind of paranoid in reverse. I suspect people of plotting to make me happy
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that reverses the content of an array of integers.

• Prototype: void reverse_array(int *a, int n);

• Where n is the number of elements of the array

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$ cat 4-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - check the code

* @a: an array of integers

* @n: the number of elements to swap

*
 * Return: nothing.

*/

void print_array(int *a, int n)

int i;

i = 0;

while (i < n)

if (i != 0)

printf(", ");

printf("%d", a[i]);

i++;

printf("\n");

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

int a[] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 98, 1024, 1337};

print_array(a, sizeof(a) / sizeof(int));

reverse_array(a, sizeof(a) / sizeof(int));

print_array(a, sizeof(a) / sizeof(int));

return (0);

}
julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 4-main
.c 4-rev_array.c -o 4-rev_array

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$ ./4-rev_array

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 98, 1024, 1337

1337, 1024, 98, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x06-pointers_arrays_strings
• File: 4-rev_array.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

5. Always look up
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that changes all lowercase letters of a string to uppercase.

• Prototype: char *string_toupper(char *);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$ cat 5-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

char str[] = "Look up!\n";

char *ptr;

ptr = string_toupper(str);

printf("%s", ptr);

printf("%s", str);
 return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 5-main

.c 5-string_toupper.c -o 5-string_toupper

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$ ./5-string_toupper

LOOK UP!

LOOK UP!

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x06-pointers_arrays_strings
• File: 5-string_toupper.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

6. Expect the best. Prepare for the worst. Capitalize on what comes
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that capitalizes all words of a string.

• Prototype: char *cap_string(char *);

• Separators of words: space, tabulation, new line, ,, ;, ., !, ?, ", (, ), {, and }

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$ cat 6-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

char str[] = "Expect the best. Prepare for the worst. Capitalize on wha
t comes.\nhello world! hello-world 0123456hello world\thello world.hello wo
rld\n";

char *ptr;
 ptr = cap_string(str);

printf("%s", ptr);

printf("%s", str);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 6-main

.c 6-cap_string.c -o 6-cap

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$ ./6-cap

Expect The Best. Prepare For The Worst. Capitalize On What Comes.

Hello World! Hello-world 0123456hello World Hello World.Hello World

Expect The Best. Prepare For The Worst. Capitalize On What Comes.

Hello World! Hello-world 0123456hello World Hello World.Hello World

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x06-pointers_arrays_strings
• File: 6-cap_string.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

7. Mozart composed his music not for the elite, but for everybody
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that encodes a string into 1337.

• Letters a and A should be replaced by 4

• Letters e and E should be replaced by 3
• Letters o and O should be replaced by 0
• Letters t and T should be replaced by 7
• Letters l and L should be replaced by 1
• Prototype: char *leet(char *);
• You can only use one if in your code
• You can only use two loops in your code
• You are not allowed to use switch
• You are not allowed to use any ternary operation

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$ cat 7-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>
/**

* main - check the code for

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

char s[] = "Expect the best. Prepare for the worst. Capitalize on what
comes.\n";

char *p;

p = leet(s);

printf("%s", p);

printf("%s", s);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 7-main

.c 7-leet.c -o 7-1337

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$ ./7-1337

3xp3c7 7h3 b3s7. Pr3p4r3 f0r 7h3 w0rs7. C4pi741iz3 0n wh47 c0m3s.

3xp3c7 7h3 b3s7. Pr3p4r3 f0r 7h3 w0rs7. C4pi741iz3 0n wh47 c0m3s.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x06-pointers_arrays_strings
• File: 7-leet.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

8. rot13
#advanced

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that encodes a string using rot13.

• Prototype: char *rot13(char *);

• You can only use if statement once in your code
• You can only use two loops in your code
• You are not allowed to use switch
• You are not allowed to use any ternary operation
julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$ cat 100-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

char s[] = "ROT13 (\"rotate by 13 places\", sometimes hyphenated ROT-13

) is a simple letter substitution cipher.\n";

char *p;

p = rot13(s);

printf("%s", p);

printf("------------------------------------\n");

printf("%s", s);

printf("------------------------------------\n");

p = rot13(s);

printf("%s", p);

printf("------------------------------------\n");

printf("%s", s);

printf("------------------------------------\n");

p = rot13(s);

printf("%s", p);

printf("------------------------------------\n");

printf("%s", s);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 100-ma

in.c 100-rot13.c -o 100-rot13

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$ ./100-rot13
EBG13 ("ebgngr ol 13 cynprf", fbzrgvzrf ulcurangrq EBG-13) vf n fvzcyr yrgg
re fhofgvghgvba pvcure.

------------------------------------

EBG13 ("ebgngr ol 13 cynprf", fbzrgvzrf ulcurangrq EBG-13) vf n fvzcyr yrgg

re fhofgvghgvba pvcure.

------------------------------------

ROT13 ("rotate by 13 places", sometimes hyphenated ROT-13) is a simple lett

er substitution cipher.

------------------------------------

ROT13 ("rotate by 13 places", sometimes hyphenated ROT-13) is a simple lett

er substitution cipher.

------------------------------------

EBG13 ("ebgngr ol 13 cynprf", fbzrgvzrf ulcurangrq EBG-13) vf n fvzcyr yrgg

re fhofgvghgvba pvcure.

------------------------------------

EBG13 ("ebgngr ol 13 cynprf", fbzrgvzrf ulcurangrq EBG-13) vf n fvzcyr yrgg

re fhofgvghgvba pvcure.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x06-pointers_arrays_strings
• File: 100-rot13.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

9. Numbers have life; they're not just symbols on paper
#advanced

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that prints an integer.

• Prototype: void print_number(int n);

• You can only use _putchar function to print
• You are not allowed to use long
• You are not allowed to use arrays or pointers
• You are not allowed to hard-code special values

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$ cat 101-main.c

#include "main.h"

/**
 * main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

print_number(98);

_putchar('\n');

print_number(402);

_putchar('\n');

print_number(1024);

_putchar('\n');

print_number(0);

_putchar('\n');

print_number(-98);

_putchar('\n');

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 _putch

ar.c 101-main.c 101-print_number.c -o 101-print_numbers

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$ ./101-print_numbers

98

402

1024

-98

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x06-pointers_arrays_strings
• File: 101-print_number.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

10. A dream doesn't become reality through magic; it takes sweat, determination and
hard work
#advanced
Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Add one line to this code, so that the program prints a[2] = 98, followed by a new line.

• You are not allowed to use the variable a in your new line of code
• You are not allowed to modify the variable p
• You can only write one statement
• You are not allowed to use ,
• You are not allowed to code anything else than the line of expected line of code at the
expected line
• Your code should be written at line 19, before the ;
• Do not remove anything from the initial code (not even the comments)
• and don’t change anything but the line of code you are adding (don’t change the spaces
to tabs!)
• You are allowed to use the standard library

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x06-pointers_arrays_strings
• File: 102-magic.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

11. It is the addition of strangeness to beauty that constitutes the romantic character in
art
#advanced

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that adds two numbers.

• Prototype: char *infinite_add(char *n1, char *n2, char *r, int size_r);
• Where n1 and n2 are the two numbers
• r is the buffer that the function will use to store the result
• size_r is the buffer size
• The function returns a pointer to the result
• You can assume that you will always get positive numbers, or 0
• You can assume that there will be only digits in the strings n1 and n2
• n1 and n2 will never be empty
• If the result can not be stored in r the function must return 0

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$ cat 103-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - check the code

 *

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

char *n = "12345678924345743678235745756784776857856456858768767745
86734734563456453743756756784458";

char *m = "90347906634706972346829145693462596349586932465973246597
62347956349265983465962349569346";

char r[100];

char r2[10];

char r3[11];

char *res;

res = infinite_add(n, m, r, 100);

if (res == 0)

printf("Error\n");

else

printf("%s + %s = %s\n", n, m, res);

n = "1234567890";

m = "1";

res = infinite_add(n, m, r2, 10);

if (res == 0)

printf("Error\n");

else

printf("%s + %s = %s\n", n, m, res);

}
 n = "999999999";

m = "1";

res = infinite_add(n, m, r2, 10);

if (res == 0)

printf("Error\n");

else

printf("%s + %s = %s\n", n, m, res);

res = infinite_add(n, m, r3, 11);

if (res == 0)

printf("Error\n");

else

printf("%s + %s = %s\n", n, m, res);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 103-ma

in.c 103-infinite_add.c -o 103-add

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$ ./103-add

123456789243457436782357457567847768578564568587687677458673473456345645374
3756756784458 + 90347906634706972346829145693462596349586932465973246597623
47956349265983465962349569346 = 1026935855590527160250648914502473732074433
8932474201434349082690912722437209719106353804

Error

Error

999999999 + 1 = 1000000000

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$

Repo:
 • GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming
• Directory: 0x06-pointers_arrays_strings
• File: 103-infinite_add.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

12. Noise is a buffer, more effective than cubicles or booth walls
#advanced

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that prints a buffer.

• Prototype: void print_buffer(char *b, int size);

• The function must print the content of size bytes of the buffer pointed by b
• The output should print 10 bytes per line
• Each line starts with the position of the first byte of the line in hexadecimal (8 chars),
starting with 0
• Each line shows the hexadecimal content (2 chars) of the buffer, 2 bytes at a time,
separated by a space
• Each line shows the content of the buffer. If the byte is a printable character, print the
letter, if not, print .
• Each line ends with a new line \n
• If size is 0 or less, the output should be a new line only \n
• You are allowed to use the standard library
• The output should look like the following example, and formatted exactly the same way:

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$ cat 104-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

char buffer[] = "This is a string!\0And this is the rest of the #buffer

:)\1\2\3\4\5\6\7#cisfun\n\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\x20\x21\x34
\x56#pointersarefun #infernumisfun\n";

printf("%s\n", buffer);

printf("---------------------------------\n");

print_buffer(buffer, sizeof(buffer));
 return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 104-ma

in.c 104-print_buffer.c -o 104-buffer

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$ ./104-buffer

This is a string!

---------------------------------

00000000: 5468 6973 2069 7320 6120 This is a

0000000a: 7374 7269 6e67 2100 416e string!.An

00000014: 6420 7468 6973 2069 7320 d this is

0000001e: 7468 6520 7265 7374 206f the rest o

00000028: 6620 7468 6520 2362 7566 f the #buf

00000032: 6665 7220 3a29 0102 0304 fer :)....

0000003c: 0506 0723 6369 7366 756e ...#cisfun

00000046: 0a00 0000 0000 0000 0000 ..........

00000050: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ..........

0000005a: 2021 3456 2370 6f69 6e74 !4V#point

00000064: 6572 7361 7265 6675 6e20 ersarefun

0000006e: 2369 6e66 6572 6e75 6d69 #infernumi

00000078: 7366 756e 0a00 sfun..

julien@ubuntu:~/0x06$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x06-pointers_arrays_strings
• File: 104-print_buffer.c
0x07. C - Even more pointers,
arrays and strings
Concepts
For this project, we expect you to look at this concept:

• Pointers and arrays

Resources
Read or watch:

• C - Pointer to Pointer
• C – Pointer to Pointer with example
• Multi-dimensional Arrays in C
• Two dimensional (2D) arrays in C programming with example

Learning Objectives
At the end of this project, you are expected to be able to explain to anyone, without the help of
Google:

General
 • What are pointers to pointers and how to use them
• What are multidimensional arrays and how to use them
• What are the most common C standard library functions to manipulate strings

Copyright - Plagiarism
• You are tasked to come up with solutions for the tasks below yourself to meet with the
above learning objectives.
• You will not be able to meet the objectives of this or any following project by copying and
pasting someone else’s work.
• You are not allowed to publish any content of this project.
• Any form of plagiarism is strictly forbidden and will result in removal from the program.

Requirements
General
• Allowed editors: vi, vim, emacs
• All your files will be compiled on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS using gcc, using the options -Wall -
Werror -Wextra -pedantic -std=gnu89
• All your files should end with a new line
• A README.md file, at the root of the folder of the project is mandatory
• Your code should use the Betty style. It will be checked using betty-style.pl and betty-
doc.pl
• You are not allowed to use global variables
• No more than 5 functions per file
• You are not allowed to use the standard library. Any use of functions like printf, puts,
etc… is forbidden
• You are allowed to use _putchar
• You don’t have to push _putchar.c, we will use our file. If you do it won’t be taken into
account
• In the following examples, the main.c files are shown as examples. You can use them to
test your functions, but you don’t have to push them to your repo (if you do we won’t take
them into account). We will use our own main.c files at compilation. Our main.c files
might be different from the one shown in the examples
• The prototypes of all your functions and the prototype of the function _putchar should be
included in your header file called main.h
• Don’t forget to push your header file

More Info
You do not need to learn about pointers to functions, arrays of structures, malloc and free - yet.

Quiz questions
Great! You've completed the quiz successfully! Keep going! (Show quiz)

Tasks
0. memset
mandatory
Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)
Write a function that fills memory with a constant byte.

• Prototype: char *_memset(char *s, char b, unsigned int n);

• The _memset() function fills the first n bytes of the memory area pointed to by s with the
constant byte b
• Returns a pointer to the memory area s

FYI: The standard library provides a similar function: memset. Run man memset to learn more.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x07$ cat 0-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* simple_print_buffer - prints buffer in hexa

* @buffer: the address of memory to print

* @size: the size of the memory to print

* Return: Nothing.

*/

void simple_print_buffer(char *buffer, unsigned int size)

unsigned int i;

i = 0;

while (i < size)

if (i % 10)

printf(" ");

if (!(i % 10) && i)

printf("\n");

}
 printf("0x%02x", buffer[i]);

i++;

printf("\n");

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

char buffer[98] = {0x00};

simple_print_buffer(buffer, 98);

_memset(buffer, 0x01, 95);

printf("-------------------------------------------------\n");

simple_print_buffer(buffer, 98);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x07$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 0-main

.c 0-memset.c -o 0-memset

julien@ubuntu:~/0x07$ ./0-memset

0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

-------------------------------------------------

0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01

0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01

0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01

0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01

0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01

0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01

0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01

0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01

0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01

0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x01 0x00 0x00 0x00

julien@ubuntu:~/0x07$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x07-pointers_arrays_strings
• File: 0-memset.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

1. memcpy
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that copies memory area.

• Prototype: char *_memcpy(char *dest, char *src, unsigned int n);

• The _memcpy() function copies n bytes from memory area src to memory area dest
• Returns a pointer to dest

FYI: The standard library provides a similar function: memcpy. Run man memcpy to learn more.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x07$ cat 1-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* simple_print_buffer - prints buffer in hexa

* @buffer: the address of memory to print

* @size: the size of the memory to print

*
 * Return: Nothing.

*/

void simple_print_buffer(char *buffer, unsigned int size)

unsigned int i;

i = 0;

while (i < size)

if (i % 10)

printf(" ");

if (!(i % 10) && i)

printf("\n");

printf("0x%02x", buffer[i]);

i++;

printf("\n");

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

char buffer[98] = {0};

char buffer2[98] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14};

 simple_print_buffer(buffer, 98);

_memcpy(buffer + 50, buffer2, 10);

printf("-------------------------------------------------\n");

simple_print_buffer(buffer, 98);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x07$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 1-main

.c 1-memcpy.c -o 1-memcpy

julien@ubuntu:~/0x07$ ./1-memcpy

0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

-------------------------------------------------

0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

0x01 0x02 0x03 0x04 0x05 0x07 0x07 0x08 0x09 0x0a

0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

julien@ubuntu:~/0x07$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x07-pointers_arrays_strings
 • File: 1-memcpy.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

2. strchr
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that locates a character in a string.

• Prototype: char *_strchr(char *s, char c);

• Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of the character c in the string s, or NULL if the
character is not found

FYI: The standard library provides a similar function: strchr. Run man strchr to learn more.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x07$ cat 2-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

char *s = "hello";

char *f;

f = _strchr(s, 'l');

if (f != NULL)

printf("%s\n", f);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x07$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 2-main

.c 2-strchr.c -o 2-strchr
julien@ubuntu:~/0x07$ ./2-strchr

llo

julien@ubuntu:~/0x07$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x07-pointers_arrays_strings
• File: 2-strchr.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

3. strspn
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that gets the length of a prefix substring.

• Prototype: unsigned int _strspn(char *s, char *accept);

• Returns the number of bytes in the initial segment of s which consist only of bytes
from accept

FYI: The standard library provides a similar function: strspn. Run man strspn to learn more.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x07$ cat 3-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

char *s = "hello, world";

char *f = "oleh";

unsigned int n;

n = _strspn(s, f);

printf("%u\n", n);

return (0);
}

julien@ubuntu:~/0x07$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 3-main

.c 3-strspn.c -o 3-strspn

julien@ubuntu:~/0x07$ ./3-strspn

julien@ubuntu:~/0x07$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x07-pointers_arrays_strings
• File: 3-strspn.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

4. strpbrk
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that searches a string for any of a set of bytes.

• Prototype: char *_strpbrk(char *s, char *accept);

• The _strpbrk() function locates the first occurrence in the string s of any of the bytes in
the string accept
• Returns a pointer to the byte in s that matches one of the bytes in accept, or NULL if no
such byte is found

FYI: The standard library provides a similar function: strpbrk. Run man strpbrk to learn more.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x07$ cat 4-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

char *s = "hello, world";

char *f = "world";

char *t;
 t = _strpbrk(s, f);

printf("%s\n", t);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x07$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 4-main

.c 4-strpbrk.c -o 4-strpbrk

julien@ubuntu:~/0x07$ ./4-strpbrk

llo, world

julien@ubuntu:~/0x07$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x07-pointers_arrays_strings
• File: 4-strpbrk.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

5. strstr
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that locates a substring.

• Prototype: char *_strstr(char *haystack, char *needle);

• The _strstr() function finds the first occurrence of the substring needle in the
string haystack. The terminating null bytes (\0) are not compared
• Returns a pointer to the beginning of the located substring, or NULL if the substring is not
found.

FYI: The standard library provides a similar function: strstr. Run man strstr to learn more.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x07$ cat 5-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)
{

char *s = "hello, world";

char *f = "world";

char *t;

t = _strstr(s, f);

printf("%s\n", t);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x07$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 5-main

.c 5-strstr.c -o 5-strstr

julien@ubuntu:~/0x07$ ./5-strstr

world

julien@ubuntu:~/0x07$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x07-pointers_arrays_strings
• File: 5-strstr.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

6. Chess is mental torture
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that prints the chessboard.

• Prototype: void print_chessboard(char (*a)[8]);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x07$ cat 7-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.
 */

int main(void)

char board[8][8] = {

{'r', 'k', 'b', 'q', 'k', 'b', 'k', 'r'},

{'p', 'p', 'p', 'p', 'p', 'p', 'p', 'p'},

{' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' '},

{' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' '},

{' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' '},

{' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' '},

{'P', 'P', 'P', 'P', 'P', 'P', 'P', 'P'},

{'R', 'K', 'B', 'Q', 'K', 'B', 'K', 'R'},

};

print_chessboard(board);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x07$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 _putch

ar.c 7-main.c 7-print_chessboard.c -o 7-print_chessboard

julien@ubuntu:~/0x07$ ./7-print_chessboard

rkbqkbkr

pppppppp

PPPPPPPP

RKBQKBKR

julien@ubuntu:~/0x07$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x07-pointers_arrays_strings
• File: 7-print_chessboard.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

7. The line of life is a ragged diagonal between duty and desire
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that prints the sum of the two diagonals of a square matrix of integers.

• Prototype: void print_diagsums(int *a, int size);

• Format: see example
• You are allowed to use the standard library

Note that in the following example we are casting an int[][] into an int*. This is not something
you should do. The goal here is to make sure you understand how an array of array is stored in
memory.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x07$ cat 8-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

int c3[3][3] = {

{0, 1, 5},

{10, 11, 12},

{1000, 101, 102},

};

int c5[5][5] = {

{0, 1, 5, 12124, 1234},

{10, 11, 12, 123521, 12512},

{1000, 101, 102, 12545, 214543435},

{100, 1012451, 11102, 12545, 214543435},

{10, 12401, 10452, 11542545, 1214543435},

};

print_diagsums((int *)c3, 3);

print_diagsums((int *)c5, 5);

 return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x07$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 8-main

.c 8-print_diagsums.c -o 8-print_diagsums

julien@ubuntu:~/0x07$ ./8-print_diagsums

113, 1016

1214556093, 1137318

julien@ubuntu:~/0x07$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x07-pointers_arrays_strings
• File: 8-print_diagsums.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

8. Double pointer, double fun
#advanced

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that sets the value of a pointer to a char.

• Prototype: void set_string(char **s, char *to);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x07$ cat 100-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

char *s0 = "Bob Dylan";

char *s1 = "Robert Allen";

printf("%s, %s\n", s0, s1);

 set_string(&s1, s0);

printf("%s, %s\n", s0, s1);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x07$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 100-ma

in.c 100-set_string.c -o 100-set_string

julien@ubuntu:~/0x07$ ./100-set_string

Bob Dylan, Robert Allen

Bob Dylan, Bob Dylan

julien@ubuntu:~/0x07$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x07-pointers_arrays_strings
• File: 100-set_string.c

Done! Help Check your code QA Review

9. My primary goal of hacking was the intellectual curiosity, the seduction of adventure
#advanced

Score: 0.0% (Checks completed: 0.0%)

Create a file that contains the password for the crackme2 executable.

• Your file should contain the exact password, no new line, no extra space
• ltrace, ldd, gdb and objdump can help
• You may need to install the openssl library to run the crakme2 program: sudo apt
install libssl-dev
• Edit the source list sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list to add the following line: deb
http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security main Then sudo apt
update and sudo apt install libssl1.0.0

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x07-pointers_arrays_strings
• File: 101-crackme_password
0x08. C - Recursion
Resources
Read or watch:

• 0x08. Recursion, introduction

• What on Earth is Recursion?
• C - Recursion
• C Programming Tutorial 85, Recursion pt.1
• C Programming Tutorial 86, Recursion pt.2

Learning Objectives
At the end of this project, you are expected to be able to explain to anyone, without the help of
Google:

General
• What is recursion
• How to implement recursion
• In what situations you should implement recursion
• In what situations you shouldn’t implement recursion

Copyright - Plagiarism
• You are tasked to come up with solutions for the tasks below yourself to meet with the
above learning objectives.
• You will not be able to meet the objectives of this or any following project by copying and
pasting someone else’s work.
• You are not allowed to publish any content of this project.
• Any form of plagiarism is strictly forbidden and will result in removal from the program.

Requirements
General
• Allowed editors: vi, vim, emacs
• All your files will be compiled on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS using gcc, using the options -Wall -
Werror -Wextra -pedantic -std=gnu89
• All your files should end with a new line
• A README.md file, at the root of the folder of the project is mandatory
• Your code should use the Betty style. It will be checked using betty-style.pl and betty-
doc.pl
• You are not allowed to use global variables
• No more than 5 functions per file
• You are not allowed to use the standard library. Any use of functions like printf, puts,
etc… is forbidden
 • You are allowed to use _putchar
• You don’t have to push _putchar.c, we will use our file. If you do it won’t be taken into
account
• In the following examples, the main.c files are shown as examples. You can use them to
test your functions, but you don’t have to push them to your repo (if you do we won’t take
them into account). We will use our own main.c files at compilation. Our main.c files
might be different from the one shown in the examples
• The prototypes of all your functions and the prototype of the function _putchar should be
included in your header file called main.h
• Don’t forget to push your header file
• You are not allowed to use any kind of loops
• You are not allowed to use static variables

Quiz questions
Great! You've completed the quiz successfully! Keep going! (Show quiz)

Tasks
0. She locked away a secret, deep inside herself, something she once knew to be true...
but chose to forget
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that prints a string, followed by a new line.

• Prototype: void _puts_recursion(char *s);

FYI: The standard library provides a similar function: puts. Run man puts to learn more.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x08. Recursion$ cat 0-main.c

#include "main.h"

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

_puts_recursion("Puts with recursion");

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x08. Recursion$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=g

nu89 _putchar.c 0-main.c 0-puts_recursion.c -o 0-puts_recursion
julien@ubuntu:~/0x08. Recursion$ ./0-puts_recursion

Puts with recursion

julien@ubuntu:~/0x08. Recursion$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x08-recursion
• File: 0-puts_recursion.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

1. Why is it so important to dream? Because, in my dreams we are together
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that prints a string in reverse.

• Prototype: void _print_rev_recursion(char *s);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x08. Recursion$ cat 1-main.c

#include "main.h"

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

_print_rev_recursion("\nColton Walker");

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x08. Recursion$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=g

nu89 _putchar.c 1-main.c 1-print_rev_recursion.c -o 1-print_rev_recursion

julien@ubuntu:~/0x08. Recursion$ ./1-print_rev_recursion

reklaW notloC

julien@ubuntu:~/0x08. Recursion$

Repo:
 • GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming
• Directory: 0x08-recursion
• File: 1-print_rev_recursion.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

2. Dreams feel real while we're in them. It's only when we wake up that we realize
something was actually strange
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that returns the length of a string.

• Prototype: int _strlen_recursion(char *s);

FYI: The standard library provides a similar function: strlen. Run man strlen to learn more.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x08. Recursion$ cat 2-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

int n;

n = _strlen_recursion("Corbin Coleman");

printf("%d\n", n);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x08. Recursion$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=g

nu89 2-main.c 2-strlen_recursion.c -o 2-strlen_recursion

julien@ubuntu:~/0x08. Recursion$ ./2-strlen_recursion

14

julien@ubuntu:~/0x08. Recursion$

Repo:
 • GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming
• Directory: 0x08-recursion
• File: 2-strlen_recursion.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

3. You mustn't be afraid to dream a little bigger, darling
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that returns the factorial of a given number.

• Prototype: int factorial(int n);

• If n is lower than 0, the function should return -1 to indicate an error
• Factorial of 0 is 1

julien@ubuntu:~/0x08. Recursion$ cat 3-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

int r;

r = factorial(1);

printf("%d\n", r);

r = factorial(5);

printf("%d\n", r);

r = factorial(10);

printf("%d\n", r);

r = factorial(-1024);

printf("%d\n", r);

return (0);

}
julien@ubuntu:~/0x08. Recursion$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=g
nu89 3-main.c 3-factorial.c -o 3-factorial

julien@ubuntu:~/0x08. Recursion$ ./3-factorial

120

3628800

-1

julien@ubuntu:~/0x08. Recursion$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x08-recursion
• File: 3-factorial.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

4. Once an idea has taken hold of the brain it's almost impossible to eradicate
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that returns the value of x raised to the power of y.

• Prototype: int _pow_recursion(int x, int y);

• If y is lower than 0, the function should return -1

FYI: The standard library provides a different function: pow. Run man pow to learn more.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x08. Recursion$ cat 4-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

int r;
 r = _pow_recursion(1, 10);

printf("%d\n", r);

r = _pow_recursion(1024, 0);

printf("%d\n", r);

r = _pow_recursion(2, 16);

printf("%d\n", r);

r = _pow_recursion(5, 2);

printf("%d\n", r);

r = _pow_recursion(5, -2);

printf("%d\n", r);

r = _pow_recursion(-5, 3);

printf("%d\n", r);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x08. Recursion$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=g

nu89 4-main.c 4-pow_recursion.c -o 4-pow

julien@ubuntu:~/0x08. Recursion$ ./4-pow

65536

25

-1

-125

julien@ubuntu:~/0x08. Recursion$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x08-recursion
• File: 4-pow_recursion.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

5. Your subconscious is looking for the dreamer
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that returns the natural square root of a number.

• Prototype: int _sqrt_recursion(int n);

 • If n does not have a natural square root, the function should return -1

FYI: The standard library provides a different function: sqrt. Run man sqrt to learn more.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x08. Recursion$ cat 5-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

int r;

r = _sqrt_recursion(1);

printf("%d\n", r);

r = _sqrt_recursion(1024);

printf("%d\n", r);

r = _sqrt_recursion(16);

printf("%d\n", r);

r = _sqrt_recursion(17);

printf("%d\n", r);

r = _sqrt_recursion(25);

printf("%d\n", r);

r = _sqrt_recursion(-1);

printf("%d\n", r);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x08. gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 5-main

.c 5-sqrt_recursion.c -o 5-sqrt

julien@ubuntu:~/0x08. Recursion$ ./5-sqrt

1
32

-1

-1

julien@ubuntu:~/0x08. Recursion$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x08-recursion
• File: 5-sqrt_recursion.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

6. Inception. Is it possible?
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that returns 1 if the input integer is a prime number, otherwise return 0.

• Prototype: int is_prime_number(int n);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x08. Recursion$ cat 6-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

int r;

r = is_prime_number(1);

printf("%d\n", r);

r = is_prime_number(1024);

printf("%d\n", r);
 r = is_prime_number(16);

printf("%d\n", r);

r = is_prime_number(17);

printf("%d\n", r);

r = is_prime_number(25);

printf("%d\n", r);

r = is_prime_number(-1);

printf("%d\n", r);

r = is_prime_number(113);

printf("%d\n", r);

r = is_prime_number(7919);

printf("%d\n", r);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x08. Recursion$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=g

nu89 6-main.c 6-is_prime_number.c -o 6-prime

julien@ubuntu:~/0x08. Recursion$ ./6-prime

julien@ubuntu:~/0x08. Recursion$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x08-recursion
• File: 6-is_prime_number.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

7. They say we only use a fraction of our brain's true potential. Now that's when we're
awake. When we're asleep, we can do almost anything
#advanced
Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)
Write a function that returns 1 if a string is a palindrome and 0 if not.

• Prototype: int is_palindrome(char *s);

• An empty string is a palindrome

julien@ubuntu:~/0x08. Recursion$ cat 100-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

int r;

r = is_palindrome("level");

printf("%d\n", r);

r = is_palindrome("redder");

printf("%d\n", r);

r = is_palindrome("test");

printf("%d\n", r);

r = is_palindrome("step on no pets");

printf("%d\n", r);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x08. Recursion$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=g

nu89 100-main.c 100-is_palindrome.c -o 100-palindrome

julien@ubuntu:~/0x08. Recursion$ ./100-palindrome

0
1

julien@ubuntu:~/0x08. Recursion$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x08-recursion
• File: 100-is_palindrome.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

8. Inception. Now, before you bother telling me it's impossible...
#advanced

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that compares two strings and returns 1 if the strings can be considered
identical, otherwise return 0.

• Prototype: int wildcmp(char *s1, char *s2);

• s2 can contain the special character *.
• The special char * can replace any string (including an empty string)

julien@ubuntu:~/0x08. Recursion$ cat 101-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

int r;

r = wildcmp("main.c", "*.c");

printf("%d\n", r);

r = wildcmp("main.c", "m*a*i*n*.*c*");

printf("%d\n", r);

r = wildcmp("main.c", "main.c");

printf("%d\n", r);
 r = wildcmp("main.c", "m*c");

printf("%d\n", r);

r = wildcmp("main.c", "ma********************************c");

printf("%d\n", r);

r = wildcmp("main.c", "*");

printf("%d\n", r);

r = wildcmp("main.c", "***");

printf("%d\n", r);

r = wildcmp("main.c", "m.*c");

printf("%d\n", r);

r = wildcmp("main.c", "**.*c");

printf("%d\n", r);

r = wildcmp("main-main.c", "ma*in.c");

printf("%d\n", r);

r = wildcmp("main", "main*d");

printf("%d\n", r);

r = wildcmp("abc", "*b");

printf("%d\n", r);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x08. Recursion$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=g

nu89 101-main.c 101-wildcmp.c -o 101-wildcmp

julien@ubuntu:~/0x08. Recursion$ ./101-wildcmp

0
0

julien@ubuntu:~/0x08. Recursion$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x08-recursion
• File: 101-wildcmp.c
0x09. C - Static libraries
Concepts
For this project, we expect you to look at this concept:

• C static libraries

Resources
Read or watch:

• What Is A “C” Library? What Is It Good For?

• Creating A Static “C” Library Using “ar” and “ranlib”
• Using A “C” Library In A Program
• What is difference between Dynamic and Static library(Static and Dynamic linking) (stop
at 4:44)

man or help:

• ar
• ranlib
• nm

Learning Objectives
At the end of this project, you are expected to be able to explain to anyone, without the help of
Google:

General
• What is a static library, how does it work, how to create one, and how to use it
• Basic usage of ar, ranlib, nm

Copyright - Plagiarism
• You are tasked to come up with solutions for the tasks below yourself to meet with the
above learning objectives.
• You will not be able to meet the objectives of this or any following project by copying and
pasting someone else’s work.
• You are not allowed to publish any content of this project.
• Any form of plagiarism is strictly forbidden and will result in removal from the program.

Requirements
C
• Allowed editors: vi, vim, emacs
 • All your files will be compiled on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS using gcc, using the options -Wall -
Werror -Wextra -pedantic -std=gnu89
• All your files should end with a new line
• A README.md file, at the root of the folder of the project is mandatory
• Your code should use the Betty style. It will be checked using betty-style.pl and betty-
doc.pl
• You are not allowed to use global variables
• No more than 5 functions per file
• You are not allowed to use the standard library. Any use of functions like printf, puts,
etc… is forbidden
• You are allowed to use _putchar
• You don’t have to push _putchar.c, we will use our file. If you do it won’t be taken into
account
• In the following examples, the main.c files are shown as examples. You can use them to
test your functions, but you don’t have to push them to your repo (if you do we won’t take
them into account). We will use our own main.c files at compilation. Our main.c files
might be different from the one shown in the examples
• The prototypes of all your functions and the prototype of the function _putchar should be
included in your header file called main.h
• Don’t forget to push your header file

Bash
• Allowed editors: vi, vim, emacs
• All your scripts will be tested on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS
• All your files should end with a new line (why?)
• The first line of all your files should be exactly #!/bin/bash
• A README.md file, at the root of the folder of the project, describing what each script is
doing
• All your files must be executable

More Info
You do not need to learn about dynamic libraries, yet.

Quiz questions
Great! You've completed the quiz successfully! Keep going! (Show quiz)

Tasks
0. A library is not a luxury but one of the necessities of life
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Create the static library libmy.a containing all the functions listed below:

int _putchar(char c);

int _islower(int c);

int _isalpha(int c);

int _abs(int n);

int _isupper(int c);

int _isdigit(int c);

int _strlen(char *s);

void _puts(char *s);

char *_strcpy(char *dest, char *src);

int _atoi(char *s);

char *_strcat(char *dest, char *src);

char *_strncat(char *dest, char *src, int n);

char *_strncpy(char *dest, char *src, int n);

int _strcmp(char *s1, char *s2);

char *_memset(char *s, char b, unsigned int n);

char *_memcpy(char *dest, char *src, unsigned int n);

char *_strchr(char *s, char c);

unsigned int _strspn(char *s, char *accept);

char *_strpbrk(char *s, char *accept);

char *_strstr(char *haystack, char *needle);

If you haven’t coded all of the above functions create empty ones with the right prototype.
Don’t forget to push your main.h file to your repository. It should at least contain all the
prototypes of the above functions.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x09. Static Librairies$ ar -t libmy.a

0-isupper.o

0-memset.o

0-strcat.o

1-isdigit.o

1-memcpy.o

1-strncat.o

100-atoi.o

2-strchr.o

2-strlen.o

2-strncpy.o

3-islower.o

3-puts.o

3-strcmp.o
3-strspn.o

4-isalpha.o

4-strpbrk.o

5-strstr.o

6-abs.o

9-strcpy.o

_putchar.o

julien@ubuntu:~/0x09. Static Librairies$ nm libmy.a

0-isupper.o:

0000000000000000 T _isupper

0-memset.o:

0000000000000000 T _memset

0-strcat.o:

0000000000000000 T _strcat

1-isdigit.o:

0000000000000000 T _isdigit

1-memcpy.o:

0000000000000000 T _memcpy

1-strncat.o:

0000000000000000 T _strncat

100-atoi.o:

0000000000000000 T _atoi

2-strchr.o:

0000000000000000 T _strchr
2-strlen.o:

0000000000000000 T _strlen

2-strncpy.o:

0000000000000000 T _strncpy

3-islower.o:

0000000000000000 T _islower

3-puts.o:

U _putchar

0000000000000000 T _puts

3-strcmp.o:

0000000000000000 T _strcmp

3-strspn.o:

0000000000000000 T _strspn

4-isalpha.o:

0000000000000000 T _isalpha

4-strpbrk.o:

0000000000000000 T _strpbrk

5-strstr.o:

0000000000000000 T _strstr

6-abs.o:

0000000000000000 T _abs

9-strcpy.o:

0000000000000000 T _strcpy
_putchar.o:

0000000000000000 T _putchar

U write

julien@ubuntu:~/0x09. Static Librairies$ cat main.c

#include "main.h"

int main(void)

_puts("\"At the end of the day, my goal was to be the best hacker\"\n\t
- Kevin Mitnick");

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x09. Static Librairies$ gcc -std=gnu89 main.c -L. -lmy -o

quote

julien@ubuntu:~/0x09. Static Librairies$ ./quote

"At the end of the day, my goal was to be the best hacker"

- Kevin Mitnick

julien@ubuntu:~/0x09. Static Librairies$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x09-static_libraries
• File: libmy.a, main.h

Done! Help Check your code QA Review

1. Without libraries what have we? We have no past and no future
mandatory

Score: 65.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Create a script called create_static_lib.sh that creates a static library called liball.a from
all the .c files that are in the current directory.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x09. Static Librairies$ ls *.c

0-isupper.c 0-strcat.c 1-isdigit.c 1-strncat.c 2-strlen.c 3-islower.c

3-strcmp.c 4-isalpha.c 5-strstr.c 9-strcpy.c _putchar.c

0-memset.c 100-atoi.c 1-memcpy.c 2-strchr.c 2-strncpy.c 3-puts.c

3-strspn.c 4-strpbrk.c 6-abs.c

julien@ubuntu:~/0x09. Static Librairies$ ./create_static_lib.sh

julien@ubuntu:~/0x09. Static Librairies$ ls *.a

liball.a

julien@ubuntu:~/0x09. Static Librairies$ ar -t liball.a

0-isupper.o

0-memset.o

0-strcat.o

100-atoi.o

1-isdigit.o

1-memcpy.o

1-strncat.o

2-strchr.o

2-strlen.o

2-strncpy.o

3-islower.o

3-puts.o

3-strcmp.o

3-strspn.o

4-isalpha.o

4-strpbrk.o

5-strstr.o

6-abs.o

9-strcpy.o

_putchar.o

julien@ubuntu:~/0x09. Static Librairies$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x09-static_libraries
• File: create_static_lib.sh
0x0A. C - argc, argv
Resources
Read or watch:

• Arguments to main
• argc and argv
• What does argc and argv mean?
• how to compile with unused variables

Learning Objectives
At the end of this project, you are expected to be able to explain to anyone, without the help of
Google:

General
• How to use arguments passed to your program
• What are two prototypes of main that you know of, and in which case do you use one or
the other
• How to use __attribute__((unused)) or (void) to compile functions with unused
variables or parameters

Copyright - Plagiarism
• You are tasked to come up with solutions for the tasks below yourself to meet with the
above learning objectives.
• You will not be able to meet the objectives of this or any following project by copying and
pasting someone else’s work.
• You are not allowed to publish any content of this project.
• Any form of plagiarism is strictly forbidden and will result in removal from the program.

Requirements
General
• Allowed editors: vi, vim, emacs
• All your files will be compiled on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS using gcc, using the options -Wall -
Werror -Wextra -pedantic -std=gnu89
• All your files should end with a new line
• A README.md file, at the root of the folder of the project is mandatory
• Your code should use the Betty style. It will be checked using betty-style.pl and betty-
doc.pl
• You are not allowed to use global variables
• No more than 5 functions per file
• The prototypes of all your functions and the prototype of the function _putchar should be
included in your header file called main.h
 • Don’t forget to push your header file
• You are allowed to use the standard library

Quiz questions
Great! You've completed the quiz successfully! Keep going! (Show quiz)

Tasks
0. It ain't what they call you, it's what you answer to
mandatory

Score: 65.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a program that prints its name, followed by a new line.

• If you rename the program, it will print the new name, without having to compile it again
• You should not remove the path before the name of the program

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0A. argc, argv$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=

gnu89 0-whatsmyname.c -o mynameis

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0A. argc, argv$ ./mynameis

./mynameis

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0A. argc, argv$ mv mynameis mynewnameis

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0A. argc, argv$ ./mynewnameis

./mynewnameis

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0A. argc, argv$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x0A-argc_argv
• File: 0-whatsmyname.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

1. Silence is argument carried out by other means
mandatory

Score: 65.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a program that prints the number of arguments passed into it.

• Your program should print a number, followed by a new line

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0A. argc, argv$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=

gnu89 1-args.c -o nargs

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0A. argc, argv$ ./nargs

0
julien@ubuntu:~/0x0A. argc, argv$ ./nargs hello

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0A. argc, argv$ ./nargs "hello, world"

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0A. argc, argv$ ./nargs hello, world

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0A. argc, argv$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x0A-argc_argv
• File: 1-args.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

2. The best argument against democracy is a five-minute conversation with the average
voter
mandatory

Score: 65.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a program that prints all arguments it receives.

• All arguments should be printed, including the first one

• Only print one argument per line, ending with a new line

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0A. argc, argv$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=

gnu89 2-args.c -o args

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0A. argc, argv$ ./args

./args

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0A. argc, argv$ ./args You can do anything, but not every
thing.

./args

You

can

do

anything,

but

not

everything.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0A. argc, argv$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x0A-argc_argv
• File: 2-args.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

3. Neither irony nor sarcasm is argument
mandatory

Score: 65.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a program that multiplies two numbers.

• Your program should print the result of the multiplication, followed by a new line
• You can assume that the two numbers and result of the multiplication can be stored in an
integer
• If the program does not receive two arguments, your program should print Error,
followed by a new line, and return 1

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0A. argc, argv$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=

gnu89 3-mul.c -o mul

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0A. argc, argv$ ./mul 2 3

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0A. argc, argv$ ./mul 2 -3

-6

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0A. argc, argv$ ./mul 2 0

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0A. argc, argv$ ./mul 245 3245342

795108790

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0A. argc, argv$ ./mul

Error

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0A. argc, argv$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x0A-argc_argv
• File: 3-mul.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

4. To infinity and beyond
mandatory

Score: 65.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a program that adds positive numbers.

• Print the result, followed by a new line

• If no number is passed to the program, print 0, followed by a new line
• If one of the number contains symbols that are not digits, print Error, followed by a new
line, and return 1
• You can assume that numbers and the addition of all the numbers can be stored in
an int

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0A. argc, argv$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=

gnu89 4-add.c -o add

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0A. argc, argv$ ./add 1 1

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0A. argc, argv$ ./add 1 10 100 1000

1111

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0A. argc, argv$ ./add 1 2 3 e 4 5

Error

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0A. argc, argv$ ./add

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0A. argc, argv$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x0A-argc_argv
• File: 4-add.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

5. Minimal Number of Coins for Change
#advanced

Score: 65.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a program that prints the minimum number of coins to make change for an amount of
money.

• Usage: ./change cents

• where cents is the amount of cents you need to give back
• if the number of arguments passed to your program is not exactly 1, print Error, followed
by a new line, and return 1
• you should use atoi to parse the parameter passed to your program
• If the number passed as the argument is negative, print 0, followed by a new line
• You can use an unlimited number of coins of values 25, 10, 5, 2, and 1 cent

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0A. argc, argv$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=

gnu89 100-change.c -o change
julien@ubuntu:~/0x0A. argc, argv$ ./change

Error

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0A. argc, argv$ ./change 10

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0A. argc, argv$ ./change 100

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0A. argc, argv$ ./change 101

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0A. argc, argv$ ./change 13

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0A. argc, argv$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x0A-argc_argv
• File: 100-change.c
0x0B. C - malloc, free
Resources
Read or watch:

• 0x0a - malloc & free - quick overview.pdf

• Dynamic memory allocation in C - malloc calloc realloc free (stop at 6:50)

man or help:

• malloc
• free

Learning Objectives
At the end of this project, you are expected to be able to explain to anyone, without the help of
Google:

General
• What is the difference between automatic and dynamic allocation
• What is malloc and free and how to use them
• Why and when use malloc
• How to use valgrind to check for memory leak

Copyright - Plagiarism
• You are tasked to come up with solutions for the tasks below yourself to meet with the
above learning objectives.
• You will not be able to meet the objectives of this or any following project by copying and
pasting someone else’s work.
• You are not allowed to publish any content of this project.
• Any form of plagiarism is strictly forbidden and will result in removal from the program.

Requirements
General
• Allowed editors: vi, vim, emacs
• All your files will be compiled on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS using gcc, using the options -Wall -
Werror -Wextra -pedantic -std=gnu89
• All your files should end with a new line
• A README.md file, at the root of the folder of the project is mandatory
• Your code should use the Betty style. It will be checked using betty-style.pl and betty-
doc.pl
• You are not allowed to use global variables
 • No more than 5 functions per file
• The only C standard library functions allowed are malloc and free. Any use of functions
like printf, puts, calloc, realloc etc… is forbidden
• You are allowed to use _putchar
• You don’t have to push _putchar.c, we will use our file. If you do it won’t be taken into
account
• In the following examples, the main.c files are shown as examples. You can use them to
test your functions, but you don’t have to push them to your repo (if you do we won’t take
them into account). We will use our own main.c files at compilation. Our main.c files
might be different from the one shown in the examples
• The prototypes of all your functions and the prototype of the function _putchar should be
included in your header file called main.h
• Don’t forget to push your header file

More Info
You do not have to learn about calloc and realloc.

Quiz questions
Great! You've completed the quiz successfully! Keep going! (Show quiz)

Tasks
0. Float like a butterfly, sting like a bee
mandatory

Score: 65.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that creates an array of chars, and initializes it with a specific char.

• Prototype: char *create_array(unsigned int size, char c);

• Returns NULL if size = 0
• Returns a pointer to the array, or NULL if it fails

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$ cat 0-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

/**

* simple_print_buffer - prints buffer in hexa

* @buffer: the address of memory to print

* @size: the size of the memory to print

* Return: Nothing.

*/
void simple_print_buffer(char *buffer, unsigned int size)

unsigned int i;

i = 0;

while (i < size)

if (i % 10)

printf(" ");

if (!(i % 10) && i)

printf("\n");

printf("0x%02x", buffer[i]);

i++;

printf("\n");

/**

* main - check the code for ALX School students.

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

char *buffer;

buffer = create_array(98, 'H');

if (buffer == NULL)

{
 printf("failed to allocate memory\n");

return (1);

simple_print_buffer(buffer, 98);

free(buffer);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -st

d=gnu89 0-main.c 0-create_array.c -o a

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$ ./a

0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48

0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48

0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48

0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48

0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48

0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48

0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48

0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48

0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48

0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x0B-malloc_free
• File: 0-create_array.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

1. The woman who has no imagination has no wings
mandatory

Score: 65.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that returns a pointer to a newly allocated space in memory, which contains a
copy of the string given as a parameter.

• Prototype: char *_strdup(char *str);

• The _strdup() function returns a pointer to a new string which is a duplicate of the
string str. Memory for the new string is obtained with malloc, and can be freed
with free.
• Returns NULL if str = NULL
 • On success, the _strdup function returns a pointer to the duplicated string. It
returns NULL if insufficient memory was available

FYI: The standard library provides a similar function: strdup. Run man strdup to learn more.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$ cat 1-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

/**

* main - check the code for ALX School students.

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

char *s;

s = _strdup("ALX SE");

if (s == NULL)

printf("failed to allocate memory\n");

return (1);

printf("%s\n", s);

free(s);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -st

d=gnu89 1-main.c 1-strdup.c -o s

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$ ./s

ALX SE

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$

Repo:
 • GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming
• Directory: 0x0B-malloc_free
• File: 1-strdup.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

2. He who is not courageous enough to take risks will accomplish nothing in life
mandatory

Score: 65.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that concatenates two strings.

• Prototype: char *str_concat(char *s1, char *s2);

• The returned pointer should point to a newly allocated space in memory which contains
the contents of s1, followed by the contents of s2, and null terminated
• if NULL is passed, treat it as an empty string
• The function should return NULL on failure

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$ cat 2-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

/**

* main - check the code for ALX School students.

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

char *s;

s = str_concat("Betty ", "Holberton");

if (s == NULL)

printf("failed\n");

return (1);

printf("%s\n", s);

free(s);
 return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -st

d=gnu89 2-main.c 2-str_concat.c -o c

julien@ubuntu:~/c/curriculum_by_julien/holbertonschool-low_level_programmin
g/0x0a. malloc, free$ ./c | cat -e

Betty Holberton$

julien@ubuntu:~/c/curriculum_by_julien/holbertonschool-low_level_programmin
g/0x0a. malloc, free$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x0B-malloc_free
• File: 2-str_concat.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

3. If you even dream of beating me you'd better wake up and apologize
mandatory

Score: 65.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that returns a pointer to a 2 dimensional array of integers.

• Prototype: int **alloc_grid(int width, int height);

• Each element of the grid should be initialized to 0
• The function should return NULL on failure
• If width or height is 0 or negative, return NULL

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$ cat 3-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

/**

* print_grid - prints a grid of integers

* @grid: the address of the two dimensional grid

* @width: width of the grid

* @height: height of the grid

* Return: Nothing.

*/
void print_grid(int **grid, int width, int height)

int w;

int h;

h = 0;

while (h < height)

w = 0;

while (w < width)

printf("%d ", grid[h][w]);

w++;

printf("\n");

h++;

/**

* main - check the code for ALX School students.

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

int **grid;

grid = alloc_grid(6, 4);

if (grid == NULL)

return (1);

}
 print_grid(grid, 6, 4);

printf("\n");

grid[0][3] = 98;

grid[3][4] = 402;

print_grid(grid, 6, 4);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -st

d=gnu89 3-main.c 3-alloc_grid.c -o g

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$ ./g

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 98 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 402 0

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x0B-malloc_free
• File: 3-alloc_grid.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

4. It's not bragging if you can back it up
mandatory

Score: 65.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that frees a 2 dimensional grid previously created by your alloc_grid function.

• Prototype: void free_grid(int **grid, int height);

• Note that we will compile with your alloc_grid.c file. Make sure it compiles.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$ cat 4-main.c

#include "main.h"
#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

/**

* print_grid - prints a grid of integers

* @grid: the address of the two dimensional grid

* @width: width of the grid

* @height: height of the grid

* Return: Nothing.

*/

void print_grid(int **grid, int width, int height)

int w;

int h;

h = 0;

while (h < height)

w = 0;

while (w < width)

printf("%d ", grid[h][w]);

w++;

printf("\n");

h++;

/**

* main - check the code for ALX School students.

*
 * Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

int **grid;

grid = alloc_grid(6, 4);

if (grid == NULL)

return (1);

print_grid(grid, 6, 4);

printf("\n");

grid[0][3] = 98;

grid[3][4] = 402;

print_grid(grid, 6, 4);

free_grid(grid, 4);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -st

d=gnu89 4-main.c 3-alloc_grid.c 4-free_grid.c -o f

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$ valgrind ./f

==5013== Memcheck, a memory error detector

==5013== Copyright (C) 2002-2015, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.

==5013== Using Valgrind-3.11.0 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info

==5013== Command: ./f

==5013==

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 98 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 402 0

==5013==

==5013== HEAP SUMMARY:

==5013== in use at exit: 0 bytes in 0 blocks

==5013== total heap usage: 6 allocs, 6 frees, 1,248 bytes allocated

==5013==

==5013== All heap blocks were freed -- no leaks are possible

==5013==

==5013== For counts of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -v

==5013== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x0B-malloc_free
• File: 4-free_grid.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

5. It isn't the mountains ahead to climb that wear you out; it's the pebble in your shoe
#advanced

Score: 65.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that concatenates all the arguments of your program.

• Prototype: char *argstostr(int ac, char **av);

• Returns NULL if ac == 0 or av == NULL
• Returns a pointer to a new string, or NULL if it fails
• Each argument should be followed by a \n in the new string

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$ cat 100-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

/**

* main - check the code for ALX School students.

* Return: Always 0.
 */

int main(int ac, char *av[])

char *s;

s = argstostr(ac, av);

if (s == NULL)

return (1);

printf("%s", s);

free(s);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -st

d=gnu89 100-main.c 100-argstostr.c -o args

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$ ./args I will "show you" how great I am

./args

will

show you

how

great

am

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x0B-malloc_free
• File: 100-argstostr.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

6. I will show you how great I am
#advanced

Score: 65.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that splits a string into words.

• Prototype: char **strtow(char *str);

• The function returns a pointer to an array of strings (words)
• Each element of this array should contain a single word, null-terminated
• The last element of the returned array should be NULL
• Words are separated by spaces
• Returns NULL if str == NULL or str == ""
• If your function fails, it should return NULL

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$ cat 101-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

/**

* print_tab - Prints an array of string

* @tab: The array to print

* Return: nothing

*/

void print_tab(char **tab)

int i;

for (i = 0; tab[i] != NULL; ++i)

printf("%s\n", tab[i]);

/**

* main - check the code for ALX School students.

* Return: 1 if an error occurred, 0 otherwise

*/

int main(void)
{

char **tab;

tab = strtow(" ALX School #cisfun ");

if (tab == NULL)

printf("Failed\n");

return (1);

print_tab(tab);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -st

d=gnu89 101-main.c 101-strtow.c -o strtow

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$ ./strtow | cat -e

ALX$

School$

#cisfun$

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x0B-malloc_free
• File: 101-strtow.c
0x0B. C - malloc, free
Concepts
For this project, we expect you to look at this concept:

• Automatic and dynamic allocation, malloc and free

Resources
Read or watch:

• 0x0a - malloc & free - quick overview.pdf

• Dynamic memory allocation in C - malloc calloc realloc free (stop at 6:50)

man or help:

• malloc
• free

Learning Objectives
At the end of this project, you are expected to be able to explain to anyone, without the help of
Google:

General
• What is the difference between automatic and dynamic allocation
• What is malloc and free and how to use them
• Why and when use malloc
• How to use valgrind to check for memory leak

Copyright - Plagiarism
• You are tasked to come up with solutions for the tasks below yourself to meet with the
above learning objectives.
• You will not be able to meet the objectives of this or any following project by copying and
pasting someone else’s work.
• You are not allowed to publish any content of this project.
• Any form of plagiarism is strictly forbidden and will result in removal from the program.

Requirements
General
• Allowed editors: vi, vim, emacs
• All your files will be compiled on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS using gcc, using the options -Wall -
Werror -Wextra -pedantic -std=gnu89
• All your files should end with a new line
 • A README.md file, at the root of the folder of the project is mandatory
• Your code should use the Betty style. It will be checked using betty-style.pl and betty-
doc.pl
• You are not allowed to use global variables
• No more than 5 functions per file
• The only C standard library functions allowed are malloc and free. Any use of functions
like printf, puts, calloc, realloc etc… is forbidden
• You are allowed to use _putchar
• You don’t have to push _putchar.c, we will use our file. If you do it won’t be taken into
account
• In the following examples, the main.c files are shown as examples. You can use them to
test your functions, but you don’t have to push them to your repo (if you do we won’t take
them into account). We will use our own main.c files at compilation. Our main.c files
might be different from the one shown in the examples
• The prototypes of all your functions and the prototype of the function _putchar should be
included in your header file called main.h
• Don’t forget to push your header file

More Info
You do not have to learn about calloc and realloc.

Quiz questions
Great! You've completed the quiz successfully! Keep going! (Show quiz)

Tasks
0. Float like a butterfly, sting like a bee
mandatory

Score: 65.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that creates an array of chars, and initializes it with a specific char.

• Prototype: char *create_array(unsigned int size, char c);

• Returns NULL if size = 0
• Returns a pointer to the array, or NULL if it fails

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$ cat 0-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

/**

* simple_print_buffer - prints buffer in hexa

* @buffer: the address of memory to print

* @size: the size of the memory to print

 *

* Return: Nothing.

*/

void simple_print_buffer(char *buffer, unsigned int size)

unsigned int i;

i = 0;

while (i < size)

if (i % 10)

printf(" ");

if (!(i % 10) && i)

printf("\n");

printf("0x%02x", buffer[i]);

i++;

printf("\n");

/**

* main - check the code for ALX School students.

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

char *buffer;
 buffer = create_array(98, 'H');

if (buffer == NULL)

printf("failed to allocate memory\n");

return (1);

simple_print_buffer(buffer, 98);

free(buffer);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -st

d=gnu89 0-main.c 0-create_array.c -o a

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$ ./a

0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48

0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48

0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48

0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48

0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48

0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48

0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48

0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48

0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48

0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48 0x48

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x0B-malloc_free
• File: 0-create_array.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

1. The woman who has no imagination has no wings
mandatory

Score: 65.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that returns a pointer to a newly allocated space in memory, which contains a
copy of the string given as a parameter.
 • Prototype: char *_strdup(char *str);
• The _strdup() function returns a pointer to a new string which is a duplicate of the
string str. Memory for the new string is obtained with malloc, and can be freed
with free.
• Returns NULL if str = NULL
• On success, the _strdup function returns a pointer to the duplicated string. It
returns NULL if insufficient memory was available

FYI: The standard library provides a similar function: strdup. Run man strdup to learn more.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$ cat 1-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

/**

* main - check the code for ALX School students.

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

char *s;

s = _strdup("ALX SE");

if (s == NULL)

printf("failed to allocate memory\n");

return (1);

printf("%s\n", s);

free(s);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -st

d=gnu89 1-main.c 1-strdup.c -o s

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$ ./s

ALX SE

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x0B-malloc_free
• File: 1-strdup.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

2. He who is not courageous enough to take risks will accomplish nothing in life
mandatory

Score: 65.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that concatenates two strings.

• Prototype: char *str_concat(char *s1, char *s2);

• The returned pointer should point to a newly allocated space in memory which contains
the contents of s1, followed by the contents of s2, and null terminated
• if NULL is passed, treat it as an empty string
• The function should return NULL on failure

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$ cat 2-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

/**

* main - check the code for ALX School students.

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

char *s;

s = str_concat("Betty ", "Holberton");

if (s == NULL)

printf("failed\n");
 return (1);

printf("%s\n", s);

free(s);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -st

d=gnu89 2-main.c 2-str_concat.c -o c

julien@ubuntu:~/c/curriculum_by_julien/holbertonschool-low_level_programmin
g/0x0a. malloc, free$ ./c | cat -e

Betty Holberton$

julien@ubuntu:~/c/curriculum_by_julien/holbertonschool-low_level_programmin
g/0x0a. malloc, free$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x0B-malloc_free
• File: 2-str_concat.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

3. If you even dream of beating me you'd better wake up and apologize
mandatory

Score: 65.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that returns a pointer to a 2 dimensional array of integers.

• Prototype: int **alloc_grid(int width, int height);

• Each element of the grid should be initialized to 0
• The function should return NULL on failure
• If width or height is 0 or negative, return NULL

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$ cat 3-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

/**

* print_grid - prints a grid of integers

* @grid: the address of the two dimensional grid

* @width: width of the grid

 * @height: height of the grid

* Return: Nothing.

*/

void print_grid(int **grid, int width, int height)

int w;

int h;

h = 0;

while (h < height)

w = 0;

while (w < width)

printf("%d ", grid[h][w]);

w++;

printf("\n");

h++;

/**

* main - check the code for ALX School students.

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

int **grid;

grid = alloc_grid(6, 4);

 if (grid == NULL)

return (1);

print_grid(grid, 6, 4);

printf("\n");

grid[0][3] = 98;

grid[3][4] = 402;

print_grid(grid, 6, 4);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -st

d=gnu89 3-main.c 3-alloc_grid.c -o g

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$ ./g

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 98 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 402 0

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x0B-malloc_free
• File: 3-alloc_grid.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

4. It's not bragging if you can back it up
mandatory

Score: 65.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that frees a 2 dimensional grid previously created by your alloc_grid function.

• Prototype: void free_grid(int **grid, int height);

 • Note that we will compile with your alloc_grid.c file. Make sure it compiles.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$ cat 4-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

/**

* print_grid - prints a grid of integers

* @grid: the address of the two dimensional grid

* @width: width of the grid

* @height: height of the grid

* Return: Nothing.

*/

void print_grid(int **grid, int width, int height)

int w;

int h;

h = 0;

while (h < height)

w = 0;

while (w < width)

printf("%d ", grid[h][w]);

w++;

printf("\n");

h++;

}
/**

* main - check the code for ALX School students.

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

int **grid;

grid = alloc_grid(6, 4);

if (grid == NULL)

return (1);

print_grid(grid, 6, 4);

printf("\n");

grid[0][3] = 98;

grid[3][4] = 402;

print_grid(grid, 6, 4);

free_grid(grid, 4);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -st

d=gnu89 4-main.c 3-alloc_grid.c 4-free_grid.c -o f

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$ valgrind ./f

==5013== Memcheck, a memory error detector

==5013== Copyright (C) 2002-2015, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.

==5013== Using Valgrind-3.11.0 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info

==5013== Command: ./f

==5013==

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 98 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 402 0

==5013==

==5013== HEAP SUMMARY:

==5013== in use at exit: 0 bytes in 0 blocks

==5013== total heap usage: 6 allocs, 6 frees, 1,248 bytes allocated

==5013==

==5013== All heap blocks were freed -- no leaks are possible

==5013==

==5013== For counts of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -v

==5013== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x0B-malloc_free
• File: 4-free_grid.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

5. It isn't the mountains ahead to climb that wear you out; it's the pebble in your shoe
#advanced

Score: 65.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that concatenates all the arguments of your program.

• Prototype: char *argstostr(int ac, char **av);

• Returns NULL if ac == 0 or av == NULL
• Returns a pointer to a new string, or NULL if it fails
• Each argument should be followed by a \n in the new string

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$ cat 100-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

/**
 * main - check the code for ALX School students.

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(int ac, char *av[])

char *s;

s = argstostr(ac, av);

if (s == NULL)

return (1);

printf("%s", s);

free(s);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -st

d=gnu89 100-main.c 100-argstostr.c -o args

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$ ./args I will "show you" how great I am

./args

will

show you

how

great

am

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x0B-malloc_free
• File: 100-argstostr.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

6. I will show you how great I am
#advanced

Score: 65.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that splits a string into words.

• Prototype: char **strtow(char *str);

• The function returns a pointer to an array of strings (words)
• Each element of this array should contain a single word, null-terminated
• The last element of the returned array should be NULL
• Words are separated by spaces
• Returns NULL if str == NULL or str == ""
• If your function fails, it should return NULL

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$ cat 101-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

/**

* print_tab - Prints an array of string

* @tab: The array to print

* Return: nothing

*/

void print_tab(char **tab)

int i;

for (i = 0; tab[i] != NULL; ++i)

printf("%s\n", tab[i]);

/**

* main - check the code for ALX School students.

*
 * Return: 1 if an error occurred, 0 otherwise

*/

int main(void)

char **tab;

tab = strtow(" ALX School #cisfun ");

if (tab == NULL)

printf("Failed\n");

return (1);

print_tab(tab);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -st

d=gnu89 101-main.c 101-strtow.c -o strtow

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$ ./strtow | cat -e

ALX$

School$

#cisfun$

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0a. malloc, free$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x0B-malloc_free
• File: 101-strtow.c
0x0C. C - More malloc, free
CMemory allocation

Concepts
For this project, we expect you to look at this concept:

• Automatic and dynamic allocation, malloc and free

Resources
Read or watch:

• Do I cast the result of malloc?

man or help:

• exit (3)
• calloc
• realloc

Learning Objectives
At the end of this project, you are expected to be able to explain to anyone, without the help of
Google:

General
• How to use the exit function
• What are the functions calloc and realloc from the standard library and how to use
them

Copyright - Plagiarism
• You are tasked to come up with solutions for the tasks below yourself to meet with the
above learning objectives.
• You will not be able to meet the objectives of this or any following project by copying and
pasting someone else’s work.
• You are not allowed to publish any content of this project.
• Any form of plagiarism is strictly forbidden and will result in removal from the program.

Requirements
General
• Allowed editors: vi, vim, emacs
• All your files will be compiled on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS using gcc, using the options -Wall -
Werror -Wextra -pedantic -std=gnu89
 • All your files should end with a new line
• A README.md file, at the root of the folder of the project is mandatory
• Your code should use the Betty style. It will be checked using betty-style.pl and betty-
doc.pl
• You are not allowed to use global variables
• No more than 5 functions per file
• The only C standard library functions allowed are malloc, free and exit. Any use of
functions like printf, puts, calloc, realloc etc… is forbidden
• You are allowed to use _putchar
• You don’t have to push _putchar.c, we will use our file. If you do it won’t be taken into
account
• In the following examples, the main.c files are shown as examples. You can use them to
test your functions, but you don’t have to push them to your repo (if you do we won’t take
them into account). We will use our own main.c files at compilation. Our main.c files
might be different from the one shown in the examples
• The prototypes of all your functions and the prototype of the function _putchar should be
included in your header file called main.h
• Don’t forget to push your header file

Quiz questions
Great! You've completed the quiz successfully! Keep going! (Show quiz)

Tasks
0. Trust no one
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that allocates memory using malloc.

• Prototype: void *malloc_checked(unsigned int b);

• Returns a pointer to the allocated memory
• if malloc fails, the malloc_checked function should cause normal process termination
with a status value of 98

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0b. more malloc, free$ cat 0-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <limits.h>

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/
int main(void)

char *c;

int *i;

float *f;

double *d;

c = malloc_checked(sizeof(char) * 1024);

printf("%p\n", (void *)c);

i = malloc_checked(sizeof(int) * 402);

printf("%p\n", (void *)i);

f = malloc_checked(sizeof(float) * 100000000);

printf("%p\n", (void *)f);

d = malloc_checked(INT_MAX);

printf("%p\n", (void *)d);

free(c);

free(i);

free(f);

free(d);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0b. more malloc, free$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextr

a -std=gnu89 0-main.c 0-malloc_checked.c -o a

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0b. more malloc, free$ ./a

0x1e39010

0x1e39830

0x7f31f6c19010

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0b. more malloc, free$ echo $?

98

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0b. more malloc, free$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x0C-more_malloc_free
• File: 0-malloc_checked.c
Done! Help Check your code QA Review
1. string_nconcat
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that concatenates two strings.

• Prototype: char *string_nconcat(char *s1, char *s2, unsigned int n);

• The returned pointer shall point to a newly allocated space in memory, which contains s1,
followed by the first n bytes of s2, and null terminated
• If the function fails, it should return NULL
• If n is greater or equal to the length of s2 then use the entire string s2
• if NULL is passed, treat it as an empty string

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0b. more malloc, free$ cat 1-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

char *concat;

concat = string_nconcat("Best ", "School !!!", 6);

printf("%s\n", concat);

free(concat);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0b. more malloc, free$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextr

a -std=gnu89 1-main.c 1-string_nconcat.c -o 1-string_nconcat

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0b. more malloc, free$ ./1-string_nconcat

Best School

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0b. more malloc, free$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x0C-more_malloc_free
• File: 1-string_nconcat.c

Done! Help Check your code QA Review

2. _calloc
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that allocates memory for an array, using malloc.

• Prototype: void *_calloc(unsigned int nmemb, unsigned int size);

• The _calloc function allocates memory for an array of nmemb elements of size bytes
each and returns a pointer to the allocated memory.
• The memory is set to zero
• If nmemb or size is 0, then _calloc returns NULL
• If malloc fails, then _calloc returns NULL

FYI: The standard library provides a different function: calloc. Run man calloc to learn more.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0b. more malloc, free$ cat 2-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <string.h>

/**

* simple_print_buffer - prints buffer in hexa

* @buffer: the address of memory to print

* @size: the size of the memory to print

* Return: Nothing.

*/

void simple_print_buffer(char *buffer, unsigned int size)

unsigned int i;

i = 0;

while (i < size)

 {

if (i % 10)

printf(" ");

if (!(i % 10) && i)

printf("\n");

printf("0x%02x", buffer[i]);

i++;

printf("\n");

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

char *a;

a = _calloc(98, sizeof(char));

strcpy(a, "Best");

strcpy(a + 4, " School! :)\n");

a[97] = '!';

simple_print_buffer(a, 98);

free(a);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0b. more malloc, free$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextr

a -std=gnu89 2-main.c 2-calloc.c -o 2-calloc
julien@ubuntu:~/0x0b. more malloc, free$ ./2-calloc

0x42 0x65 0x73 0x74 0x20 0x53 0x63 0x68 0x6f 0x6f

0x6c 0x21 0x20 0x3a 0x29 0x0a 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x21

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0b. more malloc, free$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x0C-more_malloc_free
• File: 2-calloc.c

Done! Help Check your code QA Review

3. array_range
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that creates an array of integers.

• Prototype: int *array_range(int min, int max);

• The array created should contain all the values from min (included) to max (included),
ordered from min to max
• Return: the pointer to the newly created array
• If min > max, return NULL
• If malloc fails, return NULL

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0b. more malloc, free$ cat 3-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <string.h>

/**

* simple_print_buffer - prints buffer in hexa

 * @buffer: the address of memory to print

* @size: the size of the memory to print

* Return: Nothing.

*/

void simple_print_buffer(int *buffer, unsigned int size)

unsigned int i;

i = 0;

while (i < size)

if (i % 10)

printf(" ");

if (!(i % 10) && i)

printf("\n");

printf("0x%02x", buffer[i]);

i++;

printf("\n");

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

{
 int *a;

a = array_range(0, 10);

simple_print_buffer(a, 11);

free(a);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0b. more malloc, free$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextr

a -std=gnu89 3-main.c 3-array_range.c -o 3-array_range

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0b. more malloc, free$ ./3-array_range

0x00 0x01 0x02 0x03 0x04 0x05 0x06 0x07 0x08 0x09

0x0a

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0b. more malloc, free$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x0C-more_malloc_free
• File: 3-array_range.c

Done! Help Check your code QA Review

4. _realloc
#advanced

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that reallocates a memory block using malloc and free

• Prototype: void *_realloc(void *ptr, unsigned int old_size, unsigned int

new_size);
• where ptr is a pointer to the memory previously allocated with a call
to malloc: malloc(old_size)
• old_size is the size, in bytes, of the allocated space for ptr
• and new_size is the new size, in bytes of the new memory block
• The contents will be copied to the newly allocated space, in the range from the start
of ptr up to the minimum of the old and new sizes
• If new_size > old_size, the “added” memory should not be initialized
• If new_size == old_size do not do anything and return ptr
• If ptr is NULL, then the call is equivalent to malloc(new_size), for all values
of old_size and new_size
• If new_size is equal to zero, and ptr is not NULL, then the call is equivalent
to free(ptr). Return NULL
• Don’t forget to free ptr when it makes sense

FYI: The standard library provides a different function: realloc. Run man realloc to learn
more.
julien@ubuntu:~/0x0b. more malloc, free$ cat 100-main.c

#include "main.h"

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <string.h>

/**

* simple_print_buffer - prints buffer in hexa

* @buffer: the address of memory to print

* @size: the size of the memory to print

* Return: Nothing.

*/

void simple_print_buffer(char *buffer, unsigned int size)

unsigned int i;

i = 0;

while (i < size)

if (i % 10)

printf(" ");

if (!(i % 10) && i)

printf("\n");

printf("0x%02x", buffer[i]);

i++;

printf("\n");

}
/**

* main - check the code for

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

char *p;

int i;

p = malloc(sizeof(char) * 10);

p = _realloc(p, sizeof(char) * 10, sizeof(char) * 98);

i = 0;

while (i < 98)

p[i++] = 98;

simple_print_buffer(p, 98);

free(p);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0b. more malloc, free$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextr

a -std=gnu89 100-main.c 100-realloc.c -o 100-realloc

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0b. more malloc, free$ ./100-realloc

0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62

0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62

0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62

0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62

0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62

0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62

0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62

0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62

0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62
0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62 0x62

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0b. more malloc, free$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x0C-more_malloc_free
• File: 100-realloc.c

Done! Help Check your code QA Review

5. We must accept finite disappointment, but never lose infinite hope
#advanced

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a program that multiplies two positive numbers.

• Usage: mul num1 num2

• num1 and num2 will be passed in base 10
• Print the result, followed by a new line
• If the number of arguments is incorrect, print Error, followed by a new line, and exit with
a status of 98
• num1 and num2 should only be composed of digits. If not, print Error, followed by a new
line, and exit with a status of 98
• You are allowed to use more than 5 functions in your file

You can use bc (man bc) to check your results.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0b. more malloc, free$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextr

a -std=gnu89 101-mul.c _putchar.c -o 101-mul

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0b. more malloc, free$ ./101-mul 10 98

980

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0b. more malloc, free$ ./101-mul 235234693269436436223446

526546334576437634765378653875874687649698659586695898579 28658034365084365
083426083109679137608216408631430814308651084650816406134060831608310853086
103769013709675067130586570832760732096730978014607369739567864508634086304
807450973045703428580934825098342095832409850394285098342509834209583425345
267413639235755891879970464524226159074760914989935413350556875770807019893
069201247121855122836389417022552166316010013074258781583143870461182707893
577849408672040555089482160343085482612348145322689883025225988799452329290
281169927532160590651993511788518550547570284574715925006962738262888617840
435389140329668772644708

674136392357558918799704645242261590747609149899354133505568757708070198930
692012471218551228363894170225521663160100130742587815831438704611827078935
778494086720405550894821603430854826123481453226898830252259887994523292902
811699275321605908105737792665133761261824833211325690248597437196938515601
506881386827400068391218781860166705860541867828432223729721367348241239292
206815929149627431117020868905658535278284448472114084636774164996263864922
950928186789606720847417840215629497894071295951835184641385914179238085331
381201529533354671663434428408642677548077574780815003073211970486780568870
4303461042373101473485092019906795014369069932

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0b. more malloc, free$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x0C-more_malloc_free
• File: 101-mul.c
0x0D. C - Preprocessor
Resources
Read or watch:

• Understanding C program Compilation Process

• Object-like Macros
• Macro Arguments
• Pre Processor Directives in C
• The C Preprocessor
• Standard Predefined Macros
• include guard
• Common Predefined Macros

Learning Objectives
At the end of this project, you are expected to be able to explain to anyone, without the help of
Google:

General
• What are macros and how to use them
• What are the most common predefined macros
• How to include guard your header files

Copyright - Plagiarism
• You are tasked to come up with solutions for the tasks below yourself to meet with the
above learning objectives.
• You will not be able to meet the objectives of this or any following project by copying and
pasting someone else’s work.
• You are not allowed to publish any content of this project.
• Any form of plagiarism is strictly forbidden and will result in removal from the program.

Requirements
General
• Allowed editors: vi, vim, emacs
• All your files will be compiled on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS using gcc, using the options -Wall -
Werror -Wextra -pedantic -std=gnu89
• All your files should end with a new line
• A README.md file, at the root of the folder of the project is mandatory
• Your code should use the Betty style. It will be checked using betty-style.pl and betty-
doc.pl
• You are not allowed to use global variables
• No more than 5 functions per file
 • The only C standard library functions allowed are malloc, free and exit. Any use of
functions like printf, puts, calloc, realloc etc… is forbidden
• You are allowed to use _putchar
• You don’t have to push _putchar.c, we will use our file. If you do it won’t be taken into
account
• In the following examples, the main.c files are shown as examples. You can use them to
test your functions, but you don’t have to push them to your repo (if you do we won’t take
them into account). We will use our own main.c files at compilation. Our main.c files
might be different from the one shown in the examples
• Don’t forget to push your header file
• All your header files should be include guarded

Quiz questions
Great! You've completed the quiz successfully! Keep going! (Show quiz)

Tasks
0. Object-like Macro
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Create a header file that defines a macro named SIZE as an abbreviation for the token 1024.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0c. macro, structures$ cat 0-main.c

#include "0-object_like_macro.h"

#include "0-object_like_macro.h"

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

int s;

s = 98 + SIZE;

printf("%d\n", s);

return (0);

}
julien@ubuntu:~/0x0c. macro, structures$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextr
a -std=gnu89 0-main.c -o a

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0c. macro, structures$ ./a

1122

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0c. macro, structures$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x0D-preprocessor
• File: 0-object_like_macro.h

Done! Help Check your code QA Review

1. Pi
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Create a header file that defines a macro named PI as an abbreviation for the
token 3.14159265359.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0c. macro, structures$ cat 1-main.c

#include "1-pi.h"

#include "1-pi.h"

#include <stdio.h>

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

float a;

float r;

r = 98;

a = PI * r * r;

printf("%.3f\n", a);

return (0);
}

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0c. macro, structures$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextr

a -std=gnu89 1-main.c -o b

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0c. macro, structures$ ./b

30171.855

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0c. macro, structures$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x0D-preprocessor
• File: 1-pi.h

Done! Help Check your code QA Review

2. File name
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a program that prints the name of the file it was compiled from, followed by a new line.

• You are allowed to use the standard library

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0c. macro, structures$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextr

a -std=gnu89 2-main.c -o c

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0c. macro, structures$ ./c

2-main.c

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0c. macro, structures$ cp 2-main.c 02-main.c

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0c. macro, structures$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextr

a -std=gnu89 02-main.c -o cc

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0c. macro, structures$ ./cc

02-main.c

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0c. macro, structures$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x0D-preprocessor
• File: 2-main.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

3. Function-like macro
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function-like macro ABS(x) that computes the absolute value of a number x.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0c. macro, structures$ cat 3-main.c

#include <stdio.h>

#include "3-function_like_macro.h"

#include "3-function_like_macro.h"

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

int i;

int j;

i = ABS(-98) * 10;

j = ABS(98) * 10;

printf("%d, %d\n", i, j);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0c. macro, structures$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextr

a -std=gnu89 3-main.c -o d

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0c. macro, structures$ ./d

980, 980

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0c. macro, structures$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x0D-preprocessor
• File: 3-function_like_macro.h

Done! Help Check your code QA Review

4. SUM
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function-like macro SUM(x, y) that computes the sum of the numbers x and y.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0c. macro, structures$ cat 4-main.c

#include <stdio.h>

#include "4-sum.h"

#include "4-sum.h"

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

int s;

s = SUM(98, 1024);

printf("%d\n", s);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0c. macro, structures$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextr

a -std=gnu89 4-main.c -o e

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0c. macro, structures$ ./e

1122

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0c. macro, structures$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x0D-preprocessor
• File: 4-sum.h
0x0E. C - Structures, typedef
Learning Objectives
At the end of this project, you are expected to be able to explain to anyone, without the help of
Google:

General
• What are structures, when, why and how to use them
• How to use typedef

Copyright - Plagiarism
• You are tasked to come up with solutions for the tasks below yourself to meet with the
above learning objectives.
• You will not be able to meet the objectives of this or any following project by copying and
pasting someone else’s work.
• You are not allowed to publish any content of this project.
• Any form of plagiarism is strictly forbidden and will result in removal from the program.

Requirements
General
• Allowed editors: vi, vim, emacs
• All your files will be compiled on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS using gcc, using the options -Wall -
Werror -Wextra -pedantic -std=gnu89
• All your files should end with a new line
• A README.md file, at the root of the folder of the project is mandatory
• Your code should use the Betty style. It will be checked using betty-style.pl and betty-
doc.pl
• You are not allowed to use global variables
• No more than 5 functions per file
• The only C standard library functions allowed are printf, malloc, free and exit.
• In the following examples, the main.c files are shown as examples. You can use them to
test your functions, but you don’t have to push them to your repo (if you do we won’t take
them into account). We will use our own main.c files at compilation. Our main.c files
might be different from the one shown in the examples
• Don’t forget to push your header file
• All your header files should be include guarded

Quiz questions
Great! You've completed the quiz successfully! Keep going! (Show quiz)

Tasks
0. Poppy
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Define a new type struct dog with the following elements:

• name, type = char *

• age, type = float
• owner, type = char *

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0d. structures, typedef$ cat 0-main.c

#include <stdio.h>

#include "dog.h"

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

struct dog my_dog;

my_dog.name = "Poppy";

my_dog.age = 3.5;

my_dog.owner = "Bob";

printf("My name is %s, and I am %.1f :) - Woof!\n", my_dog.name, my_dog

.age);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0d. structures, typedef$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wex

tra -std=gnu89 0-main.c -o a

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0d. structures, typedef$ ./a

My name is Poppy, and I am 3.5 :) - Woof!

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0d. structures, typedef$

Repo:
 • GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming
• Directory: 0x0E-structures_typedef
• File: dog.h

Done! Help Check your code QA Review

1. A dog is the only thing on earth that loves you more than you love yourself
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that initialize a variable of type struct dog

• Prototype: void init_dog(struct dog *d, char *name, float age, char
*owner);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0d. structures, typedef$ cat 1-main.c

#include <stdio.h>

#include "dog.h"

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

struct dog my_dog;

init_dog(&my_dog, "Poppy", 3.5, "Bob");

printf("My name is %s, and I am %.1f :) - Woof!\n", my_dog.name, my_dog

.age);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0d. structures, typedef$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wex

tra -std=gnu89 1-main.c 1-init_dog.c -o b

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0d. structures, typedef$ ./b

My name is Poppy, and I am 3.5 :) - Woof!

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0d. structures, typedef$

Repo:
 • GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming
• Directory: 0x0E-structures_typedef
• File: 1-init_dog.c

Done! Help Check your code QA Review

2. A dog will teach you unconditional love. If you can have that in your life, things won't
be too bad
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that prints a struct dog

• Prototype: void print_dog(struct dog *d);

• Format: see example bellow
• You are allowed to use the standard library
• If an element of d is NULL, print (nil) instead of this element. (if name is NULL,
print Name: (nil))
• If d is NULL print nothing.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0d. structures, typedef$ cat 2-main.c

#include <stdio.h>

#include "dog.h"

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

struct dog my_dog;

my_dog.name = "Poppy";

my_dog.age = 3.5;

my_dog.owner = "Bob";

print_dog(&my_dog);

return (0);

}
julien@ubuntu:~/0x0d. structures, typedef$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wex
tra -std=gnu89 2-main.c 2-print_dog.c -o c

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0d. structures, typedef$ ./c

Name: Poppy

Age: 3.500000

Owner: Bob

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0d. structures, typedef$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x0E-structures_typedef
• File: 2-print_dog.c

Done! Help Check your code QA Review

3. Outside of a dog, a book is a man's best friend. Inside of a dog it's too dark to read
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Define a new type dog_t as a new name for the type struct dog.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0d. structures, typedef$ cat 3-main.c

#include <stdio.h>

#include "dog.h"

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

dog_t my_dog;

my_dog.name = "Poppy";

my_dog.age = 3.5;

my_dog.owner = "Bob";
 printf("My name is %s, and I am %.1f :) - Woof!\n", my_dog.name, my_dog
.age);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0d. structures, typedef$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wex

tra -std=gnu89 3-main.c -o d

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0d. structures, typedef$ ./d

My name is Poppy, and I am 3.5 :) - Woof!

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0d. structures, typedef$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x0E-structures_typedef
• File: dog.h

Done! Help Check your code QA Review

4. A door is what a dog is perpetually on the wrong side of
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that creates a new dog.

• Prototype: dog_t *new_dog(char *name, float age, char *owner);

• You have to store a copy of name and owner
• Return NULL if the function fails

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0d. structures, typedef$ cat 4-main.c

#include <stdio.h>

#include "dog.h"

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

dog_t *my_dog;
 my_dog = new_dog("Poppy", 3.5, "Bob");

printf("My name is %s, and I am %.1f :) - Woof!\n", my_dog->name, my_do

g->age);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0d. structures, typedef$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wex

tra -std=gnu89 4-main.c 4-new_dog.c -o e

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0d. structures, typedef$ ./e

My name is Poppy, and I am 3.5 :) - Woof!

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0d. structures, typedef$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x0E-structures_typedef
• File: 4-new_dog.c

Done! Help Check your code QA Review

5. How many legs does a dog have if you call his tail a leg? Four. Saying that a tail is a leg
doesn't make it a leg
mandatory

Score: 100.0% (Checks completed: 100.0%)

Write a function that frees dogs.

• Prototype: void free_dog(dog_t *d);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0d. structures, typedef$ cat 5-main.c

#include <stdio.h>

#include "dog.h"

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

{
 dog_t *my_dog;

my_dog = new_dog("Poppy", 3.5, "Bob");

printf("My name is %s, and I am %.1f :) - Woof!\n", my_dog->name, my_do

g->age);

free_dog(my_dog);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0d. structures, typedef$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wex

tra -std=gnu89 5-main.c 5-free_dog.c 4-new_dog.c -o f

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0d. structures, typedef$ valgrind ./f

==22840== Memcheck, a memory error detector

==22840== Copyright (C) 2002-2015, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.

==22840== Using Valgrind-3.11.0 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright inf
o

==22840== Command: ./f

==22840==

My name is Poppy, and I am 3.5 :) - Woof!

==22840==

==22840== HEAP SUMMARY:

==22840== in use at exit: 0 bytes in 0 blocks

==22840== total heap usage: 4 allocs, 4 frees, 1,059 bytes allocated

==22840==

==22840== All heap blocks were freed -- no leaks are possible

==22840==

==22840== For counts of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -v

==22840== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0d. structures, typedef$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x0E-structures_typedef
• File: 5-free_dog.c
0x0F. C - Function pointers
Resources
Read or watch:

• Function Pointer in C
• Pointers to functions
• Function Pointers in C / C++
• why pointers to functions?
• Everything you need to know about pointers in C

Learning Objectives
At the end of this project, you are expected to be able to explain to anyone, without the help of
Google:

General
• What are function pointers and how to use them
• What does a function pointer exactly hold
• Where does a function pointer point to in the virtual memory

Copyright - Plagiarism
• You are tasked to come up with solutions for the tasks below yourself to meet with the
above learning objectives.
• You will not be able to meet the objectives of this or any following project by copying and
pasting someone else’s work.
• You are not allowed to publish any content of this project.
• Any form of plagiarism is strictly forbidden and will result in removal from the program.

Requirements
General
• Allowed editors: vi, vim, emacs
• All your files will be compiled on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS using gcc, using the options -Wall -
Werror -Wextra -pedantic -std=gnu89
• All your files should end with a new line
• A README.md file, at the root of the folder of the project is mandatory
• Your code should use the Betty style. It will be checked using betty-style.pl and betty-
doc.pl
• You are not allowed to use global variables
• No more than 5 functions per file
• The only C standard library functions allowed are malloc, free and exit. Any use of
functions like printf, puts, calloc, realloc etc… is forbidden
• You are allowed to use _putchar
 • You don’t have to push _putchar.c, we will use our file. If you do it won’t be taken into
account
• In the following examples, the main.c files are shown as examples. You can use them to
test your functions, but you don’t have to push them to your repo (if you do we won’t take
them into account). We will use our own main.c files at compilation. Our main.c files
might be different from the one shown in the examples
• The prototypes of all your functions and the prototype of the function _putchar should be
included in your header file called function_pointers.h
• Don’t forget to push your header file
• All your header files should be include guarded

Quiz questions
Great! You've completed the quiz successfully! Keep going! (Show quiz)

Tasks
0. What's my name
mandatory

Score: 0.0% (Checks completed: 0.0%)

Write a function that prints a name.

• Prototype: void print_name(char *name, void (*f)(char *));

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ cat 0-main.c

#include <stdio.h>

#include "function_pointers.h"

/**

* print_name_as_is - prints a name as is

* @name: name of the person

* Return: Nothing.

*/

void print_name_as_is(char *name)

printf("Hello, my name is %s\n", name);

/**

* print_name_uppercase - print a name in uppercase

 * @name: name of the person

* Return: Nothing.

*/

void print_name_uppercase(char *name)

unsigned int i;

printf("Hello, my uppercase name is ");

i = 0;

while (name[i])

if (name[i] >= 'a' && name[i] <= 'z')

putchar(name[i] + 'A' - 'a');

else

putchar(name[i]);

i++;

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

print_name("Bob", print_name_as_is);

print_name("Bob Dylan", print_name_uppercase);

 printf("\n");

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextr

a -std=gnu89 0-main.c 0-print_name.c -o a

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ ./a

Hello, my name is Bob

Hello, my uppercase name is BOB DYLAN

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x0F-function_pointers
• File: 0-print_name.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

1. If you spend too much time thinking about a thing, you'll never get it done
mandatory

Score: 0.0% (Checks completed: 0.0%)

Write a function that executes a function given as a parameter on each element of an array.

• Prototype: void array_iterator(int *array, size_t size, void

(*action)(int));
• where size is the size of the array
• and action is a pointer to the function you need to use

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ cat 1-main.c

#include <stdio.h>

#include "function_pointers.h"

/**

* print_elem - prints an integer

* @elem: the integer to print

* Return: Nothing.

*/

void print_elem(int elem)

{
 printf("%d\n", elem);

/**

* print_elem_hex - prints an integer, in hexadecimal

* @elem: the integer to print

* Return: Nothing.

*/

void print_elem_hex(int elem)

printf("0x%x\n", elem);

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

int array[5] = {0, 98, 402, 1024, 4096};

array_iterator(array, 5, &print_elem);

array_iterator(array, 5, &print_elem_hex);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextr

a -std=gnu89 1-main.c 1-array_iterator.c -o b

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ ./b

98

402

1024
4096

0x0

0x62

0x192

0x400

0x1000

julien@ubuntu:~//0x0e. Function pointers$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x0F-function_pointers
• File: 1-array_iterator.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

2. To hell with circumstances; I create opportunities
mandatory

Score: 0.0% (Checks completed: 0.0%)

Write a function that searches for an integer.

• Prototype: int int_index(int *array, int size, int (*cmp)(int));

• where size is the number of elements in the array array
• cmp is a pointer to the function to be used to compare values
• int_index returns the index of the first element for which the cmp function does not
return 0
• If no element matches, return -1
• If size <= 0, return -1

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ cat 2-main.c

#include <stdio.h>

#include "function_pointers.h"

/**

* is_98 - check if a number is equal to 98

* @elem: the integer to check

* Return: 0 if false, something else otherwise.

*/

int is_98(int elem)

{
 return (98 == elem);

/**

* is_strictly_positive - check if a number is greater than 0

* @elem: the integer to check

* Return: 0 if false, something else otherwise.

*/

int is_strictly_positive(int elem)

return (elem > 0);

/**

* abs_is_98 - check if the absolute value of a number is 98

* @elem: the integer to check

* Return: 0 if false, something else otherwise.

*/

int abs_is_98(int elem)

return (elem == 98 || -elem == 98);

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

{
 int array[20] = {0, -98, 98, 402, 1024, 4096, -1024, -98, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 98};

int index;

index = int_index(array, 20, is_98);

printf("%d\n", index);

index = int_index(array, 20, abs_is_98);

printf("%d\n", index);

index = int_index(array, 20, is_strictly_positive);

printf("%d\n", index);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextr

a -std=gnu89 2-main.c 2-int_index.c -o c

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ ./c

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x0F-function_pointers
• File: 2-int_index.c

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

3. A goal is not always meant to be reached, it often serves simply as something to aim
at
mandatory

Score: 0.0% (Checks completed: 0.0%)

Write a program that performs simple operations.

• You are allowed to use the standard library

• Usage: calc num1 operator num2
• You can assume num1 and num2 are integers, so use the atoi function to convert them
from the string input to int
• operator is one of the following:
o +: addition
o -: subtraction
o *: multiplication
o /: division
 o %: modulo
• The program prints the result of the operation, followed by a new line
• You can assume that the result of all operations can be stored in an int
• if the number of arguments is wrong, print Error, followed by a new line, and exit with
the status 98
• if the operator is none of the above, print Error, followed by a new line, and exit with
the status 99
• if the user tries to divide (/ or %) by 0, print Error, followed by a new line, and exit with
the status 100

This task requires that you create four different files.

3-calc.h
This file should contain all the function prototypes and data structures used by the program. You
can use this structure:

/**

* struct op - Struct op

* @op: The operator

* @f: The function associated

*/

typedef struct op

char *op;

int (*f)(int a, int b);

} op_t;

3-op_functions.c
This file should contain the 5 following functions (not more):

• op_add: returns the sum of a and b. Prototype: int op_add(int a, int b);
• op_sub: returns the difference of a and b. Prototype: int op_sub(int a, int b);
• op_mul: returns the product of a and b. Prototype: int op_mul(int a, int b);
• op_div: returns the result of the division of a by b. Prototype: int op_div(int a, int
b);
• op_mod: returns the remainder of the division of a by b. Prototype: int op_mod(int a,
int b);

3-get_op_func.c
This file should contain the function that selects the correct function to perform the operation
asked by the user. You’re not allowed to declare any other function.

• Prototype: int (*get_op_func(char *s))(int, int);

• where s is the operator passed as argument to the program
 • This function returns a pointer to the function that corresponds to the operator given as a
parameter. Example: get_op_func("+") should return a pointer to the function op_add
• You are not allowed to use switch statements
• You are not allowed to use for or do ... while loops
• You are not allowed to use goto
• You are not allowed to use else
• You are not allowed to use more than one if statement in your code
• You are not allowed to use more than one while loop in your code
• If s does not match any of the 5 expected operators (+, -, *, /, %), return NULL
• You are only allowed to declare these two variables in this function:

op_t ops[] = {

{"+", op_add},

{"-", op_sub},

{"*", op_mul},

{"/", op_div},

{"%", op_mod},

{NULL, NULL}

};

int i;

3-main.c
This file should contain your main function only.

• You are not allowed to code any other function than main in this file
• You are not allowed to directly call op_add, op_sub, op_mul, op_div or op_mod from
the main function
• You have to use atoi to convert arguments to int
• You are not allowed to use any kind of loop
• You are allowed to use a maximum of 3 if statements

Compilation and examples

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextr

a -std=gnu89 3-main.c 3-op_functions.c 3-get_op_func.c -o calc

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ ./calc 1 + 1

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ ./calc 97 + 1

98

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ ./calc 1024 / 10

102

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ ./calc 1024 '*' 98

100352

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ ./calc 1024 '\*' 98

Error

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ ./calc 1024 - 98

926

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ ./calc 1024 '%' 98

44

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x0F-function_pointers
• File: 3-main.c, 3-op_functions.c, 3-get_op_func.c, 3-calc.h

Done! Help Check your code Get a sandbox QA Review

4. Most hackers are young because young people tend to be adaptable. As long as you
remain adaptable, you can always be a good hacker
#advanced

Score: 0.0% (Checks completed: 0.0%)

Write a program that prints the opcodes of its own main function.

• Usage: ./main number_of_bytes

• Output format:
o the opcodes should be printed in hexadecimal, lowercase
o each opcode is two char long
o listing ends with a new line
o see example
• You are allowed to use printf and atoi
• You have to use atoi to convert the argument to an int
• If the number of argument is not the correct one, print Error, followed by a new line, and
exit with the status 1
• If the number of bytes is negative, print Error, followed by a new line, and exit with the
status 2
• You do not have to compile with any flags

Note: if you want to translate your opcodes to assembly instructions, you can use, for
instance udcli.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ gcc -std=gnu89 100-main_opcodes.c

-o main

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ ./main 21

55 48 89 e5 48 83 ec 30 89 7d dc 48 89 75 d0 83 7d dc 02 74 14

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ objdump -d -j.text -M intel main

[...]
00000000004005f6 <main>:

4005f6: 55 push rbp

4005f7: 48 89 e5 mov rbp,rsp

4005fa: 48 83 ec 30 sub rsp,0x30

4005fe: 89 7d dc mov DWORD PTR [rbp-0x24],edi

400601: 48 89 75 d0 mov QWORD PTR [rbp-0x30],rsi

400605: 83 7d dc 02 cmp DWORD PTR [rbp-0x24],0x2

400609: 74 14 je 40061f <main+0x29>

[...]

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ ./main 21 | udcli -64 -x -o 4005f6

00000000004005f6 55 push rbp

00000000004005f7 4889e5 mov rbp, rsp

00000000004005fa 4883ec30 sub rsp, 0x30

00000000004005fe 897ddc mov [rbp-0x24], edi

0000000000400601 488975d0 mov [rbp-0x30], rsi

0000000000400605 837ddc02 cmp dword [rbp-0x24], 0x2

0000000000400609 7414 jz 0x40061f

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$

• Note 0: je is equivalent to jz
• Note 1: depending on how you write your main function, and on which machine you
compile your program, the opcodes (and by extension the assembly code) might be
different than the above example

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x0F-function_pointers
• File: 100-main_opcodes.c
0x10. C - Variadic functions
C

• By: Julien Barbier

• Weight: 1
• Project will start Jan 19, 2023 6:00 AM, must end by Jan 20, 2023 6:00 AM
• will be released at Jan 19, 2023 12:00 PM
• An auto review will be launched at the deadline

Resources
Read or watch:

• stdarg.h
• Variadic Functions
• Const Keyword

man or help:

• stdarg

Learning Objectives
At the end of this project, you are expected to be able to explain to anyone, without the help of
Google:

General
• What are variadic functions
• How to use va_start, va_arg and va_end macros
• Why and how to use the const type qualifier

Copyright - Plagiarism
• You are tasked to come up with solutions for the tasks below yourself to meet with the
above learning objectives.
• You will not be able to meet the objectives of this or any following project by copying and
pasting someone else’s work.
• You are not allowed to publish any content of this project.
• Any form of plagiarism is strictly forbidden and will result in removal from the program.

Requirements
General
• Allowed editors: vi, vim, emacs
 • All your files will be compiled on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS using gcc, using the options -Wall -
Werror -Wextra -pedantic -std=gnu89
• All your files should end with a new line
• A README.md file, at the root of the folder of the project is mandatory
• Your code should use the Betty style. It will be checked using betty-style.pl and betty-
doc.pl
• You are not allowed to use global variables
• No more than 5 functions per file
• The only C standard library functions allowed are malloc, free and exit. Any use of
functions like printf, puts, calloc, realloc etc… is forbidden
• You are allowed to use the following macros: va_start, va_arg and va_end
• You are allowed to use _putchar
• You don’t have to push _putchar.c, we will use our file. If you do it won’t be taken into
account
• In the following examples, the main.c files are shown as examples. You can use them to
test your functions, but you don’t have to push them to your repo (if you do we won’t take
them into account). We will use our own main.c files at compilation. Our main.c files
might be different from the one shown in the examples
• The prototypes of all your functions and the prototype of the function _putchar should be
included in your header file called variadic_functions.h
• Don’t forget to push your header file
• All your header files should be include guarded

Tasks
0. Beauty is variable, ugliness is constant
mandatory

Write a function that returns the sum of all its parameters.

• Prototype: int sum_them_all(const unsigned int n, ...);

• If n == 0, return 0

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0f. variadic functions$ cat 0-main.c

#include <stdio.h>

#include "variadic_functions.h"

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

int sum;
 sum = sum_them_all(2, 98, 1024);

printf("%d\n", sum);

sum = sum_them_all(4, 98, 1024, 402, -1024);

printf("%d\n", sum);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0f. variadic functions$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wext

ra -std=gnu89 0-main.c 0-sum_them_all.c -o a

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0f. variadic functions$ ./a

1122

500

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0f. variadic functions$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x10-variadic_functions
• File: 0-sum_them_all.c

Done? Help Get a sandbox

1. To be is to be the value of a variable
mandatory

Write a function that prints numbers, followed by a new line.

• Prototype: void print_numbers(const char *separator, const unsigned int n,

...);
• where separator is the string to be printed between numbers
• and n is the number of integers passed to the function
• You are allowed to use printf
• If separator is NULL, don’t print it
• Print a new line at the end of your function

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0f. variadic functions$ cat 1-main.c

#include "variadic_functions.h"

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)
{

print_numbers(", ", 4, 0, 98, -1024, 402);

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0f. variadic functions$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wext

ra -std=gnu89 1-main.c 1-print_numbers.c -o b

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0f. variadic functions$ ./b

0, 98, -1024, 402

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0f. variadic functions$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x10-variadic_functions
• File: 1-print_numbers.c

Done? Help Get a sandbox

2. One woman's constant is another woman's variable
mandatory

Write a function that prints strings, followed by a new line.

• Prototype: void print_strings(const char *separator, const unsigned int n,

...);
• where separator is the string to be printed between the strings
• and n is the number of strings passed to the function
• You are allowed to use printf
• If separator is NULL, don’t print it
• If one of the string is NULL, print (nil) instead
• Print a new line at the end of your function

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0f. Variadic functions$ cat 2-main.c

#include "variadic_functions.h"

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)

print_strings(", ", 2, "Jay", "Django");

 return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0f. Variadic functions$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wext

ra -std=gnu89 2-main.c 2-print_strings.c -o c

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0f. Variadic functions$ ./c

Jay, Django

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0f. Variadic functions$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x10-variadic_functions
• File: 2-print_strings.c

Done? Help Get a sandbox

3. To be is a to be the value of a variable
mandatory

Write a function that prints anything.

• Prototype: void print_all(const char * const format, ...);

• where format is a list of types of arguments passed to the function
o c: char
o i: integer
o f: float
o s: char * (if the string is NULL, print (nil) instead
o any other char should be ignored
o see example
• You are not allowed to use for, goto, ternary operator, else, do ... while
• You can use a maximum of
o 2 while loops
o 2 if
• You can declare a maximum of 9 variables
• You are allowed to use printf
• Print a new line at the end of your function

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0f. Variadic functions$ cat 3-main.c

#include "variadic_functions.h"

/**

* main - check the code

* Return: Always 0.

*/

int main(void)
{

print_all("ceis", 'B', 3, "stSchool");

return (0);

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0f. Variadic functions$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wext

ra -std=gnu89 3-main.c 3-print_all.c -o d

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0f. Variadic functions$ ./d

B, 3, stSchool

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0f. Variadic functions$

Repo:

• GitHub repository: alx-low_level_programming

• Directory: 0x10-variadic_functions
• File: 3-print_all.c