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109titration Bootstrap

The document discusses the concepts of derivatives, differentiation, and how to approximate derivatives from discrete data points. It describes how the derivative of a function represents the rate of change and how higher derivatives can be used. It then provides an example of using derivative approximations to find the equivalence point in an acid-base titration by analyzing the first and second derivative values around estimated points. Functions are presented for calculating the rate of change between points, estimating the derivative from multiple points, and using linear approximation between points to estimate function values.

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49 views13 pages

109titration Bootstrap

The document discusses the concepts of derivatives, differentiation, and how to approximate derivatives from discrete data points. It describes how the derivative of a function represents the rate of change and how higher derivatives can be used. It then provides an example of using derivative approximations to find the equivalence point in an acid-base titration by analyzing the first and second derivative values around estimated points. Functions are presented for calculating the rate of change between points, estimating the derivative from multiple points, and using linear approximation between points to estimate function values.

Uploaded by

armodelegbede
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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109titration

B-MAT-200
Previously: Functions
• A function is a process that associates to each element of a set
a single element from a set .
• Example:
Derivative
• The derivative of a function at a
point is the slope of the tangent
line to the graph of the function
at that point.
• It represents the “rate of
change” of the function.
• Example: the derivative of an
object position relative to the time
is the object’s velocity
• The derivative of a function is
noted
Differentiation
• Action of computing a derivate
• The slope of a line between two
points of the graph of a function
is:

• When is small, this expression


approaches the derivative:

→
Examples
Higher derivatives
• The derivative of is written
• It is called the second derivative of
• If is the position of an object at time
• is the object’s velocity
• is the object’s acceleration
Approximating a derivate
• If is unknown, but we know some of its values, we can approximate
its derivative:
• Forward rate:

• Backward rate:

• Central rate:
Special points
• A stationary point is a point where the derivative is zero
• It is a turning point if the derivative also and changes sign
• An inflection point is a point where the second derivative is zero and
changes sign
109titration
• Acid-base titration: find the concentration of an acid (or a base) by
adding progressively a standard solution of base (or acid) with a
known concentration and reading the pH.
• The initial concentration is deduced from the equivalence point
109titration
• Goal: use derivative approximations to find the equivalence point of
an acid-base titration
• Input: csv file with vol;ph points
• Outputs:
• First derivative values
• Equivalence point estimated from the first derivate
• Second derivative values
• Approximation of the second derivative values every 0.1 ml around the
estimated equivalence point
• Better estimation of the equivalence point from the second derivative
Exercise: Rate of change
• The rate of change between two points and is

• Create a function that takes two points and


and returns the rate of change between those points
Exercise: Derivative estimation
• In this project, the derivative is approximated by computing the
weighted mean of the backward rate and the forward rate.
• The weighted mean of and with weights and is

• What weights should you use for the rates?


• Create a function that takes three points , and
and returns an estimation of the derivative
Exercise: Linear approximation
• Since a function can be approximated by a line between two close
points, we can also estimate the value of the function for any point
between these two.
• Create a function that takes two points and ,a
value , and returns an estimation of .

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