Submitted By:

: Muhammad Kamran (25)

: Kaleem Ullah (26)
: Rao Zanjeel Tariq. (27)
: Sana Javid ( 29 )
: Muhammad Imran (30)
Submitted to: Sir Majid Khan

Topic name: What is writing? What is scientific report

writing? What is technical report writing? Difference between
scientific report writing and technical report writing.

Subject name: Academic writing

Department: International Relations
THAL UNIVERSITY BHAKKAR
1:WRITING
Writing is the four language skill besides listing, speaking and reading.

The questions raised where the concept of writing emerged and why people need writing, what's the
meaning of writing, what's the process of writing, what's the significance of writing, what's the impact of
writing on the audience and on reader

1: Emergence of writing
The earliest form of writing system comes from Mesopotamia (present day Iraq)but also find
the evidence of writing system in China,and in Mesoamerica (middle america).The
archaeologist find the evidence of Cuneiform in Mesopotamia back of 8000BCE.but schoolers
said that it was traced in 3200BCE.

2:Need of Writing
The question raised why people need writing.In Mesopotamia when archeologist observed
their cultures,on the archeologist Denise_Besserat said they used clay token's for the
accounting purposes.with the passage of time they developed into two dimensional
pictographic signs.later writing began to mock the spoken language and comes from the limit of
the accounting

3: Meaning of Writing
The art of expressing thoughts,emotion, feeling on the piece of paper. Another definition of
writing is the process of using different symbols like alphabets sings like punctuations to
communicate thought on the paper which the reader easily read it and get the idea.

4:The question raised why teachers or professor emphasized on the writing?

why students considered as the burden of writing?
The answer simple because students don't know the worth of writing.For me writing is the
freedom of the students and for the people.Through writing they can express their feelings
along with the persuasived the audience.

Jordan Peterson (Canadian author and psychologist) said people don't know the power of
writing.writing emphasize on thinking, thinking made you intellectual and your intellectuality
lead you on the terrain of success.

5: Significance of Writing
1: Powerful weapon

Writing is the powerful weapon you can slash out your opponent without any environmental
distruction.you don't need to use arm's you just need a pen and paper and through your
impressive writing you dominate on your opponent.

2: Way of communication

Writing is the way of communication people express their feelings, thoughts through
writing.people get the right idea about things through writing.

3:Main component

Writing is the main component besides reading, speaking and listening. If you want a good
writers you need to boost your knowledge,you need to speaked with new people and get new
ideas you need to listening to other's and understanding their point of view, their mental level
and all these things when you get you can become a good writer

4:Free Bird

Writhing is a free bird mean you don't need a boundary to limit your thoughts,you don't afraid
from the judgments of people,you don't afraid to be fealiure. You just express your creative
thoughts and live a footprint of yours on the audience.

5: Boost Imagination

Through writing you create a Utopia world.the audience having influenced of your writing.
Creative writing emphasized you to think out of the box. through writing you create new words,
characters and situations.when you stimulating your brain on thinking you get new ideas about
how to solve the problems.

6: Basics of Writing
Following are the basics of writing

1: Spelling

2:Capatalization

3: Punctuation

4: Handwriting

5: Sentence structure
7:Main types of writing
1: Persuasive Writing

Persuasive Writing is best for convincing people on certain issue.

Persuasive Writing is a academic writing people which authors used to persuade the audience
to take action on the certain issue.

For instance

Letters for recommendation,cover letter,a piece of newspaper articles etc

2: Expository writing

Expository idea is best for explaining about the certain topic.

When the writing become the expositor they write down every single detail without any his
opinion his aim to convey every detail information about the topic to the audience.his aim to
teach the audience something new not the persuade or entertaine them.

For instance

Texts, scientific writing,techincal writing,recipes,bolgs, instructional writing etc

3: Description writing

Descriptive writing is best for the creative writing.

Descriptive writing often found in fiction as well as in non fiction. when the author write in
descriptive style,he mention every single detail about the event,place or person like he actually
there.

In descriptive style writer use literacy techniques like similes,metaphors to engage the
audience.

For instance

Poetry, fictional novels or play etc

4: Narrative writing

Narrative writing is like a story telling when the author write in narrative style they not just
conveying information rather he construct a complete story or journey with characters conflict
and how to end.
For instance

Anecdote, short stories historical events , presentations, speeches etc

8: Process of writing

Process of writing mean how you write a topic on something.

There are five basic points in writing.

1:Pre_writing

Pre_writing mean before the writing select the topic, identify your purpose of the
audience,do the research on your topic also do a brainstorming mean make the
outline about the topic. Through pre_writing you can organized the ideas about
the topic

2: Drafting

In drafting you write down your ideas and the research which you get on the
paper your drafts may be not write it may be have various mistakes but it improve
your writing skill.

3: Revising

In revising you rearrange the words or sentences,you check out what you have
wrote is correct or wrong you add examples related to topics, you create
communication between the ideas. You also add a descriptive details about the
topic.inshort in this stage you made your writing better

4: Editing

At this stage you check your sentence structure,capatalization spelling mistakes.

You should make sure that is it write in organized manner.

5: Publishing

In the last stage recopy your writing neatly and perfectly and then share your
ideas with people.
2:SCIENTIFIC REPORT

HOW TO WRITE A SCIENTIFIC REPORT

It includes a title, table of contents, abstract, introduction method, results, discussion
and conclusion and references.

Title
Your title should include information about your inquiry including the purpose, scope, time
frame and method. This should be around 15 words in length text.

Table of contents
Table of contents or report contain a contents page this p your introduction should be written
well so your reader can determine outlines the parts of the report that refers to the page
number that each part of your report can be found you'll also notice that each section is a
numbered. For example: the introduction is1.0 then the method is 2.0 and subsequently 2.1 etc

The abstract
Usually the abstract is written at the end of report after the result and conclusion has been
written this is because you need to kno some furtherw all the information before you
summarize it into a paragraph for your reader the abstract includes the short paragraph that
briefly state the purpose of the inquiry the methods used the finding and the conclusion it's
written in past tense and usually around 300 words it's important to understand that reports
should be written in third person firstly you need to introduce your researcher and your
reports in your introduction.

The introduction method

your introduction you need to state your research or inquiry Question state what do you know
and what you don’t know and why you are trying to find the answer your introduction should
be written So your reader can determine if they want to continue reading or not the next part is
scientific report is the method the method consists of a number of parts that have a lot of detail
that discuss how the inquiry was conducted and the research method the method should also
give the reader enough information if they were to repeat the enquiry they could first you need
to state your research or inquiry question this could be directly from your scientific inquiry that
you may have done before writing this report next state your study body design this could be a
quantitative or qualitative research method you could also use a detail from scientific inquiry
process you need to include your data that you collected you need to discuss how you collected
the data what tool used and how reliable was the tool that you used to collect the data did uh
did you collect the data or did you access it from uh someone discussed the data in more detail
was the data of sample size or survey and describe the variables and the number of observers
next you need to analyze the data what software did you use what assumption did you make
what did you determine from the data next was the limitation and what were the limitation for
the methods how did you overcome or address them.

Results
next other result it’s good idea to write and represented your result before you write anything
else specially if you have worked with other to get these results you should not explain or
interpret these results here write objectively about what happened and show your resultsUsing
a table graph or diagram everything revolves around the results and therefore needs to be
established before you write anything else the result need to be clear and logical you need to
explicitly refer to any of the tables or data that you have presenting don’t discuss or explain on
hypothesis why you got these results you need to be as factual as you can if that are negative
findings don't ignore these you will explain more in your discussion your results need to be
objectively presented and the data if it's positive or negative do your inquiry or research you
might like to include and refer to other research which case you will need to reference your
work using index reference remember to include this in your reference list at the end of your
report.

Discussion
after you have written result you will need to discuss them in your discussion you will explain
interpret and hypothesize you will bring your own thoughts in your in in here about your result
from the research question here you should not include any new data or result here first restate
your research question next retreat what you are finding so remember not to introduce any
new information in this part no you need to cultural understanding is There’s some further
details here that can give context to your research including historical social or environmental
context reflect on the implication and recognize the limitation of the inquiry and explain the
implication of the limitation next discuss any negative findings and how this might have
impacted the conclusion and lastly talk about the next step and how this might guide future
research.

Conclusion
and finally the conclusion this is where you want to tell your reader why your research or
inquiry matters here you will restate the answer to the research question and give any
recommendations to the reader you can publish your work in the scientific community for
others to read and learn from.

Reference
at the end of your report Remember to include your reference that you refer to in your
discussion and conclusion conventional referring should be used and your reference should be
alphabetical order.
 3:Technical report
:Formalwayofwriting

Itdescribes the process,progress and results of technical research Provide informations about

Research

:Format of technical report

Titlepage

●Summary

●Table of elements

●Introduction

●Body

●Conclusions

●Acknowledgments

●Appendices
1:Titlepage
It includes
Title

●Name and position of writer

●Name and position of reader

●Date of submission

●Title must be in capital letters

2.Summary
●Overview of whole report

●Should not much lengthy

●Should of help ful informations

3.Table of contents
It tells about which part of report is on which page
4.Introduction
 It includes
●Back ground informations and context
●Includes aims and scope of project

5.Body:
Its important part of technical report It tells about:
●Tasks

●Findings

●Methodology

●Comparison nand discussion of results

6.Acknowledgments
It includes the list of those people who helped you
tovprepare a report
7.Appendix
It includes all information which can't be included in the
report due to too many details.

4: Diference between Scientfc reports

andTechnical reports:
1.Focus:Scientfc Reports: Primarily focus on the
presentaton of scientfc research and its contributon to
the broader body of scientfc knowledge. They follow the
scientific method and aim to advance understanding in a
partcular feld.
Technical Reports: Focus on providing detailed

informaton about a specifc technology, process, or

project. They emphasize practcal applicaton and ofen
include specifcatons, procedures, and recommendatons
for implementaton.

2.Purpose:Scientfc Reports: Aim to contribute new

knowledge to the scientfc community. They may explore
hypotheses, experimental design, and draw conclusions
based on empirical evidence.Technical Reports: Serve the
purpose of documentng and communicatng technical
informaton for practcal purposes. They may include
details about the development, implementaton, or
evaluaton of a specifc technology or process.

3.Audience:Scientfc Reports: Typically intended for a

scientfc audience, including researchers, academics, and
professionals in a specifc feld who are interested in the
theoretcal and experimental aspects of the
research.Technical Reports: Target a broader audience
that may include engineers, technicians, decision-
makers, and others who need practcal informaton for
implementaton or decision-making.

4.Structure:Scientfc Reports: Follow a standard structure

with sectons like abstract, introducton,methodology,
results, discussion, and conclusion. They adhere to a
formal and rigorous format.Technical Reports: Also
follow a structured format but may vary more depending
on the specifc requirements of the organizaton or feld.
They ofen include sectons such as introducton, methods,
results, and recommendatons.
In summary, while both scientfc and technical reports
share some similarites in structure, their primary
diferences lie in their focus on theoretcal knowledge
versus practcal applicaton and

their intended audience.