ESAKI VIDYAASHRAM CBSE SCHOOL

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
SOLID

SESSION: 2023-2024

SUBMITTED TO- SUBMITTED BY-

MR. E. GOWTHAM C.KAUSHIK SHYAM

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that C.KAUSHIK SHYAM

is a student of class XI A has successfully
completed the research on the below
mentioned project under the guidance of
Mr. E. GOWTHAM (subject teacher) during
year 2023-24.

PRINCIPAL SUBJECT TEACHER

Dr . Monica D'Souza Mr . E. GOWTHAM

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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project work entitled

“MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS”
submitted to the “ESAKI VIDYAASHRAM CBSE
SCHOOL” is a record of original work done by
me except of the experiments, which are duly
acknowledged , under the guidance of my subject
teacher “MR . E. GOWTHAM” .

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks to our
school ‘ESAKI VIDYAASHRAM CBSE
SCHOOL’ , principal mam Dr.Monica D'Souza
,to the management team of our school who gave
me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful
project on the topic MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
OF SOLIDS, which also helped me in doing a lot
of research and I came to know about so many
new things. Secondly I would also like to thank my
parents and friends who helped me a lot in
finishing this project within the limited time.

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INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION.
2. ELASTIC BEHAVIOUR OF SOLIDS.
3. STRESS .
4. STRAIN.
5. HOOKE’S LAW.
6. TYPES OF MODULUS.
7. STRESS – STRAIN CURVE.
8. APPLICATIONS OF ELASTIC
BEHAVIOUR OF MATERIALS.
9. IRON IS MORE ELASTIC THAN
RUBBER.
10. WORKDONE (OR) ENERGY STORED IN
STRETCHING A WIRE.
11. CONCLUSION.
12. BIBLIOGRAPHY.

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1.INTRODUCTION
SOLIDS: one of the fundamental states of matter in
which it has a definite shape, size, and ordered
structure.
TYPES: 1. ELASTIC
2. PLASTIC
ELASTIC: When a deforming force is removed
from the object, the object regains it’s original
position. It is called as an elastic object.
PLASTIC: When a deforming force is removed
from the object, the object would not regain it’s
original position. It is called as a plastic object.

Elastic object plastic object

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2.ELASTIC BEHAVIOUR OF SOLIDS

It is also called as ELASTIC LIMIT (OR)
BREAKING POINT.
The object will regain its original shape and size
Up to the limit of the deforming force, if the
deforming force exceed that limit, the object will
not regain its original shape and size.
Eg: spring

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3.STRESS:
Stress is the force acting on the unit area of a
material. S = F/A. Unit is Pa (or) N/m2.
TYPES: 1. Longitudinal (or) tensile stress.
2. Volumetric stress.
3. Shearing stress.
1.Longitudinal (or) tensile stress: Stress
experienced by an object along its length. S = F/A.
Eg: tie.
2.Volumetric stress: stress acting on the entire
volume of the object. S = F/A. Eg: balloon.
3.Shearing stress: it’s just the normal stress S =
F/A.

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4.STRAIN:
the amount of deformation experienced by the
body in the direction of force applied, divided by
the initial dimensions of the body.
STRAIN = change in dimension / initial dimension
TYPES: 1. Longitudinal (or) tensile strain.
2. Volumetric strain.
3. Shearing strain.
1. Longitudinal (or) tensile strain: Ratio of
change in length with initial (or) original length.
L/t strain = C.L / O.L = ∆L / O.L.
2. Volumetric strain: Ratio of change in volume
with initial (or) original volume.
V. strain = C.V / O.V = ∆V / O.V.
3. Shearing strain: Ratio of change in shape with
initial (or) original shape.
S. strain = C.S / O.S = ∆S / O.S.

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5.HOOKE’S LAW:
Hooke's law states that the strain of the material is
proportional to the applied stress within the elastic
limit of that material. STRESS IS DIRECTLY
PROPORTIONAL TO STRAIN.

STRESS ∝ STRAIN
STRESS = K * STRAIN.
STRESS/STRAIN= K/MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

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6.TYPES OF MODULUS:
1. YOUNG’S MODULUS.
2. BULK MODULUS.
3. RIGIDITY MODULUS.

1. YOUNG’S MODULUS:
Y = L.STRESS / L.STRAIN
= F/A / ∆L/L
= F * L / ∆L * A
2. BULK MODULUS:
β = V. STRESS / V. STRAIN
β = F/A / ∆V/V
β = F * V / ∆V * A
3. RIGIDITY MODULUS:
η = S. STRESS / S. STRAIN
η = F/A / θ = F / A * θ

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7.STRESS – STRAIN CURVE :

A stress-strain curve is a graphical depiction of a
material's behaviour when subjected to increasing
loads.

O-A : PROPORTIONALITY LIMIT.

B: ELASTIC LIMIT / YIELD POINT.
C: PERMANENT SET DUE TO YIELDING.
D: (DUCTILE) ULTIMATE TENSILE
STRENGTH.
E: (BRAKING) FRACTURE POINT.

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8.APPLICATIONS OF ELASTIC
BEHAVIOUR OF MATERIALS:
Some of the examples for applications of elastic
behaviour of materials are,
1. Metallic part of machinery is never subjected to
a stress beyond the elastic limit of the material.
2. Metallic rope used in cranes to lift heavy weight
is decided on the elastic limit of the material.
3. In designing beam to support load (in
construction of roofs and bridges).
4. Preference of hollow shaft than the solid shaft.
5. Calculating the maximum height of a mountain.

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9.IRON IS MORE ELASTIC THAN

RUBBER:
Y = L.STRESS / L.STRAIN

Y= F.L / ∆L * A
Y = F *L / ∆L * A
YI = F.L / ∆LI * A ↓Y = K / ∆L ↑
YR = F.L / ∆LR * A Y ∝ 1/ ∆L

∆LR > ∆LI

YI ∝ 1/ ∆LI ; YR ∝ 1/ ∆LR

YR ˂ Y I

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10.WORKDONE (OR) ENERGY
STORED IN STRETCHING A WIRE:
Y = F.L / ∆L * A ∆L = X
F=Y*X*A/L
ω=F*d
dω=F*d*X
dω=Y*X*A/L*d*X
∫d ω = 0∫L Y * A / L X * dx
ω = Y * A / L [ X2/ 2 ]L0
U = Y * A / L [ L2/ 2 – 0] Y * l / L = STRESS
1/1 * U = ½ Y * A/L * l2 * L/L l / L = STRAIN
U=½Y* l/L*l/L*A*L A * L = VOLUME
U = ½ STRESS * STRAIN *VOLUME→
ENERGY PER UNIT
STRESS = Y * STRAIN→ VOLUME:

 U = ½ STRESS * STRAIN

U= ½ YOUNG’S MODULUS * STRAIN2* VOL

ENERGY PER UNIT VOLUME:
U = ½ YOUNG’S MODULUS * STRAIN 2

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CONCLUSION
The mechanical properties of a material are those
properties that involve a reaction to an applied
load. The mechanical properties of metals
determine the range of usefulness of a material and
establish the service life that can be expected.
Mechanical properties are also used to help
classify and identify material. In this investigatory
project , we have learnt about solids, elastic,
plastic, stress, strain, types of stress and strain,
Hooke’s law , Young’s modulus, bulk modulus,
rigidity modulus, stress strain curve, some
applications and etc. This lesson is about the study
of solids, which can be helpful to know. These
information are useful for industries which
produce many solid materials like iron, aluminium,
rubber, fibre, etc.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. HELP FROM INTERNET:
 WWW.BYJUS.COM
 WWW.VEDANTU.COM

2.HELP FROM BOOKS:

 Reference from physics NCERT.
 Reference from physics C.W.

3. AND HELP FROM TEACHERS:

MR. E. GOWTHAM.

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