Bulb / 22011,100 Watt)

Current Electricity then

2010 Voltage drops by 2.5% ,

power loss will t.by 5%

Kirchhoff 's Laws : 2012

A. Junction rule : Conservation Ah . e, JB Resistance perunitlengthil

4- Charge A. 12=24 , -1kt }
Conservation of la
B. loop rule :
Rwire=I2R 2.8 @likely
Energy
=

3- tklitillz)
Req=r
2013
5001 Ig=O
loidenti.ca/ce11sinseriesAwire9sstretchedbya
land nn G
Heats awire of length ,

factor of
'
10
'
The resistance
I↑I+Ig↓ 10%2=43 ?
radius r' in 't minutes
.

'
'
increases
byafactorofloosame .

12v= {
t, COE)2=m,CvDT Specific Resistance remains .

A
>

Ig
R →

n identical cells
in series %ʰ "
"^

{ 12=5001+100 /It Ig)

,2L and %Ñ Req 140111201*5
Heats a wire of length am
-

VB=(It -2g ) 100

-

' '
in 't minutes
' 30th 90h 11607
radius r
II Icircuit 7-
HER
=

←
1-2 = M2CvDT Real Internal resistance ?
qv.gr
-2,2
.

t-MF-2.lt/;E=I(Rtr)Rext--
¥2 __mm÷= -2 ? : ÷
?.pt?..:..-..?A=0-01cm2current=o.2A 101
2.1=0.2110+4

A 201A

Einar
•

312
512
Re9=R1+R2=¥lpitP2) →
mgr
Iz 2h
11=11 / ( Req)
1,1111 mn

{
•

B 412
pacross 91 36 Watt
calculating internal resistance
:

RAB : Rize : Rac potential difference across

Ofa cell
:
812
1M¥ r=R 412
2h ?
912%312%77 ↳R 512ᵗʰ / & A. P , = -4212 ,
36=8,49)
l, : Balanced because oft
201 "
l, : Balanced because ofvext
2. 91-41=61-4)
distance b/w cities : 150km
3. =L-4+-4/2
Fall of potential / km : 811 Ina meter
bridge ,

/ km
.5R=I
:O
Average Resistance
Battery of EMRE and
Power loss ? 100-4 internal resistance .rs
↓
I
(Ploss -1km) / 150km)
(1%1)=1-611 100 t.GL ,
E--2112+2) E- 0.5112+9 )

(F)
-

/ 150km)
mm
 4801
2015 4m .GR
1.512
B
um
40.852

✗
°
R

A
3R § i m
¥8 1-120^41
Mr
1- mm

,
C R
2, .

< > I? 3011

Req=R Vgradient 1m4cm :
1. Calculate Req
i. VA=VB=Vc :O .lv/m 2 . -2=31

connected in
E
calculate E. Req
Two wires
series
are
↳ Kir
¥
:
500W , /
Ps =P , -1Pa ; 0s 0,02 I
=

OOVR
=
M mm
Vgradient
-

Oi -102 IE ,
Y, E- d. <
¥
=L .
Eor

2017 llrtri ) 11
230W
Potentiometer is an accurate
and versatile device to measure calculating EMF with potentiometer 500=100.2

since it works 9nI=O E , -11--2=12 /50cm) Ei I. 12=130

EMFS ,
y→ 2016
state E, Ez =
12110cm ) Eh
21 in
. -

Awirets stretched by Q=at-bt2 A• -1mn /1 mn • B

2A
afuctorof 'n ; The
'
(47-1-4.7) kilos Heat produced in R : 3V
resistance increases
by 4- Yellow
(VA
I=dd==a-2bt V13)
-

a
factor of n2 7. violet
3-
Orange
=/4) + (3) + (2)
Iflows till ;t=E

2018 10% Tolerance : Silver 2b

t
A B 2019
several similar cells are connected M=fI2R.dt < >< ,
0 _M SR
in
parallel if few of them get
,
Resistors in series
MR
short-circuited : n -

current I
Icircuit
,
M
will remain same .

Mn
Resistors in
parallel
-
-

Current / OI
HE
,

E=I(nRtR)

/En -1121 When all bulbs glow ;

E=l0I .

10h I'
Req=2§=Ri
Mr →
when two from A and
i one from B.
glow ;
A
1,10hr Va=V2
Reg 3¥ -_ =
Rf
RA > RB
inn % IASIB ✓
↑¥_=R÷
¥A2
same i

Fuse acts as a circuit

protection device .
20201nA meter bridge ,
Ina
potentiometer; ion
✗ Balanced with / or ;
# =
3
-2
t.su →
Balancing length
at 36cm
→_wm-~Ñ
i,

\→_wÉr,

%=¥=3j 2 .5v→ ? is 5

!÷ ?
1.5
1.5m
length → 15h 23=3%1 What is
,
1m Ram
length
i3-it.pt?-z.aPcopper
Drift velocity eE÷ -

{ Gold nerd
Current
Density
-

12=47×10' -1-51 .

> T Relaxation time -

nma_ezp&°2$
temperature coefficient of Resistivity - E
g-
resistance Negative for
:

-0-251
insulators and semi conductors -
4 Resistors in parallel ;Rp
Mobility = Vd Rp=Rq:R=M
E
When connected in series ;Rs=4r
= 7.5×10-4
3×10-10