CET Question Bank-2

Short answer questions.

1. Define Residual properties

The definition for the generic residual property:
M R  M  M ig
– M and Mig are the actual and ideal-gas properties, respectively.
– M is the molar value of any extensive thermodynamic properties, e.g., V, U, H, S,
or G.
2. Write fundamental residual property relation.

This fundamental residual-property relation applies to fluids of constant composition

3. What is throttling process.

When a fluid flows through a restriction, such as an orifice, a partly closed valve, or a porous
plug, without any appreciable change in kinetic or potential energy, the primary result of the
process is a pressure drop in the fluid. Such a throttling process produces no shaft
Work and in the absence of heat transfer:

H  0
4. What are steps involved in carnot cycle. Define with diagram.
The Carnot cycle when acting as a heat engine consists of the 4 following steps:
 A system at temperature of cold reservoir T C undergoes an Isentropic compression
(reversible adiabatic) that causes its temperature to rise to that of the hot reservoir at
TH(isentropic work input).
 The system maintains contact with hot reservoir T H and undergoes a reversible
isothermal expansion during which heat QH is absorbed from the hot reservoir(isothermal
heat addition or absorption).
  The system undergoes a reversible adiabatic expansion (Isentropic process) in the
opposite direction of step 1 that brings its temperature back to that of cold reservoir at TC
(isentropic work output)
 The system maintains contact with the cold reservoir T C and undergoes a reversible
isothermal compression in the opposite direction of step 2 that returns it to its initial state
with rejection of heat QC to the cold reservoir(isothermal heat rejection)

5. State principle of increase of entropy.

(The Second Law of Thermodynamics) The entropy change of any system and its surroundings,
considered together, and resulting from any real process, is positive, approaching zero when the
process approaches reversibility. Mathematically,

The second law affirms that every process proceeds in such a direction that the total entropy
change associated with it is positive, the limiting value of zero being attained only by a
reversible process. No process is possible for which the total entropy decreases
6. What is entropy. Write the mathematical statement of second law of thermodynamics
(statement for increase in entropy)
It is a measure of randomness or disorderness of the system. Entropy is the thermodynamic
property which serves as a measure of unavailability or degradation of heat or extent of
rreversibility.

There exists a property called entropy1 S, which for systems at internal equilibrium is an
intrinsic property, functionally related to the measurable state variables that characterize the
system. Differential changes in this property are given by the equation:

 The entropy of an isolated system never decreases, because isolated systems

spontaneously evolve towards thermodynamic equilibrium, which is the state of
maximum entropy.
  (The Second Law of Thermodynamics) The entropy change of any system and its
surroundings, considered together, and resulting from any real process, is positive,
approaching zero when the process approaches reversibility. Mathematically,

7. Draw the TS diagram of a refrigeration cycle and mention the steps involved.

12 Constant pressure heat absorption at a low constant temperature.

23The vapor produced is compressed to a higher pressure,
The dashed line 2  3‘ isentropic compression
34 cooled and condensed at constant pressure with rejection of heat at a higher temperature
level.
41 Liquid from the condenser returns to its original pressure by an expansion process in a
throttling device. throttling process occurs at constant enthalpy.
8. Differentiate carnot cycle and Rankine cycle using TS diagram.

9. Mention the applications of nozzles

Nozzles are used in steam turbines, gas turbines, water turbines and in jet engines, Jet
propulsion. Nozzles are used for flow measurement e.g. in venturimeter. ... Nozzles are used to
remove air from a condenser.

10. Define COP and ton of refrigeration

• The coefficient of performance (COP):

heat absorbed at the lower temperature | QC | | QC | TC

   
net work W | QH |  | QC | TH  TC
COP increase as the difference between the two temperatures decreases
A ton of refrigeration is defined as heat absorption at the rate of 12 000 Btu h-1 or 12 652.2 kJ h-1.
This corresponds approximately to the rate of heat removal required to freeze 1 short ton [or
2000 (lb)] of water initially at 32 (OF) per day or remove 3.5145 kW at 273.15 K (0°C).

11. What is mollier diagram. Give its uses.

A thermodynamic diagram represents the temperature, pressure, volume, enthalpy, and entropy
of a substance on a single plot. Common diagrams are:
a. TS diagram
b. PH diagram (ln P vs. H)
c. HS diagram (Mollier diagram)
The Mollier diagram is a graphic representation of the relationship between air temperature,
moisture content and enthalpy - and is a basic design tool for building engineers and designers. It
can be used in practical applications such as malting, to represent the grain–air–moisture system.
The underlying property data for the Mollier diagram is identical to a psychrometric chart.
12. State kelvin plank and clausius statement of second law of thermodynamics
Kelvin Planck statement (Related to working principle of a heat engine): It is impossible for
a heat engine that operating in a cycle to convert the heat absorbed completely into the net
amount of work. (or)
It is impossible for any device that operating in a cycle to receive heat from a single reservoir
and produce net amount of work

Clausius statement (related to working principle of a refrigerator or heat pump):

It is impossible to construct a device that operates on a cycle and produce no other effect other
than the transfer of heat from low temperature body to a high temperature body. (or)
Heat can never pass from a colder to a warmer body without work supplied from external source.

13. State third law of thermodynamics

The absolute entropy is zero for all perfect crystalline substances at absolute zero temperature.

14. Distinguish between heat engine and heat pump.

Heat Engine – are the devices or machines that operate in a cyclic process for the continuous
production of work from heat.

Absorption of heat into a system at high temperature, rejection of heat to surrounding at low
temperature and production of work.

Heat pump - is a device, which operating in a cycle maintains body at a temperature higher than
the temperature of the surroundings.

15. Define ideal work and lost work.

Ideal work - In any steady-state flow process requiring work, an absolute minimum amount of
work is required to produce the desired change of state in the fluid flowing through the control

Wideal  H  T S
volume. In a process producing work, an absolute maximum amount of work can be realized
from a given change of state of the fluid flowing through the control volume. In either case, the
limiting value results when the change of state associated with the process is accomplished
completely reversibly.

Lost work - Work that is wasted as the result of irreversibilities in a process is called lost work: It
is defined as the difference between the actual work of a change of state and the ideal work for
the same change of state.
Wlost  WS  Wideal

Wlost  T SG  0

16. Give any four desirable properties of a refrigerant.

• It should be non-flammable, non-toxic, non-corrosive and non-explosive.
• It must be readily available and cheap.
• It should have low boiling point and low freezing point( lower than the desired
temperature levels in the refrigerator.
• The pressures required to be maintained in evaporator and condenser should be low to
avoid the material and initial cost and operating expense of high-pressure equipment but
the vapor pressure of the refrigerant at the evaporator temperature should be greater than
atmospheric pressure, So that air cannot leak into the refrigeration system.
• It must have high latent heat of vaporization as it results in high refrigeration effect
per kg.
• It must have low specific heat. If high, large quantity of heat would have to be removed
to cool the hot liquid entering the condenser to bring its temperature down to the
saturation value (decreases the refrigeration effect per kg)

17. Explain how critical pressure and critical temperature affect the properties of refrigerant.
Critical temperature and pressure should be above the operating temperature and pressure. If
operating temperature more than critical temperature, it is impossible to condense the gas by
compressing it to high pressures.
18. What are the common uses of liquefaction of gases.
 liquid propane in cylinders serves as a domestic fuel
 liquid oxygen is carried in rockets
 natural gas is liquefied for ocean transport
 and liquid nitrogen is used for low-temperature refrigeration.
 In addition, gas mixtures (e.g., air) are liquefied for separation into their component
species by fractionation.

19. What is the basic principle behind the absorption refrigeration.

Absorption refrigeration: the direct use of heat as the energy source for refrigeration (not from an
electric motor).
 In vapor-compression refrigeration the work of compression is usually supplied by an
electric motor.
 But the source of the electric energy for the motor is probably a heat engine (central
power plant) used to drive a generator.
 Thus the work for refrigeration comes ultimately from heat at a high temperature level.
This suggests the direct use of heat as the energy source for refrigeration.
 The absorption-refrigeration machine is based on this idea.
 Essay questions

20. i) Derive maxwell’s equations from fundamental property relations.

For one mol of homogeneous fluid of constant composition:
 𝜕𝑃 𝛽
ii) Show that (𝜕𝑇 ) = where β is volume expansivity and k is isothermal compressibility.
𝑉 𝑘

Integrating
21. Prove the equivalence of Kelvin Plank and Clausius statements of second law of
thermodynamics.
22. A steel casting (Cp = 0.5 KJ/kg K) and weighing 40 kg and at a temperature of 450 0C is
quenched in 150 kg of oil at 250C (Cp = 0.25 kJ/kg K). If there are no heat losses, what is the
change in entropy of a) casting b) oil c) both considered together

23. A heat engine absorbs 250 kJ of heat from a source at 350 K. The heat engine produces a
work to the tune of 55 kJ, discarding 100kJ of heat to a thermal reservoir at 310 K and 75 kJ of
heat to another reservoir at 290K. Does this engine violate the second law of thermodynamics.
24. A 40 kg block of iron casting at 625 K is dropped into a well-insulated vessel containing
160 kg of water at 276 K. Calculate the entropy change for the iron block, water and the entire
process. Assume that the specific heat of iron is 0.45 kJ/kg K and that of water is 4.185 kJ/kg K.
25. Explain the following
i) Vapor Compression Cycle using TS and PH diagrams
ii) Absorption Refrigeration Cycle
26. What is Liquefaction. Explain in detail on Linde Liquefaction Process

For 25 and 26, Refer ppt Ref and liq final

27. Explain
i) The Rankine cycle with a neat sketch.
ii) Internal Combustion engine
Refer text book
28. A refrigeration system requires 1.5 kW of power for a refrigeration of 4kJ/sec. Calculate
COP and the amount of heat rejected in the condenser.
29. An inventor claimed to have devised cyclic engine which exchanges heat with reservoir
at 270C and 3270C and produce 0.6 kJ of work for each kJ of heat extracted from hot reservoir. Is
this claim believable. If instead he claimed that delivered work would be 0.25 kJ/kg of extracted
heat, would the engine be feasible.
For any process to be even theoretically possible, it must meet the requirements of the first and
second laws of thermodynamics. The detailed mechanism need not be known to determine
whether this is true; only the overall result is required. If the claims of the inventor satisfy the
laws of thermodynamics, fulfilling the claims is theoretically possible.

The problem is similar to

30. What is Mach number. Derive the equation for maximum velocity that can be reached in
an isentropic nozzle
The Mach number: Ratio of the Speed of the fluid in the duct to the Speed of sound in the fluid.

For subsonic flow in a converging nozzle, the velocity increases as the cross-sectional area
diminishes. The maximum value is the speed of sound, reached at the throat.
31. Discuss the vapor –compression cycle using T-S and P-H planes.
32. A carnot engine absorbs 1000KJ energy as heat from reservoir at 500K and rejects energy
to a sink at 300K. Determine the efficiency of the engine and the energy rejected to the sink.

33. Write a note on expansion processes involving flow through nozzles and turbines. Briefly
explain residual properties.
Refer text book
34. One kilogram of fluid enters a nozzle with a velocity of 300m/min and enthalpy of
29990kJ/kg. The enthalpy of the fluid at exit is 2760kJ/kg. Assuming the flow to be adiabatic,
determine the exit velocity of the fluid. What is the mass flow rate, if the inlet area of the nozzle
is 0.095 m2 and the specific volume at inlet is 0.19 m3/kg.
35. i) What are the desirable properties of a refrigerant
Discussed in q16 and 17
ii) Compare Linde process with Claude process for air liquefaction