Digital Image Processing: Any 2D mathematical function that bears HSI Color Model: Based on human perception of colors.

ption of colors. Color is

information can be represented as an image. A digital image is an array of “decoupled” from intensity.  HUE *A subjective measure of color
real or complex numbers represented by a finite number of bits. • Digital *Average human eye can perceive ~200 different colors  Saturation
image processing generally refers to processing of a 2D picture by a digital *Relative purity of the color. Mixing more “white” with a color reduces its
saturation. *Pink has the same hue as red but less saturation  Intensity
computer. Digital Image Processing Applications: Digital image processing
has a broad spectrum of applications, such as ✓ Remote sensing via *The brightness or darkness of an object. Color representation refers to
satellites: geographical mapping, prediction of agricultural crops and urban the way colors are encoded and stored in a digital format, allowing them to
growth, weather forecasting, flood and fire control and military
applications. ✓ Image transmission and storage: TV broadcasting, CCTV- be displayed or processed by devices such as computers and cameras
based security
There are 4l common color. RGB model:.In digital image processing, the
monitoring systems, facsimile, teleconferencing etc. ✓ Medical imaging: X-
ray, CT scan, MRI, ultrasonic scan, detection and monitoring of tumors and RGB color model is commonly represented as three separate color
channels: red (R), green (G), and blue (B). Each channel is typically
other diseases. Digital Image Processing Problems: 1. Image represented by an 8-bit value, ranging from 0 to 255. The formula to
representation and modeling: An image could represent luminances of compute the RGB values of a specific pixel in an image is as follows:*R =
objects in a scene (image taken by camera), the absorption characteristics (Red Channel Value / 255)*G = (Green Channel Value / 255)*B = (Blue
of the body tissue or material particles (X-ray imaging), radar cross-section Channel Value / 255) These formulas normalize the color channel values to
of a target (radar imaging).2 Image enhancement: The goal of image a range between 0 and 1, representing the relative intensity or brightness
enhancement is to emphasize certain image features for subsequent
of each primary color.. YIQ Color Model In digital image processing, the
analysis or for image display. It deals with contrast manipulation, noise
YIQ color model is another color representation system used for encoding
filtering, sharpening, and magnifying. 3. Image restoration: It refers to and manipulating color information in television and video applications.
removal or minimization of known degradation in an image. Weiner and The YIQ model separates color information into luminance (Y) and
chrominance (I and Q) components. The formula to compute the YIQ values
Kalman filtering techniques are common tools used in image restoration. 4. of a specific pixel in an image is as follows: Y = 0.299 * R + 0.587 * G + 0.114
Image analysis: It is concerned with making quantitative measurements * **BI = 0.596 * R - 0.274 * G - 0.322 * B**Q = 0.211 * R - 0.523 ** G +
from an image to produce a description of it. Image analysis technique
deals with extraction of certain features that aid in identification of the 0.312 * B. CMI color, the CMY (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow) color model is used
object, navigation and tracking of objects. It is the main tools used in to represent colors by subtractive color mixing. The CMY model is
commonly used in printing and subtractive color processes. The formula to
computer vision. Image Enhancement: The goal of image enhancement is
compute the CMY values of a specific pixel in an image is as follows:**C = 1
to emphasize certain image features for subsequent analysis or for image - (R / 255) **M = 1 - (G / 255)** Y = 1 - (B / 255) These formulas calculate
display. It deals with contrast manipulation, noise filtering, the cyan (C), magenta (M), and yellow (Y) values based on the red (R),
sharpening,.Common image enhancement techniques are: 1. Point
operations: noise clipping, and modeling. 2. Spatial operations: noise green (G), and blue (B) color channels of the pixel  Color models attempt
smoothing, low-pass, high-pass, 3. Transform operations: linear filtering, to mathematically describe the way that humans perceive color  The
human eye combines 3 primary colors (using the 3 different types of cones)
root filtering etc. 4. Pseudocoloring: false coloring. Image Resizing: 1
to discern all possible colors.  Colors are just different light frequencies
Replication Method: is a zero-order hold where each pixel along a scan line red – 700nm wavelength green – 546.1 nm wavelength blue – 435.8 nm
is repeated once and then each scan line is repeated. This is equivalent to wavelength. The Gaussian Noise Reduction filter is a 2-D convolution
taking an (2M * 2N) image and interlacing it rows and columns of zeros to operator that is used to `blur' images and remove detail and noise much
obtain a (2M  2N) matrix.2 Linear interpolation Method: is a 1st-order
hold where a straight line is first fitted in between pixels along a row, then like the mean filter. The Gaussian outputs a `weighted average' of each
pixel's neighborhood, with the average weighted more towards the value
similar operation is done along a column. Pixel Skipping Method: An (M 
of the central pixels. Image Representation: Image Model An image can be
N) image can be reduced to (M/2  N/2) size by skipping at first every odd represented by a matrix U where each element wi.; for 0 < i < N (raw) and 0
or even pixels along each row and then along each column. .Image < j < M (column) are called the picture elements or pixels. The image
resolution is typically described in PPI, which refers to how many pixels are resolution is the size M × N (width × height) in pixels. The spatial resolution
displayed per inch of an image. Higher resolutions mean that there more is the size covered by a pixel in the real world (mouse mickey], printer dpi,
pixels per inch (PPI), resulting in more pixel information and creating a high-
quality, crisp image. lower resolutions have fewer pixels, and if those few medical image [mm, satellite image [m]). Image Types: The type of an
pixels are too large the image will be blur. Brightness refers to how much image U depend of the nature of its pixels wi,; for 0 <i < N and 0 < j< M: •
light appears to shine from something. This is a different perception than Binary image: Ui, € 0, 1 (e.g. thresholded image) • Integer image: vi,; € N
lightness, which is how light something appears compared to a similarly lit (e.g. greyscale and color image) • Real image: u;,; € R (e.g. function image)
white object. Contrast: Object the difference between Darkest and lightest • Complex image: vig € C (e.g. image transform) **Integer Images .The
depth of an integer image defines the number of bits allowed per pixel: •
color. what is ip: It is the process of transformation of a image Into digital Depth of 8 0...255 or 16 0...65535 bits, the pixels are pointing into a lookup
and performing certain Operation to get some useful into from it. table - the colormap - - containing the color codes. • Depth of 24 or 32 bits,
the pixels are the true color codes.