INFORMATION SHEET 12.

1 LOGIC STATEMENT AND QUANTIFIER

Statement – is a declarative sentence that is either TRUE or FALSE, but not BOTH true and
false.

Simple Statement – is a statement that conveys a single idea.

Compound Statement – is a statement that conveys two or more ideas.

Truth Values and Truth Tables

The truth value of a simple statement is either TRUE (T) or FALSE (F).

The truth value of a compound statement depends on the truth values of its simple statement
and its connection.

A truth table is a table that shows the above truth value of a compound statement for all
possible truth values of its simple statement.

LOGIC CONNECTIVES AND SYMBOLS

Statement Connectives Symbolic Forms Types of Statement

not p Not ˗p Negative

p and q And p˄q Conjunction

p or q Or p˅q Disjunction

If p then q If…..then p→q Conditional

p if only if q If and only if p↔q Biconditional

SAMPLE 1

Consider the following simple statement.

p; Today is Monday.
q: It is raining
r: I am going to church.
s: I am not going to school.

Write the following compound statement in symbolic form.

1. Today is Monday, and it is raining.

2. It is not raining, and I am going to church.
3. I am going to school or I am going to church.
4. If it is raining, then I am not going to school.

Solution:

1. p ˄ q 2. – q ˄ r 3. – s ˅ r 4. q → s

SAMPLE 2

Consider the following simple statement.

p; Ms. MannyLyn Pascual is a teacher.

q: Ms. MannyLyn Pascual is beautiful.
r: Ms. MannyLyn Pascual is a board passer.
s: Ms. MannyLyn Pascual is a professional.

Write the following compound statement in symbolic form.

1. Ms. MannyLyn Pascual is a teacher and a professional.

2. If MannyLyn Pascual is a board passer then she is a teacher and professional.
3. Ms MannyLyn Pascual is not professional or a board passer
4.Ms mamylyn pascual is a teacher or a professional.

Solution:

1. p ˄ s 2. r → (p ˄ s) . 3. – s ˅ r 4. p < s
SAMPLE 3
Consider the following simple statement.

p; Algebra is a mathematics Subject.

q: Algebra is a subject that requires logical analysis.
r: Ms. Pascual is a mathematics teacher.

Write the following compound statement in symbolic form.

1. Algebra is a mathematics subject that requires logical analysis.

2. If Ms Pascual is a mathematics teacher then she is teaching mathematics subject and requires
logical analysis.
3. Algebra is not a mathematics subject and not requires logical analysis.
4. Algebra is a mathematics subject and not requires logical analysis.

Solution

1. p ˄ q 2. r → (p ˄ q) 3.- p ˄ - q 4. p ˄ - q

SAMPLE 4

Consider the following simple statement.

p; Ms. MannyLyn Pascual is going to Baguio City.

q: Ms. MannyLyn Pascual is sick.
r: Ms. MannyLyn Pascual is having a seminar.
s: Ms. MannyLyn Pascual is going to doctor.

Write the following compound statement in symbolic form.

1. Ms. MannyLyn Pascual is going to Baguio or going to doctor.

2. If Ms. MannyLyn Pascual is sick then she is going to doctor.
3. Ms. MannyLyn Pascual is going to Baguio and having a seminar.
4. Ms. MannyLyn Pascual is not going to Baguio and not having a seminar.

Solution:

1. p ˅ s 2. q → s 3. p ˄ r 4. - p ˄ - r
SAMPLE 5
Consider the following simple statement.

p; Dog is an animal.
q: Dogs are four legged animal
r: Masser is a bulldog.
s: Dogs are carnivorous animal.

Write the following compound statement in symbolic form.

1. Dogs are carnivorous and a four-legged animal.

2. Masser is bulldog and a four-legged animal.
3. If Masser is a bulldog then it is an animal and a four – legged animal.
4. Masser is a bulldog if only if it has a four-legged animal.

Solution:

1 p˄r 2. r ˄ q 3. r → ( p ˄ q) 4. r ↔ q

SELF CHECK
1. Consider the following simple statement.

p; TCSF is tertiary school in San Felipe.

q : TCSF offers collegiate courses in Tourism.
r : TCSF accepts CHED scholarship.
s : TCSF is a community college for needy students.

Write the following compound statement in symbolic form.

1. If TCSF is tertiary school in San Felipe then it offers collegiate courses in Tourism.
A. p ˄ r B. r ˄ q C. r → ( p ˄ q) D. p → q

2. If TCSF accepts CHED scholarship then it is community college for needy students.
A. p ˄ r B. r ˄ q C. r → ( p ˄ q) D. r → s

3. If TCSF offers collegiate courses in Tourism then it is a tertiary school in San Felipe and
accepts CHED scholarship.
A. p ˄ r B. r ˄ q C. r → ( p ˄ q) D. q → r

4. TCSF offers collegiate course in Tourism if only if it accepts CHED scholarship or it is a

community college for needy students.
A. p ˄ r B. r ˄ q C. r → ( p ˄ q) D. q → s

2. Consider the following simple statement.

p;. The game will be played in Maloma.

q : The game will be shown in GMA 7.
r : The game will not be shown in ABS- CBN
s : The TCSF team are favored to win.

Write the following symbols into statement.

5. The game will be played in Maloma and be shown in GMA 7.

A. p ˄ r B. r ˄ q C. r → ( p ˄ q) D. p→ q

6. The game will be shown in GMA 7 and TCSF team will be winner.
A. q˄s B. r ˄ q C. r → ( p ˄ q) D. p→ q
7. The game will not be shown in ABS CBN and the game will be played in Malomo
A. r ˄ p B. r ˄ q C. r → ( p ˄ q) D. p→ q

8. The game will be played in Maloma and will not be shown in ABS CBN.
A. p ˄ r B. r ˄ q C. r → ( p ˄ q) D. p→ q

9. The game will be shown in GMA 7 and not on ABS CBN

A. p ˄ r B. r ˄ q C. r → ( p ˄ q) D. p→ q

10. The game will be shown in GMA 7 or not on ABS CBN

A. p ˄ r B. p ˅ r C. r → ( p ˄ q) D. p→ q

ACTIVITY
1. Consider the following simple statement.

p; All men are created equal.

q : I got Sergio’s place.
r : I got Joeben’s place.
S: I am trading places.

Write the following symbols in a compound statement

1. -q ˄ -r
2..-r ˄ s
3. s ↔ (-q ˅ -r)
4. s → (q ˅r)

2. Consider the following simple statement.

p; You got promotion.

q : You complete the training.
r : You will received a bonus. .

Write the following compound statement in symbolic form.

1. r → (p ˄ q)
2. -q ˄ -r
3. r ↔ (p ˅ q)
4..-r ˄ -p

3. Consider the following simple statement.

p; King singing style is similar to Michael Jackson.
q : King has a messy hair
r : King is a rapper.
Write the following compound statement in symbolic form.

1. r → (p ˄ q)
2. -q ˄ -r
3. r ↔ (p ˅ q)
4..-r ˄ -p
INFORMATION SHEET 13.1 TRUTH TABLES, EQUIVALENT
STATEMENT AND TAUTOLOGIES

We defined truth tables for the negation of a statement, the conjunction of two statement, and the
disjunction of two statement. Each of these are shown below:

Negation
P -p
T F
F T

Conjunction
P q p˄q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F

Disjunction
P q p˅q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F

We consider methods of constructing truth tables for a statement that involves a combination of
conjunction, disjunction, and/or negation. If the given statement involves only two simple
statements, then start with a table with four rows called the STANDARD TRUTH TABLE
FORM.
EXAMPLES
1. Construct a table for - (p ˅ q) ˅ q.

Solution:
a. Start with the standard truth values and include – p.

p q -p
T T F
T F F
F T T
F F T

b. Now the truth values from the -p and q column to produce the truth values for -p ˅ q.

p Q -p -p ˅ q
T T F T
T F F F
F T T T
FA\ F T T

c. Negates the truth values in the -p ˅ q

p Q -p -p ˅ q - (-p ˅ q)
T T F T F
T F F F T
F T T T F
F F T T F

d. We form the disjunction of - (-p ˅ q) ˅ q

p q -p -p ˅ q - (-p ˅ q) - (-p ˅ q) ˅ q
T T F T F T
T F F F T T
\ F T T T F T
F F T T F F
2.
Construct a table for (p ˄ -q) ˅ (- p ˅ q)

a. Start with the standard truth values and include – p and -q.
 p q -p -q
T T F F
T F F T
F T T F
F F T T

b. Construct (p ˄ -q) and (- p ˅ q)

P q -p -q (p ˄ -q) (- p ˅ q)
T T F F F T
T F F T T T
F T T F F T
F F T T F F

c. Construct (p ˄ -q) ˅ (- p ˅ q)

p q -p -q (p ˄ -q) (- p ˅ q) (p ˄ -q) ˅ (- p ˅ q)
T T F F F T T
T F F T T F T
F T T F F T T
F F T T F T T

3. Construct a table for (-p ˄ -q) ˅ q

a. Start with the standard truth values and include – p and -q.

p q -p -q
T T F F
T F F T
F T T F
F F T T

b. Construct (-p ˄ -q)

p Q -p -q (-p ˄ -q)
T T F F F
T F F T F
F T T F F
 F F T T T

c. Construct (p ˄ -q) ˅ q

p q -p -q (p ˄ -q) (p ˄ -q) ˅ q
T T F F F T
T F F T T T
F T T F F T
F F T T F F

4. Construct a table for (p ˄ q) ˄ (-r ˅ q)

a. Start with the standard truth values and include – p and -q.

P q r -r (p ˄ q (-r ˅ q) (p ˄ q) ˄ (-r ˅ q)
T T T F T T T
T T F T T T T
T F T F F F F
T F F T F T F
F T T F F T F
F T F T F T F
F F T F F F F
F F F T F T F

5. Construct a table for (-p ˄ -q) ˅ (p ˄ -r)

a. Start with the standard truth values and include – p and -q.
 p Q r -p -q -r (-p ˄ -q) (p ˄ -r) (-p ˄ -q) ˅ (p ˄ -r)
T T T F F F F F F
T T F F F T F T T
T F T F T F F F F
T F F F T T F T T
F T T T F F F F F
F T F T F T F F F
F F T T T F T F T
F F F T T T T F T

ACTIVITY

Construct truth table of the following symbolical form.

1. (p ˄ q) ˅ (p ˄ -q)

2. (-p ˄ q) ˄ (p ˄ -q)

3. (-p ˄ -q) ˄ (-p ˅ -q)

4. (-p ˄ -q) ˅ -q

5. -p ˄ (-p ˅ -q)

6. (p ˄ q) ˅ (p ˄ r)

7. (-p ˄ q) ˅ (-q ˄- r)

8. (p ˄ -q) ˅ (-p ˄ r)

9. (-p ˄- q) ˅ (-p ˄- r)

10. (-p ˅ q) ˄ (-p ˅- r)

WEEK 14
INFORMATION SHEET 14.1 LOGICAL ANALYSIS AND
INTEPRETATION
EXAMPLES

1. Construct a table for - (-p ˅ q) ˅ q.

Solution:
a. Start with the standard truth values and include – p.

P q -p
T T F
T F F
F T T
F F T

b. Now the truth values from the -p and q column to produce the truth values for -p ˅ q.

p q -p -p ˅ q
T T F T
T F F F
F T T T
F F T T

c. Negates the truth values in the -p ˅ q

p Q -p -p ˅ q - (-p ˅ q)
T T F T F
T F F F T
F T T T F
F F T T F

d. We form the disjunction of - (-p ˅ q) ˅ q.

p q -p -p ˅ q - (-p ˅ q) - (-p ˅ q) ˅ q
T T F T F T
T F F F T T
F T T T F T
F F T T F F
Analysis:
1. If p is true and q is true the compound statement - (-p ˅ q) ˅ q is TRUE.
2. If p is true and q is false the compound statement - (-p ˅ q) ˅ q is TRUE.
3. If p is false and q is true the compound statement - (-p ˅ q) ˅ q is TRUE.
4. If p is false and q is false the compound statement - (-p ˅ q) ˅ q is FALSE.

2. Construct a table for (p ˄ -q) ˅ (- p ˅ q)

a. Start with the standard truth values and include – p and -q.

p q -p -q
T T F F
T F F T
F T T F
F F T T

b. Construct (p ˄ -q) and (- p ˅ q)

P q -p -q (p ˄ -q) (- p ˅ q)
T T F F F T
T F F T T T
F T T F F T
F F T T F F

c. Construct (p ˄ -q) ˅ (- p ˅ q)

p q -p -q (p ˄ -q) (- p ˅ q) (p ˄ -q) ˅ (- p ˅ q)
T T F F F T T
T F F T T F T
F T T F F T T
F F T T F T T

Analysis:
1. If p is true and q is true the compound statement (p ˄ -q) ˅ (- p ˅ q) is TRUE.
2. If p is true and q is false the compound statement (p ˄ -q) ˅ (- p ˅ q) is TRUE.
3. If p is false and q is true the compound statement (p ˄ -q) ˅ (- p ˅ q) is TRUE.
4. If p is false and q is false the compound statement (p ˄ -q) ˅ (- p ˅ q) is TRUE.

3. Construct a table for (-p ˄ -q) ˅ q

a. Start with the standard truth values and include – p and -q.

p q -p -q
T T F F
T F F T
F T T F
F F T T

b. Construct (-p ˄ -q)

p q -p -q (-p ˄ -q)
T T F F F
T F F T F
F T T F F
F F T T T

c. Construct (p ˄ -q) ˅ q

p q -p -q (p ˄ -q) (p ˄ -q) ˅ q
T T F F F T
T F F T T T
F T T F F T
F F T T F F

1. If p is true and q is true the compound statement (p ˄ -q) ˅ q is TRUE.

2. If p is true and q is false the compound statement (p ˄ -q) ˅ q is TRUE.
3. If p is false and q is true the compound statement (p ˄ -q) ˅ q is TRUE.
1. If p is false and q is false the compound statement (p ˄ -q) ˅ q is FALSE.

4. Construct a table for (p ˄ q) ˄ (-r ˅ q)

a. Start with the standard truth values and include – p and -q.

p q r -r (p ˄ q (-r ˅ q) (p ˄ q) ˄ (-r ˅ q)
T T T F T T T
T T F T T T T
T F T F F F F
T F F T F T F
F T T F F T F
F T F T F T F
F F T F F F F
F F F T F T F

Analysis.

1. If p is true, q is true, and r is true the compound statement (p ˄ q) ˄ (-r ˅ q) is TRUE.

2. If p is true, q is false, and r is true the compound statement (p ˄ q) ˄ (-r ˅ q) is FALSE.
3. If p is false, q is true, and r is true the compound statement (p ˄ q) ˄ (-r ˅ q) is FALSE.
4. If p is false q is false, and r is false the compound statement (p ˄ q) ˄ (-r ˅ q) is FALSE.

5. Construct a table for (-p ˄ -q) ˅ (p ˄ -r)

a. Start with the standard truth values and include – p and -q.

p q r -p -q -r (-p ˄ -q) (p ˄ -r) (-p ˄ -q) ˅ (p ˄ -r)

T T T F F F F F F
T T F F F T F T T
T F T F T F F F F
T F F F T T F T T
F T T T F F F F F
 F T F T F T F F F
F F T T T F T F T
F F F T T T T F T

1. If p is true, q is true, and r is true the compound statement (-p ˄ -q) ˅ (p ˄ -r) is FALSE.
2. If p is false, q is false, and r is false the compound statement (-p ˄ -q) ˅ (p ˄ -r) is TRUE.
3. If p is true, q is true, and r is false the compound statement (-p ˄ -q) ˅ (p ˄ -r) is TRUE.
4. If p is false, q is true, and r is true the compound statement (-p ˄ -q) ˅ (p ˄ -r) is FALSE.

WEEK 15
ACTIVITY (TO BE PASSED ON EXAMINATION DATE)

Determine the validity of the following compound symbolical form with the following premises.

1. (p ˄ q) ˅ (p ˄ -q)

a. p is true, and q is true.

b. p is false, and q is false.
c. p is true, and q is false.
2. (-p ˄ q) ˄ (p ˄ -q)

a. p is true, and q is true.

b. p is false, and q is false.
c. p is true, and q is false.

3. (-p ˄ -q) ˄ (-p ˅ -q)

a. p is true, and q is true.

b. p is false, and q is false.
c. p is true, and q is false.

4. (-p ˄ -q) ˅ -q

a. p is true, and q is true.

b. p is false, and q is false.
c. p is true, and q is false.

5. -p ˄ (-p ˅ -q)

a. p is true, and q is true.

b. p is false, and q is false.
c. p is true, and q is false.

6. (p ˄ q) ˅ (p ˄ r)

a. p is true, and q is true, r is true.

b. p is false, and q is false, and r is false.
c. p is true, and q is false r is false.
d. p is false, q is false, and r is true.

7. (-p ˄ q) ˅ (-q ˄- r)

a. p is true, and q is true, r is true.

b. p is false, and q is false, and r is false.
c. p is true, and q is false r is false.
 d. p is false, q is false, and r is true.

8. (p ˄ -q) ˅ (-p ˄ r)

a. p is true, and q is true, r is true.

b. p is false, and q is false, and r is false.
c. p is true, and q is false r is false.
d. p is false, q is false, and r is true.

9. (-p ˄- q) ˅ (-p ˄- r)

a. p is true, and q is true, r is true.

b. p is false, and q is false, and r is false.
c. p is true, and q is false r is false.
d. p is false, q is false, and r is true.

10. (-p ˅ q) ˄ (-p ˅- r)

a. p is true, and q is true, r is true.

b. p is false, and q is false, and r is false.
c. p is true, and q is false r is false.
d. p is false, q is false, and r is true.