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Chapter 4. Introduction To OS

This document provides an overview of operating systems including their history, components, types, and popular examples. It discusses how operating systems have evolved from early systems that performed single tasks to modern multi-tasking systems. The key components of an operating system are described as the kernel, device drivers, user interface, and system utilities. Common types of operating systems include batch, time-sharing, distributed, network, and real-time systems. Popular operating systems like UNIX, Linux, Windows, and MS-DOS are also outlined.
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100% found this document useful (1 vote)
82 views22 pages

Chapter 4. Introduction To OS

This document provides an overview of operating systems including their history, components, types, and popular examples. It discusses how operating systems have evolved from early systems that performed single tasks to modern multi-tasking systems. The key components of an operating system are described as the kernel, device drivers, user interface, and system utilities. Common types of operating systems include batch, time-sharing, distributed, network, and real-time systems. Popular operating systems like UNIX, Linux, Windows, and MS-DOS are also outlined.
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Outlines

Operating System
Chapter 4:  History of Operating System

Components of OS
Introduction to OS 

Kernel
Device Drivers
 User Interface
 System Utilities

Types of OS
 Batch Operating System
 Time Sharing Operating System
 Distributed Operating System
Dr. Rahman Ali, University of
 Network Operating System
Peshawar.  Real time Operating System
[email protected]

Mr. Asmat Ali, GHSS Mingora Popular Operating Systems


Swat.
[email protected] Introduction to DOS
Operating System
• System Software
• Manages hardware and applications.
• Provides services to other software.
• Interface between users and computer hardware.
• Activities
 Resource Allocation
 Memory Management
 CPU Management
 Device Management
 Scheduling and more.
• Examples
 Microsoft Windows
 LINUX
 UNIX
 Android
 Apple iOS
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 3
Operating System
 History
• Early ages:
 Performed a series of single tasks.
 A single program, loaded to memory and run.
• 1950’s:
 Capability to run programs one after the other.
 Performance and speed.
• 1960’s:
 More efficient OS’s, that led to the modern day
OS.
 MCP, an OS with support for high level
languages.
• 1980’s:
 OS’s capable of parallel processing, ran more
than one programs simultaneously.
 Apple Macintosh with the first OS with a
Graphical User Interface.

Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 4
Operating System
 History (continued…)
• 1990’s:
 Microsoft Windows NT, multi-user OS with multi-
processing capabilities.
 Windows 98, Windows 2000.
 EPOC (Symbian) OS for mobile devices e.g. Nokia,
Sony Ericson.

• 2000’s:
 Microsoft Windows XP.
 Pocket PC, later called Windows Mobile, a popular OS
for mobile devices.
 Apple iOS, an OS for iPhone and iPad.
 Android OS, the most widely used OS for mobile
devices.
 Windows 7 was released.

Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 5
Components of OS
 Kernel
• The basic component of OS.
• Provides control over hardware.
• Functions
 Memory management
 I/O management
Task
Management
 Provides access to hardware for programs
Synchronization
 Program execution Device I/O
and
Management Communication
 Device management
 Data security
Kernel
Interrupt and
Memory
 Organizing data for storage Event
Management
Handling

Timer
Management

Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 6
Components of OS
 Device Drivers
• A program that instructs OS and user applications
how to communicate with a specific hardware
device.
• Every hardware needs a driver in order to
operate.

 User Interface
• Interface between user and computer, the rest of the OS and applications.
• Accepts requests and interprets for the rest of the OS.

• Two types:
 Command Line Interface – where the user communicate via textual commands with
computer, e.g. Command Prompt and Ubuntu Terminal.

 Graphical User Interface – an interface comprised of visual elements like buttons, menus
etc. that allow to operate the machine without having to learn command for each task.

Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 7
Components of OS
 System Utilities
• The programs installed with operating system that are not necessary for the
computer to work.
• Help to configure, monitor and maintain a computer system.
• Examples:
 Firewall
 Backup tools
 Compression tools
 File manager
 Network monitors
 Disk utilities
 User accounts and more.

Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 8
Types of OS
 Batch Operating System
• Used in early days of computing.
• Use of devices like punch cards.
• Tasks were prepared on punch cards and submitted for processing.
• Jobs with similar needs grouped together and run without intervention.
• Slow I/O process.

Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 9
Types of OS
 Time Sharing OS
• More than one users simultaneously.
• Processor time is shared among multiple users.
• Frequent switching among jobs from different users.
• CPU scheduling schemes.
• A time slice (very short period of time) is assigned to each process.

Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 10
Types of OS
 Distributed OS
• Several interconnected computers (nodes) located at different sites.
• Run by a specific OS designed to serve multiple applications and users across
the network.
• Sharing of resources.
• Fault tolerance

Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 11
Types of OS
 Network OS
• An OS runs on a central server, allowing the users in a network to share
applications and resources.
• Manages network resources.
• Examples:
 MS Windows Server
 Linux
 Mac OS X

Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 12
Types of OS
 Real Time OS
• OS designed to serve applications that processes data
in real time.
• Real Time:
 Processing data in very short time without delay.
 Response within a specific period of time otherwise the
system fails.

• Almost all modern day OS’s are real time OS’s.

Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 13
Popular OS’s
 UNIX
• Developed in 1969, reprogrammed in C language in 1973.
• Multi-user
• Multi-tasking
• Time sharing
• Components:
 Master Control Program (Kernel).
 UNIX Shell (CLI)
 Utility applications.

• Aimed for use by programmers.

Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 14
Popular OS’s
 LINUX
• A family of open source OS’s built on the LINUX kernel.
• Linux Kernel:
 Developed in 1991.
 Free open source kernel.
 Built after UNIX was licensed and was no more
freely available.

• LINUX Distribution:
 An OS built using LINUX Kernel.
 Ubuntu, Lubuntu, LINUX Mint etc.

• Run on 2.3 % of PCs (as of 2018).


• Used on a large number of devices e.g. embedded systems, PDAs,
smartphones and super computers.

Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 15
Popular OS’s
 MS Windows
• A family of OS’s with GUI developed by Microsoft.
• Introduced in 1985, with the development of a GUI for the existing MS-DOS.
• 1987 – Windows 2.0
• 1990 – Windows 3.0
• Dominated the PC market and still dominates.
• Several versions since Windows 1.0:
 Windows NT
 Windows 95
 Windows 98
 Windows 2000
 Windows XP
 Windows 7
 Windows 8
 Windows 10

Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 16
Popular OS’s
 Macintosh OS
• Mac OS, a family of OS’s developed by Apple for “Macintosh”.
• Released in 1984.
• One of the first GUI based OS’s.
• Renamed to Mac OS X with the release of version 10 (X) in 2001.
• Renamed to OS X in 2012 and to macOS in 2016.
• A basis for apple’s other devices’ OS like iOS and watchOS.

 Android OS
• Designed for touch screen mobile devices.
• Open source project, based on a modified version of Linux kernel.
• Developed by Android Incorporation and sold to Google in 2005.
• Introduced in 2007.
• Most widely used mobile OS.
• Adopted by smartphones manufacturing giants like Samsung,
HTC, Motorola.

Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 17
Popular OS’s
 IPhone OS
• iOS, a UNIX like OS.
• Developed by Apple for their mobile devices.
• Released in 2007 for iPhone, later adopted for iPad and iPod etc. as well.
• Provided for free with mobile devices, along with several free apps.
• Use of gestures like swiping, tapping and pinching on multi-touch screens.

Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 18
Introduction to DOS
• Introduced in 1981 on IBM-PC for the first time.
• Replaced UNIX on PC’s.
• Command line interface for the user to interact with the device using commands
for each task.
• Programs started by entering their filenames.
• Programs + commands not associated with any program.
• DOS was replaced soon by GUI based OS’s, however it was widely used for
different tasks for many years and still in use.

Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 19
Introduction to DOS
 Commonly used DOS commands

 DIR: used for listing all or specific files in a directory.


 MD: to make a new directory.
 CD: used to switch to another working directory from the current directory.
 RMDIR: used to delete an empty directory.
 TREE: to display all the directory paths on a specified drive.
 COPY: to copy one or more files from a source drive to a destination drive.
 XCOPY: to copy files and directory including lower level directories.
 DEL: to delete specified files from a drive.
 REN: to rename a file.
 ATTRIB: used to set or show attributes of files e.g. hidden
 BACKUP: to backup files form a source drive to a destination drive.
 RESTORE: to restore files backed up using BACKUP command.
 EDIT: to open a text editor to create a new text file or edit an existing one.
 FORMAT: to format a drive
 TIME: to set or display system time.
 DATE: to set or display date.

Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 20
References

 Ali, R. & Ali, A. (2018). Chapter 4: Introduction to Operating System.


Introduction to Computer and ICT – 1st Edition (pp. 56-65). Muhalla Jangi,
Qissa Khawani, Peshawar, Pakistan: Al-ilum Publications.
Thanks!
Any Questions
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