Two & Three Winding Transformers and

Circulating Fault Currents

By: Abdur Rehman
2019 Hands on Relay School

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 Purpose at the 2019 HRS
• Intention is to share our knowledge and passion for Power
Systems Engineering & Protection

• NOT intended to replace any lecture…

• Intention is to supplement other lectures

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 Assumed Knowledge
• Basic understanding of symmetrical components - Phase &
Ground faults

• Working knowledge of Transformer Phase Shifts

• Fundamental understanding of power systems

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 Outcomes & Takeaways
• Better understanding of transformers under faulted conditions

• Practical application of sequence network diagrams

• Visual display of circulating sequence currents for 2 & 3

winding transformers

• Introduction to help better understand the handouts

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 Outcomes & Takeaways
• Sit back… Relax… and Enjoy the show.

• The step-by-step details are in the accompanying PDF for your

review… Presentation = Introduction

• Make sure to send me an email for the accompanying PDF

document, presentation, and videos…
[email protected]

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 Video Tutorial available on Youtube
• Search for “General PAC” or visit generalpac.com
• Topic “Fault Analysis in Power System”

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 2 Winding Transformer
DABY-G
115 kV 30 MVA 13.8 kV
MVASC =
600 MVA

Example
AB Y
Line A Line a

Line B Line b

Line C Line c

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 6 Step Process to calculate fault current
Step 1: Convert the system quantities into per-unit
quantities
Step 2: Identify the type of fault
Step 3: Draw the unfaulted sequence networks
Step 4: Interconnect the faulted sequence networks
Step 5: Hand Calculate Sequence Currents & Voltages
Step 6: Convert to Phase currents & voltages

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 Sequence Components
Source
Generator Transformer System

115kV 13.8kV
ZG(1) ZT(1) ZG(1) ZT(1)
j0.05 j0.10 j0.05 j0.10
Positive
Sequence
1pu + = 1pu

115kV 13.8kV
ZG(2) ZT(2) ZG(2) ZT(2)

Negative j0.05 j0.10 j0.05 j0.10

Sequence + =

Open 115kV Open

13.8kV
ZG(0) ZT(0) ZG(0) ZT(0)

Zero
=
j0.05 j0.10 j0.05 j0.10

Sequence +

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 3PH Fault 1LG Fault
115kV 13.8kV
ZG(1) ZT(1)

115kV 13.8kV
ZG(1) ZT(1) 1 PU

1 pu 115kV 13.8kV
ZG(2) ZT(2)

Open
(0) 115kV 13.8kV
ZG ZT(0)

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3 Phase Fault Big Picture 1 of 5

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3 Phase Fault Big Picture Comparison

1004|-60 8367|-90

1004|180 8367|150

1004| 60 8367| 30

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1LG Fault Big Picture

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Step #4

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Step #5

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1LG Fault Big Picture Comparison

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LL Fault Big Picture 1 of 1

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2LG Fault Big Picture 1 of 1

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3 Winding Transformer Example

Y-D-YG
115 kV 30 MVA 13.8 kV
MVASC =
600 MVA

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 Sequence Components
Transformer System
Generator

115kV 13.8kV
ZH(1) ZM(1) ZG(1)) ZH(1) ZM(1)
ZG(1)

Positive ZL(1) ZL(1)

Sequence
1pu + = 1pu

T T

ZH(2) ZM(2) 115kV 13.8kV

ZG(2) ZG(2) ZH(2) ZM(2)

Negative ZL(2)
Sequence + =
ZL(2)

T
T

115kV Open
13.8kV (0) 13.8kV
Open ZG(0) ZT(0) ZM
ZH(0) ZM(0)
ZG(0)

Zero ZL(0) = ZL(0)

Sequence + T
T

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3 Phase Fault Big Picture 1 of 1

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1LG Fault Big Picture 1 of 1

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LL Fault Big Picture 1 of 1

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 Questions?

[email protected]
Generalpac.com

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