DATABASE ADMINISTRATION LEVEL III

Based on August, 2011, Version 3 Occupational

Standards (OS) and Curriculum

Module Title: Modeling Data Objects

LG Code: EIS DBA3 M08 1220 LO (1-3) LG (30-32)
TTLM Code: EIS DBA3 TTLM08 1220v1

December 2020
Bishoftu, Ethiopia

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 Contents page
LO #1: Identify entities and relationships ............................................................................................ 4
Instruction sheet ................................................................................................................................ 4
Information Sheet 1: Analyzing business data to understand operations ............................................. 5
Self-Check 1 .................................................................................................................................. 7
Information Sheet 2: Identifying boundaries of the system ........................................................... 8
Self-Check 2 ................................................................................................................................ 12
Information sheet 3: Identifying entities, attributes, data types and relationships of data ........ 13
Self-Check 3 ................................................................................................................................ 15
Information sheet 4: Business rules are reviewed to determine impact..................................... 16
Self-Check 4 ................................................................................................................................ 17
Information sheet 5: Documenting relationships in an entity relationship diagram ................... 18
Self-Check 5 ................................................................................................................................ 22
Operation sheet #1 ......................................................................................................................... 23
LAP TEST #1 .................................................................................................................................. 30
LO #2: Develop normalization ........................................................................................................... 31
Instruction sheet .............................................................................................................................. 31
Information sheet 1: Undertaking normalization of business data and Documenting results . 32
Self-Check 1 ................................................................................................................................ 43
Information sheet 2: Comparing normalization results with entity relationship diagram........... 44
Self-Check 2 ................................................................................................................................ 46
Information sheet 3: Reconciling differences between data ....................................................... 47
Self-Check 3 ................................................................................................................................ 49
Operation sheet #1 ......................................................................................................................... 50
LAP TEST #1 .................................................................................................................................. 56
LO #3: Validate model ........................................................................................................................ 57
Instruction sheet .............................................................................................................................. 57
Information sheet 1: Validating data model .................................................................................. 58
Self-Check 1 ................................................................................................................................ 65

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 Information sheet 2: Resolving arising issues or recommendations .......................................... 66
Self-Check 2 ................................................................................................................................ 70
Information sheet 3: Documenting completed data model .......................................................... 71
Self-Check 3 ................................................................................................................................ 73
Information sheet 4: Submitting for final approval........................................................................ 74
Self-Check 4 ................................................................................................................................ 76
Reference ........................................................................................................................................ 77
Answer Key ................................................................................................................................. 80

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 LG#30 LO #1: Identify entities and relationships

Instruction sheet
This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics:
 Analyzing business data to understand operations
 Identifying boundaries of the system
 Identifying entities, attributes, data types and relationships of data
 Reviewing business rules to determine impact
 Documenting relationships in an entity relationship diagram

This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Analyze business data to understand operations
 Identify boundaries of the system
 Identify entities, attributes, data types and relationships of data
 Review business rules to determine impact
 Document relationships in an entity relationship diagram

Learning Instructions:
Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide.
1. Follow the instructions described below.
2. Read the information written in the “Information Sheets”. Try to understand what are
being discussed. Ask your trainer for assistance if you have hard time understanding
them.
3. Accomplish the “Self-checks” which are placed following all information sheets.
4. Ask from your trainer the key to correction (key answers) or you can request your
trainer to correct your work. (You are to get the key answer only after you finished
answering the Self-checks).
5. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation proceed to “Operation sheets”
6. If your performance is satisfactory proceed to the next learning guide,

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 Information Sheet 1: Analyzing business data to understand operations

1.1 Analyzing business data to understand operations

Business Data analysis is defined as a process of cleaning, transforming, and modeling
data to discover useful information for business decision making. The purpose of Data
Analysis is to extract useful information from data and taking the decision based upon
the data analysis.
A simple example of Data analysis is whenever we take any decision in our day-to-day
life is by thinking about what happened last time or what will happen by choosing that
particular decision. This is nothing but analyzing our past or future and making
decisions based on it. For that, we gather memories of our past or dreams of our future.
Major Data Analysis methods are:
 Text Analysis
 Statistical Analysis
 Diagnostic Analysis
 Predictive Analysis
 Prescriptive Analysis
 Text Analysis

Text Analysis is also referred to as Data Mining. It is one of the methods of data
analysis to discover a pattern in large data sets using databases or data mining tools. It
used to transform raw data into business information. Business Intelligence tools are
present in the market which is used to take strategic business decisions. Overall it offers
a way to extract and examine data and deriving patterns and finally interpretation of the
data.

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  Statistical Analysis

Statistical Analysis includes collection, Analysis, interpretation, presentation, and

modeling of data. It analyses a set of data or a sample of data.
 Diagnostic Analysis

Diagnostic Analysis shows "Why did it happen?" by finding the cause from the insight
found in Statistical Analysis. This Analysis is useful to identify behavior patterns of data.
If a new problem arrives in into the business process, then you can look into this
Analysis to find similar patterns of that problem. And it may have chances to use similar
prescriptions for the new problems.
 Predictive Analysis

Predictive Analysis shows "what is likely to happen" by using previous data. The
simplest data analysis example is like if last year I bought two dresses based on my
savings and if this year my salary is increasing double then I can buy four dresses.
This Analysis makes predictions about future outcomes based on current or past data.
Forecasting is just an estimate. Its accuracy is based on how much detailed information
you have and how much you dig in it.
 Prescriptive Analysis

Prescriptive Analysis combines the insight from all previous Analysis to determine which
action to take in a current problem or decision. Most data driven companies are utilizing
Prescriptive Analysis because predictive analysis are not enough to improve data
performance. Based on current situations and problems, they analyze the data and
make decisions.

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 Written Test
Self-Check 1

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in
the next page:
Part I choose the best answer (each 2 point)
1. Data Mining example of
A. Diagnostic Analysis C. Text Analysis
B. Predictive Analysis D. Prescriptive Analysis
2. A method of data analysis which analyses a set of data or a sample of data is:
A. Diagnostic Analysis C. Prescriptive Analysis
B. Statistical Analysis D. Predictive Analysis

Part II fills the blank space

1. Explain Business Data analysis (3 pt)
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
2. What is the purpose of Data Analysis (1pt)
__________________________________
__________________________________
_________________________________
3. List all data analysis methods (5pt)
__________________________________
_______________________________
__________________________________
_______________________________
_________________________________
Answer the following question!
Note: Satisfactory rating 13 points Unsatisfactory - below 13 points
You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers. Score = ___________
Answer Sheet Rating: ____________
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

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 Information Sheet 2: Identifying boundaries of the system

1.2 Identifying boundaries of the system

A system is a group of interrelated entities that form a unified whole to achieve some
common objective. It is surrounded and influenced by its environment, is described by
its boundaries, structure and purpose and expressed in its functioning.

Source: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System]

Constraints of a System

 A system must have some structure and behavior which is designed to achieve a
predefined objective.
 Interconnectivity and interdependence must exist among the system
components.
 The objectives of the organization have a higher priority than the objectives of its
subsystems.
Example
 Traffic management system,
 Payroll system,
 Automatic library system,
 Human resources information system.

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 Properties of a System

 Organization

Organization implies structure and order. It is the arrangement of components that

helps to achieve predetermined objectives.

 Interaction

It is defined by the manner in which the components operate with each other.

Example

In an organization, purchasing department must interact with production department

and payroll with personnel department.

 Interdependence

Interdependence means how the components of a system depend on one another. For
proper functioning, the components are coordinated and linked together according to a
specified plan. The output of one subsystem is the required by other subsystem as
input.

 Integration

Integration is concerned with how system components are connected together. It

means that the parts of the system work together within the system even if each part
performs a unique function.

 Central Objective

The objective of system must be central. It may be real or stated. It is not uncommon
for an organization to state an objective and operate to achieve another.

The users must know the main objective of a computer application early in the analysis
for a successful design and conversion.

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 Elements of a System

 Outputs and Inputs

 The main aim of a system is to produce an output which is useful for its user.
 Inputs are the information that enters into the system for processing.
 Output is the outcome of processing.
 Processor(s)

 The processor is the element of a system that involves the actual transformation
of input into output.
 It is the operational component of a system. Processors may modify the input
either totally or partially, depending on the output specification.
 As the output specifications change, so does the processing. In some cases,
input is also modified to enable the processor for handling the transformation.
 Control

 The control element guides the system.

 It is the decision making subsystem that controls the pattern of activities
governing input, processing, and output.
 The behavior of a computer System is controlled by the Operating System and
software.
 Feedback

 Feedback provides the control in a dynamic system.

 Positive feedback is routine in nature that encourages the performance of the
system.
 Negative feedback is informational in nature that provides the controller with
information for action.

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  Environment

 The environment is the “super system” within which an organization operates.

 It is the source of external elements that strike on the system.
 It determines how a system must function.
 Boundaries and Interface

 A system should be defined by its boundaries. Boundaries are the limits that
identify its components, processes, and interrelationship when it interfaces with
another system.
 Each system has boundaries that determine its sphere of influence and control.
 The knowledge of the boundaries of a given system is crucial in determining the
nature of its interface with other systems for successful design.

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 Written Test
Self-Check 2

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in
the next page:
Part I choose the best answer (each 2 point)
1. The properties of system implies structure and order is
A. Integration C. Organization
B. Interaction D. All can be
2. In system components of a system depend on one another is called
A. Interdependence C. Integration
B. Central Objective D. None
Part II Fill the blank space

1. What is system(2pts)
__________________________________________________________________
______
2. Write at least three example of system(3pts)
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
3. Write all elements of system(5pts)
1______________________2_____________________________3_____________
________4.______________________5_________________________6________
________________

Answer the following question!

Note: Satisfactory rating 14 points Unsatisfactory - below 14 points
You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers. Score = ___________
Answer Sheet Rating: ____________
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

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 Information sheet 3: Identifying entities, attributes, data types and
relationships of data

3.1 Identifying entities, attributes, data types and relationships of data

In database administration, an entity can be a single thing, person, place, or object

about which the data should be captured and stored in the form of properties, workflow
and tables. Data can be stored about such entities. A design tool that allows database
administrators to view the relationships between several entities is called the entity
relationship diagram (ERD). Database entity is the key element in all relational
databases.

Entity Attributes

An attribute defines the information about the entity that needs to be stored. If the entity
is an employee, attributes could include name, employee ID, health plan enrollment,
and work location. An entity will have zero or more attributes, and each of those
attributes apply only to that entity.
Example
The employee ID of 123456 belongs to that employee entity alone.
The domain of an entity describes the possible values of attributes. In the entity, each
attribute will have only one value, which could be blank or it could be a number, text, a
date, or a time.
Examples of entity types and domains:
Name: Keresa Gadisa
Employee ID: 123456
Health Plan Enrollment: Normal
Work Location: Nekemte, Ethiopia

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 The key is the unique identifier that identifies the entity. A key is also a domain because
it will have values. These values are unique to each record, and so it's a special type of
domain.

Data type

Data type refers to the format of data storage that can hold a distinct type or range of
values. When computer programs store data in variables, each variable must be
designated a distinct data type. There are programming languages that require the
programmer to determine the data type of a variable before attaching a value to it.
While some programming languages can automatically attach a data type to a variable
based on the initial data assigned to the variable. Database fields require distinct type
of data to be entered.

Common Data Types

 Integer is a whole number that can have a positive, negative or zero value. It
cannot be a fraction nor can have decimal places.
 Character refers to any number, letter, space or symbol that can be entered in a
computer. Each character occupies one byte of space.
 String is used to represent text. It is composed of a set of characters that can
have spaces and numbers. Strings are enclosed in quotation marks to identify
the data as string and not a variable name nor a number.
 Floating Point Number is a number that contains decimals. Numbers that
contain fractions are also considered as floating point numbers.
 Varchar as the name implies is variable character as the memory storage has
variable length.
 Boolean – is used for creating true or false statements. To compare values the
following operators are being used: AND, OR, XOR, and NOT.

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 Written Test
Self-Check 3
Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in
the next page:
Part I choose the best answer (each 2 point)
1. Entity will have zero or more attributes
A. False
B. True
2. Which one is Entity?
A. Name C. Sex
B. Age D. Employee
3. All are data type Except
A. Integer C. String
B. ID number D. Character

Part II Fill the blank space

1. Explain Entity with example(3pts)

__________________________________________________________________
______
2. What is attribute (2pts)
__________________________
__________________________
3. What is Data type (3pts)
___________________________________________________________________
______

Answer the following question!

Note: Satisfactory rating 13 points Unsatisfactory - below 13points
You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers. Score = ___________
Answer Sheet Rating: ____________
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

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 Information sheet 4: Business rules are reviewed to determine impact

4.1 Business rules are reviewed to determine impact

A business rule is a statement that imposes some form of constraint on a specific aspect
of the database, such as the elements within a field specification for a particular field or
the characteristics of a given relationship. Business rules can apply to people,
processes, corporate behavior and computing systems in an organization, and are put
in place to help the organization achieve its goals. Also Business rules describe
the business policies that apply to the data stored on a company's databases.
There are certain constraints that designers apply to ensure that a database honors a
company’s business rules. These constraints help preserve data integrity. Business-
rules constraints fall into two categories:
1. Field constraints within tables, and
2. Relationship constraints between tables.

 Field constraints within tables

Rules used to limit the type of data that can go into a table, to maintain the accuracy
and integrity of the data inside table. Constraints are used to make sure that the
integrity of data is maintained in the database.

 Relationship constraints between tables

A foreign key is a field in one table that references the primary key in another table. The
data in the fields from both tables is exactly the same, and the table with the primary
key record must have existing records before the table with the foreign key record has
the related records. Like primary keys, you can define foreign keys in the table
declaration by using the constraint clause.

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 Written Test
Self-Check 4

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in
the next page:
Part I choose the best answer (each 2 point)
1. Business rules can apply to
A. People C. Computing systems
B. Processes D. All can be
2. Business-rules constraints fall into two categories:
A. Field constraints
A. Relationship constraints
B. Both A & B
Part II Fill the blank space
1. What is business rule context to database? (2pts)
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________

Answer the following question!

Note: Satisfactory rating 6 points Unsatisfactory - below 6 points
You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers. Score = ___________
Answer Sheet Rating: ____________
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

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 Information sheet 5: Documenting relationships in an entity
relationship diagram

1.5 Documenting relationships in an entity relationship diagram

An entity-relationship diagram (ERD) is a data modeling technique that graphically

illustrates an information system’s entities and the relationships between those entities.

It is a conceptual and representational model of data used to represent the entity

framework infrastructure. An entity in this context is an object, a component of data. An

entity set is a collection of similar entities. These entities can have attributes that define

its properties. By defining the entities, their attributes, and showing the relationships

between them, an ER diagram illustrates the logical structure of databases. An ER

diagram is a means of visualizing how the information a system produces is related.

ERD Symbols
Entities represented by rectangles. An entity is an object or concept about which you
want to store information.

A weak entity is an entity that must defined by a foreign key relationship with another
entity as it cannot be uniquely identified by its own attributes alone.

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 Actions which are represented by diamond shapes show how two entities share
information in the database. In some cases, entities can be self linked. For example,
employees can supervise other
employees.

Attributes which are represented by ovals. A key attribute is the unique, distinguishing
characteristic of the entity. For example, an employee's social security number might be
the employee's key attribute.

A multi valued attribute can have more than one value. For example, an employee entity
can have multiple skill values.

A derived attribute is based on another attribute. For example, an employee's monthly

salary is based on the employee's annual salary.

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 Connecting lines, solid lines that connect attributes to show the relationships of entities
in the diagram.
Cardinality specifies how many instances of an entity relate to one instance of another

entity.

Fig 5.1 ERD sample example

Consider the following business rules for a patient appointment system:

A doctor can be scheduled for many appointments, but may not have any scheduled
at all. Each appointment is scheduled with exactly 1 doctor. A patient can schedule 1 or
more appointments. One appointment is scheduled with exactly 1 patient. An
appointment must generate exactly 1 bill; a bill is generated by only 1 appointment.
One payment is applied to exactly 1 bill, and 1 bill can be paid off over time by several
payments. A bill can be outstanding, having nothing yet paid on it at all. One patient
can make many payments, but a single payment is made by only 1 patient. Some
patients are insured by an insurance company. If they are insured, they can only carry
insurance with one company. An insurance company can have many patients carry

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 their policies. For patients that carry insurance, the insurance company will make
payments; each single payment is made by exactly 1 insurance company.

Given the above information, the following ERD can be drawn:

Fig 5.2 ERD of patient appointment system

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 Written Test
Self-Check 5
Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in
the next page:
Part I choose the best answer (each 2 point)
1. Entity Relationship diagram is visualizing information.

A. False
B. True
2. In ERD rectangles represent
A. Relationship C. Entity
B. Attribute D. All can be
3. Which Entity type has not sufficient attributes (even primary key)
A. Strong entity C. Entity set
B. Weak entity D. None

Part II Fill the blank space

1. Define entity relationship diagram (ERD (2pts)

______________________________________________________________________
_______

2. Write the basic ER Diagram components (3pt)

______________________________________________________________________
________

Answer the following question!

Note: Satisfactory rating 11 points Unsatisfactory - below 11 points
You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers. Score = ___________
Answer Sheet Rating: ____________
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

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 Operation sheet #1 LO1: Identify entities and relationships

Operation Title: - Data modeling

Purpose:
 The trainee’s will be able to follows necessary steps.
 The trainee’s will be able to identify entities, attributes and relationships.
 The trainee’s will be able to perform data modeling properly.

Conditions for operation: - Have a clean workspace with all necessary ICT equipments.

Equipment and Tools: - ICT room, computer and installed MS-Visio.

Procedure: - 1.
1. Click on start button  All programMicrosoft officeMicrosoft
VisioFileNewSoftware DatabaseDatabase Model Diagram (US units)
select Entity under shape

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 Procedure: - 2. Add table and columns
Click on Entity shape “Table1” click on Physical Name and rename to table
name Eg. “Employee”
To add column click on “columns” under categories and assign physical name
and data types and other constraints such as (primary key and foreign keys)

 Database schema
Employee Table
Column name Data type size Constraints Key
Empid char 10 Not null Primary key
FullName char 50
Sex char 10
Address char 5

To change the size of data type of employee “FullName” from default one (10) to
50 please follows following procedures.
Click on Data type of required data (Full Name)Editselect data type Length
then write number of sizeok

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 Also we can add columns as the below procedures

To set primary key

Click on primary ID under categories

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 Procedure- 3 Add related table and identify cardinality ratios
We can add other Entities

Database schema

Department Table

Column name Data type size Constraints Key

DeptID char 10 Not null Primary key
DeptName char 50
EmpID char 10 Foreign key

To create relationship between both Employee and Department follow procedures

Select relationship under shape

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 After creation of relationship we have check cardinality ratios

Click on Arrow between both tablesclick on Name under categories to set relationship
which is by (word)

To check cardinality ratios

Click on Miscellaneous 

Procedure-4 To add necessary information under relation such as (words, cardinality ratios)
follow the following procedures.
Select Database (from menu bar)OptionDocumentRelationshipOk

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 The output of the procedure is looks like the below figure.

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 Group Work

An Instructor set a group of trainee into (1-5) and shares the following projects and gives
any corrections accordingly.

The Instructor expect from trainee as they:-

 Identify entities and attributes

 Identify relationship and assign
 Data modeling using Visio or other data modeling applications
 Normalize data if any

Project work

1. University database
2. Hospital database
3. Bank database
4. Hotel database
5. Airport database

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 LAP TEST #1 Practical Demonstration

Name: ____________________________________ Date: ________________________

Time started: _____________________________Time finished: __________________

Instructions: You are required to perform the following individually with the presence
of your Instructor.

1. How to browse and start-up data modelling software?

2. The trainees identify entities, attributes and relationships?
3. The trainee model data according to required?

 Your Instructor will evaluate your activities either satisfactory or unsatisfactory.

If Not satisfactory, your Instructor shall advice you on additional work. But if satisfactory,
you can proceed to the next topic.

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 LG#31 LO #2: Develop normalization
Instruction sheet
This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics:
 undertaking normalization of business data and Documenting results
 Comparing normalization results with entity relationship diagram
 Reconciling differences between data
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Undertake normalization of business data and Documenting results
 Compare normalization results with entity relationship diagram
 Reconcile differences between data

Learning Instructions:
Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide.
1. Follow the instructions described below.
2. Read the information written in the “Information Sheets”. Try to understand what are
being discussed. Ask your trainer for assistance if you have hard time understanding
them.
3. Accomplish the “Self-checks” which are placed following all information sheets.
4. Ask from your trainer the key to correction (key answers) or you can request your
trainer to correct your work. (You are to get the key answer only after you finished
answering the Self-checks).
5. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation proceed to “Operation sheets
6. If your performance is satisfactory proceed to the next learning guide,

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 Information sheet 1: Undertaking normalization of business data and
Documenting results

1.1 Undertaking normalization of business data and Documenting results

Database Normalization is a technique of organizing the data in the database. It is a
systematic approach of decomposing tables to eliminate data redundancy (repetition)
and undesirable characteristics like Insertion, Update and Deletion Anomalies. It is a
multi step process that puts data into tabular form, removing duplicated data from the
relation tables.

Normalization is used for mainly two purposes:

 Eliminating redundant data.

 Ensuring data dependencies make sense i.e data is logically stored.

Data Anomalies

Anomalies are problems that can occur in poorly planned, un-normalized databases
where all the data is stored in one table (a flat-file database).

There are three types of anomalies that occur when the database is not normalized.
These are Insertion, update and deletion anomaly.

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 Insertion Anomaly adding new rows forces user to create duplicate data adding new
rows forces user to create duplicate data.
Example
If a tuple is inserted in referencing relation and referencing attribute value is not present
in referenced attribute, it will not allow inserting in referencing relation. For Example, If
we try to insert a record in STUDENT_COURSE with STUD_NO =7, it will not allow.

Fig 1.2 Insertion anomaly

Deletion Anomaly deleting rows may cause a loss of data that would be deleting rows

may cause a loss of data that would be needed for other future rows

Updating Anomaly changing data in a row forces changes to other changing data in a

row forces changes to other rows because of duplication

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 Deletion and Updation anomaly: If a tuple is deleted or updated from referenced
relation and referenced attribute value is used by referencing attribute in referencing
relation, it will not allow deleting the tuple from referenced relation. For Example, If we
try to delete a record from STUDENT with STUD_NO =1, it will not allow. To avoid this,
following can be used in query:

 ON DELETE/UPDATE SET NULL: If a tuple is deleted or updated from referenced

relation and referenced attribute value is used by referencing attribute in
referencing relation, it will delete/update the tuple from referenced relation and set
the value of referencing attribute to NULL.
 ON DELETE/UPDATE CASCADE: If a tuple is deleted or updated from referenced
relation and referenced attribute value is used by referencing attribute in
referencing relation, it will delete/update the tuple from referenced relation and
referencing relation as well
Types of normal forms:
1. First normal form(1NF)
2. Second normal form(2NF)
3. Third normal form(3NF)
4. Boyce & Codd normal form (BCNF)

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 1. First normal form (1NF)
The rule of first normal form, an attribute of a table cannot hold multiple values. It
should hold only atomic values.

mp_id emp_name emp_address emp_mobile

101 Herschel New Delhi 8912312390
8812121212
102 Jon Kanpur
9900012222
103 Ron Chennai 7778881212
9990000123
104 Lester Bangalore
8123450987

Two employees (Jon & Lester) are having two mobile numbers so the company stored

them in the same field as you can see in the table above.

This table is not in 1NF as the rule says “each attribute of a table must have atomic

(single) values”, the emp_mobile values for employees Jon & Lester violates that rule.

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 To make the table complies with 1NF we should have the data like this:

mp_id emp_name emp_address emp_mobile

101 Herschel New Delhi 8912312390
102 Jon Kanpur 8812121212
102 Jon Kanpur 9900012222
103 Ron Chennai 7778881212
104 Lester Bangalore 9990000123
104 Lester Bangalore 8123450987

2. Second normal form (2NF)

A table is said to be in 2NF if both the following conditions hold:

 Table is in 1NF (First normal form)

 No non-prime attribute is dependent on the proper subset of any candidate key of
table.

An attribute that is not part of any candidate key is known as non-prime attribute.

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 Example: Suppose a school wants to store the data of teachers and the subjects they
teach. They create a table that looks like this: Since a teacher can teach more than one
subjects, the table can have multiple rows for a same teacher.

eacher_id Subject teacher_age

111 Maths 38
111 Physics 38
222 Biology 38
333 Physics 40
333 Chemistry 40

Candidate Keys: {teacher_id, subject}

Non prime attribute: teacher_age

The table is in 1 NF because each attribute has atomic values. However, it is not in 2NF
because non prime attribute teacher_age is dependent on teacher_id alone which is a
proper subset of candidate key. This violates the rule for 2NF as the rule says “no non-
prime attribute is dependent on the proper subset of any candidate key of the table”.
To make the table complies with 2NF we can break it in two tables like this:

teacher_details table:

eacher_id teacher_age
111 38
222 38
333 40

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 teacher_subject table:

teacher_id subject
111 Maths
111 Physics
222 Biology
333 Physics
333 Chemistry

Now the tables comply with Second normal form (2NF).

Third Normal form (3NF)

A table design is said to be in 3NF if both the following conditions hold:

 Table must be in 2NF

 Transitive functional dependency of non-prime attribute on any super key should
be removed.
An attribute that is not part of any candidate key is known as non-prime attribute.
In other words 3NF can be explained like this: A table is in 3NF if it is in 2NF and for
each functional dependency X-> Y at least one of the following conditions hold:

 X is a super key of table

 Y is a prime attribute of table
An attribute that is a part of one of the candidate keys is known as prime attribute.
Example: Suppose a company wants to store the complete address of each employee,
they create a table named employee_details that looks like this:

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 emp_id emp_name emp_zip emp_state emp_city emp_district
1001 John 282005 UP Agra Dayal Bagh
1002 Ajeet 222008 TN Chennai M-City
1006 Lora 282007 TN Chennai Urrapakkam
1101 Lilly 292008 UK Pauri Bhagwan
1201 Steve 222999 MP Gwalior Ratan

Super keys: {emp_id}, {emp_id, emp_name}, {emp_id, emp_name, emp_zip}…so on

Candidate Keys: {emp_id}
Non-prime attributes: all attributes except emp_id are non-prime as they are not part
of any candidate keys.

Here, emp_state, emp_city & emp_district dependent on emp_zip. And, emp_zip is

dependent on emp_id that makes non-prime attributes (emp_state, emp_city &
emp_district) transitively dependent on super key (emp_id). This violates the rule of
3NF.
To make this table complies with 3NF we have to break the table into two tables to
remove the transitive dependency:
Employee table:

mp_id emp_name emp_zip

1001 John 282005
1002 Ajeet 222008
1006 Lora 282007
1101 Lilly 292008
1201 Steve 222999

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 employee_zip table:

emp_zip emp_state emp_city emp_district

282005 UP Agra Dayal Bagh
222008 TN Chennai M-City
282007 TN Chennai Urrapakkam
292008 UK Pauri Bhagwan
222999 MP Gwalior Ratan

3. Boyce Codd normal form (BCNF)

Boyce Codd Normal Form (BCNF) is based on functional dependencies that take into
account all candidate keys in a relation; however, BCNF also has additional constraints
compared with the general definition of 3NF.

Example: Suppose there is a company wherein employees work in more than one
department. They store the data like this:

Emp_id emp_nationality emp_dept dept_type dept_no_of_emp

1001 Austrian Production and planning D001 200

1001 Austrian Stores D001 250

design and technical

1002 American D134 100
support
1002 American Purchasing department D134 600

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 Functional dependencies in the table above
emp_id -> emp_nationality
emp_dept -> {dept_type, dept_no_of_emp}

Candidate key: {emp_id, emp_dept}

The table is not in BCNF as neither emp_id nor emp_dept alone are keys.
To make the table comply with BCNF we can break the table in three tables like this:

emp_nationality table

emp_id emp_nationality

1001 Austrian

1002 American

emp_dept table

emp_dept dept_type dept_no_of_emp

Production and planning D001 200
Stores D001 250
design and technical support D134 100
Purchasing department D134 600

Emp_dept_mapping table

emp_id emp_dept
1001 Production and planning

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 1001 Stores
1002 design and technical support
1002 Purchasing department

Functional dependencies:
emp_id -> emp_nationality
emp_dept -> {dept_type, dept_no_of_emp}
Candidate keys:
For first table: emp_id
For second table: emp_dept
For third table: {emp_id, emp_dept}
This is now in BCNF as in both the functional dependencies left side part is a key.

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 Written Test
Self-Check 1
Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in
the next page:
Part I choose the best answer (each 2 point)

1. In which normal form a table cannot hold multiple values

A. 3NF C. 1NF
B. 2NF D. BNCF
2. In which Normal form the existence of Transitive functional dependency
A. BNCF C. 1NF
B. 2NF D. 3NF
3. A function that has no partial functional dependencies is in ________form?
A. 3NF C. 1NF
B. 2NF D. BNCF

4. Every Boyees-codd normal form is in

A. 1NF C. 3NF
B. 2NF D. ALL
Part II Fill the blank space

1. Define database anomalies (3pts)

______________________________________________________________________

2. Write all types of normalization (4pt)

______________________________________________________________________

Answer the following question!

Note: Satisfactory rating 15 points Unsatisfactory - below 15 points
You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers. Score = ___________
Answer Sheet Rating: ____________
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

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 Information sheet 2: Comparing normalization results with entity
relationship diagram

Comparison of ERD modeling and Normalization

ERD modeling Database normalization

Focus on Conceptual view (abstract) Goal is to control redundancy, Existence of

relationships makes it impossible to eliminate

Top to down approach Focus is table definition and construction

 Entities type tables, Tables subsequently
create additional relationships

Be able to identify & construct key Bottom-up approach (detailed to abstract)

components
 Entity, Relationship, Connectivity,
Cardinality, Bridge entity, Weak
entity
 Works in complimentary fashion
with normalization

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 Focus is entity definition and the proof Guidelines
that they belong in database 1NF
 Proof is the relationship First normal form identifies the key(s)
 Rules based on model M:M OK at  Prime attributes = keys
first but not allowed in Relational  Non-prime attributes = non key values
model In keys: eliminate nulls & repeating groups
 Types of relations Unary , Binary 2NF
and Ternary Only applies when there is a composite key
Goal here is to eliminate partial dependencies
Typically results in creating new tables
3NF
 Realistic end point in traditional
normalization
 Elimination of transitive dependencies
 Dependencies of non-prime to non-prime
 Look to resolve issues with atomicity &
derived attributes
BCNF
Largely theoretical
 De-normalize back to 3NF

Table 2.1 Comparison of ERD and database normalization

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 Written Test
Self-Check 2

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in
the next page:

Part I fill the blank space

1. Compare ERD and database normalization (10 pts)

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________

Answer the following question!

Note: Satisfactory rating 5 and 10 points Unsatisfactory - below 5 and 10 points
You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers. Score = ___________
Answer Sheet Rating: ____________
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

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 Information sheet 3: Reconciling differences between data

Data reconciliation (DR) is a term typically used to describe a verification phase during
a data migration where the target data is compared against original source data to
ensure that the migration architecture has transferred the data correctly. Data validation
and reconciliation (DVR) means a technology that uses mathematical models to
process information.

Fig 1.3 Data reconciliation

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 Purpose of Data Reconciliation
In the data migration process, it is possible for mistakes to be made in the mapping and
transformation logic. Issues like run time failures like network dropouts or broken
transactions can corrupt data.
This kind of errors can lead to data being left in an invalid state. These may create a
range of issues like:
 Missing records
 Missing values
 Incorrect values
 Duplicated records
 Badly formatted values
 Broken relationships across tables or systems
Important for using Data Reconciliation Process:

 The use of Data Reconciliation helps you for extracting accurate and reliable
information about the state of industry process from raw measurement data.
 It also helps you to produces a single consistent set of data representing the
most likely process operation.
 It also leads to inaccurate insight and issues with customer service.
 Reconciliation of data is also important for enterprise-control integration.

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 Written Test
Self-Check 3

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in
the next page:

Part I fill the blank space

2. Define Data reconciliation (DR) (3 pts)

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
3. Write the consequences of data reconciliation problems /factors(4pts)
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_______________________________

Answer the following question!

Note: Satisfactory rating 7 points Unsatisfactory - below 7 points
You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers. Score = ___________
Answer Sheet Rating: ____________
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

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 Operation sheet #1 LO2: Develop normalization

Operation Title: - Developing database normalization

Purpose:
 The trainee’s will be able to follows necessary steps.
 The trainee’s will be able to identify tables, records and any constraints.
 The trainee’s will be able to perform data normalization properly.
Conditions for operation: - Have a clean workspace with all necessary ICT
equipments.

Equipment and Tools: - ICT room, computer and installed MS-Excel, MSSQL server
and A4 paper and pen/pencil.

Procedure: - 1.

Based on the give information from trainers you can develop database normalization.

Recommendation tools
MS-Excel or paper (you can normalize the given database either on MS-excel or on
paper , after you have completed the procedures you can implement on MSSQL server
for confirmation of data redundancy/ the created relationship between tables is 1:M)
Given
Un Normalized table was given as the below table

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 Step 1: Develop First Normal Form
In first normal form, the duplicate columns are removed.

Step 2: Develop Second Normal Form

In case of second normal form, it contains step of first normal form in addition to
removal of duplicate data which is placed in a child table and spilt tables into sections.

Company Table:

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 Product Table:

Company-Product Table

Step 3 Develop Third Normal Form

The third normal form includes 2nd normal form and further steps are carried out. In this
form the columns are removed which are not dependent on primary key columns.

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 Company Table:

Product Table:

Company_Product Table

Step 4 Develop SQL queries for understand it’s relationship as the given database was
normalized or not.

After importing the created database under MS-Excel to MSSQL server you can view
the following un normalized record even on MSSQL server, which applied on query
analyzer.

The “NULL” record under CampanyID and Campany Name shows as there was no data
normalization under this topic.

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 Step 5 Develop SQL queries (Recreate the normalized 3 tables under) your database,
then view the created relationships between all tables and indicate the relationship
types (i.e 1:M).

Step 6 you can view the normalized database as the following picture.

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 LAP TEST #1 Practical Demonstration

Name: ____________________________________ Date: ________________________

Time started: _____________________________Time finished: __________________

Instructions: You are required to perform the following individually with the presence
of your Instructor.
Follow the given un normalized table below and normalize the data then implement
using SQL server , the cardinality ratio must be(1:M)

StudentID Address CourseID CTitle Grade

Name

101 Chala Ambo ICT102 DBMS A

102 Kedir Nekemte ICT101 Intro.IT B

103 Zufan Asela ICT101 IntroIT A-

103 Zufan Asela ICT104 OOP A

104 Lewis Adama ICT103 MIS A

104 Lewis Adama ICT104 OOP C

 Your Instructor will evaluate your activities either satisfactory or unsatisfactory.

If Not satisfactory, your Instructor shall advice you on additional work. But if satisfactory,
you can proceed to the next topic.

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 LG#32 LO #3: Validate model
Instruction sheet
This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics:
 Validating data model
 Resolving arising Issues or recommendations
 Documenting completed data model
 Submitting for final approval
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Validate data model
 Resolve arising Issues or recommendations
 Document completed data model
 Submit for final approval

Learning Instructions:
Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide.
1. Follow the instructions described below.
2. Read the information written in the “Information Sheets”. Try to understand what are
being discussed. Ask your trainer for assistance if you have hard time understanding
them.
3. Accomplish the “Self-checks” which are placed following all information sheets.
4. Ask from your trainer the key to correction (key answers) or you can request your
trainer to correct your work. (You are to get the key answer only after you finished
answering the Self-checks).
5. If your performance is satisfactory proceed to the next learning guide,

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 Information sheet 1: Validating data model
Introduction

Database model defines the logical design and structure of a database and defines how
data will be stored, accessed and updated in a database management system. While
the Relational Model is the most widely used database model, there are other models
too:

 Hierarchical Model  Entity-relationship Model

 Network Model  Relational Model

Hierarchical Model

This database model organizes data into a tree-like-structure, with a single root, to

which all the other data is linked. The hierarchy starts from the Root data, and expands

like a tree, adding child nodes to the parent nodes. In this model, a child node will only

have a single parent node.

In hierarchical model, data is organized into tree-like structure with one one-to-many

relationship between two different types of data, for example, one department can have

many courses, many professors and of-course many students.

Fig 1.1 Hierarchical data modeling

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 Network Model

In this model data is organized more like a graph, and are allowed to have more than
one parent node. In this database model data is more related as more relationships are
established in this database model. Also, as the data is more related, hence accessing
the data is also easier and fast. This database model was used to map many-to-many
data relationships.

This was the most widely used database model, before Relational Model was
introduced.

Fig 1.2 Network Model data modeling

Entity-relationship Model

In this database model, relationships are created by dividing object of interest into entity
and its characteristics into attributes. Different entities are related using relationships.
This model is good to design a database, which can then be turned into tables in
relational model.

Fig 1.3 Entity-relationship data modeling

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 Relational Model

In this model, data is organized in two-dimensional tables and the relationship is

maintained by storing a common field. This model was introduced by E.F Codd in 1970,
and since then it has been the most widely used database model, in fact, we can say
the only database model used around the world. The basic structure of data in the
relational model is tables. All the information related to a particular type is stored in rows
of that table.

Hence, tables are also known as relations in relational model.

Fig 1.4 Relational data modeling

Source:[https://www.studytonight.com/dbms/database-model.php]

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 Model validation is defined within the regulatory guidance as “the set of processes and

activities intended to verify that models are performing as expected, in line with their

design objectives, and business uses to identify potential limitations and assumptions,

and assesses their possible impact.”

Therefore, during model validation we verify that the model executes correctly. A typical

validation process consists of the following aspects:

 Verifying that the model input and model output is clean (i.e. does not missing data). In

addition, verifying that sufficient controls are in place to deal with occasional data quality

issues as well as with light missing inputs.

 Checking that the model input is stable and representative, meaning that e.g. the

dataset on which a model is trained is representative of the data on which the model is

executed.

 Verifying the model implementation, which means that we are testing the model

expectations

 Comparing the model with alternatives to analyze the impact of

changing model assumptions

 Analyzing the stability of the model as well as robustness of the standardize procedure.

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 Validation and verification are the two steps in any simulation project to validate a
model.

 Validation is the process of comparing two results. In this process, we need to

compare the representation of a conceptual model to the real system. If the
comparison is true, then it is valid, else invalid.

 Verification is the process of comparing two or more results to ensure its

accuracy. In this process, we have to compare the model’s implementation and
its associated data with the developer's conceptual description and
specifications.

Fig 3.1 Validation and verification data model

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 Techniques to Perform Validation of data Model

Step 1 Design a model with high validity. This can be achieved using the following
steps:-
 The model must be discussed with the system experts while designing.
 The model must interact with the client throughout the process.
 The output must supervised by system experts.
Step 2 Test the model at assumptions data. This can be achieved by applying the
assumption data into the model and testing it quantitatively. Sensitive analysis can also
be performed to observe the effect of change in the result when significant changes are
made in the input data.
Step 3 Determine the representative output of the Simulation model. This can be
achieved using the following steps:-
 Determine how close the simulation output with the real system output.
 Comparison can be performed using the Turing Test. It presents the data in the
system format, which can be explained by experts only.
 Statistical method can be used for compare the model output with the real
system output.

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 Validating the first time model

Consider we have to describe a proposed system which doesn’t exist at the present
nor has existed in the past. Therefore, there is no historical data available to compare
its performance with. Hence, we have to use a hypothetical system based on
assumptions. Following useful pointers will help in making it efficient.

 Subsystem Validity A model itself may not have any existing system to
compare it with, but it may consist of a known subsystem. Each of that validity
can be tested separately.

 Internal Validity A model with high degree of internal variance will be rejected
due to its internal processes will hide the changes in the output for input
changes.

 Sensitivity Analysis It provides the information about the sensitive parameter in

the system to which we need to pay higher attention.

 Face Validity When the model performs on opposite logics, then it should be
rejected even if it works like the real system.

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 Written Test
Self-Check 1
Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in
the next page:
Part I choose the best answer (each 2 point)
1. The process of comparing two results in data modeling is:-
A. Verification C. Testing
B. Validation D. All can be
2. During model validation we verify that the model executes incorrectly.
A. True
B. False

Part II Fill the blank space

1. Define Model validation (2pts)

______________________________________________________________________

2. Write the basic steps / Techniques to Perform Validation of data Model (4pt)

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Answer the following question!

Note: Satisfactory rating 6 points Unsatisfactory - below 6 points
You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers. Score = ___________
Answer Sheet Rating: ____________
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

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 Information sheet 2: Resolving arising issues or recommendations

Recommendations should be secured in the conclusions of an evaluation report, with

proper cross referencing. Recommendations are actionable proposals on how to
resolve concrete problems affecting the project or the sustainability of its results. They
should be feasible to implement within the time-frame and resources available, specific
in terms of who would do what and when, and set a measurable performance target. In
some cases, it might be useful to propose options, and briefly analyze the pros and
cons of each option.

Recommendations should be SMART: -

 Specific,
 Measurable,
 Achievable,
 Result-oriented and
 Time-bound.

For each recommendation, the implementation plan should specify the following
information:
 How the recommendation will be implemented;
 Who is responsible for its implementation;
 Expected completion date and;
 What actions have already been taken (if any).

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 Skills resolve recommendations of clients
Problem-solving skills help you determine the source of a problem and find an effective
solution. Although problem solving is often identified as its own separate skill, there are
other related skills that contribute to this ability.
Problem-solving skills include:

 Active listening
 Analysis
 Research
 Communication
 Dependability
 Decision making
 Team-building

Problem-solving skills are important in every career at every level. As a result, effective
problem solving may also require industry or job-specific technical skills.

Example

A registered nurse will need active listening and communication skills when interacting
with patients but will also need effective technical knowledge related to diseases and
medications. In many cases, a nurse will need to know when to consult a doctor
regarding a patient’s medical needs as part of the solution.

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 Problem-solving skills examples

To solve a problem effectively, you will likely use a few different skills. Here are a few
examples of skills you may use when solving a problem:

 Research

Researching is an essential skill related to problem solving. As a problem solver, you

need to be able to identify the cause of the issue and understand it fully. You can begin
to gather more information about a problem by brainstorming with other team members,
consulting more experienced colleagues.

 Analysis

The first step to solving any problem to analyze the situation. Your analytical skills will
help you understand problems and effectively develop solutions. You will also need
analytical skills during research to help distinguish between effective and ineffective
solutions.

 Decision-making

Ultimately, you will need to make a decision about how to solve problems that arise. At
times and with industry experience you may be able to make a decision quickly.

 Communication

When identifying possible solutions, you will need to know how to communicate the
problem to others. You will also need to know what communication channels are the
most appropriate when seeking assistance. Once you find a solution, communicating it
clearly will help reduce any confusion and make implementing a solution easier.

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  Dependability

Dependability is one of the most important skills for problem-solvers. Solving problems
in a timely manner is essential. Employers highly value individuals they can trust to both
identify and then implement solutions as fast and effectively as possible.

 Active listening

Active listening refers to a pattern of listening that keeps you engaged with your
conversation partner in a positive way. It is the process of listening attentively while
someone else speaks, paraphrasing and reflecting back what is said, and withholding
judgment and advice.

 Team building

Team building is the process of turning a group of individual contributing employees into
a cohesive team a group of people organized to work together to meet the needs of
their customers by accomplishing their purpose and goals.

Federal TVET Agency Version -1

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 Written Test
Self-Check 2

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in
the next page:
Part I choose the best answer (each 2 point)
1. Which one is not the behavior of recommendation?
A. Measurable C. Time bounded
B. Specific D. Criticism
2. Recommendation should be specific in terms of who would do what and when, and
set a measurable performance target.
A. True B. False

Part II Fill the blank space

1. Define Recommendation (2pts)

______________________________________________________________________

2. Write the 4 basic Problem-solving in workplace (4pt)

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Answer the following question!

Note: Satisfactory rating 5 and 10 points Unsatisfactory - below 5 and 10 points
You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers. Score = ___________
Answer Sheet Rating: ____________
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

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 Information sheet 3: Documenting completed data model

Document databases don't require the same predefined structure as a

relational database, but you do have to define the feature of how you plan to organize
your data. It is a type of non relational database that is designed to store and query data
as JSON (JavaScript Object Notation), like documents. Document databases make it
easier for developers to store and query data in a database by using the same
document model format they use in their application code. The flexible, semi structured,
and hierarchical nature of documents and document databases allows them to evolve
with applications’ needs. The document model works well with use cases such as
catalogs, user profiles, and content management systems where each document is
unique and evolves over time.

The document database is more sensitive for a developer to update an application as

the requirements evolve. In addition, if the data model needs to change, only the
affected documents need to be updated. No schema update is required and no
database downtime is necessary to make the changes.

Using a document database, each product’s attributes can be described in a single

document for easy management and faster reading speed. Changing the attributes of
one product won’t affect others.

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 Document Based Store NoSQL

In this type of database, the record and its associated data are stored in a single

document. So this model is not completely unstructured but it is a kind of Semi-

structured data. While a SQL database is made up of one or more tables and each table

is made up of one or more columns, a NoSQL document store is essentially a single

container. Every document that is added to the store is added to this one container.

Records in a SQL database are retrieved by means of queries, while a NoSQL

document store employs views.

Example
Assume we are getting the details of employees in three different documents namely,
Personal_details, Contact and Address; you can embed all the three documents in a
single one as shown below.
{
Id:
Emp_ID: "10025AE336"
Personal_details:{
First_Name: "Radhika",
Last_Name: "Sharma",
Date_Of_Birth: "1995-09-26"
},
Contact: {
e-mail: "[email protected]",
phone: "9848022338"
},
Address: {
city: "Hyderabad",
Area: "Madapur",
State: "Telangana"
}
}

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 Written Test
Self-Check 3
Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in
the next page:
Part I choose the best answer (each 2 point)
1. Which one are document data model use cases?
A. Catalogs C. User profiles
B. Content management D. All can be
systems
2. The document database is not sensitive for a developer to update an application
as the requirements evolve.
A. False B. True
3. In NoSQL database, the record and its associated data are stored in a single
document.
A. False B.True

Part II Fill the blank space

1. Compare and contrast SQL database and NoSQL database document (4pts)

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

Answer the following question!

Note: Satisfactory rating 10 points Unsatisfactory - below 10 points
You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers. Score = ___________
Answer Sheet Rating: ____________
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

Federal TVET Agency Version -1

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 Information sheet 4: Submitting for final approval

3.3 Document approval

Document approval procedures in document locator make it easy to know which files
are final and approved, who made the approvals, and the complete document approval
history. Approval processes support the accurate recording of acceptance or agreement
in business documents, policies, work instructions, handbooks, and more.

Document approval steps are designed to support business requirements for efficient
reviews. Automatically route notifications and documents to one or more people for their
acceptance and sign-off. As files are electronically routed, approvals are recorded in the
system. Approval routing actions can be configured to automate tasks based on
approval status. Everything is recorded in an audit trail that can be reviewed and
analyzed in reports.

Approvals are a core component of workflow, and a foundation of effective process

management. Combined with version control, a complete history of prior approved
documents is maintained supporting retention regulations and limiting legal liability.

The approval by the client describes the acceptance by the client of the result obtained
at the end of a project.
It denotes the successful delivery of the product, goods or services which meets the
requirements established at the beginning of the project.
The delivery of the agreed goods or services immediately after production is exactly
what the customer expects.

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 A delivery that completes the order according to the requirements agreed at the time of
the design. The approval is therefore a fundamental milestone in the project. The
approval means the verification of the product, where the client determines if the
designer has delivered an asset that satisfies the agreed goals or not.
Without the verification, and consequently the approval, a project is not completed
correctly. This applies even if it has been completed within the time frame and / or the
set budget. By accepting the deliverables of the project, the client acknowledges that
the product or service delivered is complete, which means that it can be used for the
intended purpose. However, verification and final approval are not the only tests that
can occur in the project
Advantages of acceptance documentation:
 Managing the expectations between the client and the project team.
 Modifications while maintaining clear communication.
 Maintaining maximum responsibility for each phase of the project.
The criteria for verification and acceptance of an output by the client represent a specific
and defined list of conditions that must be met before a project can be considered
completed and the final results of the project are accepted by the customer.
Verification criteria are criteria that include performance requirements and essential
conditions that must necessarily be met before project deliverables are accepted.
They set specific circumstances under which the client will accept the final output of the
project. They must be measurable criteria through which it is possible to demonstrate
that the project has been successfully completed. The goal of the PM (project
management) is to ensure that at the end of the project, the client verifies and positively
accepts the deliverables produced.
Missing verification and acceptance criteria can lead to low levels of client satisfaction,
missed delivery dates and / or development costs being exceeded.

Federal TVET Agency Version -1

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 Written Test
Self-Check 4

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in
the next page:
Part I choose the best answer (each 2 point)

1. The approval by the client describes the acceptance by the client of the result
obtained at the end of a project.
A. False B. True
2. Verification and final approval are the only tests that can occur in the project
A. False B. True
3. Missing verification and acceptance criteria can lead to low levels of client
satisfaction
A. False B. True
Part II Fill the blank space

1. Write three advantages of acceptance documentation (3pts)

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

Answer the following question!

Note: Satisfactory rating 9 points Unsatisfactory - below 9 points
You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.
Score = ___________
Answer Sheet Rating: ____________
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

Federal TVET Agency Version -1

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 Reference

1. “Database Systems, Concepts, Design and Applications” by S.K.Singh, Pearson

Education.
2. “Database Management Systems” by Raghu Ramakrishnan, Johannes Gehrke,
McGraw Hill Publication.
3. “Fundamentals of Database Systems” by Elmsari, Navathe, 5th Edition, Pearson
Education (2008).
Video

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QpdhBUYk7Kk
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9MEVHebExhw
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QpdhBUYk7Kk
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xoTyrdT9SZI
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=reHw8KChCHg&t=59s

Other cites

1. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/system_analysis_and_design/system_analysis_an
d_design_overview.htm
2. https://afteracademy.com/blog/what-is-an-entity-entity-type-and-entity-set
3. https://www.relationaldbdesign.com/database-design/module4/business-rules-
importance.php
4. https://condor.depaul.edu/gandrus/240IT/accesspages/normalization2.htm
5. http://www2.cs.uregina.ca/~bernatja/crowsfoot.html
6. https://www.guru99.com/what-is-data-reconciliation.html#5
7. https://bryteflow.com/data-reconciliation/
8. https://docs.oracle.com/en/cloud/paas/analytics-cloud/acsmd/validate-data-
models.html#GUID-1010DD07-56E1-40F8-8975-937062B24FD2
9. https://medium.com/statuscode/three-reasons-to-use-a-nosql-document-store-
for-your-next-web-application-6b9eabffc8d8
10. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/mongodb/mongodb_create_database.htm

Federal TVET Agency Version -1

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 AKNOWLEDGEMENT

We wish to extend thanks and appreciation to the many representatives of TVET

instructors who donated their time and knowledge to the development of this TTLM.

Also we would like to express our appreciation to the FTA, Oromia Regional TVET
Bureaus and different TVET Instructors who made the development of this TTLM based
its curriculum with required standards and quality possible.

This TTLM developed on December 2020 at Bishoftu, Ethiopia.

Federal TVET Agency Version -1

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Author/Copyright December 2020
 This TTLM is developed by the following Database Administration
Instructors.

No Name Organization Edu Level Profession Email address Mobile

/Job title
1. Msc
Ayansa Ergiba Ambo TVETC Instructor [email protected] 0917851343
2. Msc ejigubiranu2011@gm
Ejigu Birhanu Nekemte TVETC Instructor ail.com 0906566892
3. Msc [email protected]
Endale Lema Adama PTC Instructor m 0913292212
4. Msc keresag2010@gmail.
Keresa Gadisa Nekemte TVETC Instructor com 0920420664
5. Atilet Kenanisa Msc [email protected]
Meseret Tezera PTC Instructor m 0911751285

Federal TVET Agency Version -1

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 Answer Key
Module Title: Modeling Data Objects
LO #1- Identify entities and relationships
Self-Check1 Written Test

Part I

1. C
2. B

Part II

1. Business Data analysis is defined as a process of cleaning, transforming, and

modeling data to discover useful information for business decision making.
2. To extract useful information from data and taking the decision based upon the
data analysis.
3. ext Analysis

Statistical Analysis
Diagnostic Analysis
Predictive Analysis
Prescriptive Analysis

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 Self-Check 2 Written Test

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in
the next page:
Part I
1. C
2. A
Part II
1. System is a group of interacting or interrelated entities that form a unified whole to
achieve some common objective.
2. Traffic management system,
Payroll system,
Automatic library system,
3. Outputs and Inputs

Processor(s)

Control

Feedback

Environment

Boundaries and Interface

Federal TVET Agency Version -1

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 Self-Check 3 Written Test

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in
the next page:
Part I
1. B
2. D
3. B
Part II
1. Entity can be a single thing, person, place, or object about which the data should
be captured and stored in the form of properties, workflow and tables.
2. Attribute defines the information about the entity that needs to be stored.
3. The format of data storage that can hold a distinct type or range of values

Self-Check 4 Written Test

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in
the next page:
Part I
1. D
2. B
Part II
1. A business rule is a statement that imposes some form of constraint on a specific
aspect of the database, such as the elements within a field specification for a
particular field.

Federal TVET Agency Version -1

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 Self-Check 5 Written Test

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in
the next page:
Part I
1. B
2. C
3. B
Part II
1. An entity-relationship diagram (ERD) is a data modeling technique that
graphically illustrates an information system’s entities and the relationships
between those entities
2. Entities
Relationships
Attributes

LO #2 Develop normalization
Self-Check 1 Written Test

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in
the next page:
Part I
1. B
2. C
3. B
Part II
1. An entity-relationship diagram (ERD) is a data modeling technique that
graphically illustrates an information system’s entities and the
relationships between those entities
2. Entities
Relationships
Attributes

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 Self-Check 2 Written Test

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in
the next page:
Part I

1. C
2. D
3. B
4. D

Part II

1. Insertion anomalies
Deletion anomalies
Update anomalies
2. First normal form
Second normal form
Third normal form
BNCF

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 Self-Check 3 Written Test

Part I

2. Data reconciliation (DR) is a term typically used to describe a verification phase

during a data migration where the target data is compared against original source
data to ensure that the migration architecture has transferred the data correctly.

3. Missing records
Missing values
Incorrect values
Duplicated records

LAP TEST #1

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 LO #3 Validate model
Self-Check 1 Written Test

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in
the next page:
Part I
1. B
2. B

Part II
1. Model validation is defined within the regulatory guidance as “the set of
processes and activities intended to verify that models are performing as
expected.
2. Step 1 Design a model with high validity.
Step 2 Test the model at assumptions data.
Step 3 Determine the representative output of the Simulation model

Self-Check 2 Written Test

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in
the next page:
Part I
1. D
2. A

Part II

1. Recommendations are actionable proposals on how to resolve concrete

problems affecting the project or the sustainability of its results.

2. Active listening
Analysis
Research
Communication

Federal TVET Agency Version -1

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 Self-Check 3 Written Test

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in
the next page:
Part I
1. D
2. A
3. B

Part II

1. NoSQL database the record and its associated data are stored in a single
document.
SQL database is made up of one or more tables and each table is made up of
one or more columns.

Self-Check 4 Written Test

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in
the next page:
Part I
1. B
2. A
3. B
Part II

1. Managing the expectations between the client and the project team.
Modifications while maintaining clear communication.
Maintaining maximum responsibility for each phase of the project.

Federal TVET Agency Version -1

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Author/Copyright December 2020