CHAPTER ONE REVIEW OF PRINCIPLE AND ANALYSIS OF WAVE GUIDE 1.1 Introduction to microwave Microwave is a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from 1m to 1 mm corresponding to frequencies between 300 MHz and 300 GHz respectively. Microwaves are includes the ultrahigh, super high, and extremely high frequencies. © The prefix "micro-" in microwave indicates “small”, that means they have shorter wavelengths (very short waves ). © Radio waves are electromagnetic waves within the frequencies 30KHz. to 300GHz, and include microwaves. Microwaves are occur at the higher frequency end of the radio wave band. © Amore common definition in radio-frequency engineering is the range between 1 and 100 GH (wavelengths between 0.3 m and 3 mm). eo Wavelength (A) =speed/frequency1.2 Waveguide co Waveguides are used to direct and propagate Electromagnetic waves from one point to another. G Waveguide is Hollow metallic tube of uniform cross section for transmitting EMW by successive reflections from the inner walls of the tube. Microwaves propagate through microwave circuits, components and devices, * which act as a part of Microwave transmission lines, broadly called as Waveguides. +> They are used to transmit high frequency waves such as Microwaves, Radio waves, Infrared waves and etc. a Wave-guide is represented by its dispersion characteristics that has a certain cut-off frequency. © The signals having frequencies above this cut-off frequency are allowed to propagate through the Wave-guide. oe a The signals having frequencies below this frequency will face a high reflection.1.2 Waveguide Q The electric and magnetic fields associated with the signal bounce off the inside walls back and forth as it progresses down the waveguide. 4 The most common type of Waveguide is a hollow conductive metal pipe (copper, aluminum or brass) which carries high frequency Radio Waves. Q They also exist in the form of wires, coaxial cables, parallel plates, or optical fibers. a The EMWs in a waveguide may be imagined as travelling down the guide in a zig- zag path, being repeatedly reflected between opposite walls of the guide.Fig. 1 An image of Waveguide1.3 Advantages of Waveguides 1.4 Disadvantages of Waveguide & Waveguides are easily to manufacture. . . eu y O It is not suitable for operations at low It is easily to install in a microwave frequencies. transmission systems. coe y a Its cost is high. High power handling capability. «This not flexible with nature Low insertion loss. . . w u It is not support TEM mode of propagation. Th ide wide bandwidth. cae a They provide wide bandwi a They have weak thermal stability. 3 They are used as Waveguide filters (HPF). 5 +) waveguides implementation is co EMW travelling through it, has lower difficult. attenuation. oe1.5 Classification of Waveguide 2 Waveguides are classified into two types. Metal Waveguides and Dielectric Waveguides. 1. Metal Waveguides 2 Consists of an enclosed conducting metal pipe and the wave guiding principle works on the total internal reflection from the conducting walls. 2 They are two types: Rectangular Waveguides and Circular Waveguides. 2. Dielectric Waveguides 2 Consists of dielectrics and the reflection from dielectric interfaces helps in the propagation of EMWs along the Waveguide. 2 They are two types: Dielectric Slab Waveguides and Optical Fiber. oeSIDS Rectangular Wavegide Crear Waveqide Dielectric Sab Waveguide Optical Fiber 1.6 Rectangular Waveguide u Arectangular waveguide is a conducting cylinder of rectangular cross section used to guide the propagation of waves. Q Rectangular waveguide is commonly used for the transport of radio frequency signals at frequencies in the SHF band (3 to 30 GHz) and higher.a A rectangular waveguide supports TM and TE modes but not TEM waves. + B/e we cannot define a unique voltage + Since there is only one conductor in a rectangular waveguide. A rectangular waveguide cannot propagate below cut-off frequency. The size of the waveguide determines its operating frequency range. oc Let us consider a rectangular waveguide with interior dimensions are a x b, o © This dimension is usually made equal to one half the wavelength at the lowest frequency of operation.1.6 Waveguide Modes U Modes in waveguides can be further classified into four types. 1 TE (Transverse Electric) Mode ~» Electric Field vector is transverse or perpendicular to the Waveguide’s axis. + Here only the electric field is purely transverse to the direction of propagation. +» The magnetic field is not purely transverse. E ,= 0, H, ¢ 0. 2 TM (Transverse Magnetic) Mode “» Magnetic Field vector is transverse or perpendicular to the Waveguide’s axis. ~» Here only magnetic field is transverse to the direction of propagation. ® The electric field is not purely transverse. E , # 0, H, = 0. . Transverse Electro Magnetic (TEM) Mode » + Here both electric and magnetic fields are directed components. E ,= 0 and H,=0. Hybrid (HE) Mode > «s Here neither electric nor magnetic fields are not purely transverse to the direction @) of propagation. E , # 0, H, #0.+++ Waveguide Modes UTE and TM Modes in ideal Waveguide must satisfy Maxwell’s equations and are based on certain assumptions: +» The Wave-guide is considered to be infinitely long, oriented along the z-axis, and uniform along its length. +» The Wave-guide is constructed from a perfectly conducting pipe (PEC) and is filled with a perfect insulator (lossless dielectric). > The Electric and Magnetic fields are time-harmonic. Magnetic Field Magnetic \ Field © Electric TE Mode Field TM Mode1.7 How does Waveguide Work © Waveguide is a geometrical structure which propagates EM energy in a preferred direction in space from one point to another within a certain frequency range. © Waveguide’s operating bandwidth is an important factor as the lower operating frequency is determined by the electrical property of the Wave-guide structure. They do not operate under transverse electromagnetic modes (TEM) as they are built with single conductor. The fundamental Waveguide’s Mode is the mode with the lowest cut-off frequency. The propagation of a wave in a Wave-guide (TE or TM waves) has very different characteristics than the propagation of a wave on a transmission line (TEM waves). @®.--How does Waveguide Work Q This is because when a wave is transmitted at one end of the Wave-guide, it gets reflected from the sides of the Wave-guide. Q These reflected waves interact with each other and an infinite number of discrete characteristic patterns called modes are generated. a These modes entirely depend on the size and shape of the Waveguides, medium in the Waveguides and the operating frequency. u For propagating a wave through Waveguides for a specific mode, the source should operate at a frequency higher than the cut-off frequency. If a Waveguide’s source is made to operate at a frequency less than the cut-off oe frequency of its mode, then the wave is attenuated.1.8 Representation of Modes a The general symbol of representation will be TE m, n or TM m, n. where m and n is the number of half-wave patterns across the width and the height of the waveguide respectively. a Example a field pattern for two modes, TE10 and TE20, ~» In both cases, E only varies in the x direction; since n = 0, it is constant in the y direction. U For TE10, the electric field has a half sine wave pattern, while for TE, a full sine wave pattern is observed, (2) TE» hb (b) TE, h -oO