Experiment 03

Experimental Study of AC-AC Voltage Controller.

3.1 Objectives:
The main objectives of this experiments are:
• To understand the operation of voltage controller.
• To design unipolar and bipolar phase controller circuit.
• To analysis output waveforms of Unidirectional and Bidirectional.
3.2 Theory:
The AC Voltage Controller is a thyristor-based device that, without altering frequency,
converts fixed alternating voltage to variable alternating voltage directly. Since the AC
Voltage Controller operates on a phase-controlled system, force commutation circuitry is not
needed. One uses either line or natural commutation. Phase control refers to altering the firing
angle of the thyristor that is utilized in the circuit of the ac voltage controller in order to manage
the phase relationship between the commencement of the load current and supply voltage.
Phase control or integral cycle control are the two basic operating principles of an AC voltage
controller. By adjusting the thyristor's firing angle, the Phase Control technique regulates the
phase connection between the input supply voltage and the commencement of the load current.
The AC input supply is turned ON for a certain number of integral cycles and turned OFF for
an additional number of integral cycles in integral cycle control. Applications where the
mechanical or thermal time constants are on the order of several seconds are the primary uses
for integral cycle control. For instance, the thermal time constant of the heating loads is
typically rather large, as is the mechanical time constant for many of the speed control devices.
If the control is accomplished by connecting the load to the source for a portion of the on-
cycles and then disconnecting it for a portion of the off-cycles, then in these applications, there
will be very little change in temperature or speed. Integral cycle control is one type of power
control.
There are different types of voltage controllers. Such as:
1. Single phase half wave AC voltage controller (Uni-directional)
2. Single phase full wave AC voltage controller (Bi-directional)
3. Three phase half wave AC voltage controller (Uni-directional)
4. Three phase full wave AC voltage controller (Bi-directional)

3.2.1 Phase Control Unipolar:

• Phase control (Uni-polar): A unipolar AC-AC phase voltage controller modifies the
phase angle of the applied voltage to regulate the voltage delivered to a load in an AC
power system. The term "unipolar" describes the application of voltage control in a
single direction of the AC waveform. This controller usually uses a triggering
mechanism to control when voltage is applied during each half-cycle, which is
frequently based on thyristors. The effective voltage that reaches the load can be
accurately regulated by varying the phase angle. Unipolar AC-AC phase voltage
controllers are frequently employed in industrial systems that power resistive loads like
lamps or heaters, or in other applications where precise and reliable voltage
management is essential.
 T1

Vs D1 Vo R

Fig 3.1: Phase control (unipolar) circuit.

Vs

ωt
π 2π

Vo

ωt
α π+ α

ig1

ωt
α π+ α
Fig 3.2: Expected output for phase control unipolar ac-ac voltage controller.

If 𝑣𝑠 = 𝑉𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 = √2𝑉𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡

𝜋 2𝜋
1
𝑽𝒐 (𝒓𝒎𝒔) = √ [∫ 2𝑉𝑠 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑(𝜔𝑡) + ∫ 2𝑉𝑠 2 sin2 𝜔𝑡 𝑑(𝜔𝑡)]
2 2
2𝜋 𝛼 𝜋
By solving,
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛼
𝑉𝑜 (𝑟𝑚𝑠) = √ (2𝜋 − 𝛼 + )
2𝜋 2

1 𝜋 2𝜋
𝑽𝒐 (𝒂𝒗𝒈) = 2𝜋 [∫𝛼 √2𝑣 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 𝑑(𝜔𝑡) + ∫𝜋 √2𝑣 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 𝑑(𝜔𝑡)]
By solving,
√2𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑜, 𝑎𝑣𝑔 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − 1)
2𝜋
If α is varied from 0 to π, Vo varies from Vs to Vs/√2 and Vdc varied from 0 to −√2𝑉𝑠/𝜋.

3.2.2 Phase Control Bipolar:

The problem of dc input current can be prevented by using bidirectional (or full-wave) control
ac-ac phase-controlled converter. During the positive half-cycle of input voltage, the power
flow is controlled by varying the delay angle of thyristor 1, thyristor 2 controls the power flow
during the negative half-cycle of input voltage. The firing pulses of thyristors 1 and 2 are kept
180º apart [1].
 T1

T2 Vo R
Vs

Figure-3.3: Phase control bipolar ac-ac voltage controller.

Vs

ωt
π 2π

Vo

ωt
π
2π
ig1

ωt
α1 π+ α1
ig2

ωt
α2 π+ α2
Figure-3.4: Expected output for phase control bipolar ac-ac voltage controller.

3.3 Required Apparatus:

i. Microcontroller (Arduino Uno)
ii. SCR (TYN612) [2 pcs]
iii. PC 817 [1 pc]
iv. MOC 3021 [2 pcs]
v. DC power supply (5V)
vi. Diode (1N4007) [1 pcs]
vii. Resistor: 220Ω 1/5W,330 Ω 1/5W, 1kΩ 1/5W [8 pcs]
viii. Transformer (12V 3A)
ix. Oscilloscope
 x. Multimeter
xi. Breadboard
xii. Connecting wires

3.4 Circuit Diagram:

The experimental circuit diagram on Fig.3.5 is for unipolar AC-AC voltage controller &
Fig.3.6 is bi-polar AC-AC voltage control circuit.

330 Ω
µc(5) 1 6

2 4
220 Ω

T1
+5 v

1 kΩ
1 kΩ PC 817
D1 R
1 4 µc(2,3)

2 3

Figure-3.5: Circuit diagram of phase control unipolar ac-ac voltage controller.

330 Ω
µc(5) 1 6

2 4
220 Ω

T1
+5 v

1 kΩ
1 kΩ PC 817
T2 R
1 4 µc(2,3)

2 3

220 Ω
330 Ω
µc(6) 1 6

2 4

MOC 3012

Figure-3.6: Circuit diagram of phase control bipolar ac-ac voltage controller.

3.5 Experimental result:
3.5.1 Phase control unipolar:
Input Waveform

Output waveform

Fig 3.7: Phase control unipolar with resistive load at firing angle 0º.

Input Waveform

Output waveform

Fig 3.8: Phase control unipolar with resistive load at firing angle 30º.

Input Waveform

Output waveform

Fig 3.9: Phase control unipolar with resistive load at firing angle 45º.
 Input Waveform

Output waveform

Fig 3.10: Phase control unipolar with resistive load at firing angle 60º.

Input Waveform

Output waveform

Fig 3.11: Phase control unipolar with resistive load at firing angle 90º.

Input Waveform

Output waveform

Fig 3.12: Phase control unipolar with resistive load at firing angle 150º.
3.6.2 Phase control bipolar:

Output waveform

Input Waveform

Fig 3.13: Phase control bipolar with resistive load at firing angle 30º.

Output waveform

Input Waveform

Fig 3.14: Phase control bipolar with resistive load at firing angle 45º.

Output waveform

Input Waveform

Fig 3.15: Phase control bipolar with resistive load at firing angle 60º.
.
 Output waveform

Input Waveform

Fig 3.16: Phase control bipolar with resistive load at firing angle 90º.

Output waveform

Input Waveform

Fig 3.17: Phase control bipolar with resistive load at firing angle 150º.

3.7 Discussion and Conclusion: The AC to AC (phase) voltage controller was the main topic
of the experiment, which included both unidirectional and bi-directional operations with a R
load. Furthermore, the power factor graph was noticed, which was obtained by the analysis of
the input and output waveforms. A variety of graphs were examined, and different firing angles
were used. To make sure that nothing undesirable happened, the microcontroller code was
checked several times. A comprehensive investigation of point-to-point connections was
carried out to provide a dependable power source. The transformer's subpar state was the cause
of the spikes in the sinusoidal input waveform. In spite of this difficulty, the experiment was
eventually finished successfully.
References:
1.https://mrcet.com/downloads/digital_notes/EEE/power%20electronics%20dig
ital%20notes.pdf
2.https://www.academia.edu/38989807/Power_Electronics_Circuits_Devices_a
nd_Applications_By_Muhammad_H_Rashid

Appendix
Microcontroller Program for SCR Gate Pulse:
Code for Unipolar:
int angle, a, b, angle2, deg1, deg2;
void setup() {
pinMode(5, OUTPUT);
attachInterrupt(1, test2, FALLING);
}
void loop() {
}
void test2() {
deg1 = 90;
angle = (10000/180)*deg1;
delayMicroseconds(angle);
digitalWrite(5, HIGH);
delay(10);
digitalWrite(5, LOW);
}
Code for Bipolar:
int angle, a, b, angle2, deg1, deg2;
void setup() {
pinMode(5, OUTPUT);
pinMode(6, OUTPUT);
attachInterrupt(1, test2, FALLING);
attachInterrupt(0, test, RISING);
}
void loop() {
}
void test2() {
deg1 = 90;
angle = (10000/180)*deg1;
delayMicroseconds(angle);
digitalWrite(5, HIGH);
delay(10);
digitalWrite(5, LOW);
}
void test() {
deg2 = 90;
angle2 = (10000/180)*deg2;
delayMicroseconds(angle2);
digitalWrite(6, HIGH);
delay(10);
digitalWrite(6, LOW); }