Jimma Institute of Technology

Faculty of Informatics and Computing

Course Title: Computer Maintenance and

Technical Support

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 Chapter 3
Central Processing Unit

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 Objective

After completing this chapter you will be able to

• Understand basics of CPU

• Recognize the History of CPU

• Understand Types of CPU

• Recognize Sockets and Slots of CPU

• Develop skill to upgrade CPUs

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CPU(Central Processing Unit)

• CPU is the brain of the computer where all arithmetic calculations

and logical operations take place.

• CPU alternatively is referred to as microprocessor or processor.

• The primary responsibility of CPU is to do all calculations, logical

operations such as decision making and controlling other hardware
components and devices connected to the computer system.

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 CPU(Central Processing Unit)
• Three typical components of a CPU are:

• The Arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs arithmetic (addition,

subtraction, multiplication, and division) and logical (comparison,
negation, conjunction, and disjunction) operations.

• The control unit, which extracts instructions from memory and decodes
and executes them, calling on the ALU when necessary.

• The Memory unit or registers, which store intermediate results of ALU.

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 CPU(Central Processing Unit)

The CPU consists of millions of tiny components called transistor.

The transistor functions as micro switch that can simulate the two binary
states (0 and 1).

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CPU(Central Processing Unit)

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CPU(Central Processing Unit)

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 CPU(Central Processing Unit)

Processor speed measures the number of instructions per second the

computer executes.

Clock speed is important measure of a processor speed. The clock

speed of a processor is how fast the processor can do the tasks while
executing a program.

Clock speed is measured in Megahertz (MHz) or Gigahertz (GHz).

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 History of CPU

• Like all other hardware components, the CPUs are continually

undergoing further development. You can see the explosive technological
development in data processing most clearly in the development of
newer and faster CPUs.

• The CPU's have for years doubled their performance about every 18
months, and there are no indications that this trend will stop.

• Closely tied to the IBM and Intel.

• The CPUs have their roots to Intel’s chip 4004 from 1971.

• The first microprocessor to make into a home computer was the

Intel 8080.

• PC market moved from 8088 to 80286 to 80386 to 80486 to Pentium,

Pentium II, Pentium III, and Pentium 4.
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 History of CPU

• In the March of 1971, the commercial launch of a new semiconductor

product set the stage of CPU era, which is Intel 4004.

• It is composed of 2,300 transistors.

• Initially was used in the Busicom 141-PF calculator

• This CPU was capable of executing between 46, 250 – 92, 500
instructions per second.

• For comparison, ENIAC, the first electronic computer built just 25 years
earlier could only execute 5, 000 instructions a second.

• But what made the 4004 so powerful wasn’t just its 1800% increase in
processing power.

• It only consumes 1 watt of electricity, but ENIAC consumes 140, 000 watt
and 27 ton weight
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 Cont’d

• Fast forward to January 2023, the launch date of the 13th Gen Intel®
Core™ i9-13900KS at 6.0 GHz Max Turbo Frequency is the fastest
desktop processor

CPU Mark Relative to Top 10 Common Desktop CPUs (2022)

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 Intel 4004

• Introduced in 1971

• Clock speed : 108 – 740 KHz

• Type : 4-bit, single-core

• Number of transistors : 2,300

• Manufacturing technology : 10 microns (micrometer)

• Fun fact :

– The 4004 is Intel's first microprocessor.

– It powered the Busicom calculator and paved the way for the PC.

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 Intel 8008

• Introduced in 1972

• Clock speed : 200 – 800 KHz

• Type : 8-bit, single-core

• Number of transistors : 3,500

• Manufacturing technology : 10 microns

• Fun fact :

– The 8008 is Intel's first 8-bit microprocessor.

– It is twice as powerful as the 4004 processor.

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 Intel 8080

• Introduced in 1974

• Clock speed : 2 MHz

• Type : 8-bit, single-core

• Number of transistors : 4,500

• Manufacturing technology : 6 microns

• Fun fact :

– The 8080 is an improved version of the 8008.

– Altair, the first successful PC is based on 8080.

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 Intel 8086

• Introduced in 1978

• Clock speed : 5 MHz

• Type : 16-bit, single-core

• Number of transistors : 29,000

• Manufacturing technology : 3 microns

• Fun fact :

– The 8086 is the first 16-bit processor.

– The 8086 gave rise to the x86 architecture, which eventually became
Intel's most successful line of processors.

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 Intel 8088

• Introduced in 1979

• Clock speed : 5 MHz

• Type : 16-bit, single-core

• Number of transistors : 29,000

• Manufacturing technology : 3 microns

• Fun fact :

– The 8088 is created as a cheaper version of 8086.

– The 8088 became the standard microprocessor for all IBM PCs and
PC clones which highly boosted the brand name of Intel processors.

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 Intel 286

• Introduced in 1982

• Clock speed : 6 MHz

• Type : 16-bit, single-core

• Number of transistors : 134,000

• Manufacturing technology : 1.5 microns

• Fun fact :

– Bill Gates famously dubbed the 286 as a “brain dead chip”. Since it
wasn’t able to run multiple MS-DOS application in windows
environment.

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 Intel 386

• Introduced in 1985

• Clock speed : 16 MHz

• Type : 32-bit, single-core

• Number of transistors : 275,000

• Manufacturing technology : 1.5 microns

• Fun fact :

– The 386 had more than 100 times as many transistors as the first intel
processor 4004.

– It can scan the Encyclopedia Britannica in 12.5 seconds.

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 Intel 386

• Introduced in 1985

• Clock speed : 16 MHz

• Type : 32-bit, single-core

• Number of transistors : 275,000

• Manufacturing technology : 1.5 microns

• Fun fact :

– The 386 had more than 100 times as many transistors as the first intel
processor 4004.

– It can scan the Encyclopedia Britannica in 12.5 seconds.

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 Intel Xeon

• Introduced in 2001

• Clock speed : 1.7 GHz

• Type : 32-bit, single-core

• Number of transistors : 42 Million

• Manufacturing technology : 0.18 microns

• Fun fact :

– The Intel Xeon brand is targeted exclusively at the non-consumer

workstation, server and embedded systems markets

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 Intel Pentium M

• Introduced in 2003

• Clock speed : 1.7 GHz

• Type : 32-bit, single-core

• Number of transistors : 55 Million

• Manufacturing technology : 130 nm (nanometer)

• Fun fact :

– As the M line was originally designed in Israel, the first Pentium M

was identified by the codename Banias, named after an ancient site in
Israel.

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 Intel Core Solo & Dou

• Introduced in 2006

• Clock speed : 1.06 – 2.33 GHz

• Type : 32-bit, 1 or 2 cores

• Number of transistors : 151 Million

• Manufacturing technology : 65 nm

• Fun fact :

– Core duo is Intel’s 1st dual-core mobile processor

– The Core Dou was the CPU for the first generation MacBook Pro,
while the Core Solo appeared in Apple Mac Mini line.

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 Intel Core 2

• Introduced in 2006

• Clock speed : 2.66 GHz

• Type : 64-bit, 1, 2 or 4 cores

• Number of transistors : 291 Million

• Manufacturing technology : 65 nm

• Fun fact :

– First set of processors based on core microarchitecture.

– The Core 2 brand included Solo (Single-core), Duo (dual-core), Quad

(quad-core) and Extreme (dual or quad-core CPUs for enthusiasts)
sub-brands .

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 Intel Core 2

• Introduced in 2006

• Clock speed : 2.66 GHz

• Type : 64-bit, 1, 2 or 4 cores

• Number of transistors : 291 Million

• Manufacturing technology : 65 nm

• Fun fact :

– First set of processors based on core microarchitecture.

– The Core 2 brand included Solo (Single-core), Duo (dual-core), Quad

(quad-core) and Extreme (dual or quad-core CPUs for enthusiasts)
sub-brands .

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 Intel Core i7

• Introduced in 2008

• Clock speed : 2.66 – 3.2 GHz

• Type : 64-bit, 4 to 10 cores

• Number of transistors : 731 Million

• Manufacturing technology : 45 nm

• Fun fact :

– Core i7 is the successor to the Intel Core 2 brand.

– Core i7 brand targets the business and high-end consumer markets

for both desktop and laptop PC.

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 Intel Core i5

• Introduced in 2009

• Clock speed : 2.66 GHz

• Type : 64-bit, 2 to 4 cores

• Number of transistors : 774 Million

• Manufacturing technology : 45 nm

• Fun fact :

– Core i7 brand targets the mainstream consumer markets for both

desktop and laptop PC.

– Core i5 introduced Turbo Boost Technology which adds performance

when needed.

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 Intel Core i3

• Introduced in 2010

• Clock speed : 2.93 – 3.07 GHz

• Type : 64-bit, 2 cores

• Number of transistors : 382 Million

• Manufacturing technology : 32 nm

• Fun fact :

– Core i3 is Intel’s new entry level processor line for both desktop and
laptop PCs.

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 Intel Core i9

• Introduced in 2017

• Clock speed : 2.6 – 3.3 GHz

• Type : 64-bit, 10 to 24 cores

• Number of transistors : Undisclosed

• Manufacturing technology : 14 nm

• Fun fact :

– Core i9 is Intel’s high end processor line aimed at PC enthusiasts.

– Extreme edition core i9-9980XE costs $ 1600

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 CPU Generation (Intel)

• The generation of the processor is the first number after i9, i7, i5, or i3.

• Here are some examples: Intel® Core™ Processor i7-10710U Processor

is 10th generation because the number 10 is listed after i7.

• Intel® Core™ Processor i9-9900 Processor is 9th generation because

the number 9 is listed after i9.

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• Intel name: Intel is a processor manufacturer, trademark, of Intel
Corporation. Intel is the only manufacturer of Intel processors.

• Core name: Core – a line of processors

• Intel Corporation has developed the following processor lines:

– Core ™
– Xeon®
– Atom®
– Pentium®
– Xeon Phi ™
– Quark ™
– Celeron®

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• Intel processor series: a series of processors in the line. Processors
are being improved, several series in the processor lines have been
developed.

• In the line of core processors, there are such a series of processors. i3,
i5, i7 i9, m, x

• 9700 – processor model.

• Intel Processor Generation:

– 2nd generation 2010-2011

– 3rd generation 2011-2012
– 8th generation 2017-2018
– 9th generation 2018-2019
– 10th generation 2019-2020
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• 700 – processor model, in the marking can be displayed in various
numbers.

• KF – Product line suffix. This reflects the features of the processor, such as
a processor for a desktop computer or laptop, power consumption, and
more.

Intel® Processor Names and Numbers

https://www.intel.ca/content/www/ca/en/processors/processor-numbers.html

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 Types of CPU

• As instructions are programmed and data is processed by processors,

there are different ways a processor can operate.

• Therefore, there are different types of processors.

– Single-core CPU

– Dual-core CPU

– Quad-core CPU

– Octa-core processors

– Deca-core processor

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 Single-core CPU

• Oldest CPU

• Execute only one command at a time

• Not efficient for multi-tasking.

• Work on FIFO (First Come First Serve).

• In multi operations – poor performance.

• Performance is based on its clock speed.

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 Dual Core CPU

• Two processors are linked together into single IC.

• Caches & controllers are combined into one chip.

• Capable to perform different operations quickly.

• Capable of multitasking.

• For Example, if you are doing two tasks at the same time such as listen
music and playing game then on processor can handle one task music
and other can handle the game.

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 Quad-Core CPU

• High power CPU,

• Four processors combined into one processor.

• Can execute massive instructions at a time.

• Enhance the processing power of the PC.

• Capable to execute multiple tasks.

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 DUAL PROCESSORS

• These are slightly different to dual processors.

• Dual processors are again two processors, but instead of being

combined as the physical traditional processor design (on one chip),
there are two actual chips that are positioned separately on the same
motherboard, or on different motherboards.

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Dominant CPU manufacturers

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3
7 AMD vs. Intel
• For many years, Intel was always the leading brand for processors
but now a new challenge has risen from AMD.

• These now leading top two processor brands are competing for the
best and new devices to sell to their customers who want best
performance and quality.

• Different brands design and make dual-core processors differently

which therefore differs in quality.

• Intel and AMD are the major manufacturers of processors.

• AMD have made it possible to increase the amount of chips

combined in one, and also reducing the amount of heat, for example
the Athlon 64x2.

• AMD processors are a lot cheaper in price.

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 AMD CPUs

• AMD Ryzen 9 5900X. Best CPU for high-end gaming.

• AMD Ryzen 5 3600X. Best AMD processor for gaming.

• AMD Ryzen 7 5800X. Ryzen to the top.

• AMD Ryzen 9 3950X. Moonlights as an HEDT processor.

• AMD Ryzen Threadripper 3960X.

• AMD Ryzen 3 1200 AF.

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 CPU Sockets and Slots

• Intel and AMD have created a set of socket and slot design for their
processors.

• Each sockets or slot is designed to support a different range of original

and upgrade processors.

• A CPU socket is a single connector between a microprocessor and

motherboard. A CPU socket is a distinct mount used only for the CPU on
the motherboard to ensure correct circuit chip insertion.

• It facilitates CPU access and prevents damage when a unit is inserted or

removed. A CPU socket also has a lock to prevent CPU movements, and
its design helps secure heat sink placement above the CPU.

• A CPU socket is also known as a CPU slot.

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 CPU Sockets and Slots

• Most PCs and a variety of server systems have CPU sockets. Some
laptops and certain types of servers do not use a CPU socket but a totally
different processor style. Generally, CPU socket platforms are keyed for
correct insertion.

• Modern CPU sockets and processors are based on PGA (Pin Grid Array)
architecture.

• It is basically a square with pins that are organized below the packaging.

• Pins are spaced app. 0.1 inches (2.54 mm) apart to cover a portion or
entire underside of the package.

• A CPU socket is shaped like a square or rectangle and made of durable

and heat-resistance plastic and metal contacts for pins.

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 CPU Sockets and Slots

• Chips with high numbers of pin-outs often use land grid array (LGA) or
zero insertion force (ZIF) sockets.

• LGA sockets apply firm force with a surface plate, and ZIF socket apply
compression force with a handle.

Assignment Two

• Study the evolution AMD CPU.

• List and discuss the different types of CPU Sockets and Slots in modern
PCs?

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 Upgrading CPUs

To Remove a CPU

• Disconnect the CPU fan cables from the system board.

• Unclip the CPU heat sink.

• Push down on each clip, then angle the clip away from the fastener.
Once both clips are unfastened, unhook them from the opposite end of
the heat sink.

• Carefully lift the heat sink away from the CPU and out of the lever.

• Make sure that the CPU does not remain attached to the bottom of the
heat sink when you lift it out.

• Release the CPU from its socket.

• Pull the retaining lever upright to release the CPU.

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 Upgrading CPUs …

Install CPU and Heat Sink/Fan Assembly

• The Heat Sink/Fan Assembly is a two-part cooling device.

• The heat sink draws heat away from the CPU.

• The fan moves the heat away from the heat sink.

• The heat sink/fan assembly usually has a 3 or 4 pin power connector.

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 Upgrading CPUs …

Steps to install

1. Align the CPU so that the Connection 1 indicator is lined up with Pin 1
on the CPU socket.
2. Place the CPU gently into the socket.
3. Close the CPU load plate and secure it by closing the load lever and
moving it under the load lever retention tab.
4. Line up the heat sink/fan assembly retainers to the holes on the
motherboard.
5. Place the heat sink/fan assembly onto the CPU socket, being careful
not to pinch the CPU fan wires.
6. Tighten the heat sink/fan assembly retainers to secure the assembly in
place.
7. Connect the heat sink/fan assembly power cable to the header on the
motherboard
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 Jumper Settings

• A jumper is a removable wire or small plastic or metal plug whose

absence or placement on a piece of hardware determines how the
hardware is to be configured. It works by opening or closing part of a
circuit.
• Jumpers allow the computer to close an electrical circuit, allowing the
electricity to flow on a circuit board and perform a function.

• If the CPU upgrade increases the processor speed, you must change the
setting of Jumpers.

• If you install a faster processor, you must add a jumper, which is supplied
in the box with the CPU.

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