Medival and Morden History

Medieval & Modern History By Abhishek Suman Sir
Greek word – Historia

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book  Historica
Herodotus 
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Father of History
Sources–
1. Archaeological sources
(Fossils, monuments, inscriptions, coins, statues)
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2. Literary sources
 Religious (Rigveda, Samveda, etc)
 Non-religious (Panchtantra, Patanjali etc.)
3. Description of foreigner travellers
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Venna – oldest instrument of India
Tambura – Arabi oldest instrument
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By Abhishek Suman Sir

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• Father of Indian Archeology – Alexander Cunningham (1856)–
1. Indian Museum – Kolkata
2. National Museum – Delhi
3. Salanjhar Museum – Hyderabad
Proto-historic period (Bronze Age)
1. Indus Valley civilization (2500BC – 1750BC)
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2. Vedic Civilisation (1500BC – 600BC)
•
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Mohd. Bin Kasim – Aurangazeb – (712 – 1707)
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• Aryavart – first name of India (due to invasion of Aryans)
[Vedic Civilisation (1500BC – 600BC) from central Asia)]
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MEDIEVAL INDIA
Islam –
• Pillars of Ismlan
• Believe in Qalna
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• 5 times Namaz
• Ramzan Roza
• Haj
• Zakat (1/40th part)
Qafir – who unfollows Islam.
The one who kills Qafir will be know as Ghazi.
Founder of Islam – Hazrat Mohammad, born in 570AD in Macca.
• 610 AD he got enlightenment in Heera Cave
• 622 AD he shifted from Mecca to Madina.

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Hizri Samvat (Hindu Calender) 57BC
Sak Samvat (Calender by Indian Govt.)
632 AD he died
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son Hussain
Ali 
Mesopotamia – old: Name of Iraq (capital Baghdad)

Sunni Terrorist Organisation
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• IS – Iraq & Syria
• Al Shabab – Kenya
• Boko Haram – Nigeria
• Taliban – Afghanistan
• Jihad - /keZ ;q)
• Sufi Community – Neutral comm: (follows only on i.e. Allah)
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Arabian Invasion in India–

Mohammad Bin Qasin – (712-714)
ruler Al Hajjaj's Commander was Qasim (Arab ruler)
Arab 
He was first Muslim who invoted India. He attacked on Sindh & defeated the Hindu ruler
Dahir.
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First Muslim who apply tax in India known as Jaziya (tax paid by Non-Muslim. 1/2 –1/3
of income) except widow, handicaped, Brahmans.
He issued golden coins in India known as Dirhan coins – (currency of UAE)
He brought Arabian horses in India.
They also brought an Arabic word – Monsoon.
They also are drawn Atlas.
They translated our 2 books in Arabic–
(1) Charak samhita (Medicine)

(2) Panchtantra (most famous book is Bible & second is Parchatantra)
(3) Kalilawadimna in Arabic)
Turkish Invasion in India
Mehmood Ghaznavi (1000 – 1027):
• Central Asia  Ghazni (Afghanistan)  Ghazni dynasty (Yamini Dynasty)
S' Slave
Founder Alaptagin  S' Son
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•   was Subuktigin (998 died)  Mehmood
Ghazanavi (998 – ruler)
• Sindh  Peshawar  Jaipal (Brahim Dynasty)

• 1000 – 1027  Ghaznavi invaded 17 times in India.
1st attack – 1000 AD is Peshawar on the ruler Jaipal.
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• In 1001 AD he defeated Jaipal.
• In 1001 AD he defeated Jaipal.
• Powerful attack – Somnath Mandir is Gujrat.
• 1006 AD – attacked on Nagarket Mandir is H.P.
• 1008 AD – he defeated Anandpal (son of Jaipal)
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• 1011-1012 AD – he attacked Mathura & Ujjain
• 1014 AD attacked  (destroyed the statue of Chakraswami (Lord Krishna) on
Sthaneshwar Temple in Haryana
• 1025 AD – attacked on Somnath Temple is Gujrat.
• 16th attack
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• Ruler of Gujrat Bhim I  (Constructed this temple by stones) Chalukya

dynasty)
• 1027 AD – Last attack on Jaat Community.
• 1030 AD – he died.
He was first Muslim in India who took the title of Sultan and Ghazi.
Writers–
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• Al Beruni  Kitab-ul-hind/ Tehqiq-e-Hind.

(1014 A.D inters in India)
• Firdausi  Shah Nama
• Utabi  Chachnama (Persian language)
• Vehaqi  Tariq-e-subuktgin

Mohammad Ghori  (1175 – 1206)
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Sansbani Turkish
• Ghazni  Gaur dynasty
• 1st (1175) Attack in Multan in Multan on Karmathi Muslims.
• 1178 – Ghori attacked on Gujrat (ruler Bhim II/ Moolraj II)
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• 1178 – Moolraj II defeated Ghori in Mount Abu.
• 1179 – Ghori conqured sindh and Kashmir.
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• 1191 – First Battle of Tarain (Ghori Lost & Prithviraj Won)
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• 1192 – Second Battle of Tarain Ghori defeated Prithviraj Chauhan & killed him from
then Muslim rule was started.
• 1193 – he made Delhi as his capital.
• 1193 – he made Delhi as him capital.
• In 1192 – Khwaja Moinuddin Chisti came to India and made it his cottage at Ajmer
and promoted Sufi Rule.

• 1194 – Mohd. Chori attacked Jaichand in Battle of Chandawar.
Ghori defeated Jaichand & killed him
• A slave and son-in-low of Mohd. Gauri 2. Qutubbudin Aibak
Another Slave –
2. Yaldauj
3. Kubacha
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4. Bakhtiyar Khilji
• Taxila university – oldest university (presently in Pakistan)
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• Mohd. Ghori appointed Aibak as his commander Chief
• He (Qutubbudin Aibak) built 2 mosque–
1. Quvatul Islam mosque in Delhi (first mosque)
2. Adhai din ka Jhopra in Ajmer
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• Teacher of Qutubbudin Aibak – Qutubbudin Bakhtiyar Kaki
He started construction of Qutub Minar in 1199 in the name of his teacher (kaki)
• It was completed in 1225 by Iltutamish.
Yaldauj – Ghazni
Kubacha – Kabul & Kandhar
Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526)
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Slave Dynasty (1206–1210)

Qutubbuddin Aibak (1206–1210)
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Founder of slave dynasty
Capital – Lahore
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• After becoming the ruler he donated lakhs of ruppes in his region. That’s why
citizens of Lahore gave him the title of 'Lakh Baksh'.
Aibak means 'God of Moon'.
• The only ruler who never sat on the throne as king.
• He appointed his slave Iltatamish, the governor of Badayu.
• He died while playing polo in 1210.
• His tomb is in Lahore.
• In 1210 Aramshah (son of Qutubbudin Aibak) (Only for 6 months)

• In 1211 Iltutamish killed Aramshah and became the next ruler of Slave dynasty.
2. Iltutanish (1211–1236)
• First sultan of India, because he got the title from Khalifa.
Last Sultan – Ibrahim Lodhi
• 1215 – Yaldauj attacked ltutamish known as third Battle (Yaldauj / Iltutamish) of
Tarrain.
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Iltutamish defeated Yaldauj.
• 1221 – Invasion of Genghis (actual name Thmuchin from Mongolia)
• He issued silver (Silver tanka) and cropper (Jital) coins
• He started the system of Trukan-e-Chahalgani or Dal Chalisa (group of 40 nobles)
• He also started Ikta (Province) ystem.
• Iktedari system Tax from Iktedars.
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• In 1229 – He completed the constructed of Qutub Minar & Shifted his capital from
Lahore to Delhi.
• He declared his successor to his daughter Razia & he died in 1236.
• Tomb – Delhi (Qutub Minar Primises)
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• 1236 – Ruknuddin firozabad sat on the throne but Razia opposes……………………
Razia Sultan (1236 – 1240)
First and last female of Delhi who was a ruler.
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Yakut Khan – Lover of Razia

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Known as Amir-e-Aakhoor.
1240 – Revolt of Altuniya
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(Altuniya v/s Razia of Yakut)

(Yakut was killed by Altuniya & Altuniya kidnapped Razia Sultan. After she got married
to Altuniya facefully. They retured to Delhi to attack Bahram Shah. When Razia was
takins rest at Kaithal, they were attacked by 40 nobles (Sent by Behram Shah) of dal
Chalisa, they attacked Razia & Altuniya and killed them).
• In 1240 – Dal Chalisa killed Razia Sultan & Altuniya in Kaithal.

Tomb – Kaithal, Haryana
4. Bahram Shah (1240 – 1242)

• In 1241, Second attack of Mongolites was happened his period.
• He was killed by Iltutanishs son Masood Shah.
5. Masood Shah (1242 – 1246)
• He was killed by his brother Nasiruddin Mehnood.
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6. Nasiruddin Mehmood (1246 – 1265)
• He appointed his wazir (PM) to Balban and gave him the title of ulugh Khan.
7. Ghiyasuddin Balban (1265 – 1287)
• After becoming the Sultan Balban abolished Dal chalisa.
• Balban started the policy of Iron and Blood in
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Policy of Iron & Blood in Germany – Bismark
Bismark of India – Sardar Vallabhai Patel
• He also started the system of Sajda and Paibas
• Balban also started a new festival named Navroz
(Persion New year) (on 21 March).
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• Hindu New year – 28 March
• Nawroz was prohibited by Aurangzeb
• Aurangzeb prohibited the policy of Iron and Blood.
• In 1287 third attack of Mongolites happened. In that attack Balban's son shahzada
Mohommad was killed.
• In 1287, he was died in the depression of the death of his son.
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• Tomb of Balban and his son is in Mehrauli, Delhi

Qaiqabad (1287 – 1290)
• He was grandson of Balban and son of Shehzada Mohammad.
• Malik firoz killed Qaiqabad and made Qaimurse (cousin of Qaiqubad) as sultan.
Qaimurse (1290)
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• In 1290, Qaimurse was dethrowned by Malik (Governor of Qaiqubad) Firoz and he

founded Khilji is Delhi.
• He was the last ruler of Slave Dynasty.
Khilji Dynasty (1290 – 1320)
1. Jalaluddin Firoz Khilji (1290 – 1296)
• Acutal name was Malik Firoz
• In 1293, Jalaluddin Khilji attacked on Devgiri on the ruler Ram Chandra Dev That
was first muslim attack on South.

• He was killed by his nephew and son-in-law Allauddin Khilji (actual name – Ali
Gurshaspa)
Iktedar Kora (Kaushambi, U.P.)
Allauddin khilji 
• In 1296, fourth attack of Mongols happaned. Jalauddin sent Allauddin to his
mission.
• Allauddin defeated Mongolites in that attack.
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• Mughal empire also known as Taimuri Empire
• In 1296, Jalaluddin was killed by Allauddin khilji, who became the next Sultan of
Delhi.
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Jalauddin Khilji (1296 – 1316)

• In Jodhpur inscription of Sanskrat, he has been compared to God.
• He was first sultan who had a standing army in delhi sultanate. He also started
paying salaries to his army.
Amir Khusre was the famous poet in his court.
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Born in Patiali, Kasgnaj, U.P died in Delhi.
• He also known as Parrot of India Sitar and Tabla was invented by him.
Tambura–
Qawali – Amir Khusro
Khadi Boli – Amir Khusro
He said Kashmir Paradise of Earth
Khajjiar, H.P. – Mini Switzerland of India

Kausani, U.K – Switzerland of India ace. of Gandhi
He wrote Khansa-e-khusro
• He started his carrier as poet in the rule of Balban.
From Balban to Mohd.-bin-Tughlaq.
• Title to Allauddin  Sultan-e-Jahan
• Teacher of Amir Khsro – Hazrat Nizamuddin Aaliya
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• In 1298, Allauddin went (slave) Malik Kafur (Commander-in-chief) Hazar
Dinari (Allauddin bought him is 1000 diner from Gujrat) to his Gujrat mission
• In 1303, Chittor Mission  Novel Padmavat Written by Malik Mohd. Jayasi in
(1540-1545) is the rule of Sher Shah Suri
• In 1306, Allauddin started his South India Mission. He sent Malik Kafur to this
mission.
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• Telangana Kakatiya Dynasty (Capital Varangal)
• In 1308, Malik Kafur attacked on Telangana on the ruler Pratap Rudra Dev.
• Malik Kafur got Kohinoor diamond (Golconda mines, Hyderabad) from pratap
Rudra dev.
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• After expanding his empire to South India, Allauddin Khilji look the title of Sikandar-
e-Sani (Alexander II)
Sultan-e-Jahan – title by Amir Khusro.
After he applied Jaziya (Tax paid by non-Muslim) and Zaqat (tax paid by Muslims).
He also applied following taxes.
1. House tax (Gharai)
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2. Agriculture tax
3. Irrigation tax
4. Animals feeding tax (charai)
• He formed a tax dept. to control corruption Diwan-e-Moosat kharaj.
• He also started Masohat system (A system to measure the lands)
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• He was first Sultan who fixed the prices of commodities in his markets.
• He also started Huliya-Dagh system (Sher Shah Suri adopted this system).
He made built following Monuments in Delhi–
1. Alai Minar
2. Alai Darwaza
3. Siri Fort
4. Hauz Khas
• In 1316 he died & his tomb is in Qutub Minar complex, Delhi.

3. Mubarak Shah Khilji (1316 – 1320)
• Son of Allauddin Khilji
• Only Sultan of Delhi who declared himself as Khalifa.
• Governor Ghazi Malik (Punjab) Killed Mubarak Shah Khilji
• In 1320, Ghazi Malik dethroned him & formed Tughlaq dynasty.
Tughlaq Dynasty (1320 – 1414) Longest period
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1. Giyazuddin Tughlaq (1310–1325)
• He formed a city named Tughlaqabad in Delhi.
• He was first sultan who built canals for irrigation
• In 1323, he sent his son Jauna Khan to Telangana Mission. He added Telangana is
Tughlaq empire of changed its name into Sultanpur.
Telangana 2 June 2014 B.N. Krishna Committee.
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• Hazrat (Title – Mehboob-e-Ilahi) Nizamuddin Aaliya was a famous Sufi Saint in Delhi
contemporary to Giyasuddin Tughlaq.
1325 Revolt of Bugara Khan Bengal
• 1325, Giyasuddin was killed in his wooden palace
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• Tughlaqabad his tomb is in Tughlaqabad.
• killed by Jauna Khan and HNZM.
Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq (1325-1351)
• Son of Giyauddin Tughlaq and also named as Jauna Khan.
• He was a mad ruler of India or Insane ruler of India.
• He was a great scholar of Arabian & persian language.
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• In his ruling period in 1333, a famous african traveller from Morocco, Ibn-e-Batuta
came to his court.
• He appointed his as his Qazi. He wrote a famous book named Rehala.
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• He has the biggest paid army in Delhi Sultanate.

• This book has the description of b/w India & Morocco.
• He was first Sultan who tried to prohibited Sati system

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• Firoz Shah Tughlaq banned Sati system but was again this line Sati System was
started and prohibited by Aurangzeb.
• In India, Sati system was prohibited by Lord William Bentinck and awareness was
created by Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
• Maxi. Revolts was happened in the ruling period of
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MBT 27 revolts in South India 
 34revolts
7 revolts in North India 
• 5th Attack of Mongolites happened is his ruling period.
Decisions taken by him – (failed)
1. He shifted his capital from Delhi to Devgiri/Daulatabad
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2. Failure of Khurason Mission  (As Uzbekistan already captured khurason) – (is
Afghanistan)
3. Increase is tax in doab (drought condition) (Diwan-e-Kohi)
4.
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5. Failure of Karachit Mission – (Mountain part of UK Uttrakhand)

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• In 1351, during a revolt in Sindh, MBT was died.

Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351–1388)
• He was also known as Akbar of Sultanate period.
• He founded six cities in his ruling period.
1. Hissar (Feroza)
2. Fatehabad (in the name of his son – fateh khan)
3. Firozpur
4. Firoz Shah kotle

5. Firozabad (Glass city of India)
6. Jaunpur (Shiraj-e-hind of East in India) (big brother – Jauna Khan
• He built no. of canals for irrigation. He built a canal is Sirsa and he planted 1200
gardens there.
• He shifted Ashoka's Topra (at first in Ambala) pillar and Meerut Pillar to Delhi.
• He destroyed Jagannath temple and located Jwalamukhi temple.
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• After that he applied Jajiya on Brahmins as well.
• In 1369 he reconstructed the fourth & fifth story of Qutub Minar.
• He founded a dept to give economic help to citizens, called as Diwan-e-khairat also a
hospital named Dar-ul-shifa
• First Sultan to prohibited Sati System.
• In 1388 he died last Sultan of Tughlaq dynasty Nasiruddin mohammed (1394 –
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1414)
• 1388 – 1394  5 Sultans were sottel on thrown but win ……………………
• 1398 – Invasion of Taimur (Samarkand, Turkey)
• In 1414 Nasiruddin Mehmood was destroyed by Khijre khan (ea=h of Nasiruddin), who
founded first Shia dynasty of India.
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Sayyed Dynasty (1414 – 1451)
Founder 1 – Khijra khan (1414 – 1421)
After Qutubuddin Aibak, he was the only ruler of Delhi Sultanate who did not took the
title of Sultan.
• Mubarak Shah (1421 – 1434)
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• Wazir – Bahlol (Title – Khan-e-Khana) Afghani

• Mohammad Shah (1434 – 1445)
• He declared Bahlol as his son.
• Allauddin Alam Shah (1445 – 1451)
• In 1451, Alam Shah surrendered his throne to Bahlol and he founded first Afghani
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dynasty of India, Lodhi dynasty.

Lodhi Dynasty (1451 – 1526)
Bahlol Lodhi (1451-1489)
Founder of Dnyasty
After becoming the sultan he issued Bahloli coins in his names
• He attacked on Jaunpur and added a into Lodhi dynasty
• He was succeeded by his son, Sikandar Lodhi.
Tomb-Delhi

Sikandar Lodhi (1489–1517)
• Greatest Lodhi sultan of Lodhi dynasty
• 17th May 1498, Vasco De Gana (Europe) centered in India.
• In 1504, Sikandar lodhi formed Agra near Yamuna River. As Sikandarabad. He built
Badalgarh fort in Agra.
• In 1506, he shifted his capital from Delhi to Agra
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• He was a poet and his pen name was Gulrukhi.
• He wrote a famous book on Ayurveda Farhange Sikandari
• He started a measurement unit, Ghaz-e-sikandari or Sikandari Ghaz
1. Sikandari Ghaz = 30 inches.
• He also renovated Qutub Minar.
• He was succeeded by his son and the last sultan of Delhi Sultnate.
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3. Ibrahim Lodhi (1517-1526)
• Last ruler of Lodhi dynasty.
• In 1517, Battle of Khatauli b/w Sangram Singh Mewar Rana Sanga and Ibrahim
Lodhi.
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• In this battle Rana Sanga defeated Ibrahim Lodhi.
• Uncles – Daulat Khan Lodhi (Punjab) & Alam Khan Lodhi (Delhi)
• 1519 (first attack of Babur) – in Bajaur (Sindh) on Bharagarh fort brought
cannons and explosive.
• 1520 – 1521 3 attacks is Sindh & Kashmir
• Daulat khan Lodhi invited Babur to attack on Ibrahim Lodhi.
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• 21st April 1526 – First Battle (Ibrahim Lodhi vs Babur) of Panipat

• Babur killed Ibrahim Lodhi & founded Mughal Empire dynasty.
• He was only sultan was killed is the battle field.
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• Babur (1526 – 1530)

• Babur on 14th Feb 1483 in Fargana, Turkey
• Father – Umar Sheikh Mirza – (Taimur)
• Mother – Qutubh Minar Baigh – (Ghenghir)
• In 1494 at the age of 11 yrs, he became the ruler of Fargana after the death of his
father)

• In 1494 – 1502 ruled in Sainarkand, Turkey.
• In 1502 Battle of Sar-e-Pul (Babur vs Shaibani Khan) won (only battle which
Babur lost)
• Shaibani khan defeated Babur.
• In 1504, he conquered Kabul and Kandhar.
• In 1507, Babur took the title of Badshah in Kabul.
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• In 1519, first attak @ Bajaur.
• He used Tulgena trick in his first battle, and the cannons were arranged in Usmans
art form.
• Ustad Ali & Mustafa Khan handled the cannons of Babur.
• 31 April 1526 First battle of Panipat Babur (won)v/s Ibrahim Lodhi (lost)
• He built gardens & 1 mosque, kabadi Bagh & Kabali Mosque.
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• He issued new silver coins in Kabul (Shahrukh coins) & Kandhar (Babari)
• He distributed coins to citizens of Kabul, because of they gave him title of Qalander.
• First capital of Mughal dynasty – Agra
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• After winning the battle he got the title of Ghaji

• 1528 – Battle of Chanderi
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• He killed Medini Rai

• 1527-28, Babri Mosque was built @ Ayodhya, by
Mir Baqi (gay Partner of Babur)
Farid (Afghani) Real name Sher Shah Suri
• Battle of Ghaghra – 1529

• 1530 @ 37 yrs, Babur died.
Tomb-Kabul
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kj
• Humayun (1530 – 1540, 1555 – 1556)
• Humayun was born in 1508 in Kabul.

Enemies of Humayun
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Mehmood Lodhi – Bengal
Sher Khan – Bihar
Bahadur Shah – Gujrat
Firsh attacked on kalinjar fort in 1531. At that time ruler of Kalinjar was pratap Rudra
Dev.
• In 1531 battle of Dohariya
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• Sher khan undertook Bengal and became ruler of Bihar & Bengal & started living in
Chauragarh fort.
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• In 1532, Humayun attacked on Chauragah. Because of this Bahadur shah started

sending his force to help Sher khan.
• In 1533, Humayun defeated Bahadur Shah
• In 1538, Humayun did his second attack on Chaunagarh
• In 1539, Battle of Chausa

• After winning the battle of chausa Sher khan took the title of Shershah.
• The boat man who saves the life of Humayun named Nizam was gifted to becamse
one days Sultan.
• In 1540, Battle of Bilgram or Kannauj
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• Sher khan defeated Humayun & formed suri dynasty in India. (Second Afghani
dynasty)
• In 1541, Humayun got married to Hamide Bano Begum
• After that Humayun went king virsal of Amarket in Rajasthan
• In 1542, Akbar born in Amarket (Rajasthan)
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• Humanyun went to Guru Angad Dev (Second Guru of Sikhs) to take his blessings
Gurumuki Script was discovered by Guru Angad Dev.
• In 1545, he killed his brother Kamran & conqured Kabul & kandhar.
• Humayun net Behram khan & became his commander is Chief.
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• In 1554, he conquered Peshawar then in 1555 he conquered Lahore.
• In 1555 – Battle of Macchiwada.
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• After defeating sikandar suri, Humayun establish Mughal dynasty once again.
• In 1556, he fact from stairs of his own librarian & died in Delhi Deenpanah.
• Humayun's tomb is Delhi, built by his wife Haji Begun (completed by Akbar)
• Humayunama written by Gulbadan Begum (his son)
Suri Dynasty (1540 – 1555)
• Founder – Sher Shah Suri
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• Born – 1486 in Hoshiyarpur, Punjab

• Childhood name – farid
• Father's name – Hasan khan (landlord of Jaunpur)
• Education – primary education from Jaunpur

• After completing his education farid became the bodyyan of Bahar khan Lohani.
• Bahar Khan Lohani gave him title of Sher khan (because he killed & saved Bahar
life).
• After death of Bahar khan, Sher khan married of Bahar khan & he became the ruler
of Suri dynasty.
• he is known as the biggest administrator of Indian history during his ruling period
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he build a road named Sher Shah Suri marg. (from Sonagram (Bengal) to Peshawar).
GT road at present from Amritsar Kolkata
Silver coins Rupaya.
Copper coins Daan
Rupaiya
• India
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• Pakistan
• Nepal
• Sri Lanka
• Mauritius
• Indonesia
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• Maldives
• Scheshwer
• He started coastal services is his ruling period.
• He also adopted Huliya Daag system.
• In his ruling period Malik Moh. Jayasi wrote novel Padmavat.
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• In 1545, during kalinjar mission he died while using ukka weapon.

• Tomb of Sher Shah Suri – Sasaram, Bihar.
• He was succeeded by 3 rulers–
1. Islam Shah Suri
2. Adil Shah Suri (Diwan – Hema)
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3. Sikandar Suri
• Lost Hindu ruler of Delhi – Hemu (Hem Chandra)
3. Akbar (1556 – 1605)
• Birth – 15 Oct. 1542, Amarkot (Raj)
Name – Badruddin
• After death of Humayun, Hemu attacked on Delhi & conquered the throne of
Mughals.
• He took the tile of Vikramaditya

• He became the ruler by the Name Hemchandra Vikramaditya.
• At the age of 13 yrs, Akbar became king of Mughal dynasty and named Jalaluddin
Mohammad (by help of Behram Shah Khan).
Chandragupta II (Ist Vikramaditya)
Hemu (Last i.e. XIV Vikramaditya)
• 5 Nov 1556, second Battle of Panipat
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• From 1556 – 1560, Akbar ruled in the guardians of Behram Khan.
• In 1560, Battle of Tilwada,
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Abdul Rahim Khan-e-Kahan (son of Behram Khan) was joined to in Navratnas by
Akbar.
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• Maham Anga  Daai Maa of Akbar
1560 – 1562 
 Curtain rule of Petiket Govt.
1561 1st attack on Baj Bahadur (ruler of Malwa)
1561 Married to Harka Bai Marriyam-Uz-Zamani (Daughter of king Bharmal of
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Amer)
• In 1562, he prohibited Slavery.
• In 1563, he prohibited Sati System.
• In 1564, he removed Jaziya & Pilgrimage Tax.
• After all these prohibition, the people of his reign gave him the title of Akbar.
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• Akbar was the follower of Sheikh Salim Chisty (In Fatehpur Sikri)
• In 1569, Akbari son was born & named him Salim
• In 1572, Akbar went to his Gujrat mission & added Gujrat to Mughal dynasty.
• Gujrat Sea Portugease
• In 1573, he built Buland Darwaza is Fatehpur Sikri.
• Ibdadkhana
• Panch Mahal (Dream of Stones)
• Mariyam Mahal

• Tomb of Salim Chishti
• He shifted his capital from Agra to Fatehpur Sikri
• In 1576, Battle of Haldighati
3.
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• In 1577, Akbar gifted 500 bhiga land to him from Guru Ram Das (4th Guru of Sikh)
on that land Guru Das founded Amritsar City.
• In 1582, Akbar founded a new religion named Din-e-
• Birbal (Mahesh Das real name) was the only Hindu who adopted thir religion.
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• In 1583, Akbar started Ilahi coins (Ram Sita type Ilahi Samvat)
Ilahi Ghag = 31
• He named Prayag to Allahabad.
• Again shifted capital to Agra.
• 3 fort 
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 Agra's fort
Lahore's fort
Allahabad;s fort
• His ruling period is known as Golden Era of Literature.
• Persian became the official language of India during his present.
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1833 – English
26 Jan, 1965 – Hindi
• In 1598, Akbar's son Salim did revolt against him and he declared himself at
independent ruler of Allahabad.
• In 1602, Abul Fazal died by Salim, By this Akbar declared his successor to Salimis
son (Khusro).
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• In 1599, John Mildenahal first Britisher arrived in India

In Akbar's court – Ralph finch
• British crown – Elizabeth Ist
31 Dec 1600 East India company.
• In 1605 – Akbar died because of Dynasty .
• Tomb – Agra's Sikandarabad
• The only ruler who was buried & burnt.
• Biography Ain-e-Akbari by Abul Fazal Akbaranama.

• 9 Gems of Akbar–
1. Birbal or Mahesh Das
2. Tansen or Ram Tanu Pandey
3. Man Singh
4. Tadar Mal
5. Abul Fazal
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6. Abul Rahim Kahn-e-Khana
7. Faizi
8. Mulla Do Pyaza
9. Fakir Aziuddin
• Chandragupta II first rule who kept 9 gems is his court.
4. Jahangir (1605 – 1627)
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• Jahangir was born in 1569 in Fatehpur Sikri
Childhood Name – Salim
Main instructor – Abdul Rahim khan-e-khana
• In 1585, Salim want married to Man Bai who was daughter of Bhagwan Das.
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• In 1585, Salim want married to Man Bai who was daughter of Bhagwan Das.
• In 1588, Salim got married to Jagat Gosai/ Jodha who was daughter of Uday Singh
of Malwad.
• In 1592, Salim's second son was born his name was Khurram (Shahjahan) in
Lahore.
• In 1611, Salim wanted to marry Merunnisa
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• husband Ali Quli Begh (Sher Afghan)

Mehurunnisa 
Noor Jahan
• He gave her the tile of   to Mehrunnisa. She was the biggest
administrator of Mughal Emperor. Noor Jahan's father was Gyas Begh
(Itmaduddaula) Tomb in Agra, built by Noor Jahan.
• Noor Jahan's mother was Asmat Begum.
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• She invented coloures from rose Petals.

• Man Bai killed herself because she get imitated from Jahangiri bad habit.
(Consumption of Alcohol).
• In 1606, Revolt of Khusro.
• In this revolt V Guru of Sikhs helps khusro his name was Guru Arjun Dev.
• Jahangir killed Guru Arjun Dev and made his own son Khusro, blind
• In 1589, Guru Arjun Dev built Golden Temple.
• Guru Arujun Dev written Guru Granth Sahib.

• In 1608, capitain William Hawkins come to Mughals Darbar. He was representative
of east India company.
Jahangir Ruling Period–
Title – Captain Khan
1st factory – 1613, Surat
2nd factory – Musalipattaram
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• 1615 – Sir Thomas Rae (king James 1)  2nd British came to Jahangir's Court.
• Jahangir was famous for his Ordinance – 12th ordinance (Ain-e-Jahangir)
• He gave Chain of Justice.
2 Imp Ordiance –
• Prohibition of Tobacco
• Hindu & kafir can play jua during Diwali & Dusshera.
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• In 1617, Jahangir send his son Khurram to Anmed Nagar Mission.
• Khurram added Ahmed Nagar into Mughal Emperor Jahangir gave him title of
Shahjahan.
• Jahangir period is known as Golden Era of painting In Mughals, painting started
from Humayun
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• Jahangir's most famous painter – Ustad Mansur khan.
• In 1627, Jahangir died in Lahore
Tomb – Shahdara (Lahore)
Autobiography – Tujuk-e-Jahangiri
• In 1627, Dwar  ("Bali ka Bakra)" Baksh (Moor Jahan made him king) of Indian
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history.
• Shahjahan killed him & became next Mughal Emperor
5. Shahjahan (1627 – 1658)
Born – Lahore (1592)
Childhood Name – Khurram
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Shahjana's Period – Golden Era of Architecture

• In 1612, he married to Arjumand Bano (Mumtaj Mahal Shikeh) Begum

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• In 1631, Mumtaj Mahal died, during the birth of 14th son (Murad Baksh)
1631  1653
TajMahal
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• White Marbal exported from – Makrana, Rajasthan
(Chief Architect) Designed by Ustad Ahmed Lahori
Chief constructor – Ustad Isa
Art – Pitra Dewa a persion out)
• Taj mahal was copied from difference monuments of old Mughal Emperor.
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• In India, white marble – 1st used in Humayun ka Makbara.
• In India, pitra Dewa art – 1st used in – Tomb of Itmaduddaula.
• In 1636, Shahjahan went to his Daccan Mission. Durting this mission Shahjahan
get Kohinoor Diamond from Mix Zumla.
• In 1638, the shifted his capital to Delhi.
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• In 1638 – A town on the bank of Yamuna River- Shahjanabad Now – Old Delhi
(Delhi-6, from Kashmiri gate to Delhi Gate)
• In 1638 – 1648 –
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Indian's biggest Mosque–

• Jama Masjid
• Delhi Gate
• Ajmeri Gate
• Kashmiri Gate
• Lahori Gate
World's biggest Mosque–
• Al Haram (Mecca)

• Al Madina (Madina)
• Sheikh Zayed Mosque (Abu Delhi)
• 1657 – Shahjahan declared Dara Singh as next Mughal Emperor.
Batter of Successorship–
1. Battle of Bahadurpur – 1658
Shah Shuja Lost vs Royal Army of Mughal won (Jai Singh, Suleman Sheikh)
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2. Battle of Dharmat (M.P) – 1658
Jaswant (king of Jodhpur) Kasim khan Royal Army of Mughal Lost vs
Aurangzeb, Murad Baksh Won
Note–
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Unmeed Bhawan Palace King ummeed of Jodhpur – Heritage Hotel of India (Most
expensive Hotel)
3. Battle of Samugarh – 1658
Auganzeb, Mubarak Baksh won vs Dara Shiekh Lost
• In 1658, Aurangzeb declared himself as king and killed Murad Baksh. (1st
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Rajyabhishek)
4. Battel of Kanjua (Allahabad) – 1659
Aurangzeb won Shah Suja lost & killed
5. Battle of Devrai – 1659
Aurangzeb won vs Dara Shiekh Lost
• Jahan Ara – Daughter of Shahjahan who lived with Shahjahan at end.
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• In 1666 – Shahjahan died in Agra fort

Biography – Shahjahan Nama
Written by – Inayat khan
6. Aurangzeb Alamgir (1658 – 1707)
Born – Dohad (Ujjain) 1618
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Married to Ditras Bano Begum Rabia Biwi

• Tomb of Biwi (Biwi ka Makbara) 2nd Taj Mahal or ugly copy of Taj Mahal.
• Aurangabad (Maharashtra) Now – Shanbaji Nagar
• After becoming the Mughal Emperor, Aurangzeb banned the printing of Qalma on
coins.
• He prohibited the consumption of Tobacco & Liquor.
• Also banned Gambling.
• Also prohibited slavery & sati system.

• In 1664 he applied Pilgrimage Tax again.
• In 1664 – Shivaji attacked is a port of Mughal.
• In 1665 – Aurangzeb send Jaisingh to attack shivaji
• Treaty of Purander 1665
Note – Taisingh made sun clocks – Delhi & Jaipur.
Called – Jantar Mantar
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Jaipur city also named on – Jai Singh.
• In 1668 – He banned all Hindu festival. He also banned Muharram as because he
hates shiyas.
• In 1669 – He destroyed 3 famous Hindu Temples–
1. Somnath Temple (Gujrat)
2. Kashi Viswanath Temple (Varanasi)
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3. Keshav Rai Temple (Mathura)
• In 1675, Aurangzeb killed 9th Sikh Guru – To Sishganj Gurudwara (Delhi) – Where
he killed Bahadur GTB Rakabganj Gurudwara (Delhi) – Where he body was …...
Note–
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Bangla Sahib Gurudwara - Delhi Where 8th Guru – Harkishan adviced to made a pond
to cure Chechak.
• In 1679 – Aurangzeb applied Jaziya Tax again.
• Revolt of Akbar – 1681
• Aurangzeb son Akbar revolted against him.
• In that revolt shivaji son Sambhaji helped Akbar Sambhaji likes Jahan Ara (sister of
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Aurangzeb)
• In 1682, Aurangzeb started his South India Mission (or Grave of Aurangzeb)
Previously – 19 Subedor + 2 21 Subedar (Aurangzeb had maxi subedar in
Mughal dynasty
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• In 1686 – He added Bijapur

• In 1687 – He added Golconda
• In 1689 – Aurangzeb attacked on Shambaji & killed him after that he arrested his
wife Yesubai & son Shahu
• When Aurangzeb was in South Mission, then in his absence his wazir, Asad khan,
ruled in Delhi (31 yrs).
• Maxi Hindu ministers in Aurangzeb's ruling period.
• In 1707 – Aurangzeb died in Ahmad Nagar (Maharashtra)
Tomb – Daulatabad (Maharashtra)

Biography – Alam-Gir-Nama (By Qazim Shiraji)
• Also Aurangzeb banned music but he plays venna.
Modern India (1707-1857)
Downfall of Mughals–
1707 – Battle of Jajao
In this battle Muazzam killed Aazam & Kanbarch and became the next Mughal Emperor
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but his name was Bahadur Shah II.
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7. Bahadur Shah II/ Shah Alam I – (1707 – 1712)
• He became Mughal emperor at the age of 65 yrs, so called Budha Badshah.
• He was also known as Shah-e-Bekhabar, by his ………
• 1702 Shahu got free from Mughals & became the next Maratha ruler.
• 1712 During a mission against Banda Bahadur, (Sevak of Guru Govind Singh
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who had Khalsa Pant) he was died.
8. Jahandar Shah – (1712 – 1713)
• He gave the title of Sawai & Mirza to Jaisingh and Maharaja to Ajit Singh
• A lover of Jahandar shah named – Lal Kuwar (a taw…) he appointed all the relatives
of Jal juwar is Delhu Darbar. So people gave him title of – Lampat Murkh.
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• 1713 – They killed Jahandar Shah & appointed the next Mughal Emperor to –
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Farruksiyar.
9. Farrukish appointed sayyed brothers –
Abdulla khan – wazir (PM)
Hussain Ali Khan – Mirabakshi.
1. 1st Bengal got separated–
(1st Nawab – Murshid Quli Khan)
2. 2nd Awadh–
(1st Nawab – Saddat Ali khan)

• 1716 Farruksiyar killed Banda Bahadur.
• Dr. William Hamiltan – He was a British Surgeon who operated Farrukiyar.
• 1717 Farruksiyar gave a Golden ordinance to the Britishers in Bengal, Bihar,
Odisha.
Golden Ordinance Magna Carta of Britishers (Written fundamental rights is
Britain is called Magna Carta, given by – King John – 1215)
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• 1719 Treaty of Delhi.
10. Rafi-ud-Darjat (Shahjahan II) (1719)
• He died after two months because of T.Q.
11. Rafi-ud-Daula (1719)
• After 4 month he died due to dysentery.
12. Mohammad Shah (1719-1748)
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• 1979 – He killed Sayyed brothers with the help of Nizam-ul-Mulk.
• Sayyed brothers are called King makers in Indian history.
• Due to excess happiness, Muhammad made Nizam-ul-as Subedar of Hyderabad. But
he himself made him as 1st Nizam of Hyderabad by revolting against Mughal.
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• Balaji Vishwanath died & his son Bajirao-I (1720 – 1740) because 2nd Peshwa of
Marathas
• Mohammad Shah is known as Rangeela Badshah, because he was laways found is
Haram.
• 1739 Invasion of Nadir Shah (Iran) known as "Nepolian of India".
• 1739 Battle of Karnal
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Nadir Shah (won) vs Mughal (Lost)

• Mohammad shah gifted 5 lakh rupees to Nadir Shah and said him to go back.
• But Nadir Shah came to Delhi & looted it. (70 crore rupees). He saw diamond in
Takth-e-tous and named – Kohinoor.
• He also looted – Kohinoor and Mayur Sinhasan.
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• Mohammad Shah was the last emperor who sat on Mayur Sinhasan & Saw
Kohinoor.
• People stop giving Jajiya.
• After death of Nadir Shah in 1747, his son Ahmad Shah Abdali became next ruler of
Iran.
• After death of Mohammed Shah his son Ahmed Shah became next ruler.
13. Ahmed Shah (1748 – 1754)
• 1748 – 1st attack of Abdali was happened

• 1748 – Ahmed Shah – Ahmed Shah Battle Abdali
In this battle Ahmed Shah Abdali was defeated.
• 1764 – Death
14. Alamgir II (1754 – 1759)
• During his period–
Battle of Plassey–
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• Robert Clive 1st governor of Bengal vs Sirajuddaula Nawab of Bengal.
Smallest battle of Indian history (11/2 hr.)
Robert clive defeated Sirajuddaula because–
1. Mir Jafar who was Senapati of Sirajuddaula helped Robert clive.
2. Britishers used Guns.
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15. Shah Alam II (1759 – 1806)
• 14 Jan 1761 – Third Battle of Panipat
Ahmad Shah Abdali vs Marathas (Sada Shiv Rao Bhau)
• Abdoli Nawab – Sujauddaula & Bharat Mal Jaat promise to help Marathas but they
didn't came & Ahmed Shah Abdali defeated Maratha's (30,000 soldiers died) At that
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time – Peshwa was – Balaji Bajirao (Nana Saheb Peshwa)
• 1803 – Britishers conquered Delhi & they made Mughals their pensioners British
rule started in Bengal from here.
• Shah Alam II was the 1st pensioners of Britishers.
16. Akbar II (1806 – 1837)
• He was 1st Mughal who was appointed by the Britishers.
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• 1830 – He gave the title to "Raja" to "Raja Ram Mohan Rai".

• 1837 - Death
17. Bahadur Shah II/ Bahadur Shah Zafar (1837 – 1857)
• Last Mughal emperor.
• Famous Urdu peot of India
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• Pen name – Zafar (Pen Name – Gulrukhi-Sikandar Lodhi)

• He was the leader of the revolt of 1857.
• 1857 He was arrested by the britishers & was send to Rangoon.
All Uttradhikari's were killed by Britishers.
• 1862 – Death in Rangoon.
• 1858 Official declared "India is ruled by Britishers".
Revolt of 1857
• End of Mughal rule.

• That was an army revolt.
• 1st revolt when Hindu & Muslim fought together.
• 1st army revolt of India–
1806 Nellore, Tamil Nadu.
• Symbol of revolt of 1857 Kamal & Roti
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But revolt was started in 10 May. It was reason of failure of revolt.
That time,
British Crown – Queen Victoria
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Mughal Emperor in India – Bahadur Shah Jafar British army chief in India– Before revolt
– George Annison
After revolt – Cousin campbell
PM of Britain – Parnestern Gov. General of India – Lord Canning
Books –
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1. 1857 – S.N. Sen
2. The Indian war of Independence – V.D. Savarkar
3. The sepey Mutini & the Rebellion of 1857 – R.C. Majur.
4. Poverty & unbritish rule in India – Dada Bhai Naroji
Political Reason–
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Governor General – Lord Dalhousie (1848 – 1856)

• 1848 – He attacked on Maharaja Dalip Singh & conquered Punjab. And he made
Dalip Singh the pensioner of the Britishers.
• 1849 – Dalip gifted Kohinoor to Victoria.
• Dalhousie applied Doctrine of Lapse in India.
Provice conquered by Dalhousie under Doctrine of Lapse 
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S - Satara
S - Sambhalpur
J - Jaitpur
B - Baghat
U - Udaipur
J - Jhansi
N - Nagpur
A - Awadh

K - Karauli
• 1856 – Wazid Ali Shah (Nawab of Awadh) Begum Hazrat Mahal (from Lucknow) Last
Nawab of Awadh Birjis Qadir Son
Social Reasons
• 1856 – Dalhousie presented a bill known as Widow Remarriage Bill.
Supporter of this bill – Ishwar Chandra Vidhya Sagar.
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Religions Reason–
• 1813 – Christian Missonaries arrived in India.
London 31 May 1857
• Ranoji Bahu
• Aji Mullah Khan
Recent Reason–
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• 1857 Brown Bess (wooden Diffie) Jan 1857 – Enfield Rifle  (Cow & pigi
……….
• 1st Incident 29 March 1857 – Mangal Pandey  34th …….. refused to use these
bullet in Barrakpur Cantt, W.B
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• Lt. Baugh Mangal Pandey killed him as the forced him to use these bullets.
• 08 April, 1857 Mangal Pandey was executed.
Meerut–
• 24 April 1857 – 99 soldiers of Meerut contt refused use these bullets.
They were from 3rd native infantry. All these soldiers
arrested & from them 85 soldiers punished by life
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imprisonment.
• 10 May 1857 – Leader – Kadam Singh
All soldier, were grouped & they attacked on their Lt. &
then revolt start
• 11 May 1857 – All gathered at Red fort & they announced Bahadur
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Shah Zafar as their leader.

• 12 May 1857 – Bahadur 52 arrested from Humayun's Tomb
Lt. – Nicokon 
  Arrested Bahadur
Lt. Hudson Arrested 
• 19 Sep 1857 – BSZ sent to Rangoon, Burma by Britishers.
• Reason of failure of Revolt –
• Revolt was started before time.
• Weak Leadership

• streets of Indians rulers was supporting Britishers
• Only upper costs were informed lower caste was not involved in it.
Place Revolt by Controlled by
Meerut Kadam Singh British Army Chief
Solim compbell
Delhi Bahadur Shah z Lt. Nicolson
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Bakht Khan Lt. Hudson
Ambala Rao Tulram Lt. Nicolson
Lt. Hudson
Mathura Devi Singh Collin compbell
Kanpur Naha Saheb Collim Compbell
(Dhondu pant)
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Tatya Tope 
(Ram Chandra Pandurang)
Jhansi Rani Laxmi Bai Captain Huroze
Lucknow Begum Hazrat Mahal Collin Compbell
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Allahabad Liyaqat Ali Cot. Nail
Faizabad Maulvi Abdulla Gen. Renard
Gorakhpur Gajaudhar Singh Gen Renard
Jagdishpur Kunwar Singh Collin Compbell
Barrcilly Khan Bahadur Vincent Aayer
• 18 April 1858 – Last Incident – Execution of Tatya Tope.
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Revolt of 1857 ended by execution of Tatya tope.

Governor General – Viceroy
Marathas & Peshwas
1. Shivaji (1627-1680) – life period
Born – 1627, Shivner fort, Pune
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Father – Jija Bai

Religious Teacher – Ram Das
Primary Education – Kondwa (Grand Father)
• 1657 – He did his first attack on Mughals. That time Aurangzeb was the governor of
Ahmednagar. In that attack Aurangzeb defeated Shivaji. After that Shivaji attacked
on 23 fort of Mughals & conquered them.
• 1664 – First Loot of Surat – big loss of Mughals.
• 1665 – Jaisingh (Commander of Aurangzeb) attacked on Shivaji (treaty of Purander)

• After that treaty Jaisingh present Shivaji & his son Sambhaji is the court of
Aurangzeb. But Aurangzeb arrested them. He kept Shivaji is Jaipur Bhawan, Agra
• 1670 II loot of Surat Done by Shivaji.
• 1674 Rajyabhishek (coronation) is Rajgarh fort by Gangabhatta & he took two
titles–
1. Chalrapati Maharaj
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2. Hindu Badshah
• 1678 Shivaji founded a Navi, Whose head quard was in colaba (Mumbai)
• 1980 During Karnataka or Mission, Shivaji died. Bijapur Mission
Asthapradan of Shivaji–
1. Peshwa – P.M.
2. Amatya – Revenue Minister
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3. Sumanta – Foreign Minister
4. Sar-e-Naubat – Commander-in-chief
5. Vakianavis – Information Minister
6. Surunavis – Letters Minister
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6. Surunavis – Letters Minister
7. Pandit Rao – Minister of religious work
8. Nyayadhish – Law Minister
• He was succeeded by his son Shambhaji.
2. Shambhaji (1680 – 1689)
• 1681 Shamabhaji helped Akbar is his revolt against Aurangzeb.
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• 1689 Aurangzeb attacked on Shambhaji & killed his
3. Rajaram (1689 – 1700)

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• Tarabai sat on the throne as Shivaji II was only 4 yrs old. She ruled in the name of
Shivaji II.
4. Tarabai (1700 – 1707)
• 1707 Shahu was released from arrest
• 1707 Battle of kheda –
Shahu attacked Tara Bai
Shahu (won) vs Tara Bai (Lost)
Shahu became the ruler by the name – Chatrapati shahu Maharaj

5. Chatrapati Shahu Maharaj (1707 – 1749)
Capital – Satara
• 1713 – Started Peshwai System is Maharasthra & appointed his first Peshwa to
Balaji – (1713 – 1720) Vishwanath
• 1719 – Treaty of Delhi
Balaji V. helped Sayyed Brothers to kill farrukshiyar.
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6. Bajirao – I (1720 – 1740)
• Second Peshwa of Marathas & the greatest Peshwa of Marathas.
40 uneatable battles
• 1729 – Battle of Palkhera
Bajiro II (won) vs Nizam-ul-Mulk (lost) Nizam of Hyderabad
• 1st Nizam of Hyderabad Nizam-ul-Mulk
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• 1740 – Bajirao died
7. Balaji Bajirao (Nana Saheb Peshwa) (1740 – 1761_
• In his ruling period Shahu died.
• 14 Jan 1761 – Third Battle of Panipat
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Ahmed Shah Abdali won vs Marathas lost
Marathas ended after this battle.
Last Peshwa of Marathas – Bajirao II (1796 – 18…..)

In 1818, Britishers attacked & made him period & Marathas ended here
Advent of Europeans in India
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• 1498 – Portuguese East India Company

• 1499 – Black (got 60% profit) paper was taken from India to Europe by him.
• 1502 – again arrived in India
• 1503 0150 Portuguese empire in India is called – Estando De India
• 1505 – 1509 – First governor of Portuguese in India – Fransisco De Almida

• Almida attacked on Arabian & conquered their trade. Which is known as Blue water
Policy of Almida.
• 1509 – Almida returned from India & second Governor of Portuguese come named –
Alfanso De Albukurle  actual founder of Portuguese empire is India.
• The only variety of mangoes in India 'exported in European countries & American
which was produced by Alfanso in India by the name Alfanso…
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• 1509 – He made cochin as capital of Portuguese
• 1510 – He attacked on Aadil Shah of Bijapur and he got Goa from him.
• 1515 – Albukurk died in India.
III – Governor – Nino De Kunha (1529 – 1528)
• 1530 – He shifted his capital from Cochin to Goa.
• Portuguese came early & India but stayed longest time.
• 1987 – 25th state of India

– Goa is the smallest state in area
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– Sikkim is the smallest state is Population.
– Goa is the special state of India Art 371(1)
Normal State Special State
Fund of development Fund for development
90% – state 90% – Central
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10% – Central 10% – State

• Potatoes were brought in India by Portuguese.
• Also started commercialization of agriculture.
• Harvesting of Tobacco is the contribute of Portuguese
• Red Chilly was brought by Portuguese is India.
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• Ship building was started by them.

• Catholic design of Church.
• Printing press (1st press 1557 in Goa)
2. Dutch
• 1596 – Careless houtman First Dutch to arrive India.
• 1602 – Dutch East India company established
• 1605 – 1st factory in Musalipatnam Golden coins started is India – Pegoda coins
• Dutches had 2 industries in India–

1. Cotton Textile Industry
2. Indigo Industry
• 1759 – Battle of Bedra
Britishers (won) vs Dutches (Lost)
• Britishers comqured their trade & after that Dutches returned to Netherland.
3. Britishers
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• 1st Britisher came to India – John Mildenhal
Akbar's Court – Ralph Finch
Crown – Elizabeth I
Group – Merchant Adventures.
• 31 December – East India company established
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• 1608 – Cap. Williiam Hawkins (Representative of EIC_
• 1611 – Musalipatnam
• 1613 – Established 1st factory in Surat
• 1615 – Queen died & Sir James Roe (James I)
• 1662 – British Prince – Charles get married to Catherine Brigenza (Portuguese). After
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their married Mumbai was given to British is Dowry.
• 1668 – Charles gave Bombay to EIC on the rent of 10 pound/ year.
• 1717 – Britishers got a Golden ordinance from the Mughal Emperor Farrukshiyar.
• After British, Danish Came to India.
4. Danish (People of Den mark)
• 1616 – Danish East India Company was eastablished
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• 1620 – 1st factory – Trancobar, Kerala

• 1676 – 2nd factory – Serampur, Bengal
• Two trader in India–
1. Trade of Tea
2. Trade with China
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• 1845 – They sold their trade to Britishers & returned to Denmark.

5. French
• 1664 – Colbert – 1st French who arrived India
(Minister of king Louis XIV of France)
• 1664 – French EIC established in India
• 1st factory – Surat
• 1972 – French Governor – Francis Martin attacked on Sher Khan Lodhi and he got
Puducherry village from him.

• 1674 – He made puducherry its capital.
Bengal
• 1700 Murshid Quli khan (1713-1727) Subedar of Bengal – Aurangzeb appointed him
as Subedar.
Capital – Dhaka.
• 1713 – He declared himself as independent ruler of Bengal.
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He was first Nawab of Bengal.
He shifted his capital to Murrhidabad.
• 1727 – Shujauddin (1727 – 1739) became the Nawab of Bengal Sarfaroz Khan (1739
– 1740)
Battle of Gheria –
Sarfaroz Khan Lost) vs (1740-1756)  Ali Wardi Khan (won)
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Ali Wardi defeated sarfaroz & became next Nawab of Bengal. He was commander of
Sarfaroz khan
Sirajuddaula (1756 – 1757)
First Nawab to oppose Britishers.
• 20 June 1756 – in fort willians, Calcutta, Black Hole Tragetly – Sirajuddaula
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arrested 146 britishers kept them in a black room for 2 days, 123 died & 23 alive.
William Holwell Written the whole situation of black hole.
• 1757 – Governor – Robert Clive
• 1757 – Battle of Plassey
Robert clive (Won) vs Sirajuddaula (Lost)
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Battlie time = 11/2 hour.

Commander – Mir Zafar
Minister – Rai Durlabh
• 1757 – 1947 – Mir Zafar (Nawab of Bengal) (1757-1760)
190 yrs Slave of Britishers.
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• 1760 – Mir Qasim (1760 – 1765) (Son-in-law of Mir Zafar)

Mir Zafar (1763 – 1765)
• 1764 – Battle of Buxar
Shah Alam II, Mir Kasim, Sujauddaula Lost vs Hector Munro (won)
• 1765 – Treaty of Allahabad Robert Clive
• 1765 – 1772 7 yrs Loot of Bharat – Dual Governance in Bengal.
Double Tax –
1. EIC

2. Local ruler – Rai Durlabh (81% part will also be given to British)
• 1767 – Robert clive was called in British parliament because of his illegal last in
India because of this he attempted suicide
• 1772 – Warren Hastings
In 1772, he abolished dual Governance of Bengal he founded the post of District
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collector in 17… constitutional development of India started in India.
• 1773 – Regulating Act of 1773.
Constitutional Development of India
• 1773 – Regulating Act of 1773–
1. British Parliament interfear in EIC. EIC of the trade rights for 20 yrs.
2. 24 Board (Tenure – 6 yrs) of Directors were appointed in……
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• Gov. of Bengal became governor General of Bengal warran Hasting (Head of the
executive) 1st Gov. gen. of Bengal
• 1774 – Supreme court established in Calcutta. Lord Eliza impe – chief justice.
3. Other Judges –
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1. Lord Hide
2. Lord Chambers
3. Lord Lambastes
• Nand Kumar & Chait Singh & Ghasiti Beghum opposed the illegal work of warren
hasting & they were hanged (1784) by Hasting with the help of Eliza Impe.
• 1784 – Pitts India Act 1784
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As per this act trade and administration from EIC was separated. Executive &
Judiciary was also separated.
• 1785 – Impeachment of warren hasting in British Parliament
• 1793 – Charter Act of – 1793 –
1. Trade rights of EIC was extended for 20 yrs.
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2. From 1793, salary of British officers was started paying from India.
• 21st April 1793 – Indian Civil Service exams started Civil service Day lord
Cornwallis Father of ICS
• 1793 – Revenue Board & Revenue Police started.
• 1813 – Charter Act of 1813 –
1. Christian Missionaries arrived is India
2. Rs. 1 Lakh/ annum was sanctioned for Indian education & its culture.
3. Trade rights of EIC were terminated except 2 rights–
a. Trade of Tea

b. Trade with china
• 1833 – Charter Act of 1833
Gov. Gen. of Bengal become Gov. Gen. of India
– First Gov. Gen. of India – Lord William Bentic.
– English became official language of India.
– All trade rights of EIC company were termins.
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• 1853 – Charter Act of 1853
– 6 BODs were terminated from EIC & their no. was reduced to 18.
– Written (Gov. Gen. lord Dalhousie) examinant for ICS started. (in London
1853 – 192…)
– ICS qualified by 1st India – Surrendra Nath Banerjee
– 1st Indian ICS officer – Satyendra Nath Tagore.
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• 1857 – Rebellion of 1857.
• 1858 – Govt. of India Act 1858. (Declaration letter of Queen Victoria)
1. EIC was closed
2. All BODs were terminated as well
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3. Queen victoria was declared as emperor of ….
Crown Rule in India
• Gov. Gen. of India became viceroy of India
1st Viceroy of India – Lord Canning
• Lord canning read the declaration letter of Queen victoria on 01 Nov. 1858, in Minto
Park, Allahabad.
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• 1861 – Indian council Act 1861

1860 (Presented by – James willison) – 1st Indian Budget
– Income tax started
– Father of Income tax – lord canning
– Viceroy of India get power to declared on Ordinance.
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– From 1861, IPC (Indian Penal Code) was implemented in India.

• 1862 – As per portfolio commission, Lord canning did the classification of Indian
departments. (Father – Lord Canning)
• 1885 – Congress established by A.O. Hume
Word taken from USA
1st session – Bombay, 72 people participated.
1st president of congress – W.C. Banerjee
• 1892 – Indian Council Act 1892–

1. 1st time the word – Election used in India.
2. Indians got the right to debate on budgets, but they did not get the right to vote.
3.Provincial legislative Assemblies were made in India which had 60 members.
• 1906 – Muslim League
Established by – Aga Khan
• 1907 – Congress divide Naram Dal, Garam Dal Divide & rule policy started
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• 1909 – Lord marley  State secretary
Lord Minto  Viceroy
Marley – Minto Reform Act.
• 1919 – Montegeous – Chelmsford Reform Act.
1919 – 1935 Dual Governance is provinces applied from 1919, salary of British
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officers started coming from Britain.
• 1928 – Simmon Commission
Members 7
This commission was protested in Lahore
Welcomed Simon commission
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• Dr. B. R. Amedkar
• unionist Party
• Mohd. Saifi Group
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• Except Mohd. Ali Jinnah Everyone signed. Again Moti lal Nehru request for
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(Daminion state).
• In 1928 again congress divided –
1. Old congress (Moti Lal Nehru)
2. Youth Congress (Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru)
• 1931 – The demand of fundamental Rights is, Karanchi session by was accepted by
congress.
Prex of this session – Sardar Vallabhbai Patel.

• In 1931, Gandhiji raised the demand of fundamental Right is 2nd round table
conference in London. In all 3 conference B.R. Ambedkar was present but Gandhiji
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only joined 2nd conference is 1931.
• 1935 – Govt. of India Act
80 yrs. Of constitution is taken from this get
1. Dual gov. of provinces was abolished.
2. Dual gov. is central was applied
3. 1 April 1935 – Reserve Bank of India established
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4. Supreme court was shifted from Calcutta to Delhi, but started working in 1937.
• 1937 – Burma was separated from India.
Constituent Assembly
• 1876 – Bal Gangadhar Tilak verbailly demanded const. Assembly 1934. M.N. Roy
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written demand.
• 1936 – Pt. J.L. Nehru
1940 – Demand accepted – August offer sent to India 1st acceptance of demand of
which was rejected.
• 1940 – Individual Satyagrah started
Participated & heated–
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I. Vinoba Bhave
II. Pt. J. L. Nehru
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• 24 October 1945 – UNO established.

• 1946 – Constituent Assembly established by the plan (Cabinet Mission)
Cabinet Mission Plan
• Crips
• Alexander
• Lawrence
• 01 July 1946 – 1st election for const. asc.

Total member 389
• 292 British provinces,
• 93 Indian provinces,
• British Commissionary
Election among – 296 seats
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Viceroy – Lord Wavell.
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• 2 Sept 1946 – 1st Intrim Govt. of India.
• 9 Sept 1946 – 1st meeting
Cabinet of Intrim Govt–
1. PM & foreign minister – Pt. J. L. Nehru
2. Home information & broadcasting and home minister – Sardar Vallabhai Patel
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3. Education ministry – Shri Rajagopalchari
4. Food & agri Minister – Dr. Rajendra Prasad
5. Defence Minister – Baldev Singh
6. Labour Minister – Jag Jeevan Ram
7. Health Minister – Gajnaffar Ali Khan
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8. Finance Minister – Liyaqat Ali Khan

9. Law minister – Jogendra Nath Mandal.
10. Industry Minister – John Mathai
11. Mines & Port Ministers – H. C. Bhabha
12. Railway minister – Aruna Asaf Ali
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20 February 1947 – Declaration of Indian Independence

PM of British Climent Etely 30 June 1948 Juno Plan
• March 1947 – Lord mountbatten became viceroy.
• 04 July 1947 – 18 July 1947

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• In 2yrs. 11 month 18 days (till 166 days), expending 64 lakh finally on 26th
November 1949 (constitution day) our constitution is formed.
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• 26 January 1950 – Republic Day
Development of Education in India–
• It was started in 1813, when as per charter Act 1813 Rs. 1 lakh/annum was
sanctioned for the development of Indian education and culture.
• 1778 – Sir William Jones founded Asiatic society of Bengal for study of Indian
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history & its culture.
• 1781 – Warren Hastings founded a seminary for study of Persian and Arabic
language.
• 1791 – Jannathan Dunkun founded a Sanskrit college is Varanasi.
• 1800 – Lord Wellesley (1798 – 1805) founded fort William college in Kolkata.
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• 1817 – Raja Ram Mohan Roy founded Hindu College (Presidency college) is
kolkata.
But the first biggest contribution given in the development of Indian education was
given by Lord William Bentick.
As per Charter Act 1833, English became official language of India.
• 1833 – William Bentick founded Public Education committee for the reforms in
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Indias Education.
Chairman – Lord Macaulay.
• 1835 – Lord Macaulay presented his report which is known as Macaulay minute. As
per this report. English was compulsory for English education.
• Second reform was made by lord (1848 – 1856) Dalhousie.
As per Charter Act 1853, written examination was by for ICE.

• 1854 – Dalhousie made a commission for education reforms Charles wood dispatch
This dispatch is known as Magna cart Indian education. As per this comm. 1857,
Kolkata, Madras & Mumbai anniversary were formed.
• 1882 – Lord Rippon (1880 – 1884) Humter Commi. As per this commi. Some reforms
were made is primary education is India.
• 1902 – Lord Curzon (1899 – 1905) made Raylay commi. As per this commi. in 1904,
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Indian University Act Public Service Commi. in which he increased the mini age for
ICS from 18 to 21 yrs.
• 1905 – Lord Curzon founded Archeological Survey of & Agricultural Dept. is India.
• 1917 – Seddlar Commi. (Lord Chelmsford). As per this comm, CBSE was founded
and some universities were founded is Hyderabad, Mysore, Patna, Banaras &
Lucknow.
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Development of Newspapers in India
• 1556 – 1557 – 1st printing press of India (Goa)
• 1684 – First British press was founded in Bombay.
• 1780 – First Indian Newspaper published by James August hicks which was Bengal
Gudget.
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• 1817 – First English newspaper published by an Indian was Bengal Gudget (founder
– Gangadhar Bhattacharya).
• 1829 – First Hindi newspaper of India was published. Named udand Martand.
(founder – Jugal Kishore) (Published in Hindi from Kanpur)
• 1821 – Raja Ram Mohan Roy published 2 newspapers in
Persian – (a) Samvat Kaumudi, (b) Mirat-ul-Akhbar
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• 1859 – Ishwar Chandra Vidhyasagar published a Bengali newspaper named Som

Prakash (from Calcutta)
Some famous Newspapers of India–
Newspaper Founder Place
The times of India Robert knight Bombay
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The statesman Robert knight Calcutta

Madras Mail Robert knight Madras
The Pioneer Robert knight Allahabad
Amrit Bazar Patrika Moti Lal Ghosh Calcutta
Bangvasi Jogindra Nath Bose Culcutta
The Hindu Veer Raghavachari Madras
Keshari & Maratha Bal Gangadhar tilak Bombay
Bengali Surendra Nath Banerjee Calcutta

Young India Mahatma Gandhi Ahmadabad
Navjeevan Mahatma Gandhi Ahmadabad
Harijan Mahatma Gandhi Pune
Independence Moti Lal Nehru Ahmadabad
Hindustan Times K. M. Panikkar Delhi
The Tribune Sir Dayal singh Chandigarh
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Al-Hilal Maulaha Abul K Azad Calcutta
Al-Bilal Maulana Abul k Azad Calcutta
Kamrad Mohd. Ali Jinnah Lahore
Hamdard Mohd. Ali Jinnah Lahore
The Hindi patriot Harish Chandra Mukherjee Calcutta
Gadar Gadar Party San francis
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Important Religious & Social Reforms is India–
Society Place Founder
Aatmiya Sabha Bengal Raja Ram Mohan Raj
Brahma Samaj Bengal Raja Ram Mohan Raj
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Aadi Brahma Samaj Calcutta Keshav Chandra sen
Sadharan Brahma Samaj Calcutta Vishwanath Shastri
Brahma Samaj (South India) Madras Shri Garu Naidu
Tatwa Badnini Sabha Calcutta Devendra Nath Tagore
Prarthna Samaj Bombay Mahadev Govind Renovolt
Aarya Samaj Bombay Swami dayanand
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saraswati
Dayanand Anglo Vedic College Lahor Hans Raj & Lala Lajpat
Gurukul Maridwar Swami Shardhanand
Ram Krishna Math Calcutta Swami Vivekanand
Central Hindu College Varanasi Annie Besant
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Muslim Angle Oriental College Aligarh Sir Sayyed Ahmad

Dev Bandh School Saharanpur Mohd. Kasim Nanotvi
Nam Dhari Andolan Punjab Ram Singh
Radha Swami Satsangh Agra Devendra Nath Tagore
Scientific India Patriotic society Aligarh Sir Sayyed Ahmed khan
Deen Bandhu Sarvajanik Sabha Bombay Jyotiba phule
Vidhwa Ashram Pune D. K. Karve
Women University Pune D.K. Karve

Atma Samman Andolan Madras Rama Swami Ayyer
Governors/ Gov. Generals & Viceroys
1. Robert Clive (1757 – 1760), (1765 – 1767)
a) Battle of Plassey, 1757
b) Treaty of Allahabad, 1765
c) He applied dual governance is Bengal in 1765.
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d) He prohibited Gov. employees to take gifts.
e) He was the only governor who committed suicide
f) In 1767, he founded society for trade in Bengal.
g) Battle of Buxar, Gov – Vancihart.
2. Warran Hastings (1772 – 1785)
Last Governor & first Gov. Gen. of Bengal.
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a) Abolition of dual governance, 1772
b) Foundation of post of district collector in 1772.
c) Regulating Act of 1773
d) founder or General post office (GPO) in Calcutta, 1774
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e) Pitts India Act, 1784
g) Impeachments on him is 1785 (only Gov. to impeachment)
3. Lord Cornwallis (1786 – 1793)
– He founded & session courts in Bengal–
(i) Calcutta
(ii) Patna
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(iii) Murshidabad
(v) Dhaka
– He started permanent settlement or Zamir system in India.
– He is known as father of ICS.
– 1805 – he died in India
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– Only Gov. Gen. whose grave in India – Ghazipur, UP.

4. Sir Johnshore (1793 – 1798)
– Charter Act of 1793
– 1796 – Battle of khurda Britishers vs Nizams (Hyderabad)
5. Lord Walleyselly (1798 – 1805)
– He applied ban on Indian Newspapers.
– 1800 – ford William college, Calcutta formed.
– 1803 – Britishers conquered Delhi & male Mughals their pension

6. Sir George Barlo (1805 – 1807)
– 1806 – Army revolt (1st army revolt) in Tamil Nadur Vella
7. Lord Minto I (1807 – 1803)
– Treaty of Amritsar 1809 minto I or Maharaja Ranjeet Singh
8. Lord Hastings (1813 – 1823)
Charter Act, 1813
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– He prohibited Indian press to print against British empire.
– In his period Sanyasi Revolt was happened in Bengal.
9. Lord William Bentick (1828 – 1835)
– He abolished 3 systems from India–
a) 1829 – Sati System
b) 1830 – Thug system
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c) 1833 – Human sacrifice system
– He founded the post of divisional commissioner.
– He founded a bench of Supreme court in Agra presidency.
– Charter Act, 1833
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– Last & first Gov. Gen. of Bengal & First Gov. Gen. of India.
10. Lord Charles Metcalf (1835 – 1856)
– He is known as the Liberator of Press, because he removed banned from Indian
Newspapers.
11. Lord Dalhousie (1848 – 1836)
– He applied Doctrine of Lapse in India.
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– 1850 – First train of Indian Started is Rorkee. (Goods train)

– 1852 – He founded Indian Post Dept. Started telegram service. Also started postage
tickets.
– 16th April 1853 – He started first passenger train of India from Bombay to Thane. (34
km)
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– He made Shimla, the summer capital of Britishers.

– 1856 – He presented widow re-marriage bill.
– 1853 Charter Act of 1853
12. Lord Canning (1856 – 1862)
– Lord Gov. Gen. & first Viceroy of India
– 1856 – Widow re-marriage act.
– Revolt of 1857
– 1858 – Govt. of India Act.

– 1860 – first Indian Budget was presented by James Willsons.
– 1861 – Indian highcourt act. (As per this act, In 18..3 high court was established is
Calcutta, Mumbai, Madras.
– He is known as the father of classification of Indians Departments.
13. Sir John Lawrence (1863 – 1869)
– He started the development of Indians reilaways.
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– He built canals for irrigation in India.
– 1869 – He founded Videsh Sanchar Nigam Ltd.
14. Lord May (1869 – 1872)
– 1870 – He founded Mayo college in Ajmer.
– 1872 – He conducted first census is India.
– 1872 – He was killed in port Blair by Sher Ali Afridi.
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15. Lord Ripon (1880 – 1884)
– Father of Indians census
– 1881 – He started regular census in India
– 1882 – He started Local governance in India.
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– 1881 – First factory act – as per this act he prohibited child labour.
16. Lord Differin (1884 – 1888)
– 1885 – fondant of congress by A.O Hume.
17. Lord Curzon (1899 – 1905)
– He was the most unliked viceroy of India. All he was an archeologist as well.
– 1907 – Foundation of PSCs.
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– 1904 – Foundation of natural Disaster commi.

– 1905 – Foundation of Archeological Survey of India
– Headquarter – Kolkata
– 1st chairman – John Marshall 2 teams–
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– 1905 – Partition of Bengal

– East Bengal
– West Bengal

18. Lord Minto II (1905 – 1910)
– 1906 – Foundatn of Muslim League by Aage Khan.
– 1907 – Split of congress in Surat Session Presidented – Raj Bihari Ghosh
– 1909 – Marley – Minto Reform Act.
19. Lord Harding II (1910-1916)
– 1911 – British king George V arrived India
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Gateway of India in Bombay was built to welcomed in Jan Gan Man was also written
is his arrived to welcome her
First rung – 1911 in Calcutta session of congress
Presidented by – Bhishan Narayan Das
– Third Delhi darbar was organized for him
– he cancelled partition of Bengal.
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– He declared Delhi as nw Capital of India.
– 1912 – Delhi became capital of India
– 1912 – Harding Bomb conspiracy – The only viceroy who was killed by people (or
Krantikari fighter)
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– 1912 – A bomb won thrown on lord Harding II it was son by Raas Bihari Bose.
– 1913 – Rabindranath Tagore got the title of "Knight hood" Sir" is Britain.
He got first Noble prize for literature for Gitanjali
– 09 January , 1915 – Gandhiji returned from South Africa.
– Prawasi Bhartiya Diwas (NRI Day)
– 1916 – He returned from India to Britain
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Citizen – by birth
NRI – Indian but lives in foreign
PIO – Art. B (Token citizenship of America even they will never belong American)
OCI – (Taken Indian citizenship but it is not na……… so called OCI)
20. Lord Chelmsford (1916 – 1921)
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– 1916 – Pt. Madan Mohan Malviya founded (Banaras Hindu University).

– Mahatma G. founded Sabarmati Aashram, (Gujrat) (Ahmedabad)
– 1917 – 1st movement of Gandhiji in India i.e.
– Champaran
– Satyagraha (Indigo Cultivation)
During this movement Ravindra NT gave him the title of "Mahatma".
– 1918 – kheda Satyagraha (in Gujarat)
President MG Sardar V.B. Patel

– 10 April 1919 – First time MG was arrested from Palwal Station.
– 13 April 1919 – Jaliawala Bagh compiracy.
Because of this compiracy, Rabindra NT returned the title of knighthood & MCs
returned the title of kesar-e-hind.
– 1919 – Montageous (Secretary) – Chelmsford (Viceroy) Reform Act:
– 1920 – Foundation of Aligarh Muslim Uni (AMU)
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– 01 August 1920 – MG started his non-cooperation movement.
21. Lord Reading (1921 – 1926)
– 1921 – Prince of wales arrived in India.
– 05 Feb 1922 – Chauri – Chaura compiracy
– 11 Feb 1922 – MG took back his non-cooperation movement.
– 1923 – Lord Reading started written exams for ICI in India
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– 1925 – Moti Lal Nehru founded Swaraj Party.
– 1925 – Kakori conspiracy (List of train in Kakori by freedom fighter)
22. Lord Irwin (1926 – 1931)
– 1927 – Foundation of Delhi & Nagpur university.
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– 1928 – Simon commission arrived in India. During its protest Lal Lajpat Rai died in
Lahore. Moti Lal Nehru presented his Nehru report in Delhi.
– 1929 – Sanders was killed by Bhagat Singh, Rajguru & Sukhd
– 1928 – Bardoli Satyagrah (Gujrat) Peasant movement presidented by – Sardar
patel.
– 1929 – A bomb thrown in National assembly by Bhagat & he gave the slogan "Inqlab
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zindabad" written by – Mohd. Iqbal.

In that compiracy, Batukeshwar Dutt helped Bhagat S.
– 12 March 1930 – Dandi March by Gandhi.
– Nov. 1930 – First round table conference, in London.
– 5 March 1931 – Gandhi Irwin pact was signed.
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– 23rd March 1931 – Executions of Bhagat S, Rajguru & Sukh in Lahore central Jail.
23. Lord Willington (1931 – 1936)
– 1931 – Second Round Table conference, in London
– 1932 – Third Round Table conference, in London
– 1933 – Choudhary Rahmat Ali gave the word Pakistan.
– 1935 – Govt. of India Act.
24. Lord Linlithgow (1931 – 1936)
– 1936 – first elections were held in India.

Provincial Legislative assembly elections.
– 1939 – Subhash C. Bose founded Block Party second world war started.
– 1940 – August offer
First demand of Pak was raised by Muslims league in Karachi session.
– 1942 – Cripps Mission.
– 1943 – Subash C. B said MG "Father of the Nat…..
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25. Lord Wevell (1944 – 1947)
– 1945 – II World War ended
– 24 October 1945 – UNO  headquarter – New york.
– 1946 – Cabinet Mission Plan.
– 1946 – First election for constituent asse.
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– 1946 – Muslim League gave the Slogan "Divide and Go".
– 20 February 1947 – Declaration of Indian Independence.
26. Lord Mountbatten (1947-1948)
– He was Last viceroy of India & first Gov. Gen. of Independent India.
– 1947 – Indian Independence Act.
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– 1948 – Returned from India.
27. C. Rajagopalachari (1948 – 1950)
– He was last Gov. Gen. of India.
– He was known as "Raja Js" and "Chanakya of Modern India"
– He was education Minister in Interim Govt.
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– 1948 – 24 Jan 1950 – he was gov. gen.

– 24 January 1950 – we adopted president word from America.
– 26 Jan 1950 we appointed Dr. Rajendra Prasad as our Prez.
– 1954 – He got Bharat Ratna honour for Politics.
From highest to Lower
1. Bharat Ratna – No prize money for outstanding contribution is field of art,
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politics, education social work.

Ancient History By Abhishek Suman Sir
PRE - HISTORIC PERIOD - (Only fossils)
Stone Age-
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1. Paleolithic Age – (5 lakh BC – 8000 BC)
• In that period man invented fire. He made some equipment form stones
hand asces 
 Evidences  Belan river velley schan river
mainly – Cleavers 
 valley Narmada river valley
Scappers  
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• And man used to be a hunter is that period.
• We also found some cave painting from – Bhimbhetka, Bhopal (M.P.)
2. Mesolithic Period – (8000 BC – 4000 BC)
• In that period the size of equipment became shorter, which are known as
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Micropiths.
• Man started domestication.
• First evidence of domestication  Adamgarh (M.P.) & Bagaur (Raj.)
• Evidence of human skeletons  Pratapgarh's Sarai Nahar (UP).

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3. Neolithic Period – (4000 BC – 2500 BC)
• In that period man started agriculture. (Evidences – Mehargarh, Baluchistan,

Pak.)
 Wheat, Cotton, Barley

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• Rich harvesting evidence  Koldihava, Allahabad, U.P.
• Graveyardi with bones of dog  Burjhome (Pottery), J & K
PROTO – HISTORIC PERIOD-
1. INDUS VALLEY CIVILISATION – (2500 BC – 1750 BC)
Or Harappan Civilisation
Harappa  1921 
  Indus Valley
Moherjodaro  1922

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•
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This civilization was an urban civilisation & was triangular is shape.
The best feature of this civilisation was its city planning & draw system.
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• People of this civilization makes Bronze (by adding his in difference).
• That’s why this is also known as Bronze Age civilisation.
Place Year River Inventor
Harappa (Mantgomdi, pak) 1921 Ravi Dayaram Sahani

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Moherjodaro (Larkana, Pak) 1922 Indus R.D. Banerjee
Sutkhagendor (Baluchistan, Pak) 1927 Dashka R.L. Styne
Chanhudaro (Sindh, Pak) 1931 Indus M.G. Majundar

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Rangpur (Ahemedabad, Guj.) 1953 Sabarmati M.S. Vatsa
Ropar (Punjab) 1953 Sutlaj Y.D. Sharma
Lethal (Gujrat) 1955 Bhogva S.R. Rao
Kalibanga (Raj.) 1953 Ghoghar A. Ghosh
Alangirpur (U.P.) 1958 Hindon Y.D. Sharma
Banawali (Haryana) 1973 Saraswati R.S. Bhist
Dhaulavira (Guj.) 1990 Bhogovar R.S. Bhist
Rakhigarhi (Haryana) 1990 Saraswati Rafiq Mughal
(Largest place)
• Gujrat has maximum number of sites of Indus Valley civilisation
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• Harappa-
• The biggest building found from Harappa was a 12 roomed graveyard.
• Main crop – Wheat & Barley.
• A graveyard named  R-37. (57 skeletons)
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• A statue of goddess of fertility.
• A bull made up or a seal.
• Button – shaped seals.

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• Mohenjadaro
 Biggest building found from this site was a great grainyard. But the most
famouns building a greate bath.
 Statue of Natraj (Lord Shiva)

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Tandava is the oldest dance from of India.
 Statue of Pashupatinath (Lord Shiva)
 Swasthik Symbol.
 Statue of a dancing girl (made up of Bronze)

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 Evidence of well is every house.
 Building of a college.
 A make – up box.
• Chanhudaro
 Only rural place of this civilisation.
 Circular bricks.
 Cylindrical seals
 a picture of a cat followed by a dog.
 Evidences of bangles and lipsticks.
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 An elephant teeth.
• Lothal
 Lothal was the port of this civilisation & commercial capital of this place.
 Currencies of Persia.
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 Bones of a horse.
 Evidences of rice grains.
 Evidence of a mummy.
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 IVC had 2 administrative capitals which were known as Twin capitals.
(a) Harappa
(b) Mohenjodaro
Political Capital – Delhi

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Commercia Capital – Mumbai

Heritage Capital – Kolkata
Cultural Capital – Varanasi
 The script of this civilisation had 64 symbols, which was known as

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Pictographic script. That script was written from left to right & then from
right to left.
 In about 1750 BC, that civilisation was destroyed by flood.
2. VEDIC CIVILISATION – (1500 BC – 600 BC)
Ved – knowledge
Aryan = Superior
1500 BC – 1000 BC  Rigvedic Period
1000 BC – 600 BC  Post Vedic Period
• Max Muller – They came from central Asia
• Bal Gangadhar Tilak – They came from Arctic a
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• Swami Dayanand Saraswati – They came from Tibet
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In the entire N & W India, aryans started actual civilisation known as Vedic
civilisation.
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 The main work of people of this civilisation was Agriculture Animal
Husbandry. And the families of this civilisation of this civilisation were father
dominating.
(a) Rigveda  (1500 BC – 1000 BC)
 Oldest among all vedas.

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 It has 10 divisions. All the division of this Veda assembled by Ved Vyas.
Oldest division  2 to 7 
   Rishi Mahasuktiya (category system)
Newest division  10 

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* Third division of rigveda (Gajatri Mantra)  Rishi Vishwamitra
Written for  Savitri.
To worship  Surya Dev.
 In Rigveda, Sarasvati has been described as the most holy river of vedic
period.
Most imp. River was Indus.
Words used in Rigved 
Ganga ↔ xkSjk (used only 1 time)

Yamuna ↔ dkfyanh (used 3 times)
Rudra ↔ Form of Lord Shiva (used 3 times)
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Father ↔ firk (used 335 times)
Jan ↔ tu (275)
Indra ↔ bUnz (250)
Mother ↔ ekrk (234)
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• The person who recites the mantra of Rigveda is known as flotri.
(b) Samveda 
Lke & xk;u & Singing

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 It is considered as father of Indian music
 First description of 7 musical notes has been found from.
 It has mantras related to worship of Surya Dev. The person who sings
mantras of samveda is known as udgada.
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(c) Yajurveda 
;tq & ;K & Yajna

 All the mantras related to rules of yajna & other religion works have been
completed in Yajurveda.
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 This is the only veda which has stanzas and poetries.
 The person who recites the mantras of Yajurveda is known Adharvyu.
(d) Atharvaveda 
 All the mantras related to the treatment of black magic, hypnotism, treatment
of evil souls and all agriculture treatments have been compiled is
atharvaveda.
 This veda is the newest among all. The person who recites its mantras is
known as Bhrahma.
HISTORIC PERIOD
(600 BC – 712 AD)
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16 Mahajanapadas of 600 BC 
Information from Buddhist text name Anguttor Nikaye
 Jain Text name Bhagwati Sutra.
Mahajanpad Capital
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1. Anga Champa
2. Kash Varanasi
3. Gandhar Tasila
4. Kuru Indrapratha
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5. Kamboja Hatok/Rajapur
6. Sursena Mathura
7. Kosala Srawasti, Ayedhya

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8. Magadha Rajgrihi, Patliputre, Vaishali
9. Chedi Shaktimati
10. Panchal Anichnatra, Kanpilya
11. Vejji Videha, Mithule

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12. Mateya Viratnagar
13. Vatsa Kaushambi
14. Asmaka Patas/Patali (only Mahajanpada)
15. Avanti N  Ujjan, S  Mahishmali
16. Malle Khushinagar, Pavapuri
Religion Movement of 600 BC
BUDDHISM
Founder – Gautam Buddha (Light of Asia)
Also known as – Shakye Muni
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Birth – 563 BC
Place – Lumbiri, Kapilvasta, Nepal
Childhood name – Siddhartha.
Father – Shuddhodhana (Shakya)
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Mother – Mahamaja (Kaulya)
Prajapati Gautami (Aunt of Buddha)
Wife – Yashodharn
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Son – Rahul
Horse – Kanthaka
Sarthi – Channa ¼pk.k½
 All the age of 29 years, Siddhartha Left his home. This incident is known as
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Mahiabhinishkramana. He went to Anoma river and became a monk near the

bank of Anoma river.
 He first went to (i) Rajgriha where he met Alar Kalam (Teacher), who taught
techniques of meditation to him. Then he reached (ii) Vaishali where he meet
Rudrak Ramputra (teacher). When he reached (iii) Gaya where he got
enlightment after this meditation of 6 years on the bank of river Niranjane
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river. That incident in Buddhism is known as Nirvana.
 Buddha gave his first preachement (Dharmachakrapravartana) in Sarnath

(Varanasi)
 He founded a Buddhist unioun in Sarnath  To follow 3 their
3 Ratnas  1. Buddha, 2. Sanga, 3. Dharma
 Mini age required to join Buddhist union  15 years.
 Quorom or Buddhist union  10 members
Mini members required to start any session
 First student of Buddha ®
• Tapssu 
  Shudra
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•Bhalluk (Kallika)
 Famous disciples (students) 
• Anand
• Upali
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 Buddha gave his maximum no. of preachment is Shravasti is Pali language.
 In the last stage of his life he reached Kushinagar & gave his last preachment
to Subhaccha. He then gave his preachment to Lurd (Lauhar) where he ate
pork gives by lound and due to Dynentry, he died (483 BC) in Kushinagar, at
the bank of Hinyawati River. That incident is Buddhism is known as
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Mahaparinirvana.
First Buddhist Council – 483 BC
Venue – Rajagriha (Sattaparni Cave)
King – Ajatashatru (Haryanka Dynasty)

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Chairman – Mahakassapa
Work – 2 Pitakas were added –
Anad  1)Suttapitaka (teachings of Buddha)

Writers   
Upali
  2)Vinaypitaka (rules of Buddhist union)
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Second Buddhist Council – 383 BC
Place – Vaishali
King – Karashoka (Shishunaga dynasty)
Chairman – Sabakmir (Sarvakamini)
Works Followers 
1. Sthavire
2. Mahasanghika
Third Buddhist Council – 251 BC
Place – Patliputra
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King – Ashoka (Maurya Dynasty)
Chairman – Mongliputtakissa
Work – 3rd Pitaka added in Buddhism
Abhidhanmapitaka (biographier of monks contemporary to
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Ashoka)
Fourth Buddhist Council – 78 AD/ 81 AD
Place – Kundalvan, Kashmir

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King – Kanishka (Kushana dynasty)
Chairman – Vasumitra V. Chairman – Ashwaghosh
Work – Buddhism divided into 2 communities-
1. Hinyana
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2. Mahayana
Hinyana Mahayana
• They do not believe in statue worship • They follows statue worship
• They consider Gautam Buddha as a • They consider Gautam

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Human being Buddha as a God.
• There is no pilgrims form them. • There are four pilgrims for the
1. Lumbini, 2. Bodh Gaya
3. Sarnath, 4. Kushinagar
• Mainly found in Sri Lanka, Indonesia • They are found in whole Asia.
& Mayanmar.
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JAINISM
24 Tirthankaras of Jainism –
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1st  Rishabhdeva
Bharat  Bharat var sh


Son Gomteshwar (Bahubali)  Statue 

Shrawan belgore

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23rd Parivanath
• Died on Sanveda His when he was 100 yrs old.
• 4 Mahavratha  Satya (Truth)
Ahima (Non-Violence)
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Astya (Non-stealing)
Aparigraha (Non-acquisition/Non power)
24th & Last Tirtharkara –
Mahavir
Birth – 540 B.C. Kundagram, Vaishali
Childhood name – Vardhamana
Father – Siddnarthe
Mother – Trishla
Wife – Yaspda
Daughter – Anojja/Priyadashara
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Son-in-law – Janali
 At the age of 30 yrs, Vardhamana left his home by taking permission from his
elder brother, Nandivardhana.
 He met Makhali Goshal, who became his first student before enlightment.
After enlightment  First student – Jamali.
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 Ajivaka community ¼HkkX;oknh /keZ½  by Makhali Goshal.
Bindusara was known as follower of Ajivake comm.
 After meditation for 12 years he get enlightment is Jumbhikgram near bank

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of river Rijupalika. This incident in Jainism is known as Kivalaya. From then
he was also known as Kevlin. Also known as Jin and Nirgrantha.
 First deciple was his son-in-law Jamali.
 First female deciple was-Chandana

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 In ancient period, Mathura was the main centre of Jainism in Magadha.
 Mahavir Swami appointed his 11 deciples to spread Jainism in Madadha. (11

Gandharas)
All died except  Arya Sutharman after Mahivira death

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Ist Chairman of Jain Unit
 468 BC, Mahair Swami died @ Pavapuri
I Jainism Council – 300 BC
Place – Patliputra
Ruler – Chandragupta Maurya
Chairman – Sthulbhadra
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Work – Jainism divided into 2 communities
1. Swetambaras 2. Dagambaras
 298 BC – Chandragupta died due to Salllekhana/Santhare
Swetambaras Digambaras
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• Follows teachings of Mahavir Swami • Follows teachings of only
Bhadrabahu.
• Monks wear white clothes. • Monks do not wear clothes.
• Believes that Mahavir Swami was • Believes that he was

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Married. unmarried.
• Mallinath was a Female • Mallinath was male
19th Tirthinkara – Mallinath

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II Jainism Council – 513 A.D.
Place – Vallabhi, Gujrat
Ruler – No Proor
Chairman – Devardhi Kshamasharavan

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Work, Teachings of Jainism were scripted during this council
Jain Texts  Aagam
RISE OF MAGADHA
1. Haryanka Dynasty – (544 BC – 412 BC)
Capital  Rajgrihi
Founder  (a) Bimbisare (544 BC – 492 BC)
 He was comtempory to Gautam Buddha.
 He attacked on Angh and added it to Magadha.
 He got married to Kosaldevi, who was sister of King Prasenjit of Koshala, He
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got Kashi (Capita-Varanasi) is dowry from hir
 II wife – Chellana (Princess of Licchhavi dynasty)
Royal Physician  Jivaka
Bimbisare sent him for the treatment of Chandraprudyet who was

suffering from Jaundice of Avanti.
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 Bimbisara was killed by his son, who became next ruler of Magadha.
(b) Ajatashatra (492 BC – 460 BC)
 Gautam Buddha & Mahavir Swami both died is his ruling period.
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 He attacket on Vajji union (8 republican state) & Malla union (2 republican
state) and added them into Magadha.
 In 483 BC he organized first Buddhist council
 He started using 2 new weapons-

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1. Rathmoosala
2. Mahashilakantaka
 He was also killed by his son, who became next ruler of Magadha.
(c) Udaiyin (460 B.C – 440 B.C)
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 He founded a city at the confluence of Ganga and son river i.e.

Pataliputra/kusumpura.
 He shifted his capital from Rajgrihi to Patliputra
(d) Anirudha
(e) Mundak
(f) Naag Dashaka
 Last ruler of Haryanka dynasty.
 Died because of his PM – Shishunaag
(a) Shishunaag dynasty – (412 B.C – 344 B.C)
Founder – (a) Shishunaag (412 B.C – 396 B.C)
 He attacked on Avanti & destroyed Pradyet dynasty. Also added Avanti into
Magadha.
 He shifted his capital from Patliputra of Vaishali
 He was succeeded by his son Kalashoka
(b) Kalashoka (396 B.C – 366 B.C)
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 In 383 B.C, he organized II Buddhist council.
 He again shifted his capital to Patliputra.
(c) Nandi Vardhan
 Last ruler of shishunaag dynasty.
 Killed by his secretary, who founded a new dynasty is Magadha.
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3. Nanda Dynasty (344 B.C – 323 B.C)
Founder – Mahapadma Nanda
 He was succeeded by his 8 cone.
 Last and the greatest ruler of his dynasty was his 8th son Ghanananda
During his period in 326 B.C Invasion of Alexander He was killed by Ghandra
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Gupta Maurya with the help of Chanakya, who founded biggest dynasty or
Magadha.
Foreign Invasions In India–
1. Persian Invasion (Iran)
dynasty Founder Cyrus 
Son Davious
Persia   Hakhamani dynasty 
 
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1st foreign • Ist successful foreign toatt onIndia in518 BC.

attacked onIndian • 2unscriptions  1. behistun inscription,2.Sources of information
Indiansubcontinent
Effects of Invasion–
 After this invasion Indo Persian trade was started.
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 Kharoti script started in India (Right to Left)

 Armeyik script was who started.
Last ruler of this dynasty was Darius III.
2. Greek Invasion ¼;wukuh½
Place Macedonia 
Greece  Ruler Philip 
Son Alexander
(c) To enter in India, Alexander destroyed entire Persia in 3rd century B.C. He
destroyed Hakhamani dynasty by defeating Darium III. Then he went to Taksila.
(d) In Taksila, a rules named Ambi, surrendered infront
(e) of Alexander.
(f) 326 B.C Battle of Hydaspes/ Vitasta  (Jhelum river)
Alexander  won
v/s
Porus  Lost
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2. Alexander founded 2 cities in India.
1. Vijaynagar/Nikaiya
2. Bukafela
 Due to illness he went to Babylon and 323 BC he die @ 33 yrs.
Maurya Dynasty (323 B.C – 185 B.C)
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Sources–
(a) Literary Sources – Arthashastra  (Written by – Chanakya) (political subject)
Indica (Magasthenese – written by)
Mahabhashya (Patanjali – written by)
Mudrarakshak (written – Vishakhadatta)
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Kalpsutra (Writer – Bhadrabahu)
Kathasaritsagara (writer – Somdev)
Charaksanhita (writer – Charak)
Rajatarangini (writer – Kalhan)
(b) Archeological Sources 
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Inscription of Ashoka (oldest is Kharosht lipi & Brahmi read by James prince
in 1837)
14 Stone edicts of Ashoka 
Stone Edict I 
• All citizens are like my child.
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• Prohibition of animal sacrifices

• Wildlife conservation
Stone Edict II
• Welfare programs for the citizens.
• Human & veterinary medical science
Stone Edict III 
• Respect to Brahmins and appointment of PMs.
Stone Edict V
• Appointment of Dharma ministers.
Stone Edict VII
• Longest stone edict of Ashoka)
• Control over mind and soul.
Stone Edict XI 
• Description of Dharma victories of Ashoka.
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Stone Edict XIII
• Description of Kalinga war
Stone Edict XIV
• Inspiration to live a religious life.
7 Pillar Edicts of Ashoka 
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1. Topra pillar
Founded from Ambala presently in firozshah Kotla (Dehli)
2. Meerut Pillar
Found from Meerut presently in Delhi.
3. Allahabad pillar
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Found from Kaushambi presently in Allahabad fort. This pillar is related to 3
rulers–
1. Ashoka
2. Samudragupta
3. A' Jahangir
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4. Sanhi pillar
It has been destroyed now.
5. Sarnath pillar
Our national emblem his been taken from this pillar.
6. Lauriya Nandangarh Pillar
Found from Champaran bihar.
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7. Rampurva pillar
Found from Champaran & presently @ Rashtrapati Bhavan Delhi.
Chandragupta Maurya (323 B.C – 298 B.C)
Green sources called him  Sandrocottus
 He killed Ghanand with the help of Chanakya and became ruler of Magadha
@ the age of 25 yrs.
 A/c to Plutarch & Justin  (writer son) he had army of 6,40,000 soldiers.
 He was first Chakravartin Samrath of India.
 India's first samrat – Ghanand (first standing army)
 He built Sudarshan lake  renovation  1st Rudradaman (greatest ruler of
saka dynasty) Written in Junagarh inscription  1st & longest inscription of
Sanskrit.
2nd  Skandagupta (last great ruler of gupta dynasty  Written in Junagarh
inscription).
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 305 B.C Invasion of seleucus Nicator
Treaty of b/w Chandragupta & Nicator.
• He gave Kabul, Gandhar, Herat & Jadrosia to Chandragupta
• His daughter Helena got married to Chandragupta. (Son Justice)
• Ambassador of seleucus Nicator, Magasthenes was sent to
Chandragupta Maurya is dairy as a translator.
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• Chandragupta Maurya gifted 500 elephants to Nicator.
• In 300 B.C, he organized first Jainism council is Pattliputra in which
Jainism was divided into svetambaras & Digambaras. In the same year,
Maurya went to Shravanabelgola, Karnataka with Bhadrabalus.
• In 298 B.C, Chandragupta Maurya died because of Sallekhana/
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Santhara.
Bindusara (298 B.C – 272 B.C)
 Father Chandragupta Maurya
 Other names – Singhasan and Amitraghata.
 He had 16 wives – famous – Dharma  Son  (Ashoka) Subhadrangi.
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 He had 101 sons  Eldest – susum.

Ashoka killed his 99 brothers except Tissa  (ruler of Singhal Srilanka)
 During his killing period susim was governor of Takshila and Ashoka was
governor of Ujjain.
 A revolt happened in Takshila by a ruler named Keechata to control that
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revolt Bindusara sent susim & then Ashoka.

1. Dymakusa (from Syria)
2. Dionysus (from Egypt)
Ashoka (269 B.C – 232 B.C)
1. Maski Inscription Ashok Vardhan
 Ashoka Name 
2. Gurjara inscription Devanampriya Ashoka Raja
 He killed his 99 brothers with the help of Radha gupta and became next ruler
of Maurya dynasty
 He married to Maha Devi (first) she was princess of Ujjain. They had 2
Children–
Mahendra (son) Sarghamilra (daughter)
 He sent both children to Sri Lanka to spread Buddhism.
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 2nd wife  Kalinga Princess – Kaurwaki  son  Kunala
 Grandson of Ashoka and ruler – Dashrath.
 He had only one war i.e Kalinga war  261 B.C during this war – kalingas
capital  Toshali/Toshli reason behind the war  to get elephants who was from
elephant cave inscription writer  Kharvel  greatest ruler of Chedi dynast ruler
of Kalinga during was  Nand Raj
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 After Kalinga was, Ashoka adopted Budhism.
Who made Buddhist  Moggaliputtatisa
Teacher of Ashoka  Upgupta/Nigrodha
 In the 10th year of his ruling period, Ashoka visited Bodh Gaya & in the 20th
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year, he went to Lumbini and he made Lumbini tax free  descripted in 
Roman Deyo inscriptions.
 He founded a city near bank of Vitasta/Jhelum river named Srinagar. He
prohibited animal sacrifices in his ruling period, and he was first ruler who
build national parts India.
 In his rolling period, he built Sanchi me Stupa & Dhamek  Sarnath she 
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biggest stupa of India

Biggest Stupa of world  Borobudur Stupa  Java Indonesia
 251 B.C  Ashoka organized third Buddhist council in Patliputra in which he
added third pitaka in Buddhism i.e. Abhidamma pitaka
 In the last stage of his life, he donated Barabar caves to Aajivakar.
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'kSo /keZ  ckS) /keZ  vkthod lEiznk;d  Religious of Ashoka

 He was succeeded by his kunal and then his grandson Dashrath.
 Last ruler of Maurya dynasty  Brihadratha
Post Mauryan, Period
Shunga Dynasty (185 B.C – 72 B.C)
 1st Brahman dynasty of India–
Founder  Pushyamitra Shunga
 He is know as the destroyer of Buddhism in India, because he destroyed
about 84,000 stupa built by Ashoka.
 Maximum development of Sanskrit language during his period.
 He organized 2 Ashwagandha Yojana – Which were performed by  Patanjali
 Mahabhashya & Sanskrit Vyakaran  (Yoga)
 He was succeeded  (Source)  (Malavikagni Mibcom  Written in Gupta
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period by Kalidas Love story of Malvika & Agnimitra) by his son Agnimitra
shunga.
 He also give conservation to Buddhism. He renovated Sanchi Stupa.
 Last ruler  Devabhuti Shunga.
2. Kanva dynasty – (72 B.C – 28 B.C)
Founder – Vasudeva Kanva  Son  Susharma (next ruler) & (illegible son)
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3. Andhra Satvahana Dynasty (28 B.C – 3rd Century)
Capital – Pratishthan (Maharashtra)
Founder – Simukha
Total – 28 rulers
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First great ruler of this dynasty – satakarni I second great ruler – Haal 
Book – Gathasaptasati
Greatest ruler – 23rd ruler  Gautamiputra Satkarni (106–130)
 He issued land coins in India.
 He started donating lands to Brahmins.
 He started using his mother's name before his name.
RE
 He was 3rd Chakravartin Smarath.

 He was succeeded by his son who was last greatest ruler of this dynasty –
Vashishtiputra Pulavani.  (He is known as 1st Andhra Samrat, because he
attacked in South & conquered the region of Andhra.
Last ruler – Pulmavi III
CA
Foreign Invasion of Post Mauryan Period

1. Indo–Greeks
Origin – Greeks
Founder of Indo-Greeks in India – Demetrius I  Capital – Sakal (Sindh)
 Greatest ruler of Indo-greeks – Menander  (India-Mined)
 First golden coins were issued in Milinnd's period.
 He adopted Buddhism in India & he get teachings of Buddhism from a monk
named – Nagsena.  Source – book – Milindpanho
2. Saka dynasty
Origin – Central Asia
 They had 5 branches is India.
1. Kashmir
2. Takshila
3. Mathura
ILL
4. Ujjain
5. Deccan
 Greatest ruler of this dynasty – Rudradaman (Ujjain)  Junagarh Inscription
 Last ruler of this dynasty – Rudrasena III

W
He was killed by Chandragupta II, who destroyed saka dynasty from India.
3. Kushan Dynasty
Greatest ruler – Kanishka
 He destroyed Saka dynasty from Kashmir & Started Saka Samrat in 78 A.D.
 In 3rd year of his feeling period he organized 4th Buddhist council in Kashmir
ER
in which Buddhism divided into Hinayana & Mahayana. He was first ruler of
Indian history, who issued pure gold coins. He also started printing of dates
and ruler's names on coins.
Gupta Period (319 AD – 540 AD)
(Golden Era of Indian History)
1. Archeological Sources
RE
(i) Mehravli Pillar Edict  related to Chandragupta II

(ii) Pune Copper Edict  Written by Prabhawati (D/o Chandragupta II)
(iii) Junagarh Inscription  Skandgupta
(iv) Allahabad Pillar Edict  Samundragupta
(v) Airan Inscription  Bhanugupta
CA
(vi) Bilsad Inscription  Kumar Gupta

(viii) Inner Cave Inscription  Skandgupta
 1st temple of India  Dashvatar Temple in Deogarh, Jhansi
 Ajanta & Ellora caves  Augragabad, Maharashtra
Cave no. 16, 17 & 19 built in  Gupta period.
2. Literary Sources
(i) Kalidas
Abhigyan shakuntala ¼vfHkKku'kkdqarye~½
Meghadutam ¼es?knwre½
Raghuvansham ¼j?kqoa'ke~½
Vikramvanshiyam ¼foØeoa'kh;e~½
Malvikagnimitran ¼ekyfodkfXufe=e~½
Kumar Sambhavam ¼dqekjlaHkoe~½
Ritusanharam ¼_rqlagkje~½
ILL
(ii) Vishakha Dutta
Mudrarakshas ¼eqnzkj{kl½
Devechandraguptam ¼nsohpUnzxqIre~½
(iii) Varahmihir
Brahadsanhita ¼o`gr~lafgrk½
W
Panchsidhantika ¼iapfl)kfUrdk½
(iv) Banmaths ¼ckteV~V½
Harshcharitra ¼g"kZpfjr½
Kadambari ¼dknEcjh½
(v) Harshvardhan
ER
Naganand ¼ukxuan½
Ratnavali ¼jRukoyh½
Priyadarshika ¼fiz;nf'kZdk½
(vi) Kamandak
Niti Shastra ¼uhfr'kkL=½
RE
(viii) Amar Singh

Amarkosh ¼vejdks"k½
(ix) Vatsayan
Kamasutra ¼dkelw=½
(x) Vishnu Sharma
CA
Panchtantra ¼iapra=½
(xi) Vatsbhati
Ravanvach ¼jko.kop½
(xii) Dhanvantri
Anusidhantha ¼v.kqfl)kUr½
(xiii) Somdeva
Kathasaritsagar ¼dFkklfjRlkxj½
(xiv) Panini
Asthadhyayi ¼v"Vkè;k;h½
(xv) Kalhan
Rajatranni ¼jktrj.khuh½
According to these sources, Shrigupta is considered as the founder of Gupta
dynasty.
1. Srigupta (Maharaja) (240 – 285)
ILL
 Succeeded by his son Ghatotkacha & he also took little of Maharaja.
Actual founder of Gupta dynasty Chandragupta I
2. Chandratupta I (319 – 335)
 He started Gupta Samvat.
 He took the title of maharajadhiraj
W
 wife – Kumaradevi (Licchavi Princess)
 First gupta ruler to issue silver coins.
 Succeeded by his son Samudragupta
3. Samundragupta (335 – 375)
Napolean of India  Vincent Arthur Smith gave his the title
ER
 He defeated 12 rulers in South India – Dakshinapath & 9 rulers in North
India – Uttarapath.
 He also become a chakravartin Samarth
 He took the title of Vikramaya
 Organised an Ashwamedha Yojana
RE
 His poet Harishena  (Book – Prayogprashashti ¼iz;kx iz'kkfLr½ was appointed

to describe his victories in Allahbad pillar edicts.
 Samudragupta was a poet & he also took the title of Kaviraj.
 He was also a Vienna player & he issued Vienna playina type coins.
 He gave conserved to Buddhism, because there was a Buddhist month in his
CA
court named Vasubandhu.

 2 sons – Rangupta & Chandragupta
4. Ramgupta (375 – 380)
Source (i) Airan inscription
(ii) Novel – Devi Chandraguptam
5. Shandragupta II (380 – 913)
 Greatest ruler of this dynasty
 1st ruler who had 9 gems in his court.
9 Navratnas of Chandragupta
1. Amar Singh (great Sanskrit Lexicographer)
2. Dhanvantari (great physician)
3. Harishena (great poet)
4. Kalidas (also a great poet & paly writer)
5. Kshapanaka (great astrologer)
ILL
6. Shankar (great architect)
7. Baital bhatta (great magician)
8. Varahamihir (great megisian)
9. Varruchi (great Sanskrit scholar)
 He killed Rudrasena III, who was last ruler of After that the took title of
Vikramaditya.
W
 399 A.D – a famous chinese traveller fahien arrived India & he stayed here for
15 years.
 Maxi development was happened in his ruling period.
 He took the title of Parambhavat.
ER
6. Kumargupta (413 – 454)
 413 A.D he founded Nalanda university which is considered as oldest
university of present India. Famous for Buddhist education and this is also
known as oxford of Mahayana Bodh
 He took the title of Mahindraditya. In Gupta period, he had maximum no. of
inscriptions.
RE
 He was succeeded by his son Skandgupta.

7. Skandgupta (454 – 467)
 He was considered as last greatest ruler of this dynasty.
 He conducted 2nd renno of sudarshan lake in Girnas hibl and he appointed
Chakrapalit  (son of Parnadatta)  (Governor of Gujarat) or that.
CA
 I attack of Huna rulers  (foreign invaders)  (Ruler - Tormar) happened in

his ruling period.
 He defeated Torman – written is Ahole  (written by – Pulakeshin II)  (ruler
of Chalukya dynasty) inscription (Sanskrit)
 Last ruler of Gupta dynasty – Vishnugupta  (a.k.a  Kumargupta III)
Harshvardhan (606 – 647)
 Last hindu ruler of India
 Dynasty – Pushyabhuti dynasty (Vardhan dynasty)
 Capital – thaneshwar (Haryana)
 II Capital – Kannauj (U.P)
 Father – Prabhakarvardhan
 Mother – Yashomati
 Elder brother – Rajyawardhan
ILL
 Sister – Rajyashri
605A.D – Rajyavardhan became known ruler after his father and his
contemporary the ruler of Malwa Devgupta and the ruler of Bengal was Shashank.
A dynasty in Kannary Maukari dynasty whose ruler was Grahavarman and his
wife was Rajyashri Shashank wants to marty Rajyashri Shashank & Devgupta
attacked Kannauj and killed Grahavaram. After that Rajyavardhan died by
Shashank next ruler to sat on throne was Harshvardhan is 606 AD. He killes
W
shashnak and took her sister from him and made kannauj his capital.
629 A.D – 645 A.D – Chinese traveller – fluone suarg arrived India and stayed
here for 16 years. He got Buddhist edict from Nalanda university & he wrote a
famous book – Si Yu Ki. During his travel to India his also visited Lakhpat
(Gujarat) and Kanchi Kanchipuram (South India).
ER
 Harshwardha's poet – Banabhatta – Books – Harshacharita Kadambari
 Harshavardhan's book – Nagananda, Ratnawali, Priyadarshika
PRE-MEDIEVAL INDIA
1. Gurjarpratihara Dynasty
 first description of this dynasty found in Ahole inscription of Pulakeshan II
RE
 Capital – Kannauj
 Founder – Harichandra
 Actual founder – Naagbhatta I
 He destroyed Huna dynasty from India.
 In Gwalior inscription of Sanskrit, he has been compared to Rudra (Shiva)
CA
 I great ruler of dynasty – Vatsraj. He defeated Dharmapal (Pal dynasty –

Bengal). He was succeeded by his son Naagbhatt II.
 Greatest ruler of dynasty – MihirBhoj (836 – 885). He took the title of
Aadivaraha & Prabhas. He was a vaishnav ruler.
 Last great ruler of dynasty – Mahipal. In his ruling period a famous traveller
of Baghdad Al. Masudi arrived India he was defeated by Krishna III (ruler of
Rashtrakuta dynasty)
 Last ruler of dynasty – Yashdel
 1036 - This dynasty was destroyed by Gorwal rulers.
2. Gorwal Dynasty
 Capital – Kannauj
 Founder – Chandradeva In his ruling period be defeated Tomar rulers, who
surrendered infront of his. He was succeeded by his son Madarpal.
 I great ruler of dynasty – Govindachandra he took the title of Vidhavichar
ILL
Vachaspati.
 Last and most Famous ruler of dynasty – Jai Chandra
 1194 – He was defeated & killed by Mohd. Ghori in Battle of Chandawar.
3. Chauhan Dynasty
 Capital – Shakambari (near Ajmer)
W
 Founder – Vasudeva succeeded by Sidhraj, who took the title of
Maharajadhiraj.
 kI great ruler – Prithviraj I succeeded by his son Ajayraj  (Founder of
Ajmer).
 Greatest ruler of dynasty – Prithviraj III (1178 – 1192).
ER
 1191 – He defeated Mohd. Gauri is Battle of Tarain. But is the II battle of
Tarain he was defeated & killed by Mohd. Gauri.
4. Chandel Dynasty
 Capital – Khajuraho
 Founder – Nunuka he was succeeded by Yashovarman who built famous
temple of Vishnu in Khajuraho.
RE
 Greatest ruler of dynasty – Dhanga he helped Jaipal of Peshawar in his battle

against mahmud Ghaznavi. In his ruling period he built Jinnath Temple,
vishwanath Temple & Baijnath Temple in Khajuraho.
 Last ruler of dynasty – Parmati, defeated by Qutubuddin Aibak who destroyed
Chadel dynasty.
CA
5. Parmar Dynasty
 Capital – Malwa
 Founder – Siyaka/Shri Harsha his capital was Ujjain and then he made
Dhara his 2nd capital.
 Greatest ruler of dynasty – Bhojh he was a great Sanskrit poet and scholor.
He took the title of kaviraj. He founded a city Bhojpur Nagar. Also founded
Bhojshala University there.
 Dynasty destroyed by – Allaudin Khilji (in 1305)
6. Chalukya Dynasty
 Capital – Gujarat (Anhilwad)
 Founder – Moolraj I/ Bhim I and he made Anhilwad his capital during his
ruling period Ghaznavi attacked somnath temple in Gujarat. He
built/reconstructed the temple with stones.
 Last great ruler of dynasty – Moolraj II/ Bhim II
ILL
 1178 – He defeated & arrested Mohd. Gauri @ mount Abu.
 1195 – This dynasty was destroyed by Qutubuddin Aibak.
7. Pala Dynasty – (Bengal)
 8th Century – This dynasty was founded
 Founder – Gopal, Succeeded by his son, Dharmapal, who founded
Vikramshila university in his ruling period
W
 Last great ruler of dynasty – Mahipal, defeated by a S. Indias ruler named
Rajendrachar
 Last ruler of dynasty – Rampal
 Dynasty destroyed by – Mohd. Bis Bakhtiyar Khilji
ER
8. Sena Dynasty (Bengal)
 Founder – Samantsena
 I great ruler of dynasty – vijaysena, founded 2 cities –
(a) Vijaypur
(b) Vikrampur
RE
Succeeded by his son – Bhallalsena.

 Greatest ruler of dynasty – Laxmansena.
 1178 – he started Laxman Samrat founded a city named – Laxmanvati. He
took title of Parambhagvat.
 1202 – This dynasty was also destroyed by Bahtiyan Khilji
9. Hindu Shahi Dynasty
CA
 Founder – Jaipal
 Capital – Peshawar
 1001 A.D – He was defeated by Ghaznavi and then he committed suicide
succeeded by his son Anandapal he was also defeated 2 times by Ghaznavi.
South India
1. Rashtrakutas –
 Comtemporary to – Prathihar dynasty & pola dynasty
 8th Century – This dynasty was founded
 Founder – Dantivarman he made himself independent from Chalukya dynasty
of South. He was succeeded by Krishna I. He destroyed Chalukya dynasty of
5. India he built famous Kailash Temple in Auora Cowas.
 Greatest ruler of dynasty – Krishna II he attacked on Karchi & Tanjaur and
added them in Rashtrkuta day He attacked on Rameshvaram & founded
 Last ruler of dynasty – Karka II
ILL
2. Vakataka Dynasty
 Founder – Vindhyashakti
 I great ruler of dynasty – Pravelsena I, he took the title of Samrat and Praveer
the organized 4 Ashwanejha Yajanas
 Greatest ruler of dynasty – Rudrasena II, he got married to Prabhawati
(daughter of Chandragupta II) described in Poona Copper Edict.
W
3. Chalukya Dynasty – (Badami)
 Founder – Pulakeshan I, succeeded by his son Kirtivarman I
 Greatest ruler of dynasty – Pulakeshan II he took the title of Parmeshwar. He
defeated Harshwardhan @ book of Narmada, described is Ahole inscription.
He was defeated by Narsingh Varman I (ruler of Palawa dynasty)
ER
 Last ruler of dynasty – Vishnuvarman
4. Pallava Dynasty –
 Founder – Singhvishnu he built Varaha temple, Mamallaperson He was
succeeded by mahindrawarman I, who is considered as greatest ruler of this
dynasty. He was succeeded by Narsinghvarman I. He built Mahabalipuram
RE
temple is his ruling period. (Famous – Rath temple)

 Famous Chinese traveller – Huare suaarg visited kanchi is his ruling period.
 He was succeeded by Narsinghvarman II, he built Kailash Nath temple,
Kanchi & share temple, Mahabali
 Last great ruler of dynasty – Nandivarman II, he built mukteshwar temple
(Kanchi) & Bekunthperumal temple (Kanchi)
CA
 Last ruler of dynasty – Parmeshwar Varman

5. Chela Dynasty
 Founder – Vijayalaya (in 9th Century). He attacked on Tanjaur and added it
into chela empire & he took the title of Narkesari. Earlier he used to be a
minister of Pallawas. He was succeeded Aditya I. He declared himself
independent from Pallavan. He took the title of Kodandram. He was
succeeded by Rajraj I, in his ruling period he attacked on Sri Lanka, and
defeat a ruler named Mahinda V. After that he bult a Shiva temple in Sri
Lanka. He built Brihideshwa Temple (Tanjaur). He also built Rajrajeshwar
temple (Kanchi). He was succeeded by Rajendra I in the 5th year of his ruling
period he attacked on Shri Lanka Y arrested Mahinda V and after 12 year
capital punishment was given to Mahinda He was succeeded by Rajadhiraja I.
 Last great ruler of dynasty – Vikram Chola
 Last ruler of dynasty – Rajendra III
ILL
Vijaynagar Empire
Ve was started contemporary to ruling period of Mohd.-Bin-Tughlaq.
 Founder – 2 brothers – Harihar in 1336 & Bukka
There were 4 capitals of VE
(a) Anegondi
(b) Vijaynagar (Humpi)
W
(c) Benugonda
(d) Chandragiri
Nastier
Sangam Dynasty (1336 – 1485)
ER
 Founder – Hariharar I, he made Anegondi his capital. In 1346, he attacked on
Hoysal and added it into VE. 1352 – He added Madurai into his empire. He
was succeeded by his younger brother Bukka I. 1337- he send his
ambassadors to China. He attacked on Mohd. Shah of Behmani empire, in
which he was defeated by him. In his ruling period, Krishna river was
considered as the boundary of Vijaynagar & Bahmani Empire. He was
RE
succeeded by his son Harihar II, he took the title of Maharajadhiraj. He added
Mysore, Trichannapali & Kanchi is his empire. He also attacked in Sri Lanka
& got revenue from there he attacked on the ruler firoz shah of Behmani
Empire in which he was defeated by him. He also added Bailgaon and Goa in
his empire. He was succeeded by his Son Devrai I, he was also defeated by
firoz shah of Behmani empire. Firoz shah get married to his daughter. He was
CA
succeeded by his son Devrai II, he took the talk of of Immadi Devrai. He has
been compared to God Indra. He also took the title of Gajabetkar (killer of
elephants). In his ruling period a famous persion traveller Abdul Razzak came
India. He was succeeded by his son mallikarjun. He took the title of Praudh
Devrai. His ruling period a famous chinese traveller Muharram arrived India.
 Last ruler of dynasty – Virupaksha II
2. Salwa Dynasty
 One of the minister of Virupaksha II, Narsingha Salwa killed him and founded
Salwa dynasty in VE.
 Founder – Narsingha Salwa he appointed in P. minister to Narsa Nayak.
Narsa Nayak killed Narsingha salwa & he himself became the next ruler of
VE.
 Last ruler of dynasty – Immadi Narsa Singh, he was killed by his PM. Veer
Narsingha who founded a new dynasty in VE.
3. Tuluva dynasty
ILL
 Founder – Veer Narsingha, he was succeeded by his younger brother, Krishna
Dev Rai and he is considered as greatest ruler of VE.
Krishna Dev Rai – (1509 – 1529)
 1513 – He attacked on Udaigiri and added it into Vijaynagar E.
 1520 – He added Bijapur is his empire.
 1510 – Portugese governor. Alphanso Di Albukark sent Saint Lauir in his
W
court.
 There were 8 great poets in court of Krishna D.R. and their group was known
as Ashthadiggaj of VE.
 He shifted his capital from Vijaynagar to Naaglapur.
 He was contemporary to Mughal Emperor Babur and Babur described him as
ER
the most powerful ruler of India in his autobiography.
 He constructed Hazara temple & vithal Dev Temple in VE.
 He was the follower of Vaishnav religion. He was succeeded by his
……………… The last great ruler of this dynasty)
He took the title of Mahamandaleshwar. He was succeeded by a ruler named
RE
Sadashiv (Last ruler of dynasty)

Sadashiv
In his ruling period, In 1565 a famous battle of Taliketa fought b/w vijaynagar E &
other Muslim rulers of South india. In this battle, Muslim ruler of S. India
destroyed VE.
Founder – Tirumaal he shifted his capital to Benugonda.
CA

 Greatest ruler – Venkata II he shifted his capital to Chandragrihi
 Last ruler of dynasty – Shri Rang III

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