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Chapter 1 First Order Part B

The document discusses first order differential equations (1st ODEs) and their applications in engineering problems. It provides examples of 1st ODEs derived from common laws of physics, such as Newton's law of cooling, growth models, and exponential decay models. Sample problems are worked through to demonstrate how 1st ODEs can be used to model and solve real-world scenarios in areas like heat transfer, population growth, radioactive decay, and more. Engineering problems are first formulated as mathematical models involving 1st order differential equations, which can then be solved and interpreted physically.

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23 views15 pages

Chapter 1 First Order Part B

The document discusses first order differential equations (1st ODEs) and their applications in engineering problems. It provides examples of 1st ODEs derived from common laws of physics, such as Newton's law of cooling, growth models, and exponential decay models. Sample problems are worked through to demonstrate how 1st ODEs can be used to model and solve real-world scenarios in areas like heat transfer, population growth, radioactive decay, and more. Engineering problems are first formulated as mathematical models involving 1st order differential equations, which can then be solved and interpreted physically.

Uploaded by

Farhana
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Differential Equations

BDA 24303
Chapter 1 – 1st Order Differential Equation
*Applications of 1st ODE

By:
Assoc. Prof. Ir. Ts. Dr. Bukhari Manshoor, C.Eng MIET
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Faculty of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering

© Bukhari bin Manshoor


1st ODEs – An Applications
● What is the differential equation?
- Equations involving derivatives of different orders.

● How differential equations derived?


- They are derived from the laws of physics.

● Where are the laws of physics relevant to engineering applications?


- Fundamentals laws of physics:
- Conservation of energy (1st law of thermodynamics)
- Conservation of mass.
- Conservation of momentum.
- Application of first order differential equation:
- Newton’s laws for solid mechanics
- Fourier’s laws for heat transfer
- Newton’s laws for convective heat transfer
- Bernoulli’s law for fluid dynamics
- Etc…
Solve an engineering problem
● 1st step in solving an engineering problem – formulate the
problem as a mathematical expression in terms of variables, Physical system
functions, and equations.
● The expression is known as a mathematical model.
Mathematical
● Setting up a model, solving it mathematically, and interpreting the model
result is called mathematical modelling or, briefly, modelling.
● Many physical concepts, such as velocity and acceleration, are Mathematical
derivatives – a model is called a differential equation. solution

● From the model, we can find a solution, explore its properties,


graph it, find values of it, and interpret it in physical terms. Physical
interpretation
Modelling,
solving, interpreting
Newton’s Law of Cooling
● Newton's Law of Cooling is used to model the temperature change of an object of some
temperature placed in an environment of a different temperature.
● The law states that;
𝑑𝑇
= −𝑘 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠
𝑑𝑡
𝑇 = 𝑂𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑇𝑠 = 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑘 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦

● This law says that the rate of change of temperature (in time) is proportional to the
difference between the temperature of the object and that of the surrounding
temperature.
● From the Newton’s cooling law, the differential equation can be solving by separating
variable method. By separating the variables of the Newton’s cooling law, we have
dT
 k dt
T  Ts 
● Integrating both sides,

 
dT
 k dt
T  Ts 
ln T  Ts   c1  kt  c2
ln T  Ts   kt  C
T  Ts  e kt C  Ae kt A  eC  constant
● Rearrange the equation obtained and general solution for the differential equation,

T  t   Ae kt  Ts
Example 1:
A hard-boiled egg at temperature 100oC is placed in 15oC water to cool. 5 minutes later the
temperature of the egg is 55oC. When will the egg be 25oC?
Example 2:
If a thermometer with a reading of 70oC, is brought into a room whose temperature is kept at a
constant 18oC, and the reading of the thermometer is 57oC after five minutes later, how long will it
take until the reading is drop to 40oC?
Example: 3
An object whose temperature of 615oC was placed in a room whose temperature is 75oC. At 4 p.m,
the object is 135oC and 1 hour later, the object was 95oC. When was the object put into the room?
Example: 4
A metal is heated up to a temperature of 500oC. It is then exposed to a temperature of 38oC. After 2
minutes, the temperature of the metal becomes 190oC. When will be the temperature be 100oC?
What is the temperature of the metal after 4 minutes?
Example: 5
A police were called about 3.00 a.m. on 28 Feb. 2019 where a murder victim was found in the
room that have a temperature of 15oC. The police took the temperature of the body immediately
after the body was found and 1 hour later, it obtaining the values 34.5oC and 33.9oC, respectively.
At 4.30 a.m., 28 Feb. 2019, Mr. X was arrested (due to murder suspect) at the hotel near to the
murder scene. According to the hotel receptionist, Mr. X was check in at 11.00 p.m., 27 Feb. 2019
and never left his room until he was arrested. If the killing time was a factor of the charge against
Mr. X, is that Mr. X is the killer in this case? Given the normal body temperature of the human
body is 37oC.
Growth Population
● One model for the growth of a population is based on the assumption that the
population grows at a rate proportional to the size of the population.
● In can be written in mathematical model as;
𝑑𝑃
= 𝑘𝑃
𝑑𝑡
𝑃 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒)
𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 (𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒)
𝑘 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦

● Sometimes this model called the law of natural growth.

● If k is positive, then the population increases; if k is negative, it decreases.

● This model also can be apply for the exponential decay.


Example:
Experiments show that a radioactive substance decompose at a rate proportional to the amount of
present. Starting with a given amount of substance, say 2 gram, at certain time, say 𝑡 = 0, what can
be said about the amount available at a later time?
Example:
Half-life of morphine in the body is 2 hours. At time 𝑡 = 0, a patient is given a dose of 5 mg of
morphine. How much morphine is left after 3 hours? Assume that the rate at which morphine is
eliminated is proportional to the amount of morphine left.
Example:
A population of a small town grows proportion to it’s current population. The initial population is
5000 and grow 4% per year. This can be modelled by;
𝑑𝑃
= 0.04𝑃, 𝑃 0 = 5000
𝑑𝑡
a) Find an equation to model the population.
b) Determine the population after 3 years.
c) Determine how long it will take the population to double.
Example:
A culture of bacteria grows proportion to it’s current population. If the initial population of 500
bacteria increases by 15% in 8 hours, what will the population be in 1 day?

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