Chapter 1

Module 1 Basic Concepts

1.1 Introduction
Resistors in series:
Consider two resistors R1 and R2 in series.
R1 R2

V1 V2
I

Figure 1.1

V = V1 + V2 = I(R1 + R2 )
V
= Req = R1 + R2
I
If n number of resistors R1 , R2 ....., Rn are connected in series then the equivalent resistance Req is

Req = R1 + R2 ....., Rn

Resistors in parallel:
Consider two resistors are connected in parallel.
I1 R1

I I
I2 R2

Figure 1.2
Current in each branch is
V
I1 =
R1
V
I2 =
R2

1
1.1. Introduction Chapter 1. Module 1 Basic Concepts

The current I is

I = I1 + I2
V V
= +
R1 R 2
 
1 1
= V +
R1 R2
 
I 1 1 1
= + =
V R1 R2 Req

If n number of resistors are connected in parallel then

1 1 1 1
= + ...
Req R1 R2 Rn

If only two resistors are connected in parallel then Equivalent resistance Req is

1 1 1 R1 + R2
= + =
Req R1 R2 R1 R2
R1 R2
Req =
R1 + R 2
KIRCHHOFF’S RULES

1. Current Law or Junction Rule or Kirchhoff ’S Current Law (KCL): The algebraic sum
of electric currents at any junction in electrical network is always zero.

Xn
In = 0
i=1

or The sum of incoming currents towards the junction are equal to sum of outgoing
currents at a junction.
This law is a statement of conservation of charge. If current reaching a junction is not equal to
the current leaving the junction, charge will not be conserved.

2. II Law or Loop Law or Junction Rule: Kirchhoff ’S Voltage Law (KVL): The algebraic
sum of changes in potential around any closed loop involving resistors and cells in the
loop is zero.
This law represents conservation of energy. If the sum of potential changes around a closed loop
is not zero, unlimited energy could be gained by repeatedly carrying a charge around a loop.

Sign convention for the application of Kirchoff ’s law

1. While traversing in a loop the direction of current is in the same path then the potential
drop at a resistance is -IR while in the in opposite direction it is +IR.

2. The emf is taken negative when we traverse from positive to negative terminal of the
cell. The emf is taken positive when we traverse from negative to positive terminal of
the cell.

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1.1. Introduction Chapter 1. Module 1 Basic Concepts

Example
b 4Ω c

I1 1
9V
I3 3Ω
a d
I2 2
5Ω
f e
8V

Figure 1.3
KCL for the junction at node ’a’ is
Incoming current at node ’a’ is I3 and outgoing currents are I1 and I2 .
I3 = I1 + I2
sum of the currents meeting at node ’a’ is zero OR
I3 − I1 − I2 = 0
For the node ’d’
I1 + I2 = I3
I1 + I2 − I3 = 0
For the loop 1 abcda
−4I1 + 9 − 3I3 = 0
−4I1 + 9 − 3(I1 + I2 ) = 0
7I1 + 3I2 = 9 (1.1)
For the loop 2 afeda
8 − 5I2 + 9 − 3I3 = 0
17 − 5I2 − 3(I1 + I2 ) = 0
3I1 + 8I2 = 17 (1.2)
From Equation 1.1 and 1.2
7I1 + 3I2 = 9
3I1 + 8I2 = 17
Solving the above equations
I1 = 0.446A
I2 = 1.95A
Applying Node voltage method
Va V a − 9 V a + 8
+ + = 0
4 3  5
1 1 1 8
Va + + −3+ = 0
4 3 5 5
Va = 1.787

Va 1.787
I1 = = = 0.4464
4 4
Va + 8 1.787 + 8
I2 = = = 1.954
5 5

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1.1. Introduction Chapter 1. Module 1 Basic Concepts

Branch Current Rule Using Method 1

I1 R1 4
R3 i1 = 2A
4 + 12
= 0.5A
12
i2 = 2A = 1.5A
I I2 4 + 12
R2
Using Method 2
V 3
i1 = 2A = 0.5A
Figure 1.4 12
3
When two resistors are connected in parallel: i2 = 2A = 1.5A
4
Branch Current is
Example 2
Resistance of other branch
= M ain Current Find the magnitude of I in ampere
Sum of resistances
I 60
R2 1A 5
I1 = I 15 1A
R1 + R2
R1 10
I2 = I
R1 + R2
Also it is given by Figure 1.6
RP Solution:
I1 = I Using Method 1
R1
RP I 60 I 60
I2 = I
R2
1A 20 1A 1A 1A
where I is the main current and RP is the parallel
branch effective resistance. 10 6.666
R 1 R2
RP =
R1 + R 2 Figure 1.7
V
I =
RP + R3
6.6666
I = 1A ≃ 0.1A
60 + 6.6666
Example 1
Find the current i1 and i2 for the circuit shown in Using Method 2
Figure When the Resistors 10, 15 and 60 Ω, are
i1 12 connected in parallel hence
2
1 1 1 1
= + +
i 2 4 RT 10 20 60
6+3+1 1
= =
60 6
12 V 1 RT = 6

Figure 1.5 Current I2 is

Solution: 6
12Ω and 4Ω are in parallel I = 1A
60
12 × 4 = 0.1
RT = +2=3+2
12 + 4
= 5Ω
Total Current I is
E 12
I = =
RT + r 5+1
= 2A

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1.1. Introduction Chapter 1. Module 1 Basic Concepts

Find the power dissipated in the 3 Ω resistor

4.5 V
1 For the circuit shown in Figure 1.11 find the value
3
of current I2
I1 10
2 6
1.2 A I2 15

4 I3 30

Figure 1.8
Figure 1.11
Solution: Ans (b): The given circuit is redrawn.
Solution: The total Resistance of the network is
4.5 V
1 1 1 1 1
= + +
RT 10 15 30
I 3 6 1
= =
I1 2 30 5
6 RT = 5

Current I2 is
4
5
I2 = 1.2A
15
Figure 1.9 = 0.4
3 and 6 Ω are in parallel which is in series with 2 Ω
6×3
2 + (3||6) = 2 + = 2 + 2 = 4Ω
6×3 Find the current I flowing in the circuit as shown in
4Ω and 4Ω are in parallel which is in series with 1 Ω Figure 1.12
4
4×4
1 + (4||4) = 1 + = 1 + 2 = 3Ω 4
4×4 4
The current I is I
4
4.5
= 1.5A
3 1.6
4V
1 4.5 V
Figure 1.12
I Solution:
I1 The 4 Ω and 4 Ω are in parallel which combination
is in series with 4 Ω
4
4×4
= 2Ω
4+4
4
4
Figure 1.10
The current I1 is 2 4

4 I
I1 = 1.5A = 0.75A
4+4
The current through 3 Ω is 4V 1.6
6
I3 = 0.75A = 0.5A Figure 1.13
3+6
Again 4 Ω and 6 Ω are in parallel
The power dissipated in the 3 Ω is
4×6
(I3 )2 × 3 = (0.5)2 × 3 = 0.75W = 2.4Ω
4+6

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1.1. Introduction Chapter 1. Module 1 Basic Concepts

2.4 I 60

1A 15 5 1A

10
4V 1.6
Figure 1.15
Figure 1.14
Solution: When the Resistors 10, 15 and 30 Ω, are
Current from battery is
connected in parallel hence
4
I= = 1A 1 1 1 1
2.4 + 1.6 = + +
RT 10 20 60
The current I is 6+3+1 1
= =
60 6
4 RT = 6
= 1A = 0.4A
4+6
Current I2 is
6
Find the magnitude of the current I for the circuit I = 1A
60
shown in Figure 1.15 is = 0.1

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1.2. Source Transformation Technique Chapter 1. Module 1 Basic Concepts

1.2 Source Transformation Technique

R
a a

Vs +- Is R
b b
Voltage Current
Source Source

Figure 1.16

VS = I S R
VS
IS =
R

4 and 8 Ω are in parallel

Q 1) In the circuit below, use a source 4×8
R= = 2.66 Ω
transformation to determine vO . 4+8
Solution:
2.66Ω
2

3A 2.66Ω 8Ω vO 8V +
- 8Ω vO
3A 8 vO
4

Figure 1.21
Figure 1.17
The current in the circuit
The transformed circuit is as shown in Figure 1.18.
8
The current in the circuit is 0.857 A. The voltage I= = 0.75
across the resistor 8 Ω is 10.667
The voltage across the resistor 8 Ω
0.857 × 8 = 6.857V 0.75 × 8 = 6V
4Ω 2Ω

Q 3) For the circuit shown in Figure determine the

12 V +
- 8Ω vO
V0 using source transformation.
2Ω 3Ω
Figure 1.18
3A +- 12V
Q 2) For the circuit shown in Figure. 1.19, use a 4Ω 8Ω V0
source transformation to determine vO .
Solution:
Figure 1.22
4Ω
Solution:
12 V +
- 8Ω 8Ω vO Replace the current source and parallel resistance by
voltage source in series with resistor

Figure 1.19 V = I × R = 3 × 4 = 12V

4Ω 2Ω 3Ω
3A 8Ω vO
4Ω 8Ω
12V +- 8Ω V0
+ 12V
-
Figure 1.20

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1.2. Source Transformation Technique Chapter 1. Module 1 Basic Concepts

Figure 1.23 5Ω 10V 10Ω

b c e
Now 4 Ω and 2 Ω are in series which are replaced by

+-
single resistance 6 Ω i1
+- 5Ω
5Ω
6Ω 3Ω 10V
a d f
12V +- 8Ω V0
+- 12V

Figure 1.28
Figure 1.24 Now the 10 Ω and 5 Ω are in series
Replace the voltage sources by current source in b 5Ω 10V
c e

+-
parallel with resistance 6 Ω and 3 Ω i1
+- 15Ω
5Ω
2A 10V
6Ω 8Ω V0 3Ω 4A
a d f

Figure 1.25 Figure 1.29

Replace two current sources by single current source Replace the voltage source by current source. First
and two parallel resistors 6 Ω and 3 Ω with current source is I = VR = 10 5 = 2A and the
single resistance. Current sources are in opposite second source is and each resistors are in parallel
directions. Again replace current source by voltage with respective current sources I = VR = 15
10
= 32 A
source in series with resistor 2 Ω c
6×3 18 2A i1 2
R= = = 2Ω 5Ω 15Ω A
6×3 9 5Ω 3
The current in the circuit is
d
4 4
I= = = 0.4A
8+2 10 Figure 1.30
The voltage drop across 8 Ω is Now two current sources are in parallel they can be
added and total current is
V = 0.4A × 8 = 3.2V
2 8
I =2+ = A
2Ω 3 3
The parallel resistances are added
8Ω V0 2Ω +- 4V V0 8Ω 5 × 15 15
2A R= = Ω
5 + 15 4
The equivalent circuit is as shown in Figure. The
Figure 1.26 current source is replaced by voltage source which is
as shown in Figure. The new voltage source is
Q 4) In the circuit shown in Figure 1.17 determine 8 15
the current i1 through 5 Ω resistor by source V =I ×R= × = 10V
3 4
transformation.
1A
The total resistance in the circuit is
15 35
b 5Ω c e R= +5= = 3.75 + 5 = 8.75Ω
4 4
i1 10Ω
+
- 5Ω 5Ω Current i1 through 5 Ω resistor is
10V
V 10
a d f I= = = 1.142A
R 35/4
Figure 1.27
Solution: KVL cannot be applied due to the c c
presence of current source. Transform the current 8 15
A 15 i1 10V Ω i1
source to voltage source. 3 Ω +- 4
4 5Ω 5Ω

d d
V = I × R = 1 × 10 = 10V

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1.2. Source Transformation Technique Chapter 1. Module 1 Basic Concepts

Figure 1.31 3Ω 4Ω

The other method to find current in the above circuit I -

is +- + 16/3 V
10V

Resistance in other baranch Figure 1.35

i1 = Currrent ×
T otal Resistance Current I is
8 3.75 16
i1 = × = 1.142A + 10 − 7 × I = 0
3 3.75 + 5 3
16 + 30
− 7I = 0
3
46
7I =
Q 5) In the circuit shown in Figure 1.32 determine 3
46
the current I I = = 2.19A
3×7
2A

3Ω Q 6) In the circuit shown in Figure 1.17 determine

8Ω current I by source transformation.
I
+ 6Ω 4Ω
- 5Ω a
10V
I
+- 0.1A
Figure 1.32 5V 20Ω 30Ω
Solution: b
KVL cannot be applied directly due to the presence
of current source. Replace the current source into Figure 1.36
voltage source in series with 8 Ω and current source Solution:
as First the parallel resistance is replaced by single
resistor which is as shown in Figure
V = 2 × 8 = 16V olts
20 × 30 600
Now the 8 Ω and 4 Ω are in series which are placed R= = = 12Ω
20 + 30 50
in series with voltage source.
3Ω 16 V 5Ω a
-
+

8Ω I
I + 0.1A
+ 6Ω 4Ω -
- 5V 12Ω
10V
b
Figure 1.33
Replace the voltage source into current source in Figure 1.37
parallel with 12 Ω Now replace the current source in parallel with
3Ω
resistor by voltage source in series with resistor,
which is as shown in Figure
I
+- 6Ω 12Ω 4/3 A 5Ω 12Ω
10V
I
5V +- + 1.2V
-
Figure 1.34
12 Ω and 6 Ω are in parallel. Current source
can be replaced by voltage source the details are as Figure 1.38
shown in Figure The current I in the circuit is

6 × 12 5 − 1.2 3.8
R= = 4Ω I= = = 0.224A
6 + 12 5 + 12 17
4 16 Q 7) In the circuit shown in Figure 1.39 determine
V =I ×R= × 4 = V olts the voltage v0 across 100 Ω resistor
3 3

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1.2. Source Transformation Technique Chapter 1. Module 1 Basic Concepts

100Ω 8V
- Q 8) In the circuit shown in Figure 1.44 determine

+
30 mA the current in the 12 Ω resistor using source
+
-
v0 100Ω 100Ω transformation method
10 V 60 V 2Ω

+
-
Figure 1.39 24Ω
12Ω 48 A 4Ω 30 A
Solution:
240 V +-
Replace the current source by voltage source in series
with 100 Ω resistor which is as shown in Figure. Figure 1.44
100Ω 8V- 100Ω Solution:
+

+ v0 100Ω + 3V Replace the current source and parallel resistor 4 Ω

- -
10 V by voltage source in series with resistor 4 Ω

Figure 1.40 V = I × R = 30 × 4 = 120V

Voltage sources of 8 and 3 are in series which are
replaced by single voltage source. 60 V 2Ω

+-
100Ω 100Ω
24Ω +- 120 V
12Ω 48 A

+
-
v0 100Ω + 11 V
- 240 V +- 4Ω
10 V

Figure 1.41 Figure 1.45

Replace the voltage source of 11 volts with current Replace the voltage sources and source resistors by
source in parallel with 100 Ω resistor. single voltage source in series with single resistor 4
Ω
11
I= = 110mA
100 V = 60 + 120 = 180V

100 mA v0 100Ω 100Ω 110 mA R = 2 + 4 = 6Ω

100Ω

24Ω +- 180 V
Figure 1.42 12Ω 48 A

100 mA current source with 100 Ω resistor and 240 V +- 6Ω

110 mA current source with 100 Ω resistor are in
parallel which are replaced by single current source Figure 1.46
and single resistor as
Replace 240 V voltage source in series resistor 24
Ω by a current source and 180 V voltage source in
I = 100 + 110 = 210mA
series resistor 6 Ω by a current source
100 × 100
R= = 50Ω
100 + 100 V 240
I= = = 10A
R 24

210 mA v0 100 V 180

50 I=
R
=
6
= 30A

Figure 1.43 12Ω 24Ω

6Ω
10 A 48 A 30 A
Current through 100 Ω resistor is
50
I = 210 = 70mA
50 + 100 Figure 1.47
Voltage across the 100 Ω resistor is Current sources 10 A, 48A, and 30 A are in parallel.
Replace these by single current source. Also replace
V = I × R = 70 × 10−3 × 100 = 7V parallel resistor by a single resistor.

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1.2. Source Transformation Technique Chapter 1. Module 1 Basic Concepts

5Ω
I = 10 + 48 − 30A = 28A

5A
24 × 6 144 4Ω
R= = = 4.8Ω 2Ω 3Ω
24 + 6 30 6 V +-

4.8Ω Figure 1.51

12Ω 28 A 4.8Ω 12Ω -
+ 134.4 V 5 Ω and 2 Ω resistors are in parallel and are replaced
by single resistor.
2×5
Figure 1.48 R= = 1.428Ω
2+5
The current in 12 Ω resistor is sources 10 A, 48A,
and 30 A are in parallel. Replace by single current
5A
source. Replace parallel resistors by a single resistor. 4Ω
1.428 Ω 3Ω
6 V +-
134.4
I= = 8A
12 + 4.8
Figure 1.52
Q 9) In the circuit shown in Figure 1.52 determine
the current in the 3 Ω resistor using source 7.14 V
-

+
transformation method
1.428Ω
1A 5Ω 4Ω I
3Ω
2Ω - 2Ω 6 V +-
+

10 V I
2A 2Ω 3Ω Figure 1.53
The current through 3 Ω is determined by applying
KVL in the loop as:
Figure 1.49
Solution: 7.14 − 6
= 0.135 A
I=
8.428
Replace the 2 A current source and parallel resistor
of 2 Ω by voltage source in series with resistor Q 10) In the circuit shown in Figure 1.54 determine
2 Ω similarly replace the 1 A current source and the currentIx using source transformation method
parallel resistor of 2 Ω by voltage source in series 200Ω 30Ω 50Ω
with resistor 2 Ω 10 mA I x
- 60Ω 10Ω
+ 80Ω
V = 2 × 2 = 4V 10 V
10Ω
V = 1 × 2 = 2V
Figure 1.54
2 V 2Ω 5Ω
- Solution:
+

- 2Ω Replace the voltage source of 10 V by current source

+

2Ω 10 V I in parallel with resistor of 200 Ω

3Ω
4 V +- 10
I= = 50 mA
200
Figure 1.50 30Ω 50Ω
4 volts and 2 volts are in series and are added 10 mA Ix
50
similarly 2 Ω 2 Ω resistors are in series and are 200Ω 60Ω 10Ω
mA 80Ω
added. Replace the 10 V voltage source by current
source in parallel resistor of 2 Ω.
10Ω
10
I= = 5A Figure 1.55
2

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1.2. Source Transformation Technique Chapter 1. Module 1 Basic Concepts

Replace the parallel resistors of 200 and 80 Ω by a 50Ω

single resistor
19.41 Ix
200 × 80 mA 37 Ω 10Ω
I= = 57.1 Ω
200 + 80

30Ω 50Ω Figure 1.60

50 10 mA Ix By Branch Rule
mA 57.14Ω 60Ω 10Ω
37
Ix = 19.41 = 7.42mA
10Ω 37 + 60
Q 11) In the circuit shown in Figure 1.61 determine
Figure 1.56
the currentIx using source transformation method
Replace the current source of 50 mA and parallel
resistor of 57.14 Ω by voltage source 10Ω
Ix 8Ω
V = 50 × 10 −3
× 57.14 = 2.857V 3I x
60 V +- 50Ω 40Ω

Figure 1.61
30Ω 50Ω
Solution:
- 10 mA Ix
2.857 V +
60Ω 10Ω Replace the current source and parallel resistor of
57.14Ω
10Ω 10 Ω by voltage source in series with resistor of 10
Ω.
Figure 1.57 Ix 8Ω 10Ω
-+
30 Ω, 57.14 Ω and 10 Ω are in series replace by single
30I x
resistor 60 V +- 50Ω 40Ω
97.14Ω 50Ω
10 mA Ix
- 60Ω 10Ω Figure 1.62
2.857 V +
10 Ω and 40 are in series which are replaced by single
resistor. Replace voltage source by current source.
Figure 1.58
Ix 8Ω
Replace the voltage source of 2.857 V by current
source in parallel with resistor of 97.15 Ω
60 V +- 50Ω 50Ω
0.6I x
2.857
I= = 29.41 mA
97.15
Figure 1.63
50Ω
Ix 8Ω
10 mA Ix
29.41
mA 97.15Ω 60Ω 10Ω
60 V +- 0.6I x 25Ω

Figure 1.59
Figure 1.64
29.41 mA and 10 mA are in opposite directions
Replace the current source and parallel resistor of
and are in parallel, replace by single current source.
25 Ω by voltage source in series with resistor of 25
Resistors 97.15 Ω 60 Ω are in parallel with single
Ω.
resistor of 37 Ω
Ix 8Ω 15I x
-+
I = 29.41 − 10 = 19.41 mA
60 V +- 25Ω
97.15 × 60
R= = 37 Ω
97.15 + 60

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1.2. Source Transformation Technique Chapter 1. Module 1 Basic Concepts

Figure 1.65 3Ω
The current through Ix is determined by applying
1A
KVL in the loop as:
60 − 8Ix + 15Ix − 25Ix = 0
5i1
18Ix = 60 5Ω
- +
60 i1
Ix = = 3.333A 5Ω
18
Q 12) In the circuit shown in Figure ?? determine
the current I1 6/5A

3A
1Ω 2Ω Figure 1.70
5Ω
- +
i1
Current source 1 A and 65 A are in opposite
2Ω 5i1 3Ω directions, replace by single current source and also
replace parallel resistors 3 Ω and 5 Ω by a single
Figure 1.66 resistor
Solution: 6 1
Ieq = − 1 = = 0.2A
For the given circuit there is a current source of 3A. 5 5
Shift the current source between resistors 1 Ω 2 Ω. 3×5 15
The modified circuit is as shown in Figure 1.67 Req = = = 1.875Ω
3+5 8
1Ω 2Ω
3A 5Ω 5i1
- + 5Ω
i1 - +
2Ω 5i1 3Ω
3A 1.875Ω

Figure 1.67
Convert current sources into voltage sources in series 0.2A
with resistor 1 Ω and 2 Ω.
Figure 1.71
1Ω
2Ω
Replace the 0.2A current source and parallel resistor
3V +-
- +
5Ω 1.875 Ω by voltage source in series with 1.875 Ω
i1
6V +- 5i1 3Ω resistor
2Ω 5i1
5Ω i1
- +
Figure 1.68
1.875Ω
3V 3Ω
-
+
+-

0.375 V
5Ω
- + Figure 1.72
i1
5i1
Apply KVL for the loop
-
+

6V 5Ω
0.375 − 6.875i1 − 5i1 = 0
Figure 1.69
0.375 − 11.875i1 = 0
Now convert voltage sources into current sources in 11.875
parallel with resistors as shown in Figure i1 = = 31.67A
0.375

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1.3. Question Papers Chapter 1. Module 1 Basic Concepts

1.3 Question Papers

2019 Dec (2018 Scheme ) 1 a). Using source 8Ω 4Ω
transformation technique find the current through
5 Ω resistor for the circuit shown in Figure 1.73.
9 V +- 9 V +-
4Ω
5 30
-
+
20
5 V +- + 3V
-
4Ω

8Ω 8Ω
Figure 1.73: 2019-Dec-Question Paper
Solution:
5 9 V +- 9 V +-
20 V +-
20 30 0.1 A
5 V +-
8 8 2.5 A
1.125 A -
+
Figure 1.74 9V

5
4Ω 1.375 A
20 30 0.1 A -
5 V +- +
9V

Figure 1.75 4Ω 4Ω
5 12
- -
+
9V
+ 5.5 V +-
3.5 V
5 V +- + 1.2 V
-

The equivalent current source is

Figure 1.76
The current through 5 Ω resistor is 4
0.875 A

12 − 5
I= = 0.4117 A
17 JULY-2017 Calculate the current through 2 Ω
resistor for the circuit as shown in Figure 1.78 using
source transformation
JAN-2018 Use source transformation to convert as 17Ω
shown in Figure 1.77 to a single current source in 4Ω +Vx −
parallel with single resistor
3Vx I 2Ω
5A 3Ω 7Ω 9Ω 1A
4Ω 4Ω
a
5A 4Ω
9 V +- 9 V +- Figure 1.78: JULY-2017-Question Paper
b Solution: Replace the each current source 5 A in
4Ω parallel with 3 Ω resistor by voltage source, 1 A in
parallel with 9 Ω resistor by voltage source and 3 Vx
Figure 1.77: JAN-2018-Question Paper
current sources in parallel with resistor of 17 Ω by
Solution: voltage source which is as shown in Figure 1.79

Dr. Manjunatha P Prof., Dept of ECE, JNN College of Engg Shimoga [email protected] 14
1.3. Question Papers Chapter 1. Module 1 Basic Concepts

JULY-2016 Using source transformation find the

current through RL in the circuit as shown in Figure
V1 = I × R = 5 × 3 = 15V
1.83
V2 = I × R = 9 × 1 = 9V 22 V 5Ω
V1 = I × R = 3Vx × 17 = 51V
48 V 12 Ω

4Ω
51Vx
17Ω +Vx −
- + 12 V 4Ω
3Ω I 2Ω 9Ω
7Ω
15 V +- + 9V
-
R L = 10Ω

Figure 1.79: JULY-2017-Question Paper

Figure 1.83: JULY-2016-Question Paper
From the figure it is observed that Vx = 2 × I
Solution:
Replace the voltage source of 15 V in series (3+4) Ω
resistor by current source Solution:
15 Replace the each voltage sources into current sources
I= = 2.14 A
7 in parallel with resistor which is as shown in Figure
1.84
51Vx
17Ω +Vx −
- + 22 / 5 A
I 2Ω 9Ω
2.14 A 7Ω 7Ω
+- 9 V 5Ω

4A
Figure 1.80: JULY-2017-Question Paper
7 Ω and 7 Ω are in parallel replace by single resistor 12 Ω
7×7
R= = 3.5 Ω 3A
7+7
4Ω
51Vx
17Ω +Vx −
- +
I 2Ω 9Ω R L = 10Ω
2.14 A 3.5 Ω
+ 9V
-
Figure 1.84: JULY-2016-Question Paper
Figure 1.81: JULY-2017-Question Paper Each current sources are in parallel, add these
current source and replace the parallel resistor by
Replace the current by source voltage source in series
single resistor, the modified circuit is as shown in
3.5 Ω resistor
Figure 1.85
V = 2.14 × 3.5 = 7.49V
22
I = I1 + I2 + I3 = + 4 + 3 = 11.4A
17Ω +Vx − 5
51Vx
- +
3.5Ω I 2Ω 9Ω 1 1
= +
1 1
+ = 0.533
R 5 12 4
7.49 V +- +- 9 V
1
R= = 1.875
0.533
Figure 1.82: JULY-2017-Question Paper
From the figure it is observed that Vx = 2 × I 11.4A
Apply the KVL for the circuit by using Vx = 2 × I
1.875 Ω
7.49 − 51Vx − 9 − 29.5I = 0
−1.51 − 51 × 2I − 29.5I = 0 R L = 10Ω

−1.51 − 102I − 29.5I = 0

Figure 1.85: JULY-2016-Question Paper
−1.51 − 131I = 0
1.51 Current source in parallel with resistor is replaced
I= = 11.5 mA voltage source which is as shown in Figure 1.86
131

Dr. Manjunatha P Prof., Dept of ECE, JNN College of Engg Shimoga [email protected] 15
1.3. Question Papers Chapter 1. Module 1 Basic Concepts

21.375 V Figure 1.89

1.875 Ω
Replace current sources 10 A and in parallel with 10
3
A by single current source and parallel resistors by
R L = 10Ω single resistor

Figure 1.86: JULY-2016-Question Paper 10 40

I = 10 + =
Current through RL is, by KVL 3 3
21.375 − I × 11.875 = 0
2×3 6
21.375 R= = Ω
I= = 1.8A 2+3 3
11.875
JULY-2014 Using source transformation find the
power delivered by 50 V source i given network of 6
as shown in Figure 1.87 5Ω Ω
40 5
A
50 V +- 3
5Ω 3Ω
10 A
50 V +- +- 10 V
2Ω Figure 1.90
Replace the current source 403 A in parallel with 3
10

Figure 1.87: JULY-2014-Question Paper resistor by a voltage source in series with resistor
Solution: 6
R= = 1.2Ω
The redrawn circuit is as shown in Figure 3

5Ω 2Ω 3Ω
10 A 5Ω 1.2 Ω
50 V +- + 10 V
-
50 V +- + 16 V
-

Figure 1.88
Replace the 10 V voltage source in series with 3 Ω Figure 1.91
by current source in parallel with 3 Ω resistor. By applying KVL in the circuit is
V 10 50 − 16 − I × 6.2 = 0
I= = A
I 3
34
I= = 5.48A
5Ω 2Ω 3Ω 6.2
10
A
50 V +-
10 A 3 The power delivered by 50 V source is

P = 50 × I = 50 × 5.48 = 274W

Dr. Manjunatha P Prof., Dept of ECE, JNN College of Engg Shimoga [email protected] 16