Projections transform points in n-space to m-space, where m<n.

Projection is 'formed' on the view plane (planar geometric projection)

rays (projectors) projected from the center of projection pass through
each point of the models and intersect projection plane.
In 3-D, we map points from 3-space to the projection plane (PP) (image
plane) along projectors (viewing rays) emanating from the center of
projection (COP):
TYPES OF PROJECTION
 There are two basic types of projections:
 Perspective – center of projection
is located at a finite point
in three space

 Parallel – center of projection

is located at infinity, all the
projectors are parallel
 Plane geometric
projection

Parallel Perspective

Orthographic
Axonometric
Oblique

Cavalier Cabinet
Trimetric

Dimetric Three-point
Single-point Two-point

Isometric
PARALLEL PROJECTION

• center of projection infinitely far from view plane

• projectors will be parallel to each other
• need to define the direction of projection (vector)
• 3 sub-types
 Orthographic - direction of projection is normal to view
plane
 Axonometric – constructed by manipulating object using
rotations and translations
 Oblique - direction of projection not normal to view plane

• better for drafting / CAD applications

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
 Orthographic projections are
drawings where the projectors,
the observer or station point
remain parallel to each other and
perpendicular to the plane of
projection.
 Orthographic projections are
further subdivided into axonom
etric projections and multi-view
projections.
 Effective in technical
representation of objects
AXONOMETRIC
 The observer is at infinity & the
projectors are parallel to each
other and perpendicular to the
plane of projection.
 A key feature of axonometric
projections is that the object is
inclined toward the plane of
projection showing all three
surfaces in one view.
 The length of the lines, sizes of
the angles, and proportions of the
object varies according to the
amount of angle between the
object and the plane of
projection.
 PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION

 center of projection finitely far from view plane

 projectors will not be parallel to each other

 need to define the location of the center of

projection (point)
 classified into 1, 2, or 3-point perspective

 more visually realistic - has perspective

foreshortening (objects further away appear
smaller)
VANISHING POINTS

 A vanishing point is a point in the picture

plane that is the intersection of the projections
(or drawings) of a set of
parallel lines in space on to the picture plane.
PERSPECTIVE TRANSFORMATIONS
SINGLE – POINT

 If any one of the first 3 values of the last

column of a 4x4 transformation matrix is non-
zero, then a perspective transformation occurs.
 After the transformation, a perspective
projection is performed by concatenating the
perspective transformation with an
orthographic projection along a plane.
A SINGLE POINT PERSPECTIVE
A single point perspective transformation with respect to z axis

Now the perspective projection is obtained by

concatenating the orthographic projection matrix
THE PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION OF A POINT

 Consider the following figure where using

similar triangles we can write the transformed
coordinates as:
 Let,

The origin is unaffected. If the plane of projection passes through the

object, then that section of the object is shown at true size and true
shape
THE PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION OF A POINT
A single point perspective transformation with respect to xaxis
and y-axis are given below respectively
CONDITIONS FOR ONE POINT PERSPECTIVE
 For One Point perspective projection the object
must have two of its primary axis' placed
parallel to the picture plane. The following
properties are achieved where one main set of
parallel lines are receding away from the
spectator thus giving us one vanishing point.
RULES OF ONE POINT PERSPECTIVE
 Horizontal lines parallel to
the picture plane and
remain horizontal.
 Vertical lines remain
vertical.
 The orthogonal lines
formed from the corners
diverge to the vanishing
point.
 The vanishing point is
located in front of the
spectator .
TWO - POINT

 It contains two vanishing points on the horizon

line
 Object is at angle with picture plane, but
vertical edges are parallel to picture plane
CONDITIONS FOR TWO POINT PERSPECTIVE
 For Two Point perspective the object is orientated so
that the vertical edges are parallel to the picture
plane and all other edges are inclined away from the
spectator thus the receding lines converge on
two separate vanishing points.
RULES OF TWO POINT PERSPECTIVE DRAWING.

 To find the vanishing points, lines of sight are

drawn parallel to the surfaces of the object
until they cross the picture plane.
 The object to be viewed is rotated so that all
the sides are at an angle to the picture plane.
 All vertical lines retract back to their respective
vanishing points
 Horizontal lines remain horizontal
THREE - POINT

 Three-point perspective is
usually used for buildings
seen from above (or below).
In addition to the two
vanishing points from before,
one for each wall, there is
now one for how those walls
recede into the ground. This
third vanishing point will be
below the ground.