Module 4- Transformer

Mrs. A. A. Dhamangaonkar
Walchand College Of Engineering,sangli.

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 Contents
• Construction
• Working Principle and types of single phase
transformer
• Open circuit and short circuit tests: Losses
and efficiency, all-day efficiency and regulation
• Autotransformer, Three phase transformer
construction and connections

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 Transformer
 A static device
 Transfers electrical energy from one circuit to
another with change in voltage level without a
change of frequency
 Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic induction.
 The two electric circuits are in mutual inductive
influence of each other.
 Step up and Step Down Transformer

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 Transformer
 Static Electro-magnetization
 Voltage levels (230V, 400 V, 3.3 kV, 11kV,
132 kV ….)
 Generation, Transmission and Distribution
 Changing current and voltage levels
 Highly efficient device
 Heart of Power System
 KVA Ratings

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Transformer

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 Types of Transformer
A) Based on voltage level:
1) Step up transformer: Voltage increases (with subsequent
decrease in current) at secondary.
2) Step down transformer: Voltage decreases (with subsequent
increase in current) at secondary.
B) Based on type of supply:
1) Single phase transformer 2) Three phase transformer
C) Based on construction:
1) Core type 2) Shell type
D) Based on winding:
1) Single winding (Auto) transformer 2)Two winding transformer
3) Three winding transformer

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E) Based on cooling method used:
1) Natural air cooled transformer
2) Oil cooled transformer
3) Forced air cooled transformer
4) Water cooled transformer

F) Based on their use:

1) Power transformer: Used in transmission network, high rating
2) Distribution transformer: Used in distribution network,
comparatively lower rating than that of power transformers.
3) Instrument transformer: Used in relay and protection purpose
in different instruments in industries
a) Current transformer (CT)
b) Potential transformer (PT)

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Construction of transformer

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Construction of transformer
 A silicon steel core and two windings
placed on it.
 The winding are insulated both from core
and each other.
 The core is built up with thin soft iron
silicon steel laminations to provide path
of low reluctance to the magnetic flux.
 Copper or aluminum is used as winding
material for Primary and Secondary
Winding
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 Principle of Operation
 Works on Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic
induction principle
 Alternating current flowing through primary –
-Alternating EMF - Alternating flux in core.
 Self induced EMF: E1
 Alternating flux links to the secondary
winding
 Alternating EMF is induced in secondary
winding by principle of mutual induction.
 Mutual induced EMF: E2
 The energy transferred to load by secondary
is taken from primary via flux set in the core.
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 When current in the primary coil changes being
alternating in nature, a changing magnetic field is
produced.
 This changing magnetic field gets associated with
the secondary through the soft iron core.
 Magnetic flux linked with the secondary coil
changes.
 It induces EMF in the secondary.
If the secondary winding is closed circuit, then
mutually induced current flows through it, and
hence the electrical energy is transferred from one
circuit (primary) to another circuit (secondary).

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 Types based on construction
 Core type transformer
 Shell type transformer

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 Core Type Transformer
 Single magnetic circuit
 Core will be rectangular in shape and the coils used
are cylindrical.
 Windings are uniformly distributed on two limbs of
the core
 Winding encircles the core
 The cylindrical coils have different layers and each
layer is insulated from each other. Materials like
paper, cloth or mica can be used for insulation.
 Low voltage coil is placed inside near the core while
high voltage coil surrounds the low voltage coil.
 Core with large number of thin laminations.

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 Shell Type Transformer
 Double magnetic circuit
 Core has three limbs and windings are placed on
the central limb.
 Multilayer disc type or sandwich coils
 Core having large number of thin laminations.
 Better mechanical protection for winding

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Shell Transformer

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Comparison

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Symbol of Transformer

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EMF Equation of transformer

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 EMF Equation of transformer
Φ = Flux
Φm = Maximum value of flux = Bm * A
N1 = Number of primary winding turns
N2 = Number of secondary winding turns
f = Frequency of the supply voltage (Hz)
E1 = R.M.S. value of the primary induced EMF in volts
E2 = R.M.S. value of the secondary induced EMF in
volts
A = Cross-sectional area of core in m2

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 As shown in figure above, the core flux increases from
its zero value to maximum value Øm in one quarter of
the cycle , that is in ¼ frequency second. Therefore,
average rate of change of flux = Øm/ ¼ f = 4f Øm Wb/s
 Now, rate of change of flux per turn means induced
emf in volts.Therefore,
average emf induced/turn = 4f Øm Volt

 If flux Ø varies sinusoidally, then r.m.s value of induced

e.m.f is obtained by multiplying the average value with
form factor.
 Form Factor = r.m.s. value/average value = 1.11
 Therefore,
r.m.s value of e.m.f/turn = 1.11 X 4f Ømax = 4.44f Ømax

 Now, r.m.s value of induced e.m.f in the whole of primary

winding
= (induced e.m.f./turn) X Number of primary turns

 Therefore,
E1 = 4.44 f N1Øm = 4.44 f N1BmA

 Similarly, r.m.s value of induced e.m.f in secondary is

E2 = 4.44 f N2 Øm = 4.44 f N2BmA

 In an ideal transformer on no load,

V1 = E1 and V2 = E2 , where V2 is the terminal voltage
Voltage Transformation Ratio (K)
 From the above equations we get
E2/ E1 = V2/ V1 = N2 / N1 = K

(1) If N2>N1, that is K>1 , then transformer is

called step-up transformer.
(2) If N2<N1, that is K<1 , then transformer is
known as step-down transformer.

 Again for an ideal transformer,

V1I1= V2I2 (Constant power)

I2/I1 = V1/V2 = 1/K
Losses in Transformer

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Copper Losses
 Power wasted in the form of I2R loss
 Resistances of the primary and secondary
windings
 Copper losses are called variable losses
as it changes as load changes.

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Core or Iron Losses
 Losses are proportional to flux density &
supply frequency
 Independent of load current
 Constant losses
 Types of iron loss:
1. Hysteresis Losses
2. Eddy current Losses

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 Rating of Transformer
 Power losses appear in the form of heat
 Output rating is the product of output
voltage and output current.
 Copper loss in the transformer depends on
the current through the winding.
 Iron or core loss depends on the voltage
(f=const.)
 Losses don’t depend on the power factor of
the load.
 So transformer rating is in KVA

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Transformer on no-load

Transformer on load
 Transformer on No-Load
(Having No Winding Resistance and No Leakage Reactance)
 When an alternating source is applied in the primary, the
source will supply the current for magnetizing the core of
transformer. But this current is not the actual magnetizing
current; it is a little bit greater than actual magnetizing
current.
 Total current supplied from the source has two components,
one is magnetizing current which is merely utilized for
magnetizing the core, and another component of the source
current is consumed for compensating the core losses in
transformers.
 No load input current Io has two components:
1. A purely reactive component (Im):
Magnetizing component to produce the flux.
2. An active component (Iw):
Power component which supplies core losses.
 Transformer on Load
 Consider, a transformer having core loss but no copper
loss and leakage reactance.
 When the load is connected to the secondary of the
transformer, the I2current flows through their secondary
winding. The secondary current induces the
magnetomotive force N2I2 on the secondary winding of
the transformer. This force set up the flux φ2 in the
transformer core. The flux φ2 oppose the flux φ,
according to Lenz’s law.
 As the flux φ2 opposes the flux φ, the resultant flux of
the transformer decreases and this flux reduces the
induces EMF E1.
 Thus, the strength of the V1 is more than E1 and
an additional primary current I’1 drawn from the
main supply. The additional current is used for
restoring the original value of the flux in the core
of the transformer so that the V1= E1.
 So total current, this transformer draws from
source can be divided into two components.
1) First one is utilized for magnetizing the core
and compensating the core loss, i.e., Io. It is the
no-load component of the primary current.
2) The second one is utilized for compensating
the counter flux of the secondary winding. It is
known as load component of the primary
current.
On-load Phasor diagram
Equivalent circuit of Transformer

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 Efficiency of a Transformer
 Power input = Power output + Total losses
= Power output + Pi + PCu
 The efficiency of any device is defined as the ratio of
the power output to power input.

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All day efficiency of a transformer
 Distribution transformer serves residential
and commercial loads which fluctuate
throughout the day. For example, the
distribution transformers are energized for
24 hours, but they deliver very light loads for
the major portion of the day, and they do not
supply rated or full load.
 There are various losses in the transformer
such as iron and copper loss. The iron or
core loss occurs for the whole day in the
distribution transformer. The second type of
loss known as copper loss occurs only when
the transformers are in the loaded condition.

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 Hence, the performance of such transformers
cannot be judged by the commercial or
ordinary efficiency, but the efficiency is
calculated or judged by All Day Efficiency also
known as operational efficiency or energy
efficiency which is computed by energy
consumed during 24 hours.
 The maximum efficiency in such transformers
occurs at about 60-70 % of the full load.

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 Voltage Regulation of Transformer
 The voltage regulation is the percentage of voltage difference
between no load and full load voltages of a transformer with
respect to its full load voltage.

 Suppose, electrical power transformer is open circuited,

means load is not connected with secondary terminals. In this
situation, the secondary terminal voltage of the transformer
will be its secondary induced emf E2. Whenever full load is
connected to the secondary terminals of the transformer,
rated current I2 flows through the secondary circuit and
voltage drop comes into picture. At this situation, primary
winding will also draw equivalent full load current from
source.
 The voltage drop in the secondary is I2Z2 where Z2 is
the secondary impedance of transformer.
 Now at this loading condition, voltage V2 will be present
across load terminals which is obviously less than no
load secondary voltage E2 and this is because of I2Z2
voltage drop in the transformer.
 Open Circuit(O.C.) Test:
 Experimental setup:

Note : Usually H.V winding is Kept open

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Primary winding is connected to a.c supply through
dimmer. Voltmeter, Ammeter & wattmeter are
connected to primary side to measure primary
voltage, current & power (Voc, Ioc, Woc).
One voltmeter is connected at secondary side to
measure no load voltage at secondary side (V2 = E2).
 Procedure:
1. Connect circuit as per the circuit as shown.
2. Keep dimmer at its minimum position.
3. Switch on a.c supply & adjust dimmer to get rated
primary voltage (230 V) as measured by voltmeter
across primary winding.
4. Measure primary current & power (Ioc & Woc)
Two components of Ioc (no load current)
are as ;
 Im = Ioc sinØo
 Iw = Ioc cosØo
Since no load power is given as
Woc = Voc Ioc Cos Øoc
Hence no load p.f is given as
Cos Øoc = Woc / Voc Ioc
 Ioc is very small compared to full load current
(about 3 % to 5% of full load) so primary copper
losses are negligible and as I2 = 0 therefore
secondary losses = zero.Therefore total coper
losses are very small hence assumed to be zero.
Hence reading Woc represents the Iron loss.

Woc = Pi = Iron Loss

 Calculations:
 Im = Ioc sinØoc
 Iw = Ioc cosØoc
 Cos Øoc = Woc / Voc Ioc
 R0 = Voc/ Iw ohm
 X0 = Voc / Im ohm.
S.C.Test:

Note : Usually L.V winding is short circuited

Primary winding is connected to a.c supply through
dimmer.Voltmeter , Ammeter & wattmeter are
connected to primary side to measure primary
voltage, current & power (Vsc, Isc, Wsc). One
Ammeter is connected at secondary side to
measure short circuit current.
 Procedure:
1. Connect circuit as per the circuit as shown.
2. Keep dimmer at its minimum position.
3. Switch on a.c supply & adjust dimmer to get rated
current Isc as measured by ammeter connected in
primary winding it will be obtained at a low voltage
about 10% of its rated value.
(do not increase the primary voltage further)
4. Note down Wsc ,Vsc, Isc
At full load, Iron loss is very small. Hence they are
neglected. Total loss is equal total copper loss at
full load. Therefore wattmeter Wsc gives almost
entirely the full load copper losses.
Wsc = full load copper loss = Pcu

Calculations-
Wsc = Vsc Isc Cos Øsc
Hence full load p.f is given as
Cos Øsc = Wsc / Vsc Isc
But Wsc indicates full load copper loss
Therefore: Wsc = Isc2 R1
Therefore: R1 = Wsc / Isc2

 Z1 = Vsc / Isc
2 2
Z1 = 𝑅1 − 𝑋1
 Therefore:
2 2
X1 = 𝑍1 − 𝑅1
 Autotransformer
 Auto transformer is kind of electrical
transformer where primary and secondary
shares same common single winding. So
basically it’s a one winding transformer.

 In Auto Transformer, one single winding is used

as primary winding as well as secondary
winding. But in two windings transformer two
different windings are used for primary and
secondary purpose.
The winding AB of total turns N1 is considered as
primary winding. This winding is tapped from
point ′C′ and the portion BC is considered as
secondary. Let's assume the number of turns in
between points ′B′ and ′C′ is N2.
 If V1 voltage is applied across the winding i.e. in
between ′A′ and ′C′.

 Hence, the voltage across the portion BC of the

winding, will be,
 As BC portion of the winding is considered as
secondary, it can easily be understood that
value of constant ′K′ is nothing but turns ratio
or voltage ratio of that auto transformer.
When load is connected between secondary
terminals i.e. between ′B′ and ′C′, load current
I2 starts flowing. The current in the secondary
winding or common winding is the difference
of I2 and I1.
Advantages of using Auto
Transformers
 For transformation ratio = 2, the size of the
auto transformer would be approximately
50% of the corresponding size of two winding
transformer. Thus auto transformer is smaller in
size and cheaper.
 An auto transformer has higher efficiency than
two winding transformer. This is because of less
copper loss and core loss due to reduction of
transformer material.
 Auto transformer has better voltage regulation
as voltage drop in resistance and reactance of
the single winding is less.
Disadvantages of Using Auto Transformer
 The main disadvantage of an autotransformer is that it does
not have the primary to secondary winding isolation of a
conventional double wound transformer. Then an
autotransformer can not safely be used for stepping down
higher voltages to much lower voltages suitable for smaller
loads.
 If the secondary side winding becomes open-circuited, load
current stops flowing through the primary winding stopping the
transformer action resulting in the full primary voltage being
applied to the secondary terminals.
 If the secondary circuit suffers a short-circuit condition, the
resulting primary current would be much larger than an
equivalent double wound transformer due to the increased flux
linkage damaging the autotransformer.
 Since the neutral connection is common to both the primary
and secondary windings, earthing of the secondary winding
automatically Earth’s the primary as there is no isolation
between the two windings. Double wound transformers are
sometimes used to isolate equipment from earth
Applications of Auto-Transformers
 Compensating voltage drops by boosting
supply voltage in distribution systems.
 Auto transformers with a number of tapping
are used for starting induction and
synchronous motors.
 Auto transformer is used as variac in
laboratory or where continuous variable
voltage over broad ranges are required
 Three phase transformers
 Three phase transformers are used to step up(increase)
or step-down(decrease) the high voltages in various
stages of power transmission system.

 The power generated at various generating stations is in

three phase nature and the voltages are in the range of
13.2KV or 22KV. In order to reduce the power loss to
the distribution end, the power is transmitted at
somewhat higher voltages like 132 or 400KV. Hence, for
transmission of the power at higher voltages, three phase
step-up transformer is used to increase the voltage.

 Also at the end of the transmission or distribution, these

high voltages are step-down to levels of 6600, 400, 230
volts, etc. For this, a three phase step down transformer
is used.
 A three phase transformer can be built in two ways; a bank of
three single phase transformers or single unit of three phase
transformer. The former one is built by suitably connecting
three single phase transformers having same ratings and
operating characteristics.
 A three phase bank can be constructed with a single three
phase transformer consisting of six windings on a common
multi-legged core.
 Construction
A) Core Type Construction
 In core type three phase transformer, core is made up of
three limbs or legs and two yokes. The magnetic path is
formed between these yokes and limbs. On each limb
both primary and secondary windings are wounded
concentrically. Circular cylindrical coils are used as the
windings for this type of transformer. The primary and
secondary windings of one phase are wounded on one
leg.
 B)Shell Type Construction
 In shell type, three phases are more independent
because each phase has independent magnetic circuit
compared with core type transformer.
 The construction is similar to the single phase shell
type transformer built on top of another. The
magnetic circuits of this type of
transformer are in parallel. Shell
type constructed transformers
are rarely used in practice.
Working of Three Phase Transformers
 Consider the below figure in which the primary of the
transformer is connected in star fashion on the cores. For
simplicity, only primary winding is shown in the figure
which is connected across the three phase AC supply.
 The three cores are arranged at an angle of 120 degrees
to each other.
 When the primary is excited with the three phase
supply source, the currents IR, IY and IB are starts
flowing through individual phase windings. These
currents produce the magnetic fluxes ΦR, ΦY and ΦB
in the respective cores. Since the center leg is
common for all the cores, the sum of all three fluxes
are carried by it.

 These fluxes induce the secondary EMFs in respective

phase such that they maintain their phase angle
between them. These EMFs drives the currents in the
secondary and hence to the load. Depends on the type
of connection used and number of turns on each
phase, the voltage induced will be varied for obtaining
step-up or step-down of voltages.
 Three Phase Transformer Connections

The primary and secondary windings are connected in

different ways, such as in delta or star or combination of
these two. The voltage and current ratings of the three
phase transformer is depends on suitable connection.
The most commonly used connections are
 Star-delta
 Delta-star
 Delta-delta
 Star-star
 Star– Delta Connection

 This type of connection is commonly used to step-

down the voltages to a lower value in transmission end
substations. Utility companies use this connection to
reduce the voltage levels for distribution systems.
 In this, the primary winding of the transformer is
connected in star and secondary in delta connection.
 The neutral point on the primary or high voltage
side can be grounded which is desirable in most of
the cases.
 The line voltage ratio between secondary and
primary is 1/√3 times the transformation ratio of
each transformer.
 There exists 30 degrees phase difference between
primary and secondary line voltages.
 Since the actual primary coil voltage is 58% of the
primary line voltage, the insulation requirements for
HV windings is reduced by using this winding.
 In this connection balanced three phase voltage are
obtained at the secondary or LV side, even when the
unbalanced currents are flowing the in the primary
or HV side due to neutral wire. The neutral wire
grounding also provides lightning surge protection.
 Delta – Star Connection

 This connection is used to step-up the voltage level and is

commonly employed in sending end or starting of high voltage
transmission system.
 In this, the primary is connected in delta fashion and secondary
in star fashion so that three phase 4 wire system at secondary
is possible.
 The secondary voltage to the load is √3 times the delta
connected primary voltage. Also the load and secondary
currents will be the same due to the same series circuit.
 Dual voltages are obtained delta-star connection. Low
single phase voltages are obtained by wiring between any
phase and ground. Higher single phase voltages are
obtained by wiring between any two phases. And by
connecting all three phases to the load, three phase
voltage is obtained.
 The insulation requirement on high voltage side is
lowered due to the star (less number of turns per phase)
connected secondary.
 Similar to star-delta, this connection causes to create a 30
degrees phase difference between primary and secondary
line voltages.
 By using this connection, it is not possible to connect it
parallel with delta-delta and star-star transformers due to
the primary and secondary voltage phase difference.
 Delta-delta Connection

 This type of connection is used when the supply source is

delta connected and the secondary load needs single voltage
with high current. This is generally employed for three phase
power loads (like three phase motor).
 In this, both primary and secondary windings are connected
in delta fashion.
 The voltage across the load is equal to the
secondary voltage and voltage across the primary
winding is equal to source voltage. In this, the
current flow through the load will be 1.732 times
the secondary current and the feeder current will
equal to the 1.732 times current through the
primary winding.
 In this, there exists no phase difference between
the primary and secondary voltages.
 The main advantage of this connection is if the one
transformer is defective or removed for service
(open delta connection), then remaining two
transformers continue to deliver thee phase power
at reduced load capacity.
 Star–Star Connection

 In this, both primary and secondary windings are

connected in star fashion and also there exist no phase
difference between the primary and secondary voltages.
 In this, current flowing through both primary and
secondary windings are equal to the currents of
the lines to which they are connected (supply
source and load). And voltages between line phases
on either end equal to 1.732 times respective
winding voltages.
 Due to neutral availability, it is well suited for three
phase four wire system.
 This connection considerably generates
interference with communication lines and hence
with this connection configuration, telephone lines
cannot be run in parallel.
 Star-Star connection is rarely used and not
employed in practice.