Math-IB IPE Study Material (Final)
Math-IB IPE Study Material (Final)
MATHEMATICS – IB
1 LOCUS - - 4
2 TRANSFORMATION OF AXES - - 4
9 DIFFERENTIATION 7 OR 7 4 2+2+2
10 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIONS
1
TSWREIS
INDEX
1 LOCUS 3-10
9 DIFFERENTIATION 102-130
2
TSWREIS
1. LOCUS
Definition : The set of all points which satisfies the given geometrical conditions
3
TSWREIS
1. LOCUS
LEVEL- I
1. If the distance from P to the points (2, 3) and (2, -3) are in the ration 2 : 3 then find
the equation of Locus of P
Given condition is PA : PB = 2 : 3
⇒ 9[𝑥12 + 𝑦12 − 4𝑥1 − 6𝑦1 + 13] = 4[𝑥12 + 𝑦12 − 4𝑥1 + 6𝑦1 + 13]
2. A(5, 3) and B(3, -2) are two fixed points. Find the equation of P, so that area of
∆𝑃𝐴𝐵 is 9 Sq. units.
1
⇒ 2 |𝑥1 (𝑦2 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )| = 9
1
⇒ 2 |5(−2 − 𝑦1 ) + 3(𝑦1 − 3) + 𝑥1 (3 + 2)| = 9
4
TSWREIS
3. A(2, 3) and B(-3, 4) are two given points. Find the equation of Locus of P, so that the
area of the triangle PAB is 8.5.
1
⇒ |𝑥1 (𝑦2 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )| = 8.5
2
1
⇒ 2 |𝑥1 (3 − 4) + 2(4 − 𝑦1 ) + (−3)(𝑦1 − 3)| = 8.5
4. Find the Locus of P, of the line segment joining (2, 3) and (-1, 5) subtends a right
angle at P.
𝑦 −3 𝑦 −5
⇒ (𝑥1 −2) (𝑥1 +1) = −1
1 1
5
TSWREIS
5. The ends of the hypotenuse of a right angled triangle are (0, 6) and (6, 0). Find the
Locus of its third vertex.
𝑦 −6 𝑦 −0
⇒ (𝑥1 −0) (𝑥 1− 6) = −1
1 1
6. A(1, 2) B(2, -3) C(-2, 3) are three points. A point P moves such that PA2 + PB2 = 2PC2.
Show that the equation to the Locus of P is 7𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 4 = 0.
⇒ (𝑥1 − 1)2 + (𝑦1 − 2)2 + (𝑥1 − 2)2 + (𝑦1 + 3)2 = 2[(𝑥1 + 2)2 + (𝑦1 − 3)2 ]
6
TSWREIS
LEVEL – II
1. Find the equation of the Locus of P, if A = (2, 3), B = (2, -3) and PA + PB = 8.
PA2 – PB2 =[ (𝑥1 − 2)2 + (𝑦1 − 3)2 ] − [(𝑥1 − 2)2 + (𝑦1 + 3)2 ]
−12𝑦1 −3𝑦1
⇒ 8 (PA – PB) = 12𝑦1 ⇒ PA – PB = = -------- (2)
8 2
3𝑦1 16−3𝑦1
2PA = 8 − =
2 2
⇒ 4PA = 16 − 3𝑦1
(𝑥1 −2) 2 𝑦2
⇒ + 161 = 1
7
7
TSWREIS
2. Find the equation of Locus of P, if A= (4, 0), B = (-4, 0) and |𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵| = 4.
⇒ 𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 = ±4 ⇒ 𝑃𝐴 = ±4 + 𝑃𝐵
⇒ −2𝑥1 = 2 ± 𝑃𝐵
⇒ −2𝑥1 − 2 = ±𝑃𝐵
⇒ 3𝑥12 − 𝑦12 − 12 = 0
𝑥12 𝑦2
⇒ 3𝑥12 − 𝑦12 = 12 ⇒ − 121 = 1
4
𝑥2 𝑦2
∴ The Locus of 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is 3𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 12 (or) − 12 = 1
4
8
TSWREIS
3. Find the equation of Locus of a point, the difference of whose distance from (-6, 0)
and (5, 0) is 8.
⇒ 𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 = ±8 ⇒ 𝑃𝐴 = ±8 + 𝑃𝐵
⇒ 5𝑥1 = 16 ± 4𝑃𝐵
⇒ 5𝑥1 − 16 = ±4𝑃𝐵
𝑥2 𝑦2
⇒ − =1
16 9
9
TSWREIS
4. Find the equation of the Locus of a point, the sum of whose distance from (0, 2)
and (0, -2) is 6.
⇒ 𝑃𝐴 = 6 − 𝑃𝐵
⇒ −2𝑦1 − 9 = 3𝑃𝐵
⇒ −9𝑥12 − 5𝑦12 + 45 = 0
⇒ 9𝑥12 + 5𝑦12 − 45 = 0
⇒ 9𝑥12 + 5𝑦12 = 45
9𝑥 2 5𝑦 2
∴ The Locus of 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is 9𝑥 2 + 5𝑦 2 = 45 ⇒ + =1
45 45
𝑥2 𝑦2
⇒ + =1
5 9
10
TSWREIS
2. TRANSFORMATION OF AXES
If the Coordinates (𝑥, 𝑦) of a point are transformed to (𝑋, 𝑌) when the origin is
shifted to (h, k) then 𝑥 = 𝑋 + ℎ 𝑦 = 𝑌 + 𝑘
The points to which the origin is to be shifted by the translation of axes so as to remove
the first degree terms from the equation.
ℎ𝑓−𝑏𝑔 𝑔ℎ−𝑎𝑓
𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 where ℎ2 ≠ 𝑎𝑏 is ( 𝑎𝑏−ℎ2 , )
𝑎𝑏−ℎ 2
The point to which the origin has to be shifted 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 is
−𝑔 −𝑓
(𝑎 , )
𝑏
Rotation of Axes: - The transformation obtained, by rotating both the coordinate axes
in the plane by an equal angle, without changing the position of the origin is called a
Rotation of axes.
If the coordinates (𝑥, 𝑦) of a points are transformed to (X, Y) when the axes are rotated
through an angle 𝜃 about the origin then
𝑥 = 𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑌𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑌𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
If the axes are rotated through an angle θ then the equation 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 of a curve is
transformed 𝑓(𝑋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑌𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑌𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) = 0
If 𝑓 (𝑋, 𝑌) = 0 is the transformed equation of a curve when the axes are rotated through
an angle θ then the original equation of the curve is
𝑓 (𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, −𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) = 0
The angle of rotation of the axes to eliminate 𝑥𝑦 term in the equation
1 2ℎ 𝜋
𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 is 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑎−𝑏) is (𝑎 ≠ 𝑏) and if 𝑎 = 𝑏.
4
11
TSWREIS
LEVEL – I
1. When the origin is shifted to (-1, 2) by the translation of axes, find the transformed
equal of 2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 0
Let (X, Y) be the new coordinator after shifting the origin to (h, k) = (-1, 2) then
Given equation 2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 0
⇒ 2[𝑋 2 − 2𝑋 + 1] + 𝑌 2 + 4𝑌 + 4 − 4𝑋 + 4 + 4𝑌 + 8 = 0
⇒ 2𝑋 2 − 4𝑋 + 2 + 𝑌 2 + 4𝑌 ± 4𝑋 + 4 + 4𝑌 + 8 = 0
⇒ 2𝑋 2 + 𝑌 2 − 8𝑋 + 8𝑌 + 18 = 0
(h, k) = (2, 3) 𝑋 = 𝑥 − ℎ = 𝑥 − 2, 𝑌 = 𝑦 − 𝑘 = 𝑦 − 3
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥 − 𝑦 − 20 = 0
3𝑥 2 + 10𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 = 9.
𝜋
Angle of rotation 𝜃 = 4
12
TSWREIS
𝜋 𝜋 𝑋 𝑌 𝑋−𝑌
𝑥 = 𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑌𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 − 𝑌𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 = − = -2
√2 √2 √2
𝜋 𝜋 𝑋 𝑌 𝑋+𝑌
𝑦 = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑌𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 + 𝑌𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 = + =
√2 √2 √2
⇒ 16𝑋 2 − 4𝑌 2 = 18 ⇒ 8𝑋 2 − 2𝑌 2 = 9
4. When the axes are rotated through an angle 𝛼, find the transformed equation of
𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 𝑃 .
⇒ 𝑋 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 ) = 𝑃 ⇒ X = P
𝜋
5. When the axes are rotated through an angle 6 , find the transformed equation of
𝑥 2 + 2√3𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 = 2𝑎2 .
𝜋 𝜋 √3 1 √3𝑋−𝑌
𝑥 = 𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑌𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 − 𝑌𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 = 𝑋 ( 2 ) − 𝑌 (2) = -2
2
13
TSWREIS
𝜋 𝜋 1 √3 𝑋+√3𝑌
𝑦 = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑌𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 + 𝑌𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 = 𝑋 (2) + 𝑌 ( 2 ) = 2
2 2
√3𝑋−𝑌 √3𝑋−𝑌 𝑋+√3𝑌 𝑋+√3𝑌
( ) + 2√3 ( )( 2 ) −( ) = 2𝑎2
2 2 2
⇒ 8𝑋 2 − 8𝑌 2 = 8𝑎2 ⇒ 𝑋 2 − 𝑌 2 = 𝑎2
6. When the axes are rotated through an angle 45o, the transformed equation of a
curve is
17𝑥 2 − 16𝑥𝑦 + 17𝑦 2 = 225. Find the original equation of the curve.
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
𝑋 = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠45𝑜 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛45𝑜 = + = -2
√2 √2 √2
−𝑥 𝑦 −𝑥+𝑦 𝑦−𝑥
𝑌 = −𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = −𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛45𝑜 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠45𝑜 = + = =√
√2 √2 √2 2
14
TSWREIS
LEVEL – II
1 2ℎ
1. Show that the axes are to be rotated through an angle of 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑎−𝑏 ) so as to
remove the 𝑥𝑦 term from the equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 if 𝑎 ≠ 𝑏 and through the
𝜋
angle if 𝑎 = 𝑏
4
term to Zero.
𝑎−𝑏
i.e., ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
2
2ℎ
i.e., 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃 = 𝑎−𝑏 is 𝑎 ≠ 𝑏
and ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 = 0, is 𝑎 = 𝑏
1 2ℎ
∴ 𝜃 = 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑎−𝑏 ), if 𝑎 ≠ 𝑏 and
𝜋
𝜃= if 𝑎 = 𝑏
4
2. When the origin is shifted to (-2, -3) and the axes are rotated through an angle 45o
find the transformed equation of 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 5𝑦 2 + 20𝑥 − 22𝑦 − 14 = 0.
Let (X, Y) be the new coordinates of any point (𝑥, 𝑦) in the plane after the
transformation.
1 1
Then, 𝑥 = 𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑌𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + ℎ = 𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠45𝑜 − 𝑌𝑠𝑖𝑛45𝑜 − 2 = 𝑋 ( 2) − 𝑌 ( 2) − 2
√ √
𝑋−𝑌
𝑥=( )−2
√2
15
TSWREIS
1 1
𝑦 = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑌𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑘 = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛45𝑜 + 𝑌𝑐𝑜𝑠45𝑜 32 = 𝑋 ( 2) + 𝑌 ( 2) − 3
√ √
𝑋+𝑌
𝑦=( )−3
√2
+10√2(𝑋 − 𝑌) − 40 − 11√2(𝑋 + 𝑌) − 66 − 14 = 0
5
⇒ (𝑋 − 𝑌 )2 + 2(𝑋 2 − 𝑌 2 ) − 2 (𝑋 + 𝑌 )2 − 1 = 0
5
⇒ 𝑋 2 + 𝑌 2 − 2𝑋𝑌 + 2𝑋 2 − 2𝑌 2 − (𝑋 2 + 𝑌 2 + 2𝑋𝑌) − 1 = 0
2
⇒ 2𝑋 2 + 2𝑌 2 − 4𝑋𝑌 + 4𝑋 2 − 4𝑌 2 − 5𝑋 2 − 5𝑌 2 − 10𝑋𝑌 − 2 = 0
⇒ 𝑋 2 − 7𝑌 2 − 14𝑋𝑌 − 2 = 0
16
TSWREIS
3. THE STRAIGHT LINES
Key Points:
Note:
General equation of Line: Every first degree equation in 𝑥 and 𝑦 represents a line. The
equation of a line general form is 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0, 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 ≠ 0, having slope =
−𝑐
𝑎
−𝑐 −𝑐
𝑥-intercept = , 𝑦-axis intercept =
𝑎 𝑏
Point – slope form: The equation of the line passing through (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and having
slope ‘m’is 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
Slope -intercept form: Equation of the line having slope ‘m’ and 𝑦-intercept ‘c’is
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
Intercept form: Suppose a line L makes intercepts of a and b on 𝑥 and 𝑦 axes
𝑥 𝑦
respectively then its equation is 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1.
18
TSWREIS
|𝑐 −𝑐 |
The distance between parallel lines 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0 and 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0 is √𝑎12 22
+𝑏
The ration in which the line 𝐿 ≡ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 (𝑎𝑏 ≠ 0) divides the line segment AB
joining points 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) is −𝐿11 = 𝐿22 where 𝐿11 = 𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐 = 0 𝐿22 = 𝑎𝑥2 +
𝑏𝑦2 + 𝑐 = 0.
The Points A, B lie on the same side or opposite side of the line L = 0 according as
L11, L22 have same sign or opposite sign that is -L11 : L22 < 0 or -L11 : L22 > 0.
If (h, k) is the foot of the perpendicular from (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) to the line 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0, then
ℎ − 𝑥1 𝑘 − 𝑦1 (𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐 )
= =−
2 2 𝑎2 + 𝑏2
If (h, k) is the image of the point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) with respect to the line 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0, then
ℎ−𝑥1 𝑘−𝑦1 −2(𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑦1 +𝑐)
= = .
2 2 𝑎2 +𝑏2
The point of intersection of lines 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0 and 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0 is
𝑏1 𝑐2 − 𝑏2 𝑐1 𝑐1 𝑎2 − 𝑐2 𝑎1
( , )
𝑎1 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑏1 𝑎1 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑏1
The angle between the lines 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0 and 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0 is θ where
(0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋) then
𝑎1 𝑎2 +𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑎1 𝑎2 −𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑎1 𝑏2 −𝑎2 𝑏1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = , 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = and 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
√𝑎12 +𝑏12 .√𝑎22 +𝑏22 √𝑎12 +𝑏12 .√𝑎22 +𝑏22 𝑎1 𝑎2 +𝑏1 𝑏2
19
TSWREIS
Note: (i) The circle which passes through all vertices of triangle is called the circumcircle
of the ∆ABC. The centre of circumcircle is called the circumcenter and the radius of
circumcircle is called the radius of the triangle. It is denoted by R.
Incentre of Triangle: The internal bisector of the angles A, B, C of ∆ABC are concurrent
at 𝐼. The point of 𝐼 is the incentre of ∆ABC.
If 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 𝐵 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) 𝐶 (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) are the vertices of a ∆ABC and BC = A, CA = b, AB = C then Incentre
𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑥2 + 𝑐𝑥3 𝑎𝑦1 + 𝑏𝑦2 + 𝑐𝑦3
𝐼=[ , ]
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
20
TSWREIS
VSAQ (2 Marks)
1. Find the slope of the line passing through the points (−𝑝, 𝑞 ), (𝑞, −𝑝), (𝑝𝑞 ≠ 0).
2. Find the value of 𝑥, if the slope of the line passing through (2, 5) and (𝑥, 3) is 2.
𝑦2 −𝑦1 3−5 −2
Slope (m) = = = 2 ⇒ 𝑥−2 = 2
𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑥−2
⇒−2 = 2(𝑥 − 2) ⇒ 𝑥 − 2 = −1 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 + 2 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1
−3
Sol: Slope of the line 3𝑥 + 7𝑦 − 1 = 0 is m1 = 7
−7 7
Slope of the line 7𝑥 − 𝑃𝑦 + 3 = 0 is m2 = −𝑃 ⇒ m2 = 𝑃
4. Find the value of 𝑦, if the line joining (3, 𝑦) and (2, 7) is parallel to the line joining the
points (-1, 4) and
(0, 6).
7−𝑦 7−𝑦
Slope of AB = 2−3
= (−1) = 𝑦 − 7
4−6 −2
Slope of CD = −1−0 = (−1) = 2
𝑦−7 =2 ⇒𝑦 =9
5. Find the equation of the straight line passing through (-4, 5) and cutting off equal and
non zero intercept on the coordinate axes.
𝑥 𝑦
Sol: Equation of the straight line in the intercept form is 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1.
21
TSWREIS
Given equal and non zero intercepts ⇒ a = b
𝑥 𝑦
∴ equation of the line is 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑎
6. Find the equation of the straight line passing through the point (-2, 4) and making
intercepts.
Given a + b = 0 ⇒ b = -a
𝑥 𝑦
∴ equation of the line is 𝑎 + −𝑎 = 1 ⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑎
∴ −2 − 4 = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑎 = −6
7. Find the angle made by the straight line 𝑦 = −√3𝑥 + 3 with the positive direction of the
x-axis measured in the counter clockwise direction.
Suppose ′𝛼’ is the angle made by this line with positive x-axis in the counter clockwise
direction
2𝜋 2𝜋
⇒ tan 𝛼 = −√3 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 hence 𝛼 =
3 3
8. Show that the points (-5, 1), (5, 5) (10, 7) are collinear and find the equation of the
straight line containing them.
5−1
𝑦 − 1 = (5+5) (𝑥 + 5)
22
TSWREIS
⇒ 10(𝑦 − 1) = 4(𝑥 + 5)
⇒ 4𝑥 + 20 − 10𝑦 + 10 = 0
⇒ 2(10) – 5(7) + 15 = 0
= 20 – 35 + 15 = 0 ⇒ 35 – 35 = 0
9. Find the equation of the straight line perpendicular to the line 5𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 1 = 0 and
passing through the point (4, -3).
Equation of line passing through (4, -3) and having slope -3/5 is
3
𝑦 + 3 = − 5 (𝑥 − 4)
⇒ 5𝑦 + 15 = −3𝑥 + 12 ⇒ 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 3 = 0
10. Find the area of the triangle formed by 𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 2 = 0 with the coordinate axes.
11. Find the ratio in which (i) the x-axis and (ii) the y-axis divide the line segment 𝐴𝐵
̅̅̅̅ joining
Sol: Perpendicular distance of the point (-3, 4) from the line 5𝑥 − 12𝑦 − 2 = 0 is equal to
|5(−3)−12(4)−2| |−15−48−21| 65
= = = =5
√52 +122 √169 13
a = 3 b = -4 c1 = 12, c2 = -7
|𝑐1 −𝑐2 |
Distance between the parallel lines
√𝑎2 +𝑏2
|−12+7| |−5| 5
= = = =1
√9+16 √25 5
10𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 8 = 0, 10𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 9 = 0
−8+9 1 1
Distance between the parallel lines = = =
√100+36 √136 2√34
15. Find the equation of the straight line parallel to the line 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 7 = 0 and passing
through the point (5, 4).
16. Find the equation of the straight line perpendicular to the line 5𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 1 = 0 and
passing through the point (4, -3).
24
TSWREIS
3(4) + 5(-3) +k = 0
⇒ 12 – 15 + k = 0 ⇒ k = 3
17. Find the value P if the straight lines 3𝑥 + 7𝑦 − 1 = 0 and 7𝑥 − 𝑃𝑦 + 3 = 0 are mutually
perpendicular.
⇒ 7P = 21 ⇒ P = 3
18. Find the condition for the points (a, 0) (h, k) and (0, b) where 𝑎𝑏 ≠ 0 to be collinear.
⇒ slope of AB = Slope of AC
𝑘−0 −𝑏
⇒ ℎ−𝑎 = ⇒ 𝑎𝑘 = −𝑏ℎ + 𝑎𝑏
𝑎
𝑎𝑘 𝑏ℎ 𝑘 ℎ
⇒ 𝑎𝑘 + 𝑏ℎ = 𝑎𝑏 ⇒ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 = 1 ⇒ 𝑏 + 𝑎 = 1
ℎ 𝑘
⇒ + =1
𝑎 𝑏
19. Find the equation of the straight line passing through the point (𝑎𝑡12 , 2𝑎𝑡1 ) and
(𝑎𝑡22 , 2𝑎𝑡2 ).
2(𝑡2 −𝑡1 ) 2
= =
(𝑡2 −𝑡1 )(𝑡2 +𝑡1 ) 𝑡2 +𝑡1
2
∴ equation of the straight line is 𝑦 − 2𝑎𝑡1 = 𝑡 (𝑥 − 𝑎𝑡22 )
2 +𝑡1
⇒ 2𝑥 − 𝑦(𝑡1 + 𝑡2 ) + 2𝑎𝑡1 𝑡2 = 0
25
TSWREIS
THE STRIGHT LINE (SAQ) (4 Marks)
1. Transform the following equations into (a) slope – intercept form (b) intercept form (c)
normal form.
Sol: (i) 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 5
⇒ 4𝑦 = 5 − 3𝑥
5 3
⇒𝑦 = 4 − 4 𝑥
3 5
Slope (m) = − 4 y-intercept - 4
Intercept form: 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 5
3𝑥 4𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
⇒ + =1⇒ 5 + 5 =1
5 5 ( ) ( )
3 4
Normal form: 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 5
3 4
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = and 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 5
5
(ii) √3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4
√3 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
⇒ 𝑥 +4=1⇒ 4 +4 =1
4
√𝑥
√3 𝑦 𝜋 𝜋
⇒ 𝑥 + 2 = 2 ⇒ 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 6 ) + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 6 ) = 2
2
26
TSWREIS
𝑥 𝑦
2. Transform the equation 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1 into the normal form when a > 0 and b > 0. If the
1 1 1
perpendicular distance of the straight line from the origin is P deduce that = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 .
𝑃2
𝑥 𝑦
Sol: equation of the line is +𝑏 =1
𝑎
⇒ 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑎𝑏
|−1| 1 1 1 1
𝑃= 1 1
⇒𝑃= 1 1
⇒√𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 𝑃
√ 2+ 2 √ 2+ 2
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
3. If the product of the intercepts made by the straight line 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 + 𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼 = 1
𝜋
(0 < 𝛼 < ) on the Coordinate axes is equal to sin 𝛼, find 𝛼.
2
4. Find the points on the line 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 1 = 0 which are at a distance of 5 units from the
point (3, 2).
𝑥−3 𝑦−2
= =1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
P is a point on 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 1 = 0
⇒ 9 + 15𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − 8 − 20𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 − 1 = 0
27
TSWREIS
3
⇒ 15𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 20𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 ⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 = 4.
4 3
Case (i) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 5 then
4 3
Coordinating P are [3 + 5 (5) 2 + 5 (5)] = (7, 5)
−4 −3
Case (ii) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = then
5 5
−4 −3
Coordinating P are [3 + 5 ( 5 ) 2 + 5 ( 5 )] = (−1, −1)
5. A straight line whose inclination with the positive direction of the x-axis measured in
the anticlock wise sense is 𝜋/3 makes positive intercept on the y-axis. If the straight line
is at a distance of 4 from the origin find its equation.
𝜋
Sol: Given 𝛼 = P=4
3
𝑚 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛60𝑜 = √3
𝑦 = √3 𝑥 + 𝑐 ⇒ √3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
Given c > 0 ∴ c = 8
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 4 ------- (2)
𝑃𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 6 -------- (3)
𝑥 𝑦 1
4 -5 3 4
3 -4 2 3
𝑥 𝑦 1 𝑥 𝑦 1
⇒ −16+15 = −10+12 = 9−8 ⇒ −1 = = 1 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 , 𝑦 = 2
2
28
TSWREIS
Since the lines are concurred, the point (-1, 2) lies on (3)
⇒ 𝑃(−1) + 4(2) − 6 = 0 ⇒ −𝑃 + 8 − 6 = 0
⇒ −𝑃 + 2 = 0 ⇒ −𝑃 = −2 ⇒ 𝑃 = 2
7. If Q(h, k) is the foot of the perpendicular from 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) on the straight line 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 =
0 then (ℎ − 𝑥1 ): 𝑎 = (𝑘 − 𝑦1 ): 𝑏 = −(𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐 ) ∶ 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 .
𝑎
Slope of 𝐿(𝑚1 ) = − 𝑏-
𝑘−𝑦1
Slope of PQ(m2) =
ℎ−𝑥1
ℎ−𝑥1 𝑘−𝑦1
= = 𝜆 say --------(1)
𝑎 𝑏
ℎ − 𝑥1 = 𝑎𝜆 𝑘 − 𝑦1 = 𝑏𝜆
ℎ = 𝑥1 + 𝑎𝜆 𝑘 = 𝑦1 + 𝑏𝜆
Q(h, k) is a point on L = 0
𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑎2 𝜆 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑏2 𝜆 + 𝑐 = 0
(𝑎2 + 𝑏2 )𝜆 = −𝑎𝑥1 − 𝑏𝑦1 − 𝑐
−(𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑦1 +𝑐)
𝜆= 𝑎 2+𝑏2
∴ (1) becomes
ℎ−𝑥1 𝑘−𝑦1 −(𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑦1 +𝑐)
= =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎2 +𝑏2
8. Find the foot of the perpendicular from (-1, 3) on the straight line 5𝑥 − 𝑦 − 18 = 0.
⇒ ℎ = 5 − 1 𝑘 = −1 + 3
⇒ℎ=4 𝑘=2
∴ (ℎ, 𝑘) = (4, 2)
9. If Q (h, k) is the image of the point 𝑃 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) with respect to the straight line 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 +
𝑐 = 0 then (ℎ − 𝑥1 ): 𝑎 = (𝑘 − 𝑦1 ): 𝑏 = −(𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐 ) ∶ 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 .
𝑎
Slope of 𝐿(𝑚1 ) = − 𝑏- P
𝑘−𝑦
Slope of PQ(m2) = ℎ−𝑥1
1
L ┴ PQ ↔ m1m2 = -1 M
𝑎 𝑘−𝑦
(− 𝑏 ) ( ℎ−𝑥1 ) = −1
1
ℎ−𝑥1 𝑘−𝑦1
= = 𝜆 say --------(1)
𝑎 𝑏
ℎ − 𝑥1 = 𝑎𝜆 𝑘 − 𝑦1 = 𝑏𝜆
ℎ = 𝑥1 + 𝑎𝜆 𝑘 = 𝑦1 + 𝑏𝜆
M is the midpoint of PQ
𝑥1+ℎ 𝑦1 +𝑘
𝑀=( , )
2 2
∴ (1) becomes
30
TSWREIS
10. Find the image of (1, -2) w.r.to the straight line 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 5 = 0.
ℎ−1
= −2 ⇒ h – 1 = –4 ⇒ h = – 3
2
𝑘+2
= −2 ⇒ k + 2 = 6 ⇒ k = 4
−3
∴ (ℎ, 𝑘) = (−3, 4)
𝜋
11. A straight line through Q(√3, 2) makes an angle 6 with the positive direction of x-axis. If
the straight line intersection the line √3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 8 = 0 at P. find the distance PQ.
√3 𝑟
= (√3 + 𝑟, 2 + 2)
2
√3 𝑟
= √3 (√3 + 2
𝑟) − 42 + 2 + 8 = 0
3 4𝑟
⇒ 3+2𝑟 − 8− +8=0
2
𝑟 𝑟
⇒3−2 =0 ⇒2=3 ⇒𝑟 =6
∴ 𝑃𝑄 = 6
31
TSWREIS
12. Find the equation of straight line passing through the origin and also through the point
of intersecting of the 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 5 = 0, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 = 0
Sol: Equation of the straight line passing through the point of intersecting L1, L2 is
L1 + λL2 = 0
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 5 + 𝜆(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1) = 0 ------------(1)
⇒ (2(0) – 0 + 5) + λ(0+0+1) = 0
⇒ 5 + λ = 0 ⇒ λ = –5
⇒ 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 5𝑥 − 5𝑦 − 5 = 0
⇒ −3𝑥 − 6𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0
1. Find the equation of the straight lines passing through the point (-10, 4) and making
on angle ‘θ’ with the line 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 10 such that 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 2.
Sol: equation of QR is 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 10
⇒ 𝑦 − 4 = 𝑚𝑥 + 10𝑚
⇒ 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑦 − 10𝑚 + 4 = 0 𝜃 𝜃
1
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
√5
32
TSWREIS
1 |𝑚+2|
⇒ = ⇒ √𝑚2 + 1 = |𝑚 + 2|
√5 √5√𝑚 2+1
𝑚2 + 1 = (𝑚 + 2)2 ⇒ 𝑚2 + 1 = 𝑚2 + 4𝑚 + 4
−3
⇒ 4𝑚 + 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 = 4
Case 1: Coefficient of m2 = 0
Equation of PR is 𝑥 + 10 = 0
−3
Case 2: 𝑚 = 4
Equation of PQ is
−3
𝑦−4 = (𝑥 + 10)
4
⇒ 4𝑦 − 16 = −3𝑥 − 30 ⇒ 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 16 + 30 = 0
⇒ 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 14 = 0
2. The base of an equilateral triangle is 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2 = 0 and the opposite vertex is (3, -1).
Find the equation of the remaining sides.
Sol: equation of BC is 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2 = 0
Slope of AB = m
Equation of AB is 𝑦 + 1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 2)
⇒ 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑦 − (2𝑚 + 1) = 0
|𝑚−1| 1 |𝑚−1|
𝑐𝑜𝑠60𝑜 = ⇒ = B 𝑥+𝑦−2 =0 C
√1+1.√𝑚 2 +1 √2 √2.√𝑚 2 +1
⇒ 𝑚2 + 1 = 2𝑚2 − 4𝑚 + 2 ⇒ 𝑚2 − 4𝑚 + 1 = 0
33
TSWREIS
4±√16−4 4±2√3
𝑚= = = 2 ± √3
2 2
⇒ 𝑚 = 2 ± √3
equation of AB ⇒ 𝑦 + 1 = (2 + √3)(𝑥 − 2)
equation of AC ⇒ 𝑦 + 1 = (2 + √3)(𝑥 − 2) .
3. Find the equation of the straight lines passing through the point (-3, 2) and making an
angle 45o with the straight line 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4 = 0.
|3𝑚+1| 1 |3𝑚+1|
𝑐𝑜𝑠45𝑜 = ⇒ =
√9+1 .√𝑚 2 +1 √ 2 √10 .√𝑚 2 +1
1 9𝑚 2 +6𝑚+1
= ⇒ 10(𝑚2 + 1) = 18𝑚2 + 12𝑚 + 2 Q 3x – y + 4 = 0 R
2 10(𝑚 2+1)
⇒ 8𝑚2 + 12𝑚 − 8 = 0
⇒ 2𝑚2 + 3𝑚 − 2 = 0
⇒ (𝑚 + 2)(2𝑚 − 1) = 0
1
𝑚 = −2 𝑚=2
𝑦 − 2 = −2(𝑥 + 3) ⇒ 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4 = 0
1
Case 2: 𝑚 = 2 then
34
TSWREIS
1
𝑦 − 2 = 2 (𝑥 + 3) ⇒ 2𝑦 − 4 = 𝑥 + 3
⇒ 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 7 = 0
4. Find the incenter of the triangle whose vertices are (1, √3), (2, 0) and (0, 0).
2
b = = AC = √(1 − 0)2 + (√3 − 0) = √1 + 3 = 2 A
2
a = BC = √(1 − 2)2 + (√3 − 0) = √1 + 3 = 2 c b
6 2 √3 1
= (6 , ) = (1, )
6 √3
1
∴ 𝐼 = (1, )
√3
5. Find the orthocenter of the triangle whose vertices are (-5, -7), (13, 2) and (-5, 6).
6−2 4 2
Slope of BC = −5−13 = −18 = − 9 A
AD ┴ BC
Slope of AD = 9/2 F E
9
Equation of AD ⇒ 𝑦 + 7 = 2 (𝑥 + 5)
⇒ 2𝑦 + 14 = 9𝑥 + 45 A D B
⇒ 9𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 31 = 0 --------- (1)
6+7 13
Slope of AC = = =∞
−5+5 0
AC ┴ BE
35
TSWREIS
Slope of BE = 0
⇒𝑦−2=0
⇒ 𝑦 − 2 = 0 --------- (2)
Intersecting point of (1) & (2) is our required orthocenter from (1) & (2)
9𝑥 − 2(2) + 31 = 0
⇒ 9𝑥 + 27 = 0 ⇒ 9𝑥 = −27
⇒ 𝑥 = −3
6. Find the orthocenter of the triangle whose vertices are (5, -2), (-1, 2), (1, 4).
4−2 2
Slope of BC = 𝑚 = 1+1 = 2 = 1 A
Slope of AD = –1
Equation of AD ⇒ 𝑦 + 2 = −1(𝑥 − 5) F E
⇒ 𝑦 + 2 = −𝑥 + 5
⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3 = 0 --------- (1) B D C
4+2 6 3
Slope of AC = = −4 = − 2
1−5
2
Slope of BE = 3
2
Equation of BE ⇒ 𝑦 − 2 = 3 (𝑥 + 1)
⇒ 3𝑦 − 6 = 2𝑥 + 2
⇒ 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 8 = 0 --------- (2)
𝑥 𝑦 1
36
TSWREIS
1 -3 1 1
-3 8 2 -3
𝑥 𝑦 1 𝑥 𝑦 1
⇒ 8−9 = −6−8 = −3−2 ⇒ −1 = −14 = −5
𝑥 1 1 𝑦 1 14
= ⇒𝑥= , = ⇒𝑦=
−1 −5 5 −14 −5 5
1 14
∴ orthocenter (O) = ( , )
5 5
BC : 7𝑥 + 𝑦 − 10 = 0 -------- (1) A
AC : 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5 = 0 --------- (2)
AB : 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2 = 0 ------------(3) B C
(2) – (3) ⇒ 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5 − (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2 = 0
⇒ −3𝑦 + 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 1
𝑦 = 1 in (2) ⇒ 𝑥 − 2(1) + 5 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 − 2 + 5 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −3
∴ A = (–3, 1)
(1) – (3) ⇒ 7𝑥 + 𝑦 − 10 − (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2) = 0 ⇒ 7𝑥 + 𝑦 − 10 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2 = 0
⇒6𝑥 − 12 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2
𝑥 = 2 in (3) ⇒ 2 + 𝑦 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −4
∴ B = (2, –4)
Slope of BC = –7
1
BC ┴ AD ⇒ Slope of AD = 7
37
TSWREIS
1
equation of AD ⇒ 𝑦 − 1 = 7 (𝑥 + 3)
7𝑦 − 7 = 𝑥 + 3 ⇒ 𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 10 = 0 ---------- (4)
1
Slope of AC = AC ┴ BE
2
Slope of BE = –2
⇒ 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 ----------- (5)
2 4
Orthocenter (O) = (− , )
3 3
8. Find the circumcenter of the triangle whose vertices are (1, 3), (0, -2) and (-3, 1).
We know that SA = SB = SC
SA = SB B C
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 1 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 + 9 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 4
⇒ −2𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 10 = 4𝑦 + 4
⇒ 2𝑥 + 10𝑦 − 6 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 3 = 0 ------- (1)
SB = SC
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 4 = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 1
⇒ 4𝑦 + 4 = 6𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 10
38
TSWREIS
⇒ 6𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 6 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0 ------- (2)
eq (1) – eq (2) ⇒ 𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 3 − (𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1) = 0 ⇒ 6𝑦 − 4 = 0
2
⇒ 6𝑦 = 4 ⇒ 𝑦 = 3
2 2 1
Put 𝑦 = 3 in 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 − 3 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 + 3 = 0
−1
⇒𝑥= 3
−1 2
∴ Circumcenter 𝑆(𝑥, 𝑦) = ( , )
3 3
9. Find the circumcenter of the triangle whose vertices are (1, 3), (-3, 5) and (5, -1).
We know that SA = SB = SC
SA = SB
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 1 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 + 9 = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9 + 𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 + 25
⇒ 8𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 24 = 0
⇒ 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 6 = 0 ------- (1)
SB = SC
⇒ 16𝑥 − 12𝑦 + 8 = 0
39
TSWREIS
⇒ 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2 = 0 ------- (2)
𝑥 𝑦 1
-1 6 2 -1
-3 2 4 -3
𝑥 𝑦 1 𝑥 𝑦 1
⇒ −2+18 = 24−4 = −6+4 ⇒ 16 = 20 = −2
16 20
⇒ 𝑥 = −2 = −8, 𝑦 = −2 = −10
10. If p and q are the length of the perpendiculars from the origin to the straight lines
𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼 + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝛼 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛼. Prove that 4𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 = 𝑎2 .
𝑎 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼.𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
⇒ = √𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ⇒ 𝑝 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
2 2 𝛼+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝛼
√𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝛼+𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝛼
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼.𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼
⇒ 𝑞 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛼
∴ 4𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 = 𝑎2
40
TSWREIS
4. PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES
(Weightage: 7 + 7 = 14M)
KEY POINTS
𝑎 = 𝑙1 𝑙2 , 2ℎ = 𝑙1 𝑚2 + 𝑙2 𝑚1 , 𝑏 = 𝑚1 𝑚2
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0 are L2 = 0 L1 = 0
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2
=±
√𝑎12 + 𝑏12 √𝑎22 + 𝑏22
The product of perpendicular drawn from a point to the pair of lines 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 +
𝑎𝛼2 +2ℎ𝛼𝛽+𝑏𝛽2
𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 is | |.
√(𝑎−𝑏)2+4ℎ 2
41
TSWREIS
(i) ∆= 𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑓𝑔ℎ − 𝑎𝑓 − 𝑏𝑔 − 𝑐ℎ = 0
2 2 2
Homogenisation: The equation of the pair of lines joining the origin to the points of
intersection of the curve 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 and the line 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 +
𝑛 = 0 is
2 2
𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 2
𝑎𝑥 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 + 2𝑔𝑥 ( ) + 2𝑓𝑦 ( )+𝑐( ) =0
−𝑛 −𝑛 −𝑛
The pair of lines of 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 are at right angles,
Coefficient of 𝑥 2 + coefficient of 𝑦 2 = 0 (or) 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 0
LEVEL – I (7 Marks)
1. Theorem 1: Show that the equation to the pair of bisectors of angles between the pair
of lines 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 is ℎ(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) = (𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑥𝑦.
𝑙1 𝑥 + 𝑚1 𝑦 = 0, 𝑙2 𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑦 = 0
= 𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑥 2 + (𝑙1 𝑚2 + 𝑙2 𝑚1 )𝑥𝑦 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑦 2
𝑎 = 𝑙1 𝑙2 , 2ℎ = 𝑙1 𝑚2 + 𝑙2 𝑚1 , 𝑏 = 𝑚1 𝑚2
𝑙1 𝑥+𝑚1 𝑦 𝑙2 𝑥+𝑚2 𝑦
Equation of the angular bisectors is =±
√𝑙12 +𝑚12 √𝑙22 +𝑚22
42
TSWREIS
(𝑙12 𝑥 2 + 𝑚12 𝑦 2 + 2𝑙1 𝑚1 𝑥𝑦)(𝑙22 + 𝑚23 ) = (𝑙22 𝑥 2 + 𝑚22 𝑦 2 + 2𝑙2 𝑚2 𝑥𝑦)(𝑙12 + 𝑚13 )
𝑙12 𝑙22 𝑥 2 + 𝑙22 𝑚12 𝑦 2 + 2𝑙1 𝑙22 𝑚1 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑙12 𝑚22 𝑥 2 + 𝑚12 𝑚22 𝑦 2 + 2𝑙1 𝑚1 𝑚22 𝑥𝑦
= 𝑙22 𝑙12 𝑥 2 + 𝑙12 𝑚22 𝑦 2 + 2𝑙12 𝑙2 𝑚2 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑙22 𝑚12 𝑥 2 + 𝑚12 𝑚22 𝑦 2 + 2𝑙2 𝑚12 𝑚2 𝑥𝑦
2ℎ(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) = 2𝑥𝑦(𝑎 − 𝑏)
⇒ ℎ(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) = 𝑥𝑦(𝑎 − 𝑏)
2. Theorem 2: Show that the product of perpendiculars from (𝛼, 𝛽 ) to the pair of lines
𝑎𝛼2 +2ℎ𝛼𝛽+𝑏𝛽2
𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 is | |’
√(𝑎−𝑏)2+4ℎ 2
𝑙1 𝑥 + 𝑚1 𝑦 = 0 ------- (1)
𝑙2 𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑦 = 0 -------- (2)
= 𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑥 2 + (𝑙1 𝑚2 + 𝑙2 𝑚1 )𝑥𝑦 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑦 2
𝑎 = 𝑙1 𝑙2 , 2ℎ = 𝑙1 𝑚2 + 𝑙2 𝑚1 , 𝑏 = 𝑚1 𝑚2
𝑙 𝛼+𝑚1 𝛽
The length of perpendicular from (𝛼, 𝛽 ) to line (1) is | 1 |
√𝑙12 +𝑚12
𝑙 𝛼+𝑚2 𝛽
The length of perpendicular from (𝛼, 𝛽 ) line (2) is | 2 |
√𝑙22 +𝑚22
𝑙 𝛼+𝑚1 𝛽 𝑙 𝛼+𝑚2 𝛽
∴ The product of perpendiculars = | 1 |.| 2 |
√𝑙12 +𝑚12 √𝑙22 +𝑚22
43
TSWREIS
𝑙1 𝑙2 𝛼2 +(𝑙1 𝑚2 +𝑙2 𝑚1 )𝛼𝛽+𝑚1𝑚2 𝛽2
=| |
√(𝑙1 𝑙2 −𝑚1 𝑚2 )2+2𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑚1 𝑚2 +(𝑙1 𝑙2 +𝑚1 𝑚2)2 −2𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑚1 𝑚2
𝑎𝛼2 +2ℎ𝛼𝛽+𝑏𝛽2
=| |
√(𝑎−𝑏)2 +4ℎ 2
𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = ( 𝑙1 𝑥 + 𝑚1 𝑦)(𝑙2 𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑦)
= 𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑥 2 + (𝑙1 𝑚2 + 𝑙2 𝑚1 )𝑥𝑦 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑦 2
𝑎 = 𝑙1 𝑙2 , 2ℎ = 𝑙1 𝑚2 + 𝑙2 𝑚1 , 𝑏 = 𝑚1 𝑚2
|𝑙1 𝑙2 +𝑚1𝑚2 |
=
√(𝑙1 𝑙2 −𝑚1 𝑚2 ) +2𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑚1 𝑚2 +(𝑙1 𝑙2 +𝑚1 𝑚2 )2 −2𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑚1 𝑚2
2
|𝑎+𝑏| 𝑎+𝑏
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = = | |
√(𝑎−𝑏)2+(2ℎ)2 √(𝑎−𝑏)2 +4ℎ 2
4. Theorem 4: Show that the area of the triangle formed by the lines 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0
𝑛 2√ℎ 2 −𝑎𝑏
and 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0 is |𝑎𝑚2 .
−2ℎ𝑙𝑚+𝑏𝑙2 |
𝑙1 𝑥 + 𝑚1 𝑦 = 0 ------------ (1)
𝑙2 𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑦 = 0 ----------- (2)
𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = ( 𝑙1 𝑥 + 𝑚1 𝑦)(𝑙2 𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑦)
= 𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑥 2 + (𝑙1 𝑚2 + 𝑙2 𝑚1 )𝑥𝑦 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑦 2
𝑎 = 𝑙1 𝑙2 , 2ℎ = 𝑙1 𝑚2 + 𝑙2 𝑚1 , 𝑏 = 𝑚1 𝑚2
44
TSWREIS
Let the given line 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0 --------- (3)
𝑥 𝑦 1
𝑥 𝑦 1 = 0−𝑛𝑙 = 𝑙
𝑚1 𝑛−0 1 1 𝑚−𝑙𝑚1
𝑚1 𝑛 −𝑛𝑙1
𝑚1 0 𝑙1 𝑚1 ⇒𝑥=𝑙 ,𝑦=𝑙
1 𝑚−𝑙𝑚1 1 𝑚−𝑙𝑚1
𝑚1 𝑛 −𝑛𝑙1
𝑚 𝑛 𝑙 𝑚 ∴ 𝐴 = (𝑙 , ) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
1 𝑚−𝑙𝑚1 𝑙1 𝑚−𝑙𝑚1
𝑥 𝑦 1
𝑥 𝑦 1 = 0−𝑛𝑙 = 𝑙
𝑚2 𝑛−0 2 2 𝑚−𝑙𝑚2
𝑚2 𝑛 −𝑛𝑙2
𝑚2 0 𝑙2 𝑚2 ⇒𝑥=𝑙 ,𝑦=𝑙
2 𝑚−𝑙𝑚2 2 𝑚−𝑙𝑚2
𝑚2 𝑛 −𝑛𝑙2
𝑚 𝑛 𝑙 𝑚 ∴ B= ( , ) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
𝑙2 𝑚−𝑙𝑚2 𝑙2 𝑚−𝑙𝑚2
1
∴ Area of ∆𝑂𝐴𝐵 with vertices O(0, 0), 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) is ∆ = |𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑥2 𝑦1 |
2
1 𝑚1 𝑛 −𝑛𝑙2 𝑚2 𝑛 −𝑛𝑙1
= 2 |𝑙 .𝑙 −𝑙 .𝑙 |
1 𝑚−𝑙𝑚1 2 𝑚−𝑙𝑚2 2 𝑚−𝑙𝑚2 1 𝑚−𝑙𝑚1
𝑛 2√ℎ 2 −4𝑎𝑏
Area of ∆𝑂𝐴𝐵 = |𝑎𝑚2 −2ℎ𝑙𝑚+𝑏𝑙2 |
𝑙1 𝑥 + 𝑚1 𝑦 + 𝑛1 = 0 -------- (1)
𝑙2 𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑦 + 𝑛2 = 0 ---------- (2)
(𝑚1 𝑛2 + 𝑚2 𝑛1 )𝑦 + 𝑛1 𝑛2 = 0
𝑎 = 𝑙1 𝑙2 , 2ℎ = 𝑙1 𝑚2 + 𝑙2 𝑚1 , 2𝑔 = 𝑙1 𝑛2 + 𝑙2 𝑛1 , 2𝑓 = 𝑚1 𝑛2 + 𝑚2 𝑛1 , 𝑐 = 𝑛1 𝑛2
Consider,
8𝑓𝑔ℎ = 𝑙1 𝑙2 (𝑚12 𝑛22 + 𝑚22 𝑛12 ) + 𝑚1 𝑚2 (𝑙12 𝑛22 + 𝑙22 𝑛12 ) + 𝑛1 𝑛2 (𝑙12 𝑚22 + 𝑙22 𝑚12 ) + 2𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑛1 𝑛2
= 𝑙1 𝑙2 [(𝑚12 𝑛22 + 𝑚22 𝑛12 )2 − 2𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑛1 𝑛2 ] + 𝑚1 𝑚2 [(𝑙12 𝑛22 + 𝑙22 𝑛12 )2 − 2𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑛1 𝑛2 ] +
𝑛1 𝑛2 [(𝑙12 𝑚22 + 𝑙22 𝑚12 )2 − 2𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑛1 𝑛2 ] + 2𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑛1 𝑛2
= (𝑙1 𝑚2 − 𝑙2 𝑚1 )2 ≥ 0
∴ 4ℎ2 ≥ 4𝑎𝑏 ⇒ ℎ2 ≥ 𝑎𝑏
𝑙1 𝑥 + 𝑚1 𝑦 + 𝑛1 = 0 -------- (1)
𝑙2 𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑦 + 𝑛2 = 0 ---------- (2)
46
TSWREIS
𝑙(𝑛1 +𝑛2) 𝑚(𝑛1 +𝑛2)
⇒ ℎ = 𝑙𝑚, 𝑔 = , 𝑓=
2 2
(i) ℎ2 = (𝑙𝑚)2 = 𝑙 2 𝑚2
𝑎𝑏 = 𝑙 2 𝑚2 ∴ ℎ2 = 𝑎𝑏
𝑚(𝑛1+𝑛2 ) 2 𝑙2 𝑚 2 (𝑛1+𝑛2 )2
(ii) 𝑎𝑓 2 = 𝑙 2 ( ) =
2 4
𝑙2 (𝑛1+𝑛2 )2
= 𝑚2 ( ) = 𝑏𝑔2
4
∴ 𝑎𝑓 2 = 𝑏𝑔2
|𝑐1 −𝑐2 |
(iii) The distance between the parallel line is √𝑙2 +𝑚 2
2 2
√(2𝑔) −4𝑐 √4𝑔2 −4𝑐
= 𝑙
= 𝑙
√𝑎+𝑏 √𝑎+𝑏
2
√4𝑔 −4𝑐
𝑔2 −𝑎𝑐
= 𝑎
= 2√𝑎(𝑎+𝑏)
√𝑎+𝑏
𝑓2 −𝑎𝑐
Distance between the parallel lines = 2√𝑏(𝑎+𝑏)
-3 -5 2 -3
47
TSWREIS
𝑚 = 1, 𝑙 = −1
∴ 6𝑥 2 − 5𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑦 2 + 𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 1 = (3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 1)(2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 1)
The above lines are mutually perpendicular and hence they form a rectangle.
1 1
The distance between pair of opposite lines 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0, 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 1 = 0 is =
√ 9+4 √13
1 1
The distance between 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 0 and 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 1 = 0 is =
√9+4 √13
−13 1 23
𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = −7, 𝑐 = −6, ℎ = , 𝑔 = 2, 𝑓 =
2 2
23 1 −13 23 2 1 2 −13 2
= 2(−7)(−6) + 2 [ 2 ] [2] [ ]− 2[ ] +7[ ] +6[ ] =0
2 2 2 2
1 3 1 1+48 49
and 𝑔2 − 𝑎𝑐 = [2] − 2(−6) = 4 + 12 = = > 0 ⇒ 𝑔2 > 𝑎𝑐
4 4
|𝑎+𝑏|
If 𝜃 is the acute angle between the lines 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = .
√(𝑎−𝑏)2+4ℎ 2
|2−7| 5 5 1 1
= =5 = ⇒ 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
√((2+7)2 +(−13)2 √81+169 √10 √10 √10
ℎ𝑓−𝑏𝑔 𝑔ℎ−𝑎𝑓 19 7
∴ Point of intersection = [ , ]= [ , ]
𝑎𝑏−ℎ 2 𝑎𝑏−ℎ 2 15 15
48
TSWREIS
9. Show that the given equation 2𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑦 + 7𝑦 − 2 = 0 represents a pair of straight
2 2
lines.
1 7
𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = −6, 𝑐 = −2, ℎ = 2 , 𝑔 = 0, 𝑓 = 2
1 1 7 2 1 2
= 2(−6)(−2) + 2 [2] (0) [2] − 2 [2] + 6[0]2 + 2 [2] = 0
1 2 1 49
Also, ℎ2 − 𝑎𝑏 = [2] − 2(−6) = 4 + 12 = > 0 ⇒ ℎ2 > 𝑎𝑏
4
7 2 49 1
and 𝑓 2 − 𝑏𝑐 = [2] − (−6)(−2) = − 12 = 4 > 0 ⇒ 𝑓 2 > 𝑏𝑐
4
7 5 5
𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = 2, 𝑐 = 2, ℎ = 2 , 𝑔 = 2 , 𝑓 = 2
5 5 7 5 2 5 2 7 2
= 3(2)(2) + 2 [2] [2] [2] − 3 [2] − 2 [2] − 2 [2] = 0
7 2 49 49−24 25
Also, ℎ2 − 𝑎𝑏 = [2] − 3(2) = −6 = = > 0 ⇒ ℎ2 > 𝑎𝑏
4 4 4
5 3 25 25−24 1
and 𝑔2 − 𝑎𝑐 = [2] − 3(2) = −6 = = 4 > 0 ⇒ 𝑔2 > 𝑎𝑐
4 4
49
TSWREIS
5 2 25 25−16 9
and 𝑓 2 − 𝑏𝑐 = [2] − (2)(2) = −4= = 4 > 0 ⇒ 𝑓 2 > 𝑏𝑐
4 4
ℎ𝑓−𝑏𝑔 𝑔ℎ−𝑎𝑓 −3 −1
∴ Point of intersection = [𝑎𝑏−ℎ2 , 𝑎𝑏−ℎ2 ] = [ 5 , ]
5
HOMOGENISATTION MODEL
12. Find the angle between the lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the
curve 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 5 = 0 and the line 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0.
⇒ 𝑦 − 3𝑥 = 1 -------- (2)
|𝑎+𝑏| |25+1| 26 26 26
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = .= = = = .
√(𝑎−𝑏)2 +4ℎ 2 √(25−1)2 +(−14)2 √576+196 √772 2√193
13 13
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = ⇒ 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [ ]
√193 √193
50
TSWREIS
13. Show that the lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the curve 𝑥 2 −
𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2 = 0 and line 𝑥 − 𝑦 − √2 = 0 are mutually perpendicular.
𝑥−𝑦
Given line 𝑥 − 𝑦 − √2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑦 = √2 ⇒ = 1 ------ (2)
√2
⇒ 3𝑥 2 + √2𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 = 0
Clearly 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 3 − 3 = 0
14. Find the value of K, if the lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the
2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1 = 0 and the line 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 𝐾are mutually perpendicular.
𝑥+2𝑦
Given line 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 𝐾 ⇒ = 1 ------ (2)
𝐾
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TSWREIS
2 2
𝑎 = 2𝐾 + 2𝐾 − 1, 𝑏 = 3𝐾 − 2𝐾 − 4
⇒ 2𝐾 2 + 2𝐾 − 1 + 3𝐾 2 − 2𝐾 − 4 = 0 ⇒ 5𝐾 2 − 5 = 0
⇒ 5𝐾 2 = 5 ⇒ 𝐾 2 = 1 ⇒ 𝐾 = ±1
15. Show that the lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the curve 7𝑥 2 −
4𝑥𝑦 + 8𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 8 = 0 with the line 3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2 are mutually perpendicular.
3𝑥−𝑦
Given line 3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2 ⇒ = 1 ------ (2) y
2
⇒ −8𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 8𝑦 2 = 0 ⇒ 8𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 8𝑦 2 = 0
Clearly 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 8 − 8 = 0
16. Find the angle between the pair of lines represented by the equation 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥𝑦 +
12𝑦 2 = 0
|𝑎+𝑏| |1+12| 13 13
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = .= = = .
√(𝑎−𝑏)2 +(2ℎ)2 √(1−12)2+(−7)2 √121+49 √170
13 13
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = ⇒ 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [ ]
√170 √170
52
TSWREIS
17. Write drawn the equations of the pair of straight lines joining the origin to the points of
intersection of the line 6𝑥 − 𝑦 + 8 = 0 with the pair of straight lines 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑦 2 −
11𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 6 = 0. Show that the lines so obtained make equal angles with the
coordinate axes.
𝑦−6𝑥
Given line 6𝑥 − 𝑦 + 8 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 − 6𝑥 = 8 ⇒ = 1 ------ (2)
8
⇒ 468𝑥 2 − 117𝑦 2 = 0 ⇒ 4𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 0
18. Find the condition for the chord 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 = 1 of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 (whose centre is
the origin) to subtend a right angle at the origin.
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 (𝑙 2 𝑚2 + 𝑚2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑙𝑥𝑚𝑦)
⇒ 𝑎2 𝑙 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑚2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑎2 𝑙𝑥𝑚𝑦 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 0
53
TSWREIS
Then we get 𝐴 = 𝑎 𝑙 − 1, 𝐻 = 𝑎 𝑙𝑚, 𝐵 = 𝑎 𝑚 − 1
2 2 2 2 2
⇒ 𝑎2 𝑙 2 − 1 + 𝑎2 𝑚2 − 1 = 0
⇒ 𝑎 2 𝑙 2 + 𝑎 2 𝑚 2 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎 2 (𝑙 2 + 𝑚 2 ) = 2
19. Find the condition for the lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the
circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 and the line 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 = 1to coincide.
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 (𝑙 2 𝑚2 + 𝑚2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑙𝑥𝑚𝑦)
⇒ 𝑎2 𝑙 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑚2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑎2 𝑙𝑥𝑚𝑦 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 0
⇒ 𝑎2 𝑙 2 − 1 + 𝑎2 𝑚2 − 1 = 0
⇒ 𝑎 2 𝑙 2 + 𝑎 2 𝑚 2 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎 2 (𝑙 2 + 𝑚 2 ) = 2
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TSWREIS
LEVEL – 2 (7 Marks)
1. Show that the product of the perpendicular distance from the origin to the pair of
|𝑐|
straight lines represented by 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 is .
√(𝑎−𝑏)2+4ℎ 2
𝑙1 𝑥 + 𝑚1 𝑦 + 𝑛1 = 0 -------- (1)
𝑙2 𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑦 + 𝑛2 = 0 ---------- (2)
∴ 𝑙1 𝑙2 = 𝑎, 𝑙1 𝑚2 + 𝑙2 𝑚1 = 2ℎ, 𝑚1 𝑚2 = 𝑏, 𝑛1 𝑛2 = 𝑐
|𝑛1| |𝑛2 |
∴ Product of perpendicular = ×
√𝑙12 +𝑚12 √𝑙22 +𝑚22
|𝑛1 𝑛2 | |𝑛1 𝑛2 |
= =
√𝑙12 𝑙22 +𝑙12 𝑚22 +𝑚12 𝑙22 +𝑚12 𝑚22 √(𝑙1 𝑙2 )2 +(𝑙1 𝑚2 +𝑙2 𝑚1 )2 −2𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑚1 𝑚2 +(𝑚1 +𝑚2 )2
|𝑐| |𝑐|
= =
√𝑎 2 + (2ℎ)2−2𝑎𝑏+𝑏2 √(𝑎−𝑏)2 +4ℎ 2
2. If the point of intersection of the pair of lines 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 and
hence deduce that 𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑓𝑔ℎ − 𝑎𝑓 2 − 𝑏𝑓 2 − 𝑐ℎ2 from above.
Let 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) be the point of intersection of the pair of lines shifting the origin to 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
by translation of axes, the equation changes to.
𝑥 𝑦 1
𝑥 𝑦 1 1
⇒ ℎ𝑓−𝑏𝑔 1
= ℎ𝑓−𝑏𝑔 = 𝑎𝑏−ℎ2
h g a h
b f h b
ℎ𝑓−𝑏𝑔 𝑔ℎ−𝑎𝑓
⇒ 𝑥1 = 𝑎𝑏−ℎ2 , 𝑦1 = 𝑎𝑏−ℎ 2
ℎ𝑓−𝑏𝑔 𝑔ℎ−𝑎𝑓
∴ Point of intersection (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = [𝑎𝑏−ℎ2 , ]
𝑎𝑏−ℎ 2
ℎ𝑓−𝑏𝑔 𝑔ℎ−𝑎𝑓
But, point of intersection [ 𝑎𝑏−ℎ2 , ] satisfies (𝑔𝑥1 + 𝑓𝑦1 + 𝑐 ) = 0
𝑎𝑏−ℎ 2
ℎ𝑓−𝑏𝑔 𝑔ℎ−𝑎𝑓
⇒ 𝑔 [𝑎𝑏−ℎ2 ] + 𝑓 [ 𝑎𝑏−ℎ2 ] + 𝑐 = 0
3. Find the centroid and area of the triangle formed by the lines 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 0 and
2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 6.
⇒ 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 0 ⇒ 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 0
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TSWREIS
Solving (2) & (3) we get A
𝑥 𝑦 1
𝑥 𝑦 1 ⇒ 6+0 = 0+18 = −3+2
𝑥 𝑦 1
-1 0 3 -1 ⇒ 6 = 18 = −1
-1 -6 2 -1 ⇒ 𝑥 = −6, 𝑦 = −18
𝑥 𝑦 1
𝑥 𝑦 1 ⇒ 0−6 = −6−0 = −2+1
𝑥 𝑦 1
-1 -6 2 -1 ⇒ = =
−6 −6 −1
-1 0 1 -1 ⇒ 𝑥 = 6, 𝑦 = 6
1 1
Area of ∆𝑂𝐴𝐵 = 2 |𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑥2 𝑦1 | = 2 |(−6)(6) − 6(−18)|
1 1
= |−36 + 108| = |72| = 36 sq. units
2 2
4. Find the centroid and area of the triangle formed by the lines 2𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑥 2 = 0 and
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4 = 0.
(2) ⇒ 𝑦 = −(𝑥 + 𝑦)
⇒ 3𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 − 32 = 0 ⇒ 3𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 32 = 0
−4
⇒ 3𝑥(𝑥 − 8) + 4(𝑥 − 8) = 0 ⇒ (𝑥 − 8)(3𝑥 + 4) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 8, 3
𝑥 = 8 ⇒ 𝑦 = −(8 + 4) ⇒ 𝑦 = −12
4 −8
∴ Another point of intersection B[− 3 , ]
3
57
TSWREIS
Also the pair of line 2𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑥 = 0 intersect at O(0, 0)
2 2
4 8
0+8− 0−12− 24−4 −36−8 20 −44
∴ Centroid of ∆𝑂𝐴𝐵= [ 3
, 3
]=[ , ]=[ , ]
3 3 9 9 9 9
1 1 8 4
Area of ∆𝑂𝐴𝐵 = 2 |𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑥2 𝑦1 | = 2 |8 (− 3) − (− 3) (−12)|
1 64 1 −64−48 112 56
= 2 |− − 16| = 2 | |= = sq. units
3 3 6 3
(2) ⇒ 2𝑥 = 3𝑦 − 4
⇒ 4𝑦 2 − 32𝑦 + 48 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 + 12 = 0 ⇒ (𝑦 − 2)(𝑦 = 6) = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2, 6
5 5 2
⇒ 𝑚(12)(−3) + 2(−8) (2) (−5) − 𝑚(−8)2 − 12 (2) + 3(−5)2 = 0
58
TSWREIS
|𝑎+𝑏| 14 14 7
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = .= = = .
√(𝑎−𝑏)2 +4ℎ 2 √100+100 √200 √50
7 7
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = ⇒ 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [ ]
√50 √50
ℎ𝑓−𝑏𝑔 𝑔ℎ−𝑎𝑓 7
∴ Point of intersection = [𝑎𝑏−ℎ2 , ] = [−10, − ]
𝑎𝑏−ℎ 2 2
7. Theorem 7 : If (𝛼, 𝛽) is the centroid of the triangle formed 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 and the
𝛼 𝛽 2
line 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 = 1, then prove that 𝑏𝑙−ℎ𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚−ℎ𝑙 = 3(𝑎𝑚2 −2ℎ𝑙𝑚+𝑏𝑙2 ).
𝑙1 𝑥 + 𝑚1 𝑦 = 0 ------------ (1)
𝑙2 𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑦 = 0 ----------- (2)
𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = ( 𝑙1 𝑥 + 𝑚1 𝑦)(𝑙2 𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑦)
= 𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑥 2 + (𝑙1 𝑚2 + 𝑙2 𝑚1 )𝑥𝑦 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑦 2
𝑎 = 𝑙1 𝑙2 , 2ℎ = 𝑙1 𝑚2 + 𝑙2 𝑚1 , 𝑏 = 𝑚1 𝑚2
𝑥 𝑦 1
𝑥 𝑦 1 = 0∓𝑙 = 𝑙
−𝑚1 −0 1 1 𝑚−𝑙𝑚1
−𝑚1 𝑙1
𝑚1 0 𝑙1 𝑚1 ⇒𝑥=𝑙 ,𝑦=𝑙
1 𝑚−𝑙𝑚1 1 𝑚−𝑙𝑚1
−𝑚1 𝑙1
𝑚 −1 𝑙 𝑚 ∴ 𝐴 = (𝑙 ,𝑙 ) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
1 𝑚−𝑙𝑚1 1 𝑚−𝑙𝑚1
−𝑚2 𝑙2
Similarly solving (2) & (3) we get (B) ∴ 𝐵 = (𝑙 , ) = (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 )
2 𝑚−𝑙𝑚2 𝑙2 𝑚−𝑙𝑚2
−𝑚1 𝑙1 −𝑚2 𝑙2
0+ + 0+ +
=( 𝑙1 𝑚−𝑙𝑚1 𝑙1𝑚−𝑙𝑚1 𝑙2 𝑚−𝑙𝑚2 𝑙2𝑚−𝑙𝑚2
, )
3 3
59
TSWREIS
1 −𝑚1 −𝑚2 1 𝑙1 𝑙2
∴ 𝛼 = 3 [𝑙 +𝑙 ] and 𝛽 = [ +𝑙 ]
1 𝑚−𝑙𝑚1 2 𝑚−𝑙𝑚2 3 𝑙 1 𝑚−𝑙𝑚1 2 𝑚−𝑙𝑚2
1 2𝑏𝑙−2ℎ𝑚 1 2𝑎𝑚−2ℎ𝑙
⇒ 𝛼 = 3 [𝑎𝑚2−2ℎ𝑙𝑚+𝑏𝑙2 ], 𝛽 = 3 [𝑎𝑚2 −2ℎ𝑙𝑚+𝑏𝑙2 ]
𝛼 2 𝛽 2
= 𝑏𝑙−ℎ𝑚 = 3(𝑎𝑚2−2ℎ𝑙𝑚+𝑏𝑙2 ), = 3(𝑎𝑚2 −2ℎ𝑙𝑚+𝑏𝑙2 )
𝑎𝑚−ℎ𝑙
𝛼 𝛽 2
∴ = =
𝑏𝑙−ℎ𝑚 𝑎𝑚−ℎ𝑙 3(𝑎𝑚 2−2ℎ𝑙𝑚+𝑏𝑙2 )
8. Show that lines represented by (𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦)2 − 3(𝑚𝑥 − 𝑙𝑦)2 = 0 and 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0 form
𝑛2
an equilateral triangle with area . O(0, 0)
√3(𝑙2 +𝑚 2)
2
⇒ (𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦)2 − [√3(𝑚𝑥 − 𝑙𝑦)] = 0
𝑙2 +𝑚 2 𝑙2 +𝑚 2 1 1
= = 2(𝑙2 +𝑚2) = 2 ∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = 2 ⇒ 𝐵 = 60𝑜
√4𝑙2 +4𝑚 2√𝑙2 +𝑚 2
Also the lines (1), (2), (3) intersects pair wise so, angle between (1) & (2) is
∴ ∆OAB is equilateral
60
TSWREIS
|𝑙(0)+𝑚(0)+𝑛| |𝑛|
ℎ= = √𝑙2
√𝑙2 +𝑚 2 +𝑚 2
ℎ2 ℎ2
∴ Area of ∆OAB = =
√ 3 √3(𝑙2 +𝑚 2)
⇒ (𝑥 + 2𝑦)2 + 5𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 4 = 0 D C
= (𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑙 )(𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑚)
4
𝑙 + 𝑚 = 5, 𝑙𝑚 = 4 ⇒ 𝑚 =
𝑙
4 𝑙2 +4
⇒𝑙+𝑙 =5⇒ =5
𝑙
⇒ 𝑙 2 + 4 = 5𝑙 ⇒ 𝑙 2 − 5𝑙 + 4 = 0 ⇒ (𝑙 − 1)(𝑙 − 4) = 0
Take 𝑙 = 1 ⇒ 𝑚 = 4
Also, 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 3 = 0 ⇒ (𝑦 − 3)(𝑦 − 1) = 0
The lines (1) and (2) are parallel, and (3) & (4) are parallel
∴ A = (-7, 3)
∴ B = (-3, 1)
61
TSWREIS
Solving (2) & (4) we get (1) ⇒ 𝑥 + 2(1) + 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −6
∴ AC = (-7, 3)
∴ D = (-10, 3)
62
TSWREIS
CHAPTER 5 : 3D COORDINATES
KEY POINTS
63
TSWREIS
LEVEL 1 (2Marks)
But AB = 9 ⇒ AB2 = 81
⇒ (𝑥 − 5)2 + 72 = 81
⇒ (𝑥 − 5)2 = 9 ⇒ 𝑥 − 5 = ±3
⇒ 𝑥 = 3 + 5 (or) 𝑥 = −3 + 5
∴ 𝑥 = 8, 2
2. Show that the points (1, 2, 3), (2, 3, 1), (3, 1, 2) form an equilateral triangle.
Sol: Let the given points are A (1, 2, 3), B (2, 3, 1), C(3, 1, 2) A
Clearly AB = BC = AC
3. Show that the points (2, 3, 5), (-1, 5, -1) and (4, -3, 2) form a right angles isosceles
triangle.
4. Show that ABCD is a square where A, B, C, D are the points (0, 4, 1), (2, 3, -1), (4, 5, 0)
and (2, 6, 2) respectively.
Sol: Let
Clearly AB = BC = CD = DA and AC = BD
∴ A, B, C, D forms a square.
5. Show that the points (1, 2, 3), 7, 0, 1), (-2, 3, 4) are collinear.
D. r’s of ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 are C
D. r’s are 𝐴𝐶
̅̅̅̅ are A
(-2-1, 3 – 2, 4 – 3) = (-3, 1, 1)
6. Find the ratio in which yz – plane divides the lines joining A(2, 4, 5) and B(3, 5, -4). Also
fin the point of intersection.
Sol: The ratio in which yz-plane divides the line joining A(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ), 𝐵(𝑥1 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) is
−𝑥1 ∶ 𝑥2 = -2 : 3
7. Find the ratio in which xz-plane divides the line joining A(-2, 3, 4) and B(1, 2, 3).
8. Find the centroid of the triangle with vertices A(5, 4, 6), B(1, -1, 3), C(4, 3, 2).
9. In ∆ABC, the centroid is the origin and the vertices of A, B are (1, 1, 1) and (-2, 4, 1)
respectively, then find C.
𝑥−1
⇒ =0⇒𝑥−1=0 ⇒𝑥 =1 A B
3
𝑦+5
⇒ = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 + 5 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −5,
3
𝑧+2
⇒ = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 = −2
3
10. Find the centroid of tetrahedron vertices are (2, 3, -4), (-3, 3, -2), (-1, 4, 2), (3, 5, 1).
66
TSWREIS
2−3−1+3 3+3+4+5 −4±2+2+1
=[ , , ]
4 4 4
1 15 −3
= [4 , , ]
4 4
11. If (3, 2, -1), (4, 1, 1) and (6, 2, 5) are three vertices and (4, 2, 2) is the centroid of a
tetrahedron. Find the fourth vertex.
Let D(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
13+𝑥
⇒ = 4 ⇒ 13 + 𝑥 = 16 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3,
4
5+𝑦
⇒ = 2 ⇒ 5 + 𝑦 = 8 ⇒ 𝑦 = 3,
4
5+𝑧
⇒ = 2 ⇒ 5+𝑧 = 8 ⇒ 𝑧 = 3
4
12. Fin the fourth vertex of the parallelogram whose consecutive vertices are (2, 4, -1),
(3, 6, -1) and (4, 5, 1).
Sol: (2, 4, -1), (3, 6, -1) and (4, 5, 1) are the consecutive vertices of a parallelogram,
= (𝑥1 + 𝑥3 − 𝑥2 , 𝑦1 + 𝑦3 − 𝑦2 , 𝑧1 + 𝑧3 − 𝑧2 )
= (2 + 4 – 3, 4 + 5 - 6, -1 + 1 +1) = (3, 3, 1)
1. Find the distance between the points (3, 4, -2), (1, 0, 7).
2. Show that the points A(-4, 9, 6), B(-1, 6, 6) and C(0, 7, 10) form a right angled triangle.
3. Show that the points A(3, -2, 4), B(1, 1, 1) and C(-1, 4, -2) are collinear.
4. Show that the points (5, 4, 2), (6, 2, -1) and (8, -2, -7) are collinear.
67
TSWREIS
6. DIRECTIONCOSINES AND DIRECTION RATIOS
Direction Cosines of a line: If a ray makes angles α, β, ϒ with the three coordinate axes then (cos α, cos
β, cos ϒ) are called direction cosines (d.c’s) denoted by (𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛).
If (𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛) are direction cosines of line then 𝑙 2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 = 1.
The d.r.’s of the line joining 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ), 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) are (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 , 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 , 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ).
𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑧2 −𝑧1
The d.c’s of the line joining 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ), 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) are ± [ , , ]
2 2 2
Direction Ratios of a line: An ordered triple of numbers which are proportional to the d.c.’s of a line, is
called the Direction Ratios(D.r’s) of a line.
If (𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐) are direction ratios, (𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛) are direction cosines of a lines then 𝑎: 𝑏: 𝑐 = 𝑙: 𝑚: 𝑛..
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
The d.c.’s of the line whose d.r’s are (a, b, c) are ± [ , , ]
√𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2 √𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2 √𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2
If 𝜃 is the acute angle between the lines whose direction ratios are (𝑎1 , 𝑏1 , 𝑐1 ), (𝑎2 , 𝑏2 , 𝑐2 ) then
|𝑎1 𝑎2 +𝑏1 𝑏2 +𝑐1 𝑐2 |
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
√𝑎12 +𝑏12 +𝑐12 √𝑎22 +𝑏22 +𝑐22
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
i) Parallel ⟺ = =
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
ii) Perpendicular ⟺ a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2 = 0
68
TSWREIS
LEVEL - 1
1. Find the distance between the midpoint of the line segment 𝐴𝐵
̅̅̅̅ and the point (3, -1, 2)
where A= (6,3, -4) and B= (-2, -1, 2).
Sol: Midpoint of AB
6−2 3−1 −4+2
=[ 2
, 2
, 2
] = (2, 1, -1)
= √14 Units
2. If the point (1, 2, 3) is changed to the point (2, 3, 1) through translation of axes, find the new
origin.
3. A line makes angles 90 ° , 60 ° and 30 ° with the positive direction of x. y, z axes respectively.
Find the direction cosines.
69
TSWREIS
5. If a line makes angles of α, β, 𝛾 with the positive direction of x, y, z axes. What is the value of
sin2 α + sin2 β + sin2ϒ ?
Sol: If a line makes angle of α, β, ϒ with the positive direction of x, y, z axes then
√3 1 2√3
±[ , , ]
2 2 2 2
√(√3 ) +12 +(2√3 ) √(√3 ) +12 +(2√3 ) √(√3 ) +12 +(2√3 )2
2
√3 1 2√3
= ±[ , , ]
√3+1+12 √3+1+12 √3+1+12
√3 1 2√3 √3 1 2√3
=±[ , , ] =± [ , , ]
√16 √16 √16 4 4 4
√3 1 √3
=±[ , , ]
4 4 2
7. Find the d.c.’s of the line joining points (4, -7, 3) and (6, -5, 2)
d.r’s of ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 are
∴ d.c.’s of ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 are
2 1 √3 2 2 −1
= [ , , ]= [ ,
3 3
, 3
]
√4+4+1 √4+4+1 √ 4+4+1
8. Find the direction cosines of the line joining the points (-4, 1, 7) , (2, -3, 2).
d.r’s of 𝐴𝐵
̅̅̅̅̅ are
∴ d.c.’s of 𝐴𝐵
̅̅̅̅̅ are (2 + 4, -3-1, 2 – 7)
−6 4 5
= [ , , ]
√77 √77 √77
70
TSWREIS
9. Find the d.c.’s of a line that makes equal angles with the axes.
Sol: Let α be the angle made by a line with x – axis then d.c.’s of the line are (cos α, cos α, cos α)
1 1 5
∴ d.c.’s of the line are ± [ , , ]
√3 √3 √3
1 1 1
10. If the d.c.’s of a line are [𝑐 , 𝑐
, 𝑐
] then find ‘c’.
11. Find the angle between the lines whose direction ratios are (1, 1, 2) , ( √3, √3, 0)
|1√3−√3+ 0|
= ⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 0
√6 √6
⇒ 𝜃 = 90𝑜
12. O is the origin, P (2, 3, 4) and Q (1, k, 1) are points such that ̅̅̅̅̅ 𝑂𝑄 , then find ‘k’.
𝑂𝑃 ⊥ ̅̅̅̅̅
⇒ 2 + 3k + 4 = 0 ⇒ 3k + 6 = 0
⇒ k = -2
13. Show that the points (4, 7, 8) , (2, 3, 4) , (-1, -2, 1), (1, 2, 5) are vertices of a parallelogram.
Sol: Let the points are A(4, 7, 8), B(2, 3, 4) , C (-1, -2, 1) , D(1, 2, 5)
4−1 7−2 8+1
Mid point of AC = [ 2
, 2
, 2
] D C
3 5 9
=[ , , ]
2 2 2
14. The direction ratios of a line are (-6, 2, 3). Find its direction cosines.
15. If the d.c.’s of a line are proportional to (1, -2, 1) find its d.c.’s.
71
TSWREIS
LEVEL – 1 (7 Marks)
1. Find angle between the lines whose direction cosines satisfy the equations 𝑙 + 𝑚 + 𝑛 = 0, 𝑙 2 +
𝑚 2 − 𝑛2 = 0
𝑙 2 + 𝑚 2 − 𝑛2 = 0 -------- (2)
𝑚 = 0, 𝑚 + 𝑛 = 0
= −1: 0: 1 = 0: − 1: 1
1 1
= =
√2.√2 2
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = ⇒ 𝜃 = 60𝑜
2
2. Find the angle between the lines whose direction cosines are given by the relations 3𝑙 + 𝑚 + 5𝑛 = 0,
6𝑚𝑛 − 2𝑛𝑙 + 5𝑙𝑚 = 0.
Sol: Given 3𝑙 + 𝑚 + 5𝑛 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 = −3𝑙 − 5𝑛 ------- (1)
72
TSWREIS
∴ d.r’s of the lines are (-2, 1, 1), (-1, -2, 1)
If 𝜃 is the acute angle between (1) & (2) then
|(−2)(−1)+1(−2)+1(1)|
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
√(−2)2 +12 +12 √(−1)2 +(−2)2+12
|2−2+1| 1
= =6
√6.√6
1 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = ⇒ 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [6]
6
3. Find the direction cosines of two lines which are connected by the relations 𝑙 + 𝑚 +
𝑛 = 0 and 𝑚𝑛 − 2𝑛𝑙 − 2𝑙𝑚 = 0.
Sol: Given 𝑙 + 𝑚 + 𝑛 = 0 ⇒ 𝑙 = −𝑚 − 𝑛 ------- (1)
And 𝑚𝑛 − 2𝑛𝑙 − 2𝑙𝑚 = 0 -------------(2)
∴ 𝑙: 𝑚: 𝑛 = 𝑛: −2𝑛: 𝑛 ∴ 𝑙: 𝑚: 𝑛 = 𝑚: 𝑚: 2𝑚
= 1: −2: 1 = −1: 1: −2
∴ d.r’s of the lines are (1, -2, 1), (1, 1, -2)
and
1 1 −2 1 1 −2
[ , , ]=[ , , ]
√12 +12 +(−2)2 √12 +12 +(−2)2 √12 +12 +(−2)2 √6 √6 √6
4. Find the direction cosines of two lines which are connected by the relations 𝑙 − 5𝑚 +
3𝑛 = 0 and 7𝑙 2 + 5𝑚2 − 3𝑛2 = 0.
Sol: Given 𝑙 − 5𝑚 + 3𝑛 = 0 ⇒ 𝑙 = 5𝑚 − 3𝑛 ------ (1)
2𝑛 𝑛
(1) ⇒ 𝑙 = 5 ( 3 ) − 3𝑛 = 𝑙 = (1) ⇒ 5𝑚 − 3(2𝑚) = −𝑚
3
𝑛 2𝑚
∴ 𝑙: 𝑚: 𝑛 = 3 : :𝑛 ∴ 𝑙: 𝑚: 𝑛 = −𝑚: 𝑚: 2𝑚
3
1 2
= 3 : 3 : 1 = 1: 2: 3 = -1: 1: 2
and
−1 1 3 −1 1 2
[ , , ]=[ , , ]
√(−1)2 +12 +22 √(−1)2+12 +22 √(−1)2+12 +22 √ 6 √ 6 √6
5. Show that the lines whose d.c’s are given by 𝑙 + 𝑚 + 𝑛 = 0, 2𝑚𝑛 + 2𝑛𝑙 − 5𝑙𝑚 = 0 are
perpendicular to each other.
Sol: Given 𝑙 + 𝑚 + 𝑛 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 = −𝑙 − 𝑛 ------ (1)
𝑚1 𝑚2 −3
Multiplication of roots = = [ ∴ if 𝛼, 𝛽 are the roots of 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑛1 𝑛2 5
𝑐
then 𝛼𝛽 = 𝑎]
𝑚1 𝑚2 −3 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑛1 𝑛2
⇒ = ⇒ = ------ (3)
𝑛1 𝑛2 5 3 −5
𝑙1 𝑙2 −2 𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑛 1 𝑛2
⇒ . = ⇒ = ------ (4)
𝑛1 𝑛2 5 2 −5
𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑛1 𝑛2
From (3) & (4) = =
2 3 −5
Take 𝑙1 𝑙2 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 + 𝑛1 𝑛2 = 2 + 3 − 5 = 0
𝑎2 1
= =
3𝑎 2 3
1 1
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 3 ⇒ 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [3]
1
∴ Angle between any two diagonals of a cube is 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [3]
7. If a ray makes angle 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾, 𝛿 with the four diagonals of a cube then find
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛾 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛿.
Sol: : Let OACBDEFG be a cube
Let OA = OB = OC = a
The coordinates of the vertices of a cube are
O(0, 0, 0), A(a, 0, 0), B(0, a, 0), C(0, 0, a)
D(a, 0, a), E(a, a, 0), F(0, a, a), G(a, a, a)
75
TSWREIS
From the figure ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝐺, ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐹 , ̅̅̅̅ 𝐵𝐷 are four diagonals.
𝐶𝐸 , ̅̅̅̅
= 13 [𝑙2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 + 2𝑙𝑚 + 2𝑚𝑛 + 2𝑛𝑙 + 𝑙2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 − 2𝑙𝑚 + 2𝑚𝑛 − 2𝑛𝑙 + 𝑙2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 + 2𝑙𝑚 − 2𝑚𝑛 − 2𝑛𝑙 + 𝑙2 +
𝑚2 + 𝑛2 − 2𝑙𝑚 − 2𝑚𝑛 + 2𝑛𝑙]
1 4
=3 [4(𝑙1 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 )] = 3
4
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛾 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛿 = 3
8. The vertices of a triangle are A(1, 4, 2), B(-2, 1, 2), C(2, 3, -4). Find ∠A, ∠B, ∠𝐶.
Sol: Given that A(1, 4, 2), B(-2, 1, 2), C(2, 3, -4)
D.r’s of ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 are (-2-1, 1-4, 2-2) = (-3, -3, 0)
D.r’s of ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 are (2+2, 3-1, -4-2) = (4, 2, -6)
D.r’s of ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 are (2-1, 3-4, 4-2) = (1, -1, 6)
Let A be the angle between ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 and ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 then
|𝑎1 𝑎2 +𝑏1 𝑏2+𝑐1 𝑐2 | |(−3)1+(−3)(−1)+0(6)| |−3+3+0|
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = = =
√𝑎12+𝑏12 +𝑐12 √𝑎22 +𝑏22 +𝑐22 √(3)2 +(−3)2+02 √12 +(−1)2 +(−6)2 √9+9+0√1+1+36
18 18 3 3
= = √56 = 2 ⇒ 𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (2 7)
√18√56 √7 √
76
TSWREIS
38 38 19 19
= = √56 = √28 ⇒ 𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (√28)
√56√38
9. If (6, 10, 10), (1, 0, -5), (6, -10, 0) are vertices of a triangle. Find the direction ratios of its
side, determine whether it is right angled or isosceles.
Sol: Let A(6, 10, 10), B(1, 0, -5), C(6, -10, 0)
D. r’s of ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 are (1-6, 0-10, 5-10) = (-5, -10, -15) = (1, 2, 3) ------- (1)
D. r’s 𝐵𝐶
̅̅̅̅ are (6-1, -10-0, 0+5) = (5, -10, 5) = (1, -2, 1) ------- (2)
D. r’s ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 are (6-6, -10-10, 0-10) = (0, -20, -10) = (0, 2, 1) ------- (3)
⇒∟𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 90𝑜
77
TSWREIS
LEVEL – 2 (7 Marks)
1. A(1, 8, 4), B(0, -11, 4), C(2, -3, 1) are three points and ‘D’ is the foot of the
perpendicular from A to BC. Find the coordinates of D.
Sol: Given points are A(1, 8, 4), B(0, -11, 4), C(2, -3, 1)
2𝑘 −3𝑘−11 𝑘+4
Then D = [ , , ]
𝑘+1 𝑘+1 𝑘+1
2𝑘 −3𝑘−11 𝑘+4
D. r’s of 𝐴𝐷
̅̅̅̅ = [ − 1, − 8, 𝑘+1 − 4]
𝑘+1 𝑘+1
D.r’s of 𝐵𝐶
̅̅̅̅ = (2-0, -3+11, 1-4) = (2, 8, -3)
2. If (𝑙1 , 𝑚1 , 𝑛1 ), (𝑙2 , 𝑚2 , 𝑛3 ) are d.c’s of two intersecting lines. Show that d.c’s of two lines
bisecting the angles between them are proportional to 𝑙1 ± 𝑙2 , 𝑚1 ± 𝑚2 , 𝑛1 ± 𝑛2 .
𝑙 +𝑙 𝑚1 +𝑚2 𝑛1 +𝑛2
Mid poind of AB = P( 1 2 2 , , 2 )
2
78
TSWREIS
𝑙1 − 𝑙2 𝑚1 − 𝑚2 𝑛1 − 𝑛2
Mid point of AB’ = Q( , , )
2 2 2
∴ The d.c’s of two lines bisecting the angles between them are
proportional to 𝑙1 ± 𝑙2 , 𝑚1 ± 𝑚2 , 𝑛1 ± 𝑛2
3. A(-1, 2, -3), B(5, 0, 6), C(0, 4, -1) are three points. Show that the direction cosines of the
bisectors of ∟BAC are proportional to (25, 8, 5) and (-11, 20, 23).
6 −2 −3
D.r’s of ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 are [ , , ]
√36+4+9 √36+4+9 √36+4+9
6 −2 −3 6 −2 −3
=[ , , ]=( , , )
√49 √49 √49 7 7 7
D.r’s of ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 are (0+1, 4-2, -1+3) = (1, 2, 2)
1 2 2
D.c’s of 𝐴𝐶
̅̅̅̅ are ( , , )
√1+4+4 √1+4+4 √1+4+4
1 2 2 1 2 2
=( , , , ) = (3 , 3 , 3)
√ 9 √9 √9
6 1 −2 2 −3 2
(7 ± 3 , ±3, ± 3)
7 7
25 8 5 11 −20 −23
= [21 , 21 , 21] or [21 , , ]
21 21
79
TSWREIS
CHAPER 7 ; THE PLANE (2M)
KEY POINTS
Plane: A Plane is a surface such that the line joining two points on the surface lies
entirely on it.
Equation of the plane in general form is 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 + 𝑑 = 0.
The d.r’s of the normal to the plane 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 + 𝑑 = 0 are a, b, c.
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
Equation of a plane in tntercept form is 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 1.
If θ is the angle between the planes 𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐𝑧1 + 𝑑1 = 0, 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑦2 + 𝑐𝑧2 + 𝑑2 = 0
𝑎1 𝑎2 +𝑏1𝑏2 +𝑐1 𝑐2
then 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = .
√𝑎12 +𝑏12 +𝑐12√𝑎22 +𝑏22 +𝑐22
𝑎1 𝑎 𝑐
The plane 𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐𝑧1 + 𝑑1 = 0, 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑦2 + 𝑐𝑧2 + 𝑑2 = 0 are (i) parallel ⇔ = 𝑏2 = 𝑐1
𝑏1 2 2
(ii) Perpendicular ⇔ 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2 = 0
80
TSWREIS
LEVEL – 1 (2M)
𝑥 2𝑦 3𝑧 6 1 2 3 6
⇒ + − = ⇒ 𝑥+ 𝑦− 𝑧=
√ 14 √ 14 √ 14 √ 14 √ 14 √ 14 √ 14 √14
1 2 2 1 2 2
= ± [√12 , , ] = ±[ , , ]
+22 +22 √12 +22 +22 √12 +22 +22 √ 9 √9 √9
1 2 2
= ± [3 , 3 , 3]
4𝑥 3𝑦 2𝑧
⇒ 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = −2 ⇒ −2 + −2 − −2 = 1
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
⇒ −1/2 + −2/3 + 1 = 1
−1 −2
∴ Intersection of the given plane are , ,1
2 3
4𝑥 4𝑦 2𝑧 −5
⇒ 4𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −5 ⇒ −5 − −5 + −5 = −5
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
⇒ −5/4 + 5/4 + −5/2 = 1
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
This is of the form 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 1
−5 5 −5
∴ 𝑎= , 𝑏 = 4,𝑐 =
4 2
81
TSWREIS
5. Find the equation of the plane whose intercepts on x, y, z axes are 1, 2, 4 respectively.
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
Sol: Formula: Equation of the plane with intercepts a, b, c is +𝑏+𝑐 =1
𝑎
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 4𝑥+2𝑦+𝑧
⇒ 1+2+4 =1 ⇒ =1
4
⇒ 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4
⇒ 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 − 4 = 0
3𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 8 = 0 --------- (2)
|1(3)+2(3)+2(2)| |3+6+4| 13
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = √12 = =3
+22 +22 √32 +32 +22 √9√22 √22
13
𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [3 ]
√22
|2(1)−1(1)+1(2)| |2−1+2| 3 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = = =6=2
√22 +(−1)2+12 √12 +12 +22 √6 √6
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = ⇒ 𝜃 = 60𝑜
2
8. Find the equation of the plane passing through (1, 1, 1) and parallel to the plane 𝑥 +
2𝑦 + 3𝑧 − 7 = 0.
⇒ 𝑥 − 1 + 2𝑦 − 2 + 3𝑧 − 3 = 0
∴ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 − 6 = 0
82
TSWREIS
9. Find the equation of the plane if the foot of the perpendicular from origin to the plane
is (2, 3, -5).
⇒ 2( 𝑥 − 2) + 3(𝑦 − 3) − 5(𝑧 + 5) = 0
⇒ 2𝑥 − 4 + 3𝑦 − 9 − 5𝑧 − 25 = 0
∴ 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 5𝑧 − 38 = 0
10. Find the equation of the plane through (-1, 6, 2) and perpendicular to the join of (1, 2,
3) and (-2, 3, 4).
D. r’s pf ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 are (-2,-1, 3 – 2, 4 – 3) = (-3, 1, 1)
= −3𝑥 − 3 + 𝑦 − 6 + 𝑧 − 2 = 0
= −3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 11 = 0
∴ 3𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 + 11 = 0
11. Find the equation of the plane passes through (-2, 1, 3) and having (3, -5, 4) as d. r’s of
its normal.
= 3𝑥 − 6 − 5𝑦 + 5 + 4𝑧 − 12 = 0
= 3𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 4𝑧 − 1 = 0
12. Find the equation of the plane parallel to the zx-plane and passing through (0, 4, 4)
83
TSWREIS
∴ Equation of the required plane : 𝑦 = 4
13. Find the equation of the plane passing through (2, 3, 4) and perpendicular to x-axis.
⇒𝑥=2
84
TSWREIS
8. LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
KEY POINTS
I. Standard Limits
`lim 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛
𝑥→𝑎
𝑥 𝑛−𝑎 𝑛
lim = 𝑛. 𝑎𝑛−1
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
𝑥 𝑚−𝑎 𝑚 𝑚
lim = . 𝑎𝑚−𝑛
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 𝑛−𝑎 𝑛 𝑛
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥
lim 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 1
𝑥→0
lim (1 + 𝑥)1/𝑥 = 𝑒
𝑥→0
1 𝑥
lim [1 + 𝑥] = 𝑒
𝑥→∞
𝑒 𝑥 −1
lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑎 𝑥 −1
lim = log 𝑎
𝑥→0 𝑥
log(1+𝑥)
lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥
1
lim =0
𝑥→∞ 𝑥
1
lim =0
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥
VI. If the above condition is not satisfied the function 𝑓 is said to be discontinuous.
85
TSWREIS
2 Marks Questions (LEVEL – 1)
𝑥−2
1. Evaluate lim 𝑥 3−8
𝑥→2
𝑥−2
Sol: lim 𝑥 3−8
𝑥→2
𝑥−2
= lim (𝑥−2)(𝑥 2+2𝑥+48)
𝑥→2
1
= lim (𝑥 2+2𝑥+48)
𝑥→2
1 1
= = 12
22 +2(2)+4
𝑥 2−8𝑥+15
2. Evaluate lim
𝑥→3 𝑥 2−9
𝑥 2−8𝑥+15
Sol: lim
𝑥→3 𝑥 2−9
(𝑥−5)(𝑥−3)
= lim (𝑥+3)(𝑥−3)
𝑥→3
𝑥−5 3−5
= lim =
𝑥→3 𝑥+3 3+3
−2 1
= =
6 3
𝑥 3−6𝑥 2+9𝑥
3. Evaluate lim
𝑥→3 𝑥 2−9
𝑥 3−6𝑥 2+9𝑥
Sol: lim
𝑥→3 𝑥 2−9
𝑥(𝑥 2 −6𝑥+9)
= lim
𝑥→3 (𝑥−3)(𝑥+3)
𝑥(𝑥−3)2
= lim (𝑥−3)(𝑥+3)
𝑥→3
𝑥(𝑥−3) 3(3−3)
= lim =
𝑥→3 (𝑥+3) (3+3)
3(0)
= =0
6
1 4
4. Evaluate lim [𝑥−2 − 𝑥 2−4]
𝑥→2
1 4
Sol: lim [𝑥−2 − 𝑥 2−4]
𝑥→2
𝑥+2−4
= lim [ 𝑥 2 −4 ]
𝑥→2
86
TSWREIS
𝑥−2 1
= lim (𝑥−2)(𝑥+2) = lim (𝑥+2)
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
1 1
= 2+2 = 4
𝑒 7𝑥 −1
5. Evaluate lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑒 7𝑥 −1
Sol: lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑒 7𝑥 −1 𝑒 𝑥 −1
= lim ×7 [∵ lim =1]
7𝑥→0 7𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥
= (1) × 7
=7
𝑒 3𝑥 −1
6. Evaluate lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑒 3𝑥 −1
Sol: lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑒 3𝑥 −1 𝑒 𝑥 −1
= lim ×3 [∵ lim =1]
3𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥
=1×3=3
tan(𝑥−𝑎)
7. Evaluate lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 2−𝑎 2
tan (𝑥−𝑎)
Sol: lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 2−𝑎 2
tan (𝑥−𝑎)
= lim (𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥+𝑎)
𝑥→𝑎
tan(𝑥−𝑎) 1
= lim . 𝑥+𝑎
𝑥→𝑎 (𝑥−𝑎)
tan(𝑥−𝑎) 1
= lim . lim 𝑥+𝑎
(𝑥−𝑎)→0 (𝑥−𝑎) 𝑥→𝑎
1 1
= 1. =
𝑎+𝑎 2𝑎
√𝑥+1−1
8. Evaluate lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
√𝑥+1−1
Sol: lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
(√𝑥+1−1)(√1+𝑥+1)
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥(√1+𝑥+1)
87
TSWREIS
1+𝑥−1
= lim 𝑥(
𝑥→0 √1+𝑥+1)
𝑥 1
= lim 𝑥( = lim (
𝑥→0 √1+𝑥+1) 𝑥→0 √1+𝑥+1)
1 1 1
= = =2
√ 1+0+1 1+1
9. lim √𝑥 + 1 − √𝑥
𝑥→∞
Sol: lim √𝑥 + 1 − √𝑥
𝑥→∞
(√𝑥+1−√𝑥)(√𝑥+1+𝑥)
= lim
𝑥→∞ (√𝑥+1+√𝑥)
𝑥+1−𝑥
= lim
𝑥→∞ (√𝑥+1+√𝑥)
1
1 √𝑥
= lim = lim
𝑥→∞ (√𝑥+1+√ 𝑥) 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 1
√ + +√
𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
1
√𝑥
= lim 1
𝑥→∞ √1+ +1
𝑥
0 0
= =2=0
√1+0+1
Sol: lim √𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 𝑥
𝑥→∞
𝑥 2+𝑥−𝑥 2
= lim
𝑥→∞ √𝑥 2+𝑥+𝑥
𝑥
= lim
𝑥→∞ √𝑥 2+𝑥+𝑥
𝑥
𝑥 1
= lim 2
= lim
1 1
𝑥→∞ √𝑥 +𝑥 𝑥 →0 √1+ +1
+
𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
1 1 1
= = 1+1 [∵ 𝑥 → ∞ = → 0]
√1+0+1 𝑥
1
=2
88
TSWREIS
3𝑥 −1
11. Evaluate lim
𝑥→0 √1+𝑥−1
3𝑥 −1
Sol: lim
𝑥→0 √1+𝑥−1
3𝑥 −1 𝑥
= lim [ ][ ]
𝑥→0 𝑥 √1+𝑥−1
3𝑥 −1 𝑥
= lim [ ] . lim [ ]
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 √1+𝑥−1
𝑥
= log 3. lim [ ]
𝑥→0 √1+𝑥−1
𝑥(√1+𝑥+1)
= log 3. lim [( ]
𝑥→0 √1+𝑥−1)(√1+𝑥+1)
𝑥(√1+𝑥+1)
= log 3. lim [ ]
𝑥→0 (√1+𝑥−1)(√1+𝑥+1)
𝑥(√1+𝑥+1)
= log 3. lim [ ]
𝑥→0 1+𝑥−1
= log 3. (√1 + 0 + 1)
= log 3 (1 + 1)
= 2 log 3
𝑒 𝑥 −1
12. lim (
𝑥→0 √1+𝑥−1)
𝑒 𝑥 −1
Sol: lim
𝑥→0 √1+𝑥−1
𝑒 𝑥 −1 𝑥
= lim [ ][ ]
𝑥→0 𝑥 √1+𝑥−1
𝑒 𝑥 −1 𝑥
= lim [ ] . lim [ ]
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 √1+𝑥−1
𝑥
= 1. lim [ ]
𝑥→0 √1+𝑥−1
𝑥(√1+𝑥+1)
= lim [( ]
𝑥→0 √1+𝑥−1)(√1+𝑥+1)
𝑥(√1+𝑥+1)
= lim [( ]
𝑥→0 √1+𝑥−1)(√1+𝑥+1)
𝑥(√1+𝑥+1)
= lim [ ]
𝑥→0 1+𝑥−1
89
TSWREIS
= log 3. lim [(√1 + 𝑥 + 1)]
𝑥→0
= (√1 + 0 + 1)
= (1 + 1)
=2
𝑒 3+𝑥 −𝑒 3
13. Find lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑒 3+𝑥 −𝑒 3
Sol: lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑒 3 (𝑒 𝑥−1)
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
(𝑒 𝑥 −1)
= 𝑒 3 lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
= 𝑒 3 (1) = 𝑒 3
sin(𝑥−1)
14. Find lim
𝑥→1 𝑥 2 −1
sin (𝑥−1)
Sol: lim
𝑥→1 𝑥 2−1
sin(𝑥−1)
= lim (𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)
𝑥→1
sin(𝑥−1) 1
= lim ×
𝑥→1 (𝑥−1) (𝑥+1)
sin(𝑥−1) 1
= lim . lim
𝑥→1 (𝑥−1) 𝑥→1 (𝑥+1)
1 1
= 1. 1+1 = 2
sin ax
15. lim sin 𝑏𝑥
𝑥→0
sin 𝑎𝑥
Sol: lim
𝑥→0 sin 𝑏𝑥
sin 𝑎𝑥
𝑥
= lim sin 𝑏𝑥
𝑥→0
𝑥
sin 𝑎𝑥
lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
= sin 𝑏𝑥
lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥
=𝑏 [∵ lim = 𝑘]
𝑥→0 𝑥
sinax
16. lim 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑥→0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥
Sol: lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥 1
= lim 𝑥
× 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑥→0
90
TSWREIS
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥
=𝑎 (cos 0) [∵ lim = 𝑘]
𝑥→0 𝑥
1
=𝑎×1=𝑎
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
17. lim 𝜋
𝑥→𝜋/2 𝑥− 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
Sol: lim 𝜋
𝑥→𝜋/2 𝑥− 2
𝜋 𝜋
Put 𝑥 − 2 = 𝑦 then 𝑥 = 2 + 𝑦
𝜋
and 𝑥 → ⇒𝑦→0
2
𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠( +𝑦)
2
∴ lim 𝜋 = lim
𝑥→𝜋/2 𝑥− 2 𝑦→0 𝑦
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
= lim = −1
𝑦→0 𝑦
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−1
18. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−1
Sol: lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 −1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= lim [ − ]
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 −1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= lim −lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥
=1−1=0
𝑎 𝑥 −1
19. lim 𝑏𝑥 −1
𝑥→0
𝑎 𝑥 −1
Sol: lim 𝑏𝑥 −1
𝑥→0
𝑎𝑥−1
[ ]
𝑥
= lim 𝑏𝑥−1
𝑥→0 [ ]
𝑥
𝑎𝑥−1
lim [ ]
𝑥→0 𝑥
= 𝑏𝑥 −1
lim [ ]
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑏
𝑒
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑚𝑥
20. lim
𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑚𝑥
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑚𝑥
Sol: lim
𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑚𝑥
2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑚𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑚𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝑥 2 𝑛𝑥 2 𝑚2 𝑥 2
= 2 lim [ ] [ ] . 2 2
𝑥→0 𝑚𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑛 𝑥
𝑚2 2𝑚 2
= 2(1)2 (1)2 𝑛2 = 𝑛2
91
TSWREIS
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚𝑥
21. lim 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
𝑥→0
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚𝑥
Sol: lim
𝑥→0 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
𝑚𝑥
2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2
2
= lim 𝑛𝑥
𝑥→0 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2
2
𝑚𝑥 𝑛𝑥 2
(2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 ) 𝑚𝑥 2 ( ) 𝑛𝑥 2
2 2
= lim 𝑚𝑥 2
( ) . 2 𝑛𝑥 (2)
𝑥→0 ( ) 2 (2𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
2 2
𝑚𝑥 2 𝑛𝑥 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 𝑚 2𝑥 2 4
lim (
=𝑚𝑥 𝑚𝑥 ) 𝑛𝑥
lim ( 𝑛𝑥 ) ( ) (𝑛 2𝑥 2 )
→0 →0 4
2 2 2 2
𝑚2
= 1.1. 𝑛2
𝑚2
= 𝑛2
11𝑥 3 −3𝑥+4
22. lim
𝑥→∞ 13𝑥 3−5𝑥 2 −7
11𝑥 3−3𝑥+4
Sol: lim
𝑥→∞ 13𝑥 3−5𝑥 2−7
Taking 𝑥 3 , the highest power of 𝑥 as common factor in the numerator and denominator.
3 4
𝑥 3[11− 2 + 3 ]
= lim 3 𝑥5 𝑥7
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 [13− − 3 ] 𝑥 𝑥
3 4
11− 2 + 3
𝑥 𝑥
= lim
1 5 7
→0 13− − 3
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
11−0+0 11
= 13−0−0 = 13
𝑥 2+5𝑥+2
23. lim
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 2−5𝑥+1
𝑥 2 +5𝑥+2
Sol: lim
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 2−5𝑥+1
1+0+0 1
= 2−0+0 = 2
92
TSWREIS
8|𝑥|+3𝑥
24. lim
𝑥→∞ 3|𝑥|−2𝑥
= lim 11 = 11
𝑥→∞
|𝑥−2|
25. Show that lim− = −1
𝑥→2 𝑥−2
=2+0+1=3
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥
27. Evaluate lim
𝑥→1 𝑥−1
=2+2=4
When 𝑥 → 2− then [𝑥 ] = 1
Now LHL = lim−([𝑥 ] + 𝑥 )
𝑥→2
=1+2=3
2𝑥 2−7𝑥−4
29. Evaluate lim (2𝑥−1)(
𝑥→2 √𝑥−2)
2𝑥 2−7𝑥−4
Sol: lim (2𝑥−1)(
𝑥→2 √𝑥−2)
2(2)2 −7(2)−4
= (2(2)−1)(
√2−2)
10
= 3(2−
√2)
93
TSWREIS
10(2+√2)
= 3(2−
√2)(2+√2)
10(2+√2)
= 3(4−2)
10(2+√2) 5(2+√2)
= =
3(2) 3
𝑥−1 1
30. Evaluate lim [𝑥 2 −𝑥 − 𝑥 3−3𝑥 2+𝑥]
𝑥→1
𝑥−1 1
Sol: lim [𝑥 2 −𝑥 − 𝑥 3−3𝑥 2 +𝑥]
𝑥→1
𝑥−1 1
= lim [𝑥(𝑥−1) − 𝑥 3−3𝑥 2 +𝑥]
𝑥→1
1 1
= lim [𝑥 − 𝑥 3 −3𝑥 2+𝑥]
𝑥→1
1 1 1 1
= 1 − 1−3(1)+1 = 1 − 1
=1+1 =2
3 3
√1+𝑥 − √1−𝑥
31. Evaluate lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
(1+𝑥)1/3 −(1−𝑥)1/3
Sol: lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
(1+𝑥)1/3 −1 (1−𝑥)1/3 −1
= lim [ − ]
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥
(1+𝑥)1/3 −1 (1−𝑥)1/3 −1
= lim [ (1+𝑥)−1
+ lim ]
(1+𝑥)→1 (1−𝑥)→1 (1−𝑥)−1
1 1
1 1
= 3 (1)3−1 + 3 (1)3−1
1 1 1+1 2
=3+3 = =3
3
(1+𝑥)1/8 −(1−𝑥)1/8
32. Evaluate lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
(1+𝑥)1/8 −(1−𝑥)1/8
Sol: lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
(1+𝑥)1/8 −1 (1−𝑥)1/8 −1
= lim [ − ]
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥
(1+𝑥)1/8 −1 (1−𝑥)1/8 −1
= lim [ (1+𝑥)−1
+ lim ]
(1+𝑥)→1 (1−𝑥)→1 (1−𝑥)−1
1 1
1 1
= 8 (1)8−1 + 8 (1)8−1
1 1 1+1
=8+8 = 8
2 1
=8 =4
94
TSWREIS
tan(𝑥−𝑎)
33. Evaluate lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 2−𝑎 2
tan (𝑥−𝑎)
Sol: lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 2−𝑎 2
tan (𝑥−𝑎)
= lim
𝑥→𝑎 (𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥+𝑎)
tan(𝑥−𝑎) 1
= lim . (𝑥+𝑎)
𝑥→𝑎 (𝑥−𝑎)
tan(𝑥−𝑎) 1
= lim . lim
(𝑥−𝑎)→0 (𝑥−𝑎) (𝑥−𝑎)→0 (𝑥+𝑎)
1 1
= 1. 𝑎+𝑎 = 2𝑎
sin(𝑥−𝑎)𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 (𝑥−𝑎)
34. Find lim [ (𝑥 2 −𝑎 2 )2
]
𝑥→𝑎
sin(𝑥−𝑎)𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 (𝑥−𝑎)
Sol: lim [ (𝑥 2−𝑎 2)2
]
𝑥→𝑎
sin(𝑥−𝑎) tan(𝑥−𝑎) 2 1
= lim (𝑥 − 9) [ ] . lim [ ] . (𝑥+𝑎)2
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 (𝑥−𝑎)
1
= 0.1.12 . 2𝑎2 = 0
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 3
35. Evaluate lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−3
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 3
Sol: lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−3
𝑒 3 (𝑒 𝑥−3 −1)
= lim
𝑥→3 𝑥−3
𝑒 (𝑥−3)−1
= 𝑒 3 lim
(𝑥−3)→0 𝑥−3
= 𝑒 3 (1) = 𝑒 3
𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 −1
36. Evaluate lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 −1
Sol: lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 −1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= lim .[ ]
𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥
𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 −1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= lim . lim
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥
= 1.1 = 1
log(1+5𝑥)
37. Evaluate lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
log(1+5𝑥)
Sol: lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
log(1+5𝑥)
= lim ×5
𝑥→0 5𝑥
=1×5= 5
95
TSWREIS
−𝑥 2
38. Compute lim 𝑒
𝑥→∞
−𝑥 2
Sol: lim 𝑒
𝑥→∞
2
= lim 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑥→∞
1 1
= lim 2 [∴ lim = 0]
𝑥→∞ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥→∞ 𝑥
=0
𝑥−3
39. Show that lim =0
𝑥→3 √|𝑥 2−9|
𝑥−3
Sol: lim
𝑥→3 √|𝑥 2−9|
𝑥−3
= lim
𝑥→3 √|(𝑥−3)(𝑥+3)|
√|𝑥−3|2
= lim
𝑥→3 √|𝑥−3||𝑥+3|
𝑥−3
=lim √|𝑥+3|
𝑥→3
0 0
= √6 = =0
√6
LEVEL – 2 (2 Marks)
𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎−𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
1. Evaluate lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎− 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Sol: lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
(𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎−𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎)−(𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 )
= lim (∵ 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑑𝑑 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎(𝑥−𝑎) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎
= lim − 𝑎 lim ( )
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
𝑥+𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
2𝑐𝑜𝑠( )𝑠𝑖𝑛( )
2 2
= lim 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 − 𝑎 lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
𝑥−𝑎
𝑥+𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛[ ]
2
= sina-2alim 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) . lim
𝑥→𝑎 2 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
𝑎+𝑎 1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 − 2𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ).2
2
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 − 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥
2. Evaluate lim
𝑥→0 𝑥2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥
Sol: lim
𝑥→0 𝑥2
𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑥 𝑏𝑥−𝑎𝑥
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛( )𝑠𝑖𝑛( ) 𝐶+𝐷 𝐷−𝐶
2 2
= lim 2 (∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐷 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
𝑥→0 𝑥 2 2
𝑎+𝑏 𝑏−𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛( )𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛( )𝑥
2 2
= 2lim [ ][ ]
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥
96
TSWREIS
𝑎+𝑏 𝑏−𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛( )𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛( )𝑥
2 2
=2[lim ] [lim ]
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑏2 −𝑎 2
= 2
𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(1)
3. If 𝑓(𝑥 ) = −√25 − 𝑥 2 then find lim
𝑥→1 𝑥−1
√24−√25−𝑥 2
= lim
𝑥→1 𝑥−1
(√24−√25−𝑥 2)(√24+√25−𝑥 2)
= lim
𝑥→1 𝑥−1(√24+√25−𝑥 2 )
24−(25−𝑥 2 )
= lim
𝑥→1 𝑥−1(√24+√25−𝑥 2)
𝑥 2 −1
= lim
𝑥→1 𝑥−1(√24+√25−𝑥 2)
(𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)
= lim
𝑥→1 𝑥−1(√24+√25−𝑥 2)
(𝑥+1)
= lim
𝑥→1 (√24+√25−𝑥 2)
1+1 2 1
= = =
√ 24+√25−1 2 √ 24 √24
𝑥 2 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
4. Evaluate lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2 −2
1−0
= 1−0 = 1
𝑥 2+1
Also, 𝑢(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2−2
97
TSWREIS
1
1+ 2
𝑥
= lim ( 2 )
𝑥→∞ 1− 2
𝑥
1+0
= 1−0 = 1
3/𝑥
= lim ( 2007 )
𝑥→∞ 1+
𝑥
0
= 1+0 = 0
√𝑎+2𝑥−√3𝑥
6. Find lim [ ]
𝑥→𝑎 √3𝑎+𝑥−2√𝑥
(𝑎+2𝑥−3𝑥) (√3𝑎+𝑥+√4𝑥)
= lim ( .
𝑥→𝑎 √𝑎+2𝑥+√ 3𝑥) 3𝑎+𝑥−4𝑥
(𝑎−𝑥)(√3𝑎+𝑥+√4𝑥)
= lim (
𝑥→𝑎 √𝑎+2𝑥+√3𝑥) 3 (𝑎−𝑥)
√3𝑎+𝑎+√4𝑎
=(
√𝑎+2𝑎+√3𝑎)3
2√𝑎+2√𝑎
= 2(√3𝑎)3
4 √𝑎 2
= 2( =
√3𝑎)3 3√3
98
TSWREIS
SAQ (4 Marks)
1
(𝑥 2 − 4) 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑥 < 2
2
7. Check the continuity of 𝑓 (𝑥) = { 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 2 at 2.
2 − 8𝑥 −3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 2
Sol: (i) Given that f(2) = 0
1
(ii) L.H.L = lim− 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = lim− 2 (𝑥 2 − 4)
𝑥→2 𝑥→2
1 1
= 2 (4 − 4 ) [∵ 𝑥 → 2− ⇒ 𝑥 < 2 ⇒ 𝑓(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 2 − 4)]
2
=0
8
(iii) R.H.L = lim+ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = lim+ (2 − 𝑥 3)
𝑥→2 𝑥→2
8
=2−8 [∵ 𝑥 → 2+ ⇒ 𝑥 > 2 ⇒ 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2 − 8𝑥 −3 ]
=2−1=1
Here L.H.L ≠ R.H.L
⇒ lim 𝑓(𝑥) does not exist
𝑥→2
= 2 -------- (1)
(ii) When 𝑥 > 1,
R.H.L = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑘 2 𝑥 − 𝑘
𝑥→1 𝑥→1
2
= 𝑘 (1) − 𝑘
= 𝑘 2 − 𝑘 ------ (2)
(iii) from (1) & (2)
L.H.L = R.H.L as 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥 = 1
⇒ 𝑘2 − 𝑘 = 2
⇒ 𝑘2 − 𝑘 − 2 = 0
⇒ (𝑘 − 2)(𝑘 + 1) = 0
⇒ k = 2 or -1
99
TSWREIS
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 0
2
𝑥 +𝑎 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑥 < 1
9. Find the real constants a, b so that the function f given by 𝑓(𝑥 ) = is
𝑏𝑥 + 3 𝑖𝑓 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3
{ −3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 3
continuous on R
Sol: Given that 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous on R.
⇒ 𝑓 (𝑥) is continuous at split point 𝑥 = 0, 3
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥 = 0
(i) L.H.L = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
= sin 0 = 0
(ii) R.H.L = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+(𝑥 2 + 𝑎)
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
= 02 + a = a
But 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥 = 0
(b) 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥 = 3
∴ L.H.L = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− (𝑏𝑥 + 3)
𝑥→3 𝑥→3
= 3b + 3
(ii) R.H.L = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+(−3)
𝑥→3 𝑥→3
= -3
But 𝑓(𝑥 ) is continuous at 𝑥 = 3
∴ L.H.L = R. H. L
⇒ 3b + 3 = -3
⇒ 3b = - 6
⇒ b = -2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 0
2
10. Show that 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = { 1 is continuous at 0.
(𝑏 − 𝑎 2 )
2
𝑖𝑓𝑥 = 0
2
𝑏2 −𝑎 2
Sol: (i) Given f(0) = ------- (1)
2
𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑥 𝑏𝑥−𝑎𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛( )𝑠𝑖𝑛( ) 𝐶+𝐷 𝐷−𝐶
2 2
(ii) lim = = lim (∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐷 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
𝑥→0 2 𝑥→0 𝑥2 2 2
𝑎+𝑏 𝑏−𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛( )𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛( )𝑥
2 2
= 2lim [ ][ ]
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥
𝑎+𝑏 𝑏−𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛( )𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛( )𝑥
2 2
=2[lim ] [lim ]
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥
100
TSWREIS
𝑏2 −𝑎 2
= ----- (2)
2
= 1.5
Given that f(3) = 1.5
∴ lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (3) = 1.5 i.e., f is continuous at 𝑥 = 3
𝑥→3
101
TSWREIS
9. DIFFERENTIATION
SYNOPSIS POINTS
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(𝑎)
1. Derivative of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) using first principles 𝑓 1 (𝑥 ) = 𝑙𝑡 , 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) = 𝑙𝑡 .
𝑥→0 ℎ 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 𝑣( )−𝑢( )
2. If 𝑢, 𝑣 are functions of 𝑥 then 𝑑𝑥 (𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 ; (𝑣 ) = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑣2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
3. Chain Rule:- y=f(u), u=g(x)⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢 . 𝑑𝑥 i.e., 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 )) ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑔(𝑥)). 𝑔′ (𝑥)
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 ; (𝑘) = 0 ; (𝑘𝑥 ) = 𝑘; (𝑘𝑥 2 ) = 2𝑘𝑥 ; (𝑘𝑥 3 ) = 3𝑘𝑥 2 ;
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑 1 −𝑛 𝑑 1 −1 𝑑 1 −1
𝑑𝑥
(√𝑥) = ; . = 𝑥 𝑛+1 ; 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥) =
2√𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑛 𝑥2
; 𝑑𝑥 ( 𝑥) = 2𝑥
√ √𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 2
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝑎 ; (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)2 = 2(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑎 ; √𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2√𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑 1
(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ) = ; 𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑒 ; 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥) . 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥); 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑎; 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑥 (1 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
TRIGONOMETRIC HYPERBOLIC
𝑑 𝑑
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥 = −𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 = √1−𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 𝑥 = √1+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 −1 𝑑 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 = √1−𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 𝑥 = √𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −1
𝑑 1 𝑑 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 = 1+𝑥 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 𝑥 = 1−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
102
TSWREIS
𝑑 −1 −1 𝑑 1
𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 = 1+𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ−1 𝑥 = 1−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑 −1
𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 = |𝑥|√𝑥 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ−1 𝑥 = |𝑥|√1−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 −1 𝑑 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 = |𝑥|√𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ−1 𝑥 = |𝑥|√1+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦 1
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥 )𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑓(𝑥 ) ⇒ = 𝑔 (𝑥 ) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑓(𝑥 )𝑔′ (𝑥)
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑓 𝑓′ (𝑥)
If 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ), 𝑧 = 𝑔(𝑥) then = 𝑑𝑔 = 𝑔′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑧
Parametric Differentiation:
𝑑𝑦 𝑔′ (𝑡) 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
If 𝑥 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ), 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑡) then = and 𝑑2 𝑥 = [𝑑𝑡 [𝑑𝑥 ]] [𝑑𝑥 ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑓′ (𝑡)
Double differentiation:
𝑓′ (𝑥+𝑛)−𝑓′ (𝑥)
𝑓 " (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
103
TSWREIS
DIFFERENTIATION
2 MARKS LEVEL – I
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
Sol: Formula: 𝑑𝑥 (𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢. 𝑑𝑥 (𝑣) + 𝑣. 𝑑𝑥 (𝑢)
𝑑
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 3)(4𝑥 3 + 1)
𝑑 𝑑
= (𝑥 2 − 3) 𝑑𝑥 (4𝑥 3 + 1) + (4𝑥 3 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 3)
= 12𝑥 4 − 36𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 4 + 2𝑥
= 20𝑥 4 − 36𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
2. Find the derivative of 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 1).
𝑑 𝑑
⇒𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 )
= 𝑒 𝑥 (2𝑥) + (𝑥 2 + 1)𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)2
𝑑
Sol: 𝑑𝑥 (5𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 )
1
= 5𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 + + 𝑥 3 (𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝑒 𝑥 (3𝑥 2 )
𝑥
𝑑𝑦
4. If 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 . 𝑙𝑜𝑔(3𝑥 + 4) then find 𝑑𝑥 .
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
Sol: Formula 𝑑𝑥 (𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 (𝑣) + 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 (𝑢)
Given 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 . log(3𝑥 + 4)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [log(3𝑥 + 4)] + log(3𝑥 + 4) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
104
TSWREIS
1
= 𝑒 2𝑥 [3𝑥+4 (3)] + log(3𝑥 + 4) 𝑒 2𝑥 . 2
3
= 𝑒 2𝑥 [3𝑥+4 + 2log(3𝑥 + 4)]
𝑑 𝑑
∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥] + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥 )
1
= 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥(𝑒 2𝑥 )(2)
1
= 𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑥 + 2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
Sol: 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝑑𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
= 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 )
= 𝑒 𝑥 + (−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)
= 𝑒 𝑥 + (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 )
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
Sol: 𝑑𝑥 (𝑢𝑣𝑤) = 𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑥 (𝑤) + 𝑢𝑤 𝑑𝑥 (𝑣) + 𝑣𝑤 𝑑𝑥 (𝑢)
∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) + 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥)
105
TSWREIS
𝑑𝑦
8. If 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, then find 𝑑𝑥 .
2 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
Sol: 𝑑𝑥 (𝑢𝑣𝑤) = 𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑥 (𝑤) + 𝑢𝑤 𝑑𝑥 (𝑣) + 𝑣𝑤 𝑑𝑥 (𝑢)
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) + 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 (𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥+3 𝑑𝑦
9. If 𝑦 = 4𝑥+5 then find 𝑑𝑥 .
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣. (𝑢)−𝑢. (𝑣)
Sol: Formula 𝑑𝑥 ( 𝑣 ) = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑣2
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 (4𝑥+5) (2𝑥+3)−(2𝑥+3) (4𝑥+5)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= (4𝑥+5)2
𝑑𝑥
(4𝑥+5)(2)−(2𝑥+3)(4)
= (4𝑥+5) 2
8𝑥+10−8𝑥−12 −2
= (4𝑥+5)2
= (4𝑥+5) 2
.
𝑎−𝑥 𝑑𝑦
10. If 𝑦 = 𝑎+𝑥 , (𝑥 ≠ −𝑎) then find 𝑑𝑥 .
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣. (𝑢)−𝑢. (𝑣)
Sol: Formula 𝑑𝑥 ( 𝑣 ) = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑣2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑎−𝑥 (𝑎+𝑥)(−1)−(𝑎−𝑥)(1)
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎+𝑥 ) = (𝑎+𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥
−𝑎−𝑥−𝑎+𝑥 −2𝑎
= (𝑎+𝑥)2
= (𝑎+𝑥)2
𝑑 𝑑
Sol: 𝑑𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)) = cos(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑥)
1
= cos(log 𝑥) 𝑥
cos(log 𝑥)
= 𝑥
106
TSWREIS
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 log(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
1
= sec 𝑥+tan 𝑥 (sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 )
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥+𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥)
= = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
−1𝑥
13. Find the derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 .
𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑥 𝑑
Sol: 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥))
𝑑𝑥
−1𝑥
−1 𝑥 1 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛
= 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [ 2
]=
√1−𝑥 √1−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
14. If 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) then find 𝑑𝑥 .
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 √1−(cos 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= √1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 = = −1
𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔(sin(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ))
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑
= sin(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) sin(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑
= sin(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) cos(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ) . 𝑑𝑥 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)
cos(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) 1 cot(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)
= . =
sin(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) 𝑥 𝑥
−1𝑥 𝑑𝑦
16. If 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 then find 𝑑𝑥 .
𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑥 𝑑
Sol: 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥))
𝑑𝑥
−1𝑥 1
= 𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 . 𝑎 √1−𝑥 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥(0)
107
TSWREIS
𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1𝑥 𝑎
=𝑒 . √1−𝑥 2
−1 𝑥 𝑎
𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑦
= =
√1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
17. If 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) then find 𝑑𝑥 .
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑
= 1+(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
1 1
= [1+(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2] 𝑥
2𝑥
18. Find the derivative of 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [1−𝑥 2 ] .
2𝑥 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [1−𝑥 2 ] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 )
2 𝑑 2
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃 = 2𝜃 = 2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 = 1+𝑥 2 [∵ (2𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 𝑥 = )]
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃)
= 3𝜃
= 3(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 )
𝑑 𝑑 1 3
∴ (3𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 ) = 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 = 3 [√1−𝑥 2 ] = √1−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥
20. Find the derivative of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (1+𝑥 2 )
2𝑥 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (1+𝑥 2 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (1+𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 )
1 2
= 2 (1+𝑥 2 ) = 1+𝑥 2
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃)
= 3𝜃
= 3(𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 )
𝑑 −1 −3
∴ (3𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 ) = 3 [ ]=
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (√2𝑥 − 3) + √7 − 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2 1
=2 (2 ) + (−3)
√2𝑥−3 2√7−3𝑥
1 3
= −2
√ 2𝑥−3 √7−3𝑥
3+3𝑥
23. Find the derivative of 7𝑥 .
𝑑
Sol: 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑦
24. If 𝑦 = (𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 3 )2 then find .
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
Sol: 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 3 )2 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 3 ) [∵ from chain rule]
𝑑𝑦
25. Find 𝑑𝑥 if 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 8 = 0 .
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3𝑦−4𝑥−1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 (2𝑦 − 3𝑥 + 2) = 3𝑦 − 4𝑥 − 1 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑦−3𝑥+2
𝑑𝑦
26. Find 𝑑𝑥 if 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑡.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑑
= (𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑡) = 𝑎. 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑎. 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑡 (𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑡) = 𝑎. 3𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑎. 3𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)
= 3𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 3𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑡 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
∴ = 𝑑𝑥 = = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑥 −3𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥 (𝑥) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥(1) ⇒ = 𝑦(1 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ) ⇒ = 𝑥 𝑥 (1 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 4𝑥 3 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
110
TSWREIS
29. If 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑛𝑥
+ 𝑏𝑒 −𝑛𝑥
, then prove that 𝑦 = 𝑛 𝑦 . " 2
∴ 𝑦 " = 𝑛2 𝑦
100×101 𝑛(𝑛+1)
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (1) = 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 100 = = 5050 [∵ ∑ 𝑛 = ]
2 2
LEVEL – 1, 4 Marks
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 , (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
sin(2𝑥+2ℎ)−sin 2𝑥
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
1 4𝑥+2ℎ 2ℎ
= 2 lim ℎ [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 )]
ℎ→0 2
1 (2(2𝑥+ℎ))
= 2 lim ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) sin(ℎ)
ℎ→0 2
111
TSWREIS
1
= 2 lim ℎ cos(2𝑥 + ℎ) sin(ℎ)
ℎ→0
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ
= 2 lim cos(2𝑥 + ℎ) . lim
ℎ→0 ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 , (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
cos(𝑎𝑥+𝑎ℎ)−sin a𝑥
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
1 2𝑎𝑥+𝑎ℎ 𝑎ℎ
= −2 lim ℎ [𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 )]
ℎ→0 2
1 𝑎ℎ 𝑎ℎ
= −2 lim ℎ (𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎𝑥 + ) sin( 2 ))
ℎ→0 2
𝑎ℎ
1 𝑎ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛( )
= −2 lim ℎ sin [𝑎𝑥 + ] lim 2
ℎ→0 2 ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑎 𝑎
= −2 sin(𝑎𝑥 + 0) (2 ) = −2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥 (2 ) = −𝑎 sin 𝑎𝑥
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 , (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
tan(2𝑥+2ℎ)−𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝑥
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
112
TSWREIS
1 sin(2𝑥+2ℎ) cos(2𝑥)−cos(2𝑥+2ℎ)sin (2𝑥)
= lim ℎ [ ]
ℎ→0 cos(2𝑥+2ℎ)cos(2𝑥)
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛[(2𝑥+2ℎ)−2𝑥]
= lim ℎ cos(2𝑥+2ℎ)cos(2𝑥)
ℎ→0
𝑠𝑖𝑛2ℎ 1
= lim . lim cos(2𝑥+2ℎ)cos(2𝑥)
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0
1
= 2. = 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (2𝑥)
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2(2𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑥 + ℎ)
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 , (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
cot(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
1 cos(𝑥+ℎ) cos(𝑥)
= lim ℎ [ sin(𝑥+ℎ) − sin(𝑥) ]
ℎ→0
1 cos(𝑥+ℎ).𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−sin(𝑥+ℎ).𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= lim ℎ [ ]
ℎ→0 sin(𝑥+ℎ).𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
1 − sin((𝑥+ℎ)−𝑥)
= lim ℎ [ sin(𝑥+ℎ).𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ]
ℎ→0
1 −𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ
= lim ℎ [sin(𝑥+ℎ)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥]
ℎ→0
− sin ℎ 1
= lim [ ] . lim
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 sin(𝑥+ℎ)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
1
= −1 [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥.𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ] = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥 + ℎ)
113
TSWREIS
From the first principle,
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 , (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
−𝑠𝑖𝑛[(𝑥+ℎ)+𝑥]𝑠𝑖𝑛[(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑥]
= lim [∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐵 = − sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 , (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
sec(3𝑥+3ℎ)−𝑠𝑒𝑐3𝑥
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
1 1 1
= lim ℎ [cos(3𝑥+3ℎ) − cos3x]
ℎ→0
1 cos 3𝑥−cos(3𝑥+3ℎ)
= lim ℎ [ ]
ℎ→0 cos(3𝑥+3ℎ)𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
𝐶+𝐷 𝐷−𝐶
[∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐷 = +2𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )]
2 2
6𝑥 3ℎ 3ℎ
1 2𝑠𝑖𝑛( 2 + 2 )𝑠𝑖𝑛( 2 )
= lim ℎ [ cos(3𝑥+3ℎ)𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 ]
ℎ→0
3ℎ 3ℎ 3ℎ 3ℎ
1 sin (3𝑥+ 2 )𝑠𝑖𝑛( 2 ) 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝑥+ ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛( )
= 2 lim ℎ [ cos(3𝑥+3ℎ)𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 ] = 2 lim ℎ cos(3𝑥+3ℎ)𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 . lim
2 2
ℎ→0 ℎ→0 ℎ→0 ℎ
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛3𝑥
114
TSWREIS
7. Find the derivative of 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 from the first principle.
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 , (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑥[sin(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥]+ℎ sin(𝑥+ℎ)
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑥 ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥+ℎ)
= lim ℎ [sin(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ] + lim
ℎ→0 ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑥 (𝑥+ℎ)+𝑥 (𝑥+ℎ)−𝑥
= lim ℎ [2𝑐𝑜𝑠 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ] + lim sin(𝑥 + ℎ)
ℎ→0 2 2 ℎ→0
𝑥 2𝑥 ℎ ℎ
= lim [2𝑐𝑜𝑠 [ + ] 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ] + lim sin(𝑥 + ℎ)
ℎ→0 ℎ 2 2 2 ℎ→0
𝑥 ℎ ℎ
= lim ℎ [2cos (𝑥 + 2 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 )] + lim sin(𝑥 + ℎ)
ℎ→0 ℎ→0
ℎ
ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 1
= lim 2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 + 2 ) lim [ 2
] + lim sin(𝑥 + ℎ) = 2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 0). [ ] + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
ℎ→0 ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 𝑥
= 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥 + ℎ ) = (𝑥 + ℎ )3
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 , (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
115
TSWREIS
Hence proved that derivative of 𝑥 is 3𝑥 . 3 2
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
From the first principle, 𝑓 , (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
1
= lim ℎ (√𝑥 + ℎ + 1 − √𝑥 + 1)
ℎ→0
1 (√𝑥+ℎ+1−√𝑥+1)(√𝑥+ℎ+1+√𝑥+1)
= lim ℎ
ℎ→0 √𝑥+ℎ+1+√𝑥+1
(𝑥+ℎ+1)−(𝑥+1)
= lim [∵ (√𝑎 + √𝑏)(√𝑎 − √𝑏) = 𝑎 − 𝑏]
ℎ→0 √𝑥+ℎ+1+√𝑥+1
ℎ 1
= lim ℎ(√𝑥+ℎ+1+ = lim
ℎ→0 √𝑥+1) ℎ→0 √𝑥+ℎ+1+√𝑥+1
1 1
= =
√𝑥+0+1+√𝑥+1 2√𝑥+1
1
Hence proved that derivative of √𝑥 + 1 is 2 .
√𝑥+1
𝑑𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
10. If 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 , then show that 𝑑𝑥 = (1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2
Applying log on both sides, 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 [∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ]
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 (logx+1)
𝑑𝑥
(𝑥)− (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥+1)𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 ′ 𝑣𝑢 ′ −𝑢𝑣 ′
= 𝑑𝑥 [𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥+1] ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥+1)2
[∵ ( ) = ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2
1
𝑑𝑦 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥+1)−𝑥[ ] 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥+1−1
𝑥
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥+1)2
= (1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2
𝑑𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
∴ = (1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 (𝑎+𝑦)
11. If 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎 + 𝑦), then show that 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎
(a is not a multiple of 𝜋)
Diff. w.r.to 𝑦
sin(𝑎+𝑦)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎+𝑦) 𝑑 𝑑
= [∵ (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥] [∵ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥]
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 (𝑎+𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 sin(𝑎+𝑦−𝑦)
⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = [∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 = sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 (𝑎+𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎
⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑎+𝑦)
𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 (𝑎+𝑦)
⇒∴ = .
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎
√1+𝑥 2−1
12. If 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 𝑥
], 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 then, differentiate 𝑓(𝑥 ) with respect to 𝑔(𝑥) .
√1+𝑥 2 −1
Sol: Given 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ ]
𝑥
1 1
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃−1 − 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ ] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ] [∵ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = ] [∵ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = ]
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ]
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝜃
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝐴
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ ] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 𝜃 𝜃
2
] [∵ 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ]
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
2 2
𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝐴 𝐴
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 2
𝜃 ] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) [∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ]
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 2
2
𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 (𝑥)
=2 = [∵ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃) = 𝜃]
2
1 1 𝑑 1
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = × [∵ (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 ) = ]
2 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2
1
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 2(1+𝑥 2)
117
TSWREIS
−1 ( ′( 1
𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ) ⇒ 𝑔 𝑥) = 1+𝑥 2
1
𝑓′(𝑥) 1(1+𝑥2) 1
= 1 =2
𝑔′(𝑥)
1+𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 𝑦2 𝑦2
13. If 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 then show that 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥(1−𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) = 𝑥(1−𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)
Sol: Given 𝑦 = 𝑥 4
Applying log on both sides, 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 4 = 𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 …… (1) [∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ]
𝑑 𝑑
(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦) = (𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 1 𝑢 ′ 𝑣𝑢 ′ −𝑢𝑣 ′
× 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑦) [∵ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑓(𝑦)) = 𝑓(𝑦) 𝑓′(𝑦)] [∵ ( 𝑣 ) = ]
𝑦 𝑣2
1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑦 𝑑 1
⇒ 𝑦 × 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 × 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 [𝑦 − ]= [∵ (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ) = ]
1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦2
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 [1 − 𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦] = 𝑥 ⇒ = 𝑥 × 1−𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 𝑥(1−𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦2
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥(1−𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦)
𝑑𝑦
14. Find 𝑑𝑥 for the functions, 𝑥 = 𝑎(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡), 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡).
𝑑𝑥
⇒ = 𝑎(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)′ + 𝑡(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)′ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 (𝑡)′ [∵ (𝑢𝑣)′ = 𝑢𝑣 ′ + 𝑣𝑢′]
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑎(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡. (1) + 𝑡(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)) [∵ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥] [∵ (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥]
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
[ (𝑥 ) = 1]
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑎(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡) ⇒ = 𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)
𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 𝑎(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡(1) + 𝑡(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)) [∵ (𝑢𝑣)′ = 𝑢𝑣 ′ + 𝑣𝑢′]
𝑑𝑡
118
TSWREIS
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑎(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡) [∵ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥] [∵ (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥] [ (𝑥 ) = 1]
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 𝑎𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑦 3 𝑦
15. If 𝑥 2⁄3 + 𝑦 2⁄3 = 𝑎2⁄3 then 𝑑𝑥 = −√[𝑥 ].
2 2⁄ −1 2 2⁄ −1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
𝑥 3 + 3𝑦 3 . =0 [∵ (𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 ] [∵ (𝑦)𝑛 = 𝑛𝑦 𝑛−1 . 𝑑𝑥 ] [∵ (𝑥 ) = 0]
3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 −1⁄ 1 1⁄
𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥 3 −𝑦 ⁄3 𝑦 3 3 𝑦 𝑎𝑚 𝑎 𝑚 1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 3
2 −1⁄ = 1 = − [𝑥 ] = −√[𝑥 ] [∵ = [𝑏 ] ] [∵ = 𝑚√𝑥 ]
𝑦 3 𝑥 ⁄3 𝑏𝑚 𝑥𝑚
3
𝑑 𝑑
⇒ 𝑦 ′ = 𝑎(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + (𝑏 + 2𝑥 )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥(2) [ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥] [ (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
17. If 𝑥 = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑡, 𝑦 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑡, then find 𝑑𝑥 .
119
TSWREIS
Sol: Given 𝑥 = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡, 𝑦 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡
3 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑑
= −3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 2.3𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡) [∵ (𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 ] [∵ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥]
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇒ = 6𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 − 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 ⇒ = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡(2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 − 1)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
⇒ = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 2.3𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡) [∵ (𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 ] [∵ (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥]
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 6𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 ⇒ = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡(𝑡 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 [∵ 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴]
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 ⁄𝑑𝑡 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡
= 𝑑𝑥 ⁄𝑑𝑡 = = cot 𝑡
𝑑𝑥 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑡2𝑡
LEVEL – I, 7Marks
𝑑𝑦 1−𝑦 2
1. If √1 − 𝑥 2 + √1 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑦) then show that 𝑑𝑥 = √1−𝑥 2 .
𝜃 −𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠[ 1 2 ] 𝜃1 −𝜃2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
2
⇒ 𝜃 −𝜃 = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 [ ]=𝑎 [∵ = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃]
𝑠𝑖𝑛[ 1 2] 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2
120
TSWREIS
𝜃1 −𝜃2
⇒ = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (𝑎) ⇒ 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (𝑎) [∵ 𝜃1 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥; 𝜃2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑦]
2
1 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑
− . =0 [∵ (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 ) = ] [∵ (𝑘 ) = 0]
√1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 √1−𝑦 2 1−𝑦 2
⇒ . = ⇒ = =√
√1−𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2 1−𝑥 2
√1+𝑥 2+√1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
2. If 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [√1+𝑥 2 ]for 0 < |𝑥 | < 1, find 𝑑𝑥 .
−√1−𝑥 2
√1+𝑥 2+√1−𝑥 2
Sol: Given 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ ]
√1+𝑥 2−√1−𝑥 2
1
Substitute 𝑥 2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 ⇒ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 2
√1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃+√1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
We get 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ ]
√1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃−√1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
√2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃+√2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [√2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ] [∵ 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴] [∵ 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴]
𝜃−√2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃
√2(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃(1+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)
𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 [ ] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃(1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)]
√2(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
𝜋 𝜋 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝜋
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 4 + 𝜃)] = 4 + 𝜃 [∵ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 4 + 𝜃)] [𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃) = 𝜃]
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝜋 1
∴ 𝑦 = 4 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑦 1 −1
= 0 + 2 × √1−𝑥 4 × 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
−𝑥
= √1−𝑥 4
𝑑𝑦
3. If 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 , find 𝑑𝑥 .
121
TSWREIS
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦1 𝑑𝑦2
= + ---------(1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦1 = 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦1 𝑑 𝑑
× = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) [∵ (𝑢𝑣)′ = 𝑢𝑣 ′ + 𝑣𝑢′]
𝑦1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑 1 𝑑
⇒ = 𝑦1 [ + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥] [∵ (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ) = ] [∵ (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
= 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 [ + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥] ------ (2)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑦2 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦2 𝑑 𝑑
. = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )] + log(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) [∵ (𝑢𝑣)′ = 𝑢𝑣 ′ + 𝑣𝑢′]
𝑦2 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦2 1
⇒𝑦 . = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥] − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦2
⇒ = 𝑦2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 log(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦2
⇒ = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 log(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)] ---------(3)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
= 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 [ + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥. 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥] + (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 log(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
122
TSWREIS
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦1 𝑑𝑦2
= + --------- (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Now𝑦1 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦1 ) = (log 𝑥 log(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑦1 𝑑 𝑑
⇒𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 (log(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )) + log(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) [∵ (𝑢𝑣)′ = 𝑢𝑣 ′ + 𝑣𝑢′]
1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦1 1 1 𝑑 1 𝑑
⇒𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + log(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 𝑥 [∵ log(𝑥 ) = 𝑥] [∵ (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥]
1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦1 log(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
⇒ = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 [𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + ] ----------- (2)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Taking log on both sides, 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
Differentiating both sides with respect to 𝑥 then 𝑑𝑥 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦2 ) = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)
1 𝑑𝑦2 𝑑 𝑑
⇒𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦2 1
⇒ = 𝑦2 [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥]
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
⇒ = (𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 [ + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥] ----------- (3)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 [𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑥 log(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)] + 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 [ + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦𝑥 𝑦−1+𝑦 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦
5. If 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑏 then show that 𝑑𝑥 = − [ 𝑥 𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥+𝑥𝑦 𝑥−1 ].
123
TSWREIS
𝑑𝑦1 𝑑𝑦2
+ = 0 ---------- (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Now 𝑦1 = 𝑥 𝑦
1 𝑑𝑦1 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑦1 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
⇒𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 [𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ] = 𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 × 𝑑𝑥 [∵ (𝑢𝑣)′ = 𝑢𝑣 ′ + 𝑣𝑢′]
1 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦1 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1
⇒𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [∵ log(𝑥 ) = 𝑥]
1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦1 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦1 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 𝑦1 [𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ]⇒ = 𝑥 𝑦 [𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦1 𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑚
⇒ = 𝑥 𝑦−1 . 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑦 . 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ----------- (2) [∵ = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛 ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛
Also 𝑦2 = 𝑦 𝑥
Applying log on both sides, 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦2 = 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 [∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ]
1 𝑑𝑦2 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑦2 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
⇒ = [𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦] ⇒ =𝑥 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 × (𝑥)
𝑦2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦2 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦2 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
⇒𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦. 1 ⇒ = 𝑦2 [𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦]
2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦2 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦2 𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 𝑦 𝑥 [𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 ] ⇒ = 𝑦 𝑥−1 . 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 . 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 --------(3)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑦−1 . 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑦 . 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥−1 . 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 . 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑦−1 𝑥 ) = −(𝑦 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑦−1 𝑦)
𝑑𝑦
6. If 𝑦 = 𝑥√𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 log(𝑥 + √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 ) then prove that 𝑑𝑥 = 2√𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 .
124
TSWREIS
Differentiating with respect to 𝑥 on both sides
𝑑𝑦 𝑑(𝑥) 𝑑 𝑑
= √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (√𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 ) + 𝑎2 . 𝑑𝑥 log(𝑥 + √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 ) [∵ (𝑢𝑣)′ = 𝑢𝑣 ′ +
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑣𝑢′]
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 1 𝑑
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥. + 𝑎2 . (𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 + √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 ))
2√𝑎 2 +𝑥 2 𝑥+√𝑎 2 +𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 1 𝑑 𝑑 1 𝑑
[∵ (𝑥 ) = 1] [∵ (√𝑥) = ] [∵ (𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 ] [∵ (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ) = ] [∵ (𝑘) = 0]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥2 𝑎2 1 𝑑
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 + √𝑎2 + [1 + . 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎𝑒 + 𝑥 2 )]
+𝑥 2 𝑥+√𝑎 2 +𝑥 2 2√𝑎 2 +𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥2 𝑎2 1 1
⇒ = √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 + √𝑎2 + [ + (2𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 +𝑥 2 𝑥+√𝑎 2 +𝑥 2 1 2√𝑎 2+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥2 𝑎2 √𝑎 2 +𝑥 2+𝑥
⇒ = √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 + √𝑎2 + [ ]
𝑑𝑥 +𝑥 2 𝑥+√𝑎 2 +𝑥 2 √𝑎 2 +𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥2 𝑎2 𝑎 2 +𝑥 2
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 + √𝑎2 + √𝑎2 = √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 + √𝑎2 2
+𝑥 2 +𝑥 2 +𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑎 2 +𝑥 2
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 + √𝑎2 [∵ 𝑎 = √𝑎√𝑎]
+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 + √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 = 2√𝑎2 + 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑦(𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦−𝑦)
7. If 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑥 then show that 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥−𝑥)
Sol: Given 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑦) = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥) [∵ (𝑢𝑣)′ = 𝑢𝑣 ′ + 𝑣𝑢′]
1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥. 𝑦 . 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦. 1
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑦
⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 . 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 [ − 𝑦] = −𝑥
1 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 [1−𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦]
8. If 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 then show that 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 .
𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥
125
TSWREIS
Take ‘log’ on both sides, 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 )
= log(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦. 𝑑𝑥 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑦) = (log(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ))
𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦
⇒ = 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 −
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
7 Marks LEVEL - 2
𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑏
1. If 𝑎 > 𝑏 > 0 and 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋; 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑎2 − 𝑏2 )−1/2 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑎+𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) then 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)−1
𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑏
Sol: Let 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑎2 − 𝑏2 )−1/2 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑎+𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
𝑏+ 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ′
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = (𝑎2 − 𝑏2 )−1/2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑎+𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)]
−1 𝑏+𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ′ 𝑑 −1
= (𝑎2 − 𝑏2 )−1/2 [ [ ]] [∵ (𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 ) = ]
2 𝑎+𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2
√1−(𝑏+𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
𝑎+𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
−1 (𝑎+𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)(𝑏+𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)′−(𝑏+𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)(𝑎+𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)′
= (𝑎2 − 𝑏2 )−1/2 [ (𝑏+𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)2
× [ (𝑎+𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)2
]]
√1−
(𝑎+𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)2
(𝑎+𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) (𝑏+𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)(−𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)−(𝑎+𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)(−𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
= (𝑎2 − 𝑏2 )−1/2 [ × [ (𝑎+𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)2
]]
√(𝑎+𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)2 −(𝑏+𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)2
(𝑎+𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
= (𝑎2 − 𝑏2 )−1/2 [√𝑎2 ×
+𝑏 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥+2𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−𝑏2−𝑎 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥−2𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
(𝑎 2−𝑏2 )𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= (𝑎2 − 𝑏2 )−1/2 [ ]
(𝑎+𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)√(𝑎 2−𝑏2 )(1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥)
126
TSWREIS
√𝑎 2 −𝑏2 √𝑎 2 −𝑏2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= (𝑎2 − 𝑏2 )−1/2 [ ]
(𝑎+𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) √(𝑎 2−𝑏2 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
−1/2 1/2
(𝑎 2 −𝑏2 ) (𝑎 2 −𝑏2 ) 1
= = (𝑎+𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)2
(𝑎+𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 )−1
𝑥−𝛽 𝑥−𝛽
2. If 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 √𝛼−𝛽 and 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 √𝛼−𝑥 then show that 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑔′ (𝑥) (𝛽 < 𝑥 < 𝛼)
𝑥−𝛽
Sol: Given 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 √𝛼−𝛽
1 𝑑 𝑥−𝛽
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 2 𝑑𝑥
[√𝛼−𝛽 ]
√1−[√ 𝑥−𝛽 ]
𝛼−𝛽
1 1 𝑑 𝑥−𝛽
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = ×2 [ ]
2 𝑥−𝛽 𝑑𝑥 𝛼−𝛽
√
√1−[√𝑥−𝛽 ] 𝛼−𝛽
1 𝛼−𝛽
1 √𝛼−𝛽 1
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 𝛼−𝛽−𝑥+𝛽
×2 × 𝛼−𝛽
√ √𝑥−𝛽
𝛼−𝛽
√𝛼−𝛽 √𝛼−𝛽 1 1
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = ×2 × 𝛼−𝛽 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 2 -------- (1)
√𝛼−𝑥 √𝑥−𝛽 √(𝛼−𝑥)(𝑥−𝛽)
𝑥−𝛽
𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (√𝛼−𝑥 )
1 𝑑 𝑥−𝛽
𝑔 ′ (𝑥 ) = [√ ]
2 𝑑𝑥 𝛼−𝑥
√1+[√𝑥−𝛽]
𝛼−𝑥
1 1 𝑑 𝑥−𝛽
⇒ 𝑔 ′ (𝑥 ) = 1 𝑥−𝛽 ×2 [ ]
+ 𝑥−𝛽 𝑑𝑥 𝛼−𝑥
1 𝛼−𝑥 √
𝛼−𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
1 √𝛼−𝑥 (𝛼−𝑥) (𝑥−𝛽)−(𝑥−𝛽) (𝛼−𝑥)
⇒ 𝑔 ′ (𝑥 ) = 𝛼−𝑥+𝑥−𝛽 ×2 [ 𝑑𝑥
(𝛼−𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥
]
√𝑥−𝛽
𝛼−𝑥
(𝛼−𝑥) 𝛼−𝑥
√ 𝛼−𝑥+𝑥−𝛽
⇒ 𝑔′ (𝑥 ) = (𝛼−𝛽)√𝑥−𝛽 [ (𝛼−𝑥)2
]
127
TSWREIS
(𝛼−𝑥)√𝛼−𝑥 (𝛼−𝛽) √𝛼−𝑥
⇒ 𝑔 ′ (𝑥 ) = × (𝛼−𝑥)2 ⇒ 𝑔′ (𝑥 ) = 2
(𝛼−𝛽)√𝑥−𝛽 √𝑥−𝛽√𝛼−𝑥 √𝛼−𝑥
1
⇒ 𝑔 ′ (𝑥 ) = 2 --------- (2)
√(𝛼−𝑥)(𝑥−𝛽)
2𝑥 3𝑥−𝑥 3 4𝑥−4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑦 1
3. If 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [1−𝑥 2 ] + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [1−3𝑥 2 ] − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [1−6𝑥 2+𝑥 4] then show that 𝑑𝑥 = 1+𝑥 2
2𝑥 3𝑥−𝑥 3 4𝑥−4𝑥 3
Sol: Given 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [1−𝑥 2 ] + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 [1−3𝑥 2 ] − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [1−6𝑥 2 +𝑥 4 ]
⇒ 𝑦 = 2𝜃 + 3𝜃 − 4𝜃 = 5𝜃 − 4𝜃
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= 1+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 2𝑥
4. Find the derivative of 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1−𝑥 2 ) with respect to 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (1+𝑥 2 )
2𝑥
Sol: Given 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1−𝑥 2 )
2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 )
⇒ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃) = 2𝜃
⇒ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥
1 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 2 × 1+𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 1+𝑥 2
2𝑥
𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (1+𝑥 2 )
⇒ 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥
1 2
𝑔′ (𝑥 ) = 2 × 1+𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑔′ (𝑥 ) = 1+𝑥 2
2
𝑓′ (𝑥) 1+𝑥2
Now 𝑔′ (𝑥) = 1 =1
1+𝑥2
𝑑2 𝑦 ℎ 2 −𝑎𝑏
5. If 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 1 then prove that 𝑑𝑥 2 = (ℎ𝑥+𝑏𝑦)3.
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑎 (𝑥 2 ) + 2ℎ 9𝑥. 𝑦) + 𝑏 (𝑦 2 ) = (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑎(2𝑥 ) + 2ℎ [𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦] + 2𝑏𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 2𝑎𝑥 + 2ℎ𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2ℎ𝑦 + 2𝑏𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 2(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦) + 2 𝑑𝑥 (ℎ𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦) = 0
𝑑𝑦 −(𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦)
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = ----------- (1)
ℎ𝑥+𝑏𝑦
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 (𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦)
[ ]=− [ ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ℎ𝑥+𝑏𝑦
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑2 𝑦 (ℎ𝑥+𝑏𝑦) (𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦)−(𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦) (ℎ𝑥+𝑏𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=[ ]
𝑑𝑥 2 (ℎ𝑥+𝑏𝑦)2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(ℎ𝑥+𝑏𝑦)[𝑎+ℎ ]−(𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦)[ℎ+𝑏 ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= −[ (ℎ𝑥+𝑏𝑦)2
]
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
ℎ𝑎𝑥+ℎ 2 ×𝑥+𝑎𝑏𝑦+ℎ𝑏𝑦 −ℎ𝑎𝑥−𝑏𝑎𝑥 −ℎ 2𝑦−ℎ𝑏𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=− (ℎ𝑥+𝑏𝑦)2
𝑑𝑦 2
(ℎ 𝑥−𝑏𝑎𝑥)+𝑦(𝑎𝑏−ℎ 2 )
𝑑𝑥
= −[ (ℎ𝑥+𝑏𝑦)2
]
129
TSWREIS
−(𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦) 𝑦(𝑎𝑏−ℎ2)
(ℎ 2−𝑏𝑎𝑥)+
ℎ𝑥+𝑏𝑦 1
= −[ ] [∵ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑞 (1)]
(ℎ𝑥+𝑏𝑦)2
𝑑2 𝑦 ℎ 2 −𝑎𝑏
∴ = (ℎ𝑥+𝑏𝑦)3
𝑑𝑥 2
130
TSWREIS
10. APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
Synopsis point
LEVEL - I
= (𝑥 + ∆𝑥)2 + 3(𝑥 + ∆𝑥 ) + 6 − (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 6)
= 0.01[2(10) + 0.01 + 3]
= (0.01)(23.01) = 0.2301
131
TSWREIS
= (𝑥 + ∆𝑥 )2 + (𝑥 + ∆𝑥 ) − 𝑥 − 𝑥 2
= 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥∆𝑥 + (∆𝑥 )2 + ∆𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥
1
Sol: Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥+2 and 𝑥 = 8, ∆𝑥 = 0.02
1 1
(i) ∆𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥 ) − 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥+∆𝑥)+2 − 𝑥+2
1 1 1 1
= 8+0.02+2 − 8+2 = 10.02 − 10
1
Let 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = √𝑥 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 2
√𝑥
1
∴ √82 = (√𝑥 + 2 ∆𝑥)
√𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑥=81
1
= √81+2 (1)
√81
1 1
= 9 + 2(9) = 9 + 18 = 9 + 0.0555 = 9.0555
132
TSWREIS
1 1 2
1 −1 1 − 1
Let 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3√𝑥 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 3 𝑥
3 3 = 3𝑥 3 = 2
3𝑥 3
1 1
= 3√𝑥 + 3𝑥 2/3 ∆𝑥 = √64 +
3 3
∴ √65 2 (1)
3(64) 3
1 1 1
=4+ 2 (1) = 4 + =4+
3(42 ) 3(16)
3(643 )3
1 192+1 193
= 4 + 48 = = = 4.0208
48 48
6. If the increase in the side of a square is 4% then find the approximate percentage of
increase in the area of square.
𝑑𝑥
Given × 100 = 4
𝑥
1 1
⇒ 𝐴 𝑑𝐴 = 2 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑥
⇒ × 100 = 2 × 100 = 2(4) = 8
𝐴 𝑥
7. If the increase in the side of a square is 2% then find the approximate percentage of
increase in the area of the square.
𝑑𝑥
Given × 100 = 2
𝑥
1 1
∴ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐴 = 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝐴 = 2 𝑑𝑥
𝐴 2
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑥
⇒ × 100 = 2 × 100 = 2(2) = 4
𝐴 𝑥
133
TSWREIS
8. The side of a square is increased from 3cm to 3.01cm. find the approximate increase
in the area of the square.
𝑑𝐴
⇒ ∆𝐴 = ∆𝑥 = (2𝑥)∆𝑥
𝑑𝑥
9. If the radius of the sphere is increased from 7cm to 7.02cm then find the approximate
increase in the volume of the sphere.
4
Volume of the sphere 𝑣 = 3 𝜋𝑟 3
𝑑𝑣
⇒ ∆𝑣 = 𝑑𝑟 ∆𝑟
4
= 𝜋(3𝑟 2 )∆𝑟 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 ∆𝑟
3
4(22)(7)(7)(0.02)
= = 12.32𝑐𝑚3
7
LEVEL - 2
Sol: ∆𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 + ∆𝑥 ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
1
∴ ∆𝑦 = 0.4848 − 2 = 0.4848 − 0.5 = −0.0152
√3
(ii) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑓′(𝑥)∆𝑥 = (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )∆𝑥 = (−𝑠𝑖𝑛60𝑜 )(1𝑜 ) = (− ) (0.0174)
2
= (−0.8660)(0.0174) = −0.01506
134
TSWREIS
Sol: √999 = √1000 − 1
3 3
1 1
∴ √999 = 3√𝑥 + 3𝑥 2/3 ∆𝑥 = √1000 +
3 3
2 (−1)
3(1000) 3
1 1 1
= 10 + 2 (−1) = 10 − = 10 − 3(100)
3(102 )
3(103 )3
1
= 10 − 300 = 10 − 0.0033 = 9.9969
1 1 2
1 1 1
Let 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3√𝑥 = 𝑥 3 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 3 𝑥 3−1 = 3 𝑥 −3 = 2
3𝑥 3
1 1
∴ √65 = 3√𝑥 + 2/3 ∆𝑥 = √8 +
3 3
2 (−0.2)
3𝑥
3(8)3
1 0.2 0.2
=2− 2 (0.2) = 2 −
3(22 )
= 2 − 12
3(23 )3
= 2 − 0.0166 = 1.9834
∆𝑥 = 2𝑜 − 2(0.0174)𝑜
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛60𝑜 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠60𝑜 × 2𝑜
√3 1 √3 1
= + 2 × 2𝑜 = + 2 × 2 × 0.0174
2 2
𝑑𝑙 𝑙
Sol: Given that × 100 = 1 Given equation is 𝑡 = 2𝜋√𝑔
𝑙
2𝜋
= √𝑙 [∵ g is constant]
√𝑔
2𝜋
⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔√𝑙 [∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑏 = log 𝑎 + log 𝑏]
√𝑔
2𝜋 1
⇒ log 𝑡 = log + log 𝑙
√𝑔 2
1 1 1
⇒ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 0 + 𝑑𝑙
2 𝑙
𝑑𝑡 1 1 1 1
⇒ × 100 = 2 𝑙 𝑑𝑙 × 100 = 2 (1) =
𝑡 2
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
136
TSWREIS
10.2 TANGENT AND NORMAL (1× 𝟒 = 𝟒𝑴, 𝟏 × 𝟕 = 𝟕𝑴)
SYNOPSIS POINTS
Tangent: The tangent is a straight line which just touches the curve at a given point.
NormType equation here.al: The normal is a straight line which is perpendicular to the
tangent.
𝑑𝑦
If 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is a point on 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) then slope of the tangent at P is 𝑚 = (𝑑𝑥 ) .
𝑃(𝑥1 ,𝑦1 )
If 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is a point of intersection of the curves 𝑓(𝑥 ), 𝑔(𝑥) and 𝜃 is the angle between
𝑚 −𝑚2 𝑑𝑓
the two curves then 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 1+𝑚
1
where 𝑚1 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) or 𝑑𝑥 [∵ at (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )]
1 𝑚2
𝑑𝑔
𝑚2 = 𝑔′ (𝑥 ) (or) 𝑑𝑥 [∵ at (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )]
𝑑𝑦
If 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is a point on the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑚 = 𝑑𝑥 at (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) then
𝑦1 √1+𝑚 2
(i) Length of the tangent to the curve at 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is | |
𝑚
𝑦
(iii) Length of the sub tangent to the curve at 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is | 𝑚1 |.
1. Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the curve 𝑥𝑦 = 10 at (2, 5).
𝑑𝑦
Differentiating w.r.t. ′𝑥’ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦 −𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑚
𝑑𝑦 −5
𝑚1 = 𝑑𝑥 | = 2
137
TSWREIS
−5
(ii) Equation of the tangent with slope 𝑚1 = at P(2, 5) point is
2
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚1 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
−5
⇒ (𝑦 − 5) = (𝑥 − 2)
2
⇒ 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 20 = 0
−1 2
(iii) Slope of the normal is 𝑚2 = 𝑚 = 5
1
2
(iv) equation of the normal at (2, 5) with slope 𝑚2 = 5 is
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚2 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
2
⇒ (𝑦 − 5) = 5 (𝑥 − 2)
⇒ 2𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 21 = 0
2. Find the equations of the tangent and the normal to the curve 𝑦 4 = 𝑎𝑥 3 at (𝑎, 𝑎).
𝑑𝑦
Different w.r.t. we get 4𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑎𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 3𝑎𝑥 2
⇒ =
𝑑𝑥 4𝑦 3
3𝑎(𝑎 2) 3
(i) Slope of the tangent at (𝑎, 𝑎) is 𝑚 = =
4(𝑎 3 ) 4
3
(ii) Equation of the tangent at (𝑎, 𝑎), 𝑚 = 4 is 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
3
⇒ 𝑦 − 𝑎 = 4 (𝑥 − 𝑎 )
⇒ 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 𝑎 = 0
−1 −1 −4
(iii) Slope of the normal is = 3 =
𝑚 3
4
−4
(iv) Equation of the normal at (𝑎, 𝑎), slope 𝑚 = is
𝑚
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
−4
⇒𝑦−𝑎 = 3
(𝑥 − 𝑎)
⇒ 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 7𝑎 = 0
138
TSWREIS
3. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 𝑥 , where it meets the x-axis.
2 3
Given curve is 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3
Put 𝑦 = 0 in 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3
⇒ 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 (3 − 𝑥 ) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 3
𝑑𝑦
Slope 𝑚 = 𝑑𝑥 | = (6𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 )| = 0 [at P(0, 0)]
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
⇒ 𝑦 − 0 = 0(𝑥 − 0) ⇒ 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦
Slope 𝑚 = 𝑑𝑥 | = (6𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 )| = 18 − 27 = −9 [at P(3, 0)]
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
⇒ 𝑦 − 0 = −9(𝑥 − 3)
⇒ 9𝑥 + 𝑦 − 27 = 0
𝑥 𝑛 𝑦 𝑛
4. Show that the equation of the tangent to the curve (𝑎) + (𝑏 ) = 2 (𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑏 ≠ 0) at the
point (𝑎, 𝑏) is
𝑥 𝑦
+ 𝑏 = 2.
𝑎
𝑥 𝑛 𝑦 𝑛 1 1
Sol: The given equation is (𝑎) + (𝑏 ) = 2 ⇒ 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑦 𝑛 = 2 ------ (1)
1 1 𝑑𝑦
Differentiating w.r.t. ′𝑥’ 𝑎𝑛 𝑛. 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑛. 𝑦 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 = 0
139
TSWREIS
𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑛 𝑦 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑎 (𝑎 ) + ( 𝑏 ) (𝑏 ) =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑏 𝑏 𝑛−1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑎 ) ( )
𝑎 𝑛 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑛 𝑎 𝑛−1 𝑏 𝑏 𝑛−1
Slope of the tangent at (a, b) is 𝑚 = 𝑑𝑥 | = − (𝑎 ) (𝑎) (𝑛 ) (𝑏 ) [at P(a, b)]
−𝑏
∴𝑚= 𝑎
−𝑏
equation of tangent with slope at the point (a, b) is
𝑎
−𝑏
𝑦−𝑏 = (𝑥 − 𝑎) ⇒ 𝑎𝑦 − 𝑎𝑏 = −𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏 ⇒ 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 = 2𝑎𝑏
𝑎
𝑏𝑥 𝑎𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
⇒ + = 2 ⇒ + = 2.
𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
5. Show that the tangent at any point 𝜃 on the curve 𝑥 = 𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 is 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑥 −
𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃.
Sol: Slope of the tangent at any point 𝜃, (𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃, 𝑐 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃) on the curve is
𝑑
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝜃 (𝑐 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃) 𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝜃
𝑚 = 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝜃
𝑑 = 𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
(𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃)
𝑑𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1 𝑐
⇒𝑦−𝑐 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 0
⇒ 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
140
TSWREIS
𝑎
6. Find lengths of normal and subnormal at a point on the 𝑦 = 2 (𝑒 𝑥/𝑎 + 𝑒 −𝑥/𝑎 ).
𝑎
Sol: Given that 𝑦 = 2 (𝑒 𝑥/𝑎 + 𝑒 −𝑥/𝑎 )
𝑒 𝑥/𝑎 +𝑒 −𝑥/𝑎 𝑥
= 𝑎( ) = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ (𝑎)
2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 1 𝑥
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ (𝑎) . 𝑎 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ (𝑎)
𝑑𝑦 2
(i) length of normal = |𝑦. √1 + (𝑑𝑥 ) |
𝑥 𝑥
= |𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ (𝑎) . √1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 (𝑎)|
𝑥 𝑥
= |𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ (𝑎) . 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ (𝑎)|
𝑥
= |𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑎|
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑥
(ii) Length of the subnormal = |𝑦 | = |𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑎|
𝑑𝑥 𝑎
𝑎 𝑥 𝑥 𝑎 2𝑥
= 2 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑎 = |2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ |
𝑎
7. Find the value of K, so that the length of the subnormal at any point on the curve 𝑦 =
𝑎1−𝐾 𝑥 𝐾 is a constant.
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑎1−𝐾 𝐾. 𝑥 𝐾−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= |𝑦 | = |𝑦 𝑎1−𝐾 𝐾. 𝑥 𝐾−1 |
𝑑𝑥
= |𝐾𝑎2−2𝐾 . 𝑥 2𝐾−1 |
1
is ‘a’ constant is 2𝐾 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝐾 = 2
141
TSWREIS
PRACTICE QUESTIONS (4 Marks)
1. Find thee equations of tangent and the normal to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 at (-1, 3).
2. Show that the curves 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2, 3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 have a common tangent at the point
(1, 1).
𝜋
3. Find the equation of tangent and normal to the curve 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 at 𝑡 = 4 .
4. Show that the length of subnormal at any point on the curve 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑎2 varies as the
cube of the ordinate of the point.
LAQ (7 Marks)
1 1 1
− −
1. Show that the tangent at 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) on the curve √𝑥 + √𝑦 = √𝑎 is 𝑥𝑥1 2 + 𝑦𝑦1 2 = 𝑎2 .
1 1 𝑑𝑦
+2 =0
2√𝑥 √𝑦 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦 1
⇒2 = −2
√𝑦 𝑑𝑥 √𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −2√𝑦 √𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = =
2 √𝑥 √𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦1
Slope 𝑚 at 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is |=√
𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥1
𝑦
equation of the tangent at 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) m in slope 𝑚 = √𝑥1 . is
√ 1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
−√𝑦1
⇒ 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
√𝑥 1
𝑦−𝑦1 −(𝑥−𝑥1 ) 𝑦 𝑦1 −𝑥 𝑥1
⇒ = ⇒ − = +
√𝑦1 √𝑥 1 √𝑦1 √𝑦1 √𝑥 1 √𝑥 1
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥1 𝑦1
⇒ + = +
√𝑥 1 √𝑦1 √𝑥 1 √𝑦1
−1/2
⇒ 𝑥(𝑥1 ) + 𝑦(𝑦1−1/2 ) = √𝑥1 + √𝑦1 = √𝑎 [∵ from (2)]
∴ locus of 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is √𝑥 + √𝑦 = √𝑎
142
TSWREIS
2. If the tangent at a point on the curve 𝑥 2/3
+𝑦 2/3
=𝑎 2/3
intersects the coordinate axes
in A, B then show that the length AB is constant.
𝑑𝑥
∴ 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 ⇒ 𝑑𝜃 = 3𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) Differentiating w.r.t. 𝜃
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 ⇒ 𝑑𝜃 = 3𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑦 = 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
⇒ 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 = (𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
⇒ 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 1
𝑥 𝑦
⇒ 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 1
∴ 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑎 is a constant
143
TSWREIS
3. If the tangent at any point P on the curve 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑚 𝑛 𝑚+𝑛
, 𝑚𝑛 ≠ 0 meets the coordinate
axes in A, B then show that AP : BP is a constant.
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑚 (𝑛𝑦 𝑛−1 ) + 𝑦 𝑛 (𝑚𝑥 𝑚−1 ) = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −𝑚 𝑦 𝑛 𝑥 𝑚−1 −𝑚 𝑦
⇒𝑑𝑥 = = (𝑥 )
𝑛𝑥 𝑚𝑦 𝑛−1 𝑛
𝑑𝑦 −𝑚 𝑦1
∴ slope of the curve 𝑚 = 𝑑𝑥 | = (𝑥 ) (at (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ))
𝑛 1
−𝑚 𝑦1
Equation of the tangent at 𝑃 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) with slope (𝑥 ) is
𝑛 1
−𝑚 𝑦1
(𝑦 − 𝑦1 ) = (𝑥 ) (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑛 1
⇒ 𝑛𝑥1 (𝑦 − 𝑦1 ) = −𝑚𝑦1 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
(𝑚+𝑛)𝑥1
⇒ A(a, 0) = ( , 0)
𝑚
(𝑚+𝑛)𝑦1
⇒ B(0, a) = (0, )
𝑛
(𝑚+𝑛)𝑥1
𝑃 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) ∴ AP : PB = (𝑎 − 𝑥1 ): (𝑥1 − 0) = ( − 𝑥1 ) : (𝑥1 − 0)
𝑚
∴ AP : PB = 𝑛: 𝑚 which is a constant.
4. At any point 𝑡 on the curve 𝑥 = 𝑎(𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡), 𝑦 = 𝑎(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡) find the lengths of tangent,
normal, subtangent and subnormal.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
Sol: Given curve is 𝑥 = 𝑎(𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡) ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 (𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
144
TSWREIS
𝑑𝑥
∴ = 𝑎(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡) differentiating w.r.t. ‘t’
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
𝑦 = 𝑎(1 − cost) ⇒ =𝑎 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑡 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
Slope of the tangent 𝑚 = 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡 = 𝑎(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)
1 𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 .𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡
2 2
∴ 𝑚 = 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2
2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
2
𝑡
𝑦√1+𝑚 2 𝑎(1−cost)√1+𝑡𝑎𝑛
2
(i) length of the tangent = | |=| 𝑡 |
𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑛
2
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
𝑎 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 .. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑡 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠
=| 2
𝑡
2
| = |𝑎 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 . 1.
2
1 |
𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2 2
𝑡
= |2𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2|
𝑡
(ii) Length of the normal = |𝑦√1 + 𝑚2 | = |𝑎(1 − cost)√1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2|
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 1
= |𝑎 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 . . 𝑠𝑒𝑐 | = |𝑎 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 . 1 |
2 2 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2
𝑡 𝑡
= |2𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2|
𝑦
(iii) Length of the subtangent = |𝑚|
𝑎(1−cost) 𝑡 𝑡
=| 𝑡 | = |𝑎 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 . 𝑐𝑜𝑡 |
𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 2
2
𝑡
𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑡 𝑡
= 2 𝑎 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 = |𝑎 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 |
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 2 2
2
= |𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡|
𝑡
(iv) Length of sub normal = |𝑦𝑚| = |𝑎(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)𝑡𝑎𝑛 2|
𝑡 𝑡
= |𝑎 (2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2) . 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2|
𝑡 𝑡
= |2𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 . 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2|
145
TSWREIS
5. Find the angle between the curves 𝑥𝑦 = 2 and 𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 0. 2
𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 = 0 ----- (2)
2 2
(1) ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥 ∴ (2) ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 4 (𝑥) = 0
𝑥 3 +8
⇒ = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 3 + 8 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −2
𝑥
2 2
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑥 = − 2 = −1
2 𝑑𝑦 −2 𝑑𝑦 −2 −1
𝑥𝑦 = 2 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥2
∴ 𝑚1 = 𝑑𝑥 | = (−2)2
= 2
(at -2, -1)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 −𝑥
𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 2
𝑑𝑦 −2
𝑚2 = 𝑑𝑥 | = =1 (at -2, -1)
−2
∴ 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 3
4(𝑥 + 1) = 36(9 − 𝑥)
⇒ 𝑥 + 1 = 9(9 − 𝑥)
⇒ 10𝑥 = 80 ⇒ 𝑥 = 8
146
TSWREIS
Put 𝑥 = 8 in 𝑦 = 4(𝑥 + 1) ⇒ 𝑦 = 4(8 + 1) = 36
2 2
∴ 𝑦 = ±6
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑦 2 = 4(𝑥 + 1) ⇒ 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 4 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 ----- (3)
𝑑𝑦 2 1
⇒ 𝑚1 = (𝑑𝑦 ) =6=3
𝑃(8,6)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 −18
and 𝑦 2 = 36(9 − 𝑥) ⇒ 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = −36 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = ----- (4)
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 −18
⇒ 𝑚2 = (𝑑𝑦 ) = = −3
𝑃(8,6) 6
1
The product of slopes of tangents at P(8, 6) is 𝑚1 𝑚2 = (− 3) (3)
𝑚1 𝑚2 = −1
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 2 1
from (3) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑚1 = 𝑑𝑥 | = = −3 (at Q(8, -6))
−6
𝑑𝑦 −18 𝑑𝑦 −18
from (3) 𝑑𝑥 = ⇒ 𝑚2 = 𝑑𝑥 | = = 3 (at Q(8, -6))
𝑦 −6
1
∴ The product of slopes of tangents at Q(8, -6) is 𝑚1 𝑚2 = (− ) (3)
3
𝑚1 𝑚2 = −1
𝑎1 𝑥 2 + 𝑏1 𝑦 2 = 1 ------ (2)
147
TSWREIS
(2) ⇒ 𝑎1 𝑥12 + 𝑏1 𝑦12 =1
𝑥12 𝑏 −𝑏 −(𝑏−𝑏1)
⇒ 1
= 𝑎−𝑎 = ----- (1)
𝑦12 1 𝑎−𝑎1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑥1
2𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑏𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚1 = (𝑑𝑥 ) =
𝑃(𝑥1,𝑦1 ) 𝑏𝑦1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑎1 𝑥 1
2𝑎1 𝑥 + 2𝑏1 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚2 = (𝑑𝑥 ) =
𝑃(𝑥2,𝑦2 ) 𝑏1𝑦1
𝑎 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏
⇒𝑎𝑎 − 𝑎𝑎1 = 𝑏𝑏 − 𝑏𝑏1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
⇒𝑎 −𝑎=𝑏 −𝑏
1 1
1 1 1 1
⇒𝑎 −𝑏 =𝑎−𝑏
1 1
Hence proved
PRACRICE QUESTIONS
1. Find the length of subtangent, sub normal at a point on the curve 𝑥 = 𝑎(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡),
𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡).
𝑥
2. Find the length of subtangent and sub normal at a point on the curve 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎).
148
TSWREIS
10.3 RATE MEASURE (4M)
SYNOPSIS POINTS
𝑑𝑦
Rate of change: The rate of change of a given function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is defined as 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑓′(𝑥).
If 𝑥 and 𝑦 are varying to another variable ′𝑡′ is if
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑡), 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑡) then = ( ≠ 0)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
149
TSWREIS
SAQ (4 Marks)
1. A particle moving along a straight line has the relation 𝑠 = 𝑡 3 + 2𝑡 + 3, connecting the
distance ‘s’ describe by the particle in time ‘t’. Find the velocity and acceleration of
the particle at t = 4 sec.
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠
Differentiating with respect to ′𝑥′ 𝑣 = 𝑑𝑡 = 3𝑡 2 + 2 [∵ velocity 𝑣 = 𝑑𝑡 ]
𝑑2 𝑠 𝑑𝑣
Differentiating with respect to ′𝑥′ 𝑎 = 𝑑𝑡 2 = = 6𝑡 (a = acceleration)
𝑑𝑡
At t = 4
2. A particle is moving in a straight line so that after ‘t’ seconds its distance s(in cms) from
a fixed point on the line is given by 𝑠 = 𝑓(𝑡) = 8𝑡 + 𝑡 3 . Find (i) The Velocity at time t = 2
sec (ii) The initial velocity (iii) acceleration at t = 2sec.
𝑑𝑠
Velocity (𝑣)= 𝑑𝑡 = 8 + 3𝑡 2 -------- (2)
𝑑𝑣
Acceleration (𝑎) = = 6𝑡 -------- (3)
𝑑𝑡
3. The distance-time formula for the motion of a particle along a straight line is 𝑠 = 𝑡 3 −
9𝑡 2 + 24𝑡 − 18. Find when and where velocity is zero.
𝑑𝑠
⇒ Velocity (𝑣) = = 3𝑡 2 − 18𝑡 + 24 = 3(𝑡 2 − 6𝑡 + 8)
𝑑𝑡
= 3(𝑡 − 2)(𝑡 − 4)
= 8 − 36 + 48 − 18 = 56 − 54 = 2
= 64 − 144 + 96 − 18 = 160−162 = −2
𝑑𝑠
The velocity at time ‘t’is (𝑣) = 𝑑𝑡 = 12𝑡 2 − 6𝑡 + 5
𝑑𝑣
Acceleration at time ‘t’ is 𝑎 = = 24𝑡 − 6
𝑑𝑡
1
If acceleration is ‘’0’then 24𝑡 − 6 = 0 ⇒ 𝑡 = 4
1
The acceleration of the particle is zero at 𝑡 = .
4
5. A stone is dropped in to a quiet lake and ripples move in circles at the speed of
5cm/sec. at the instant when the radius of circular ripple in 8 cm, how fast in the
enclosed area increases?
𝑑𝑟
Given = 5, 𝑟 = 8
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑟
= 2𝜋𝑒 ( 𝑑𝑡 ) = 2𝜋(8)(5) = 80𝜋 cm2/sec.
𝑑𝑡
6. The volume of a cube is increasing at a rate of 9 cubic centimeters per second. How
fast is the surface area increasing when the length of the edge is 10 centimeters.
151
TSWREIS
Volume = V
Surface area = S
𝑑𝑉
Given = 9 cm3/sec and 𝑥 = 10cm
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑥
Differentiating w.r.t. ‘t’, we get = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 9 3
⇒ 9 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑡 ⇒ = 3𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑥 3 36 36
= 12 × 𝑑𝑡 = 12𝑥 (𝑥 2) = = 10 = 3.6 cm2/sec.
𝑑𝑡 𝑥
7. A container in the shape of an inverted cone has height 12cm and radius 6cm at the
top. If it is filled with water at the rate of 12cm3/sec, what is the rate of change in the
height of water levels when the tank is filled 8cm?
𝑑𝑉
Given that AB = 6cm, OA = 12 cm, = 12cm2/sec
𝑑𝑡
𝑑ℎ
( 𝑑𝑡 ) , when h = 8 cm
ℎ=8
𝐶𝐷 𝑂𝐶 𝑟 ℎ ℎ
∴ 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂𝐴 ⇒ 6 = 12 ⇒ 𝑟 = 2 ----- (2)
𝜋𝑟 2ℎ
Volume of the cone V is given by 𝑉 = ------ (2)
3
𝜋 ℎ 3 𝜋ℎ 3
From (1), we have 𝑉 = 3 ( 2 ) × ℎ = ------ (3)
12
𝑑𝑉 𝜋ℎ 3 𝑑ℎ
Diff (3) w.r.t. ‘t’ we get = . 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 12
𝑑ℎ 4 𝑑𝑉 1 4 3
⇒ = 𝜋ℎ2 . 𝑑𝑡 = 𝜋 (82 ) (12) = 4𝜋 cm/sec.
𝑑𝑡
152
TSWREIS
3
Hence, the rate of change of water level is 4𝜋 cm/sec.
𝑑𝑥
Sol: Let P = (x, y), given 𝑑𝑦 = 4
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
We have 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑥. 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
∴ A 𝑥 = 2, = 4.2.4 = 32
𝑑𝑡
153
TSWREIS
10.4 MEAN VALUE OF THEOREMS (2Marks)
SYNPOSIS POINTS
Mean value theorem: (i) if 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous on [a, b] and (ii) differentiable on (a, b)
𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)
(iiii) then there exists a number c between a and b such that 𝑓 ′ (𝑐 ) = . This is
𝑏−𝑎
also known first mean value theorem (or) Lagrange’s Mean value theorem.
Rolle’s Theorem: (i) if a function 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous on [a, b] (ii) and 𝑓 is differentiable
on (a, b) (iii) 𝑓 (𝑎) = 𝑓(𝑏) then there exists at least one c ∈ (a, b) such that 𝑓 ′ (𝑐 ) = 0
VSAQ (2 Marks)
𝑓 (3) = 32 + 4 = 9 + 4 = 13
∴ 𝑓(−3) = 𝑓(3)
∴ 𝑓(−3) = 𝑓(8)
5
Now 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 − 5 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑐 ) = 2𝑐 − 5 = 0 ⇒ 𝑐 = 2 ∈ (−3, 8)
154
TSWREIS
3. Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥(𝑥 + 3)𝑒 −𝑥/2
on [-3, 0].e
∴ 𝑓(−3) = 𝑓(0)
−𝑥 2−3𝑥 −𝑥 2 −3𝑥+4𝑥+6
= 𝑒 −𝑥/2 [ + 2𝑥 + 3] = 𝑒 −𝑥/2 [ ]
2 2
−𝑥 2+𝑥+6
= 𝑒 −𝑥/2 [ ]
2
−𝑐 2 +𝑐+6
∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑐 ) = 0 ⇒ 𝑒 −𝑐/2 [ ] = 0 ⇒ −𝑐 2 + 𝑐 + 6 = 0
2
⇒ 𝑐 2 − 𝑐 − 6 = 0 ⇒ (𝑐 + 2)(𝑐 − 3) = 0 ⇒ 𝑐 = −2 𝑜𝑟 3
4. Let 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3) then prove that there is more than one ç’in (1, 3) such
that 𝑓 ′ (𝑐 ) = 0.
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 11
155
TSWREIS
∴ By Rolle’s Theorem ∃ 𝑐 ∈ (1,3) such that 𝑓 𝑐 ) = 0 ′(
⇒ 3𝑐 2 − 12𝑐 + 11 = 0
5. Verify the conditions of Lagrange’s mean value theorem for the function 𝑥 2 − 1 on [2,
3].
𝑓(3)−𝑓(2)
∴ from Lagrange’s theorem 𝑓 ′ (𝑐 ) = 3−2
32 −1−22 −1 9−4
⇒ 2𝑐 = = =5
3−2 1
5
⇒ 2𝑐 = 5 ⇒ 𝑐 = 2 = 2.5
𝑐 = 2.5 ∈ (2, 3)
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
156
TSWREIS
10.5 MAXIMA AND MINIMA (7 Marks)
SYNPOSIS POINTS
LAQ (7Marks)
1. Find the maximum area of the rectangle that can be formed with fixed perimeter 20.
Breadth of rectangle = 𝑦 y y
Perimeter = 2(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 20 x
⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10
⇒𝑦 = 10 − 𝑥 -----(1)
157
TSWREIS
Area of rectangle is 𝐴 = 𝑥𝑦
𝑑
𝐴′′ (𝑥) = 𝑑𝑥 (10 − 2𝑥 ) ⇒ −2 < 0
⇒ 10 − 2𝑥 = 0
⇒𝑥=5
Area is maximum at /𝑥 = 5
∴ 𝑦 = 10 − 𝑥 = 10 − 5 = 5 ∴ 𝑦 = 5.
2. From a rectangular sheet of dimensions 30 cm × 80 cm, corners, and the sides are
then turned up so as to form an open rectangular box. What is the value of 𝑥, so that
the volume of the box is the greatest?
Length = 𝑙 = 80 − 2𝑥
Breadth = 𝑏 = 30 − 2𝑥 30
20
20 20
At 𝑥 = , 𝑉 ′′( 3 ) = 4 [6 ( 3 ) − 110] = 4(40 − 110) = 40(−70) = −280 < 0
3
20
∴ 𝑉(𝑥) has maximum value at 𝑥 = cm
3
3. A wire of length 𝑙 is cut into two parts which are bent respectively in the form of a
square and a circle. What are lengths of pieces of wire so that the sum of areas is
least?
𝑥
Perimeter 4𝑦 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 = --------- (1)
4
𝑙−𝑥
Circumference 2𝜋𝑟 = 𝑙 − 𝑟 ⇒ 𝑟 = ------- (2)
2𝜋
𝑥2 (𝑙−𝑥)2
𝐴(𝑥 ) = 𝑦 2 + 𝜋𝑟 2 = 16 + 𝜋 (from (1) & (2)) y
4𝜋2
𝑥 𝑙−𝑥
Now 𝐴′ (𝑥 ) = 0 ⇒ 8 − = 0 [∵ At max or min 𝐴′ (𝑥 ) = 0 ]
2𝜋
𝑥 𝑙−𝑥 𝑥 𝑙−𝑥
⇒8− ⇒4− ⇒ 𝑥𝜋 − 4(𝑙 − 𝑥 ) ⇒ 𝑥𝜋 = 4𝑙 − 4𝑥
2𝜋 𝜋
4𝑙
⇒ 𝑥𝜋 + 4𝑥 = 4𝑙 ⇒ 𝑥(𝜋 + 4) = 4𝑙 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝜋+4
4𝑙 𝑙(𝜋+4)−4𝑙 𝑙𝜋+4𝑙−4𝑙 𝜋𝑙
Also, 𝑙 − 𝑥 = 𝑙 − 𝜋+4 = = = 𝜋+4
𝜋+4 𝜋+4
1 1
On differentiating (3) w.r.t. ′𝑥′ we get 𝐴′′ (𝑥 ) = 8 + 2𝜋 > 0
4𝑙 𝜋𝑙
∴ Length of piece that forms square is and circle is 𝜋+4
𝜋+4
159
TSWREIS
4. A window is in the shape of a rectangle surmounted by a semi-circle. If the perimeter
of the window be feet then find the maximum area.
Breadth = 𝑥
Semiperimeter = 𝜋𝑟 x x
⇒ 2𝑥 + 2𝑟 + 𝜋𝑟 = 20 ⇒ 2𝑥 = 20 − 2𝑟 − 𝜋𝑟 --------- (1)
𝜋𝑟 2 𝜋𝑟 2
⇒ 𝐴(𝑟) = 2𝑟(𝑥 ) + = 𝑟(2𝑥) +
2 2
𝜋𝑟 2
⇒ 𝐴(𝑟) = 𝑟(20 − 2𝑟 − 𝜋𝑟) + (from (1))
2
𝜋𝑟 2 𝜋
= 20𝑟 − 2𝑟 2 − 𝜋𝑟 2 + = 20𝑟 − 𝑟 2 (2 + 𝜋 − 2 )
2
4+𝜋
Diff (2) w.r.t. ′𝑟 ′ we get 𝐴′ (𝑟) = 20 − 2𝑟 ( )
2
20
⇒ 𝑟(4 + 𝜋) = 20 ⇒ 𝑟 = 4+𝜋 diff (3) w.r.t. ′𝑟′
160
TSWREIS
5. If the curved surface right circular cylinder inscribed in a sphere of radius ′𝑟′ is
maximum, show that the height of the cylinder is √2𝑟.
Base radius = R
⇒ r2(2R)-4R3 = 0 ⇒ r2(2R)-2R2(2R)=0
2𝑟 2−𝑟 2
Now h2 = 4(r2 – R2) = 4(r2 – r2/2) = = 4 ( ) = 2𝑟 2
2
∴ ℎ2 = 2𝑟 2 ⇒ ℎ = √2𝑟
12𝑟 2
At 𝑅2 = 𝑟 2 /2 𝑓 ′′ (𝑅) = 16𝜋 2 [2𝑟 2 − ]
2
= 16𝜋 2 [2𝑟2 − 6𝑟 2 ]
161
TSWREIS
6. Prove that the radius of the right circular cylinder of greatest curved surface area
which can be inscribed in a given cone is half of that of the cone.
Height h = AO
⇒ FO = ED = H
∴ DC = OC – OD = 𝑟 − 𝑅
𝐸𝐷 𝐷𝐶 𝐻 𝑟−𝑅
∴ = ⇒ =
𝐴𝑂 𝑂𝐶 ℎ 𝑟
ℎ(𝑟−𝑅)
⇒𝐻= ---------- (1)
𝑟
2𝜋𝑅(ℎ(𝑟−𝑅)) 2𝜋ℎ(𝑟𝑅−𝑅2 )
From (1) 𝑆 (𝑅) = = (r, h are constants)
𝑟 𝑟
2𝜋ℎ
Now 𝑆 ′ (𝑅) = (𝑟 − 2𝑅)
𝑟
2𝜋ℎ(𝑟−2𝑅)
⇒ = 0 (∵ At max. or min value 𝑆 ′ (𝑅) = 0)
𝑟
𝑟
𝑟 − 2𝑅 = 0 ⇒ 𝑅 = 2
−4𝜋ℎ
Also 𝑆 ′′ (𝑅) = < 0, ∀𝑅
𝑟
7. Find two positive integers whose sum is 15 so that the sum of their squares is minimum.
162
TSWREIS
Diff (2) w.r.t. ′𝑥′ we get
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 + 3(15 − 𝑥 )(−1) = 2𝑥 − 30 + 2𝑥
15
2𝑥 − 15 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2
15 15
At 𝑥 = , from (4), 𝑓 ′′ ( 2 ) = 4 > 0
2
15 15 15
𝑦 = 15 − = ∴ 𝑓(𝑥 ) is minimum when 𝑥 = and
2 2 2
15 15
∴ Required number are (𝑥, 𝑦) = ( 2 , 2 )
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
8. Find two positive integers whose sum is 16 and the sum of whose squares in minimum.
9. Find two positive integers 𝑥 and 𝑦 such that 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 60 and 𝑥𝑦 3 is maximum.
10. Find the absolute extremum of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 defined on [-2, 2].
11. Find the points of local extrema for 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 defined (0, 𝜋/2)
2
12. Determine the intervals in which 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥−1 + 18𝑥, ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 − {0} is strictly increasing and
decreasing.
13. The profit function 𝑃(𝑥) of a company, selling 𝑥 items per day is given by 𝑃(𝑥 ) =
(150 − 𝑥 )𝑥 − 1600. find the number of items that the company should sell to get
maximum profit. Also find the maximum profit.
14. What s error, relative error and percentage error in 𝑦,
15. Define stationary point of a function.
16. Define Rolle’s and Lagrange’s Mean value Theorem.
163