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Math-IB IPE Study Material (Final)

1) The document provides study material for the IB Mathematics topic of Locus. 2) It defines locus and provides examples of finding the equation of a locus based on given geometric conditions. 3) Six examples are given of finding the locus equation for different geometric scenarios involving points and ratios of distances. 4) The key steps shown are defining variables for an arbitrary point P, writing the geometric condition in terms of an equation involving P, and obtaining the locus equation.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
584 views163 pages

Math-IB IPE Study Material (Final)

1) The document provides study material for the IB Mathematics topic of Locus. 2) It defines locus and provides examples of finding the equation of a locus based on given geometric conditions. 3) Six examples are given of finding the locus equation for different geometric scenarios involving points and ratios of distances. 4) The key steps shown are defining variables for an arbitrary point P, writing the geometric condition in terms of an equation involving P, and obtaining the locus equation.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TSWREIS

MATHEMATICS – IB

IPE STUDY MATERIAL

S.No. Topic Name with Weightage 7M 4M SAQ 2M VSAQ


LAQ

1 LOCUS - - 4

2 TRANSFORMATION OF AXES - - 4

3 THE STRAIGHT LINE 7 4 2+2

4 PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES 7+7 - -

5 THREE DIMNESIONAL COORDINATES - - 2

6 DIRECTION COSINES AND 7 - -


DIRECTINRATIOS
7 THE PLANE - - 2

8 LIMITS AND CONTINUITY - 4 OR 4 22+2

9 DIFFERENTIATION 7 OR 7 4 2+2+2

10 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIONS

10.1 ERRORS AND APPROXIMATIONS - - 2

10.2 TANGENTS AND NORMALS 7 4 -

10.3 RATE OF CHANGE - 4 -

10.4 MEAN VALUE THEOREMS - - 2

10.5 MAXIMA AND MINIMA 7 - -

1
TSWREIS

INDEX

S.No. Topic Name with Weightage Page No.

1 LOCUS 3-10

2 TRANSFORMATION OF AXES 11-16

3 THE STRAIGHT LINE 17-40

4 PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES 41-62

5 THREE DIMNESIONAL COORDINATES 63-67

6 DIRECTION COSINES AND 68-79


DIRECTINRATIOS
7 THE PLANE 80-84

8 LIMITS AND CONTINUITY 85-101

9 DIFFERENTIATION 102-130

10 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIONS 131-163

10.1 ERRORS AND APPROXIMATIONS 131-136

10.2 TANGENTS AND NORMALS 137-418

10.3 RATE OF CHANGE 149-153

10.4 MEAN VALUE THEOREMS 154-156

10.5 MAXIMA AND MINIMA 157-163

2
TSWREIS
1. LOCUS
Definition : The set of all points which satisfies the given geometrical conditions

(properties) is called a locus.

From the definition of the Locus, it follows that

I Every point satisfying the given condition is a point of the locus.


II Every point of the locus satisfies the given condition.

An equation of a locus is an algebraic description of the locus. This can be obtained in


the following way.

i. Consider a point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) on the locus.


ii. Write the geometric condition(s) to be satisfies by P in terms of an equation or
inequation in symbols.
iii. Apply the proper formula of coordinate geometric and translate the geometric
condition in to algebraic equation.
iv. Simplify the equation so that it is free from radicals.
v. Verify that of 𝑄(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) satisfies the equation, then Q satisfies the geometric condition.
The equation thus obtained is the required equation of locus.

3
TSWREIS
1. LOCUS
LEVEL- I
1. If the distance from P to the points (2, 3) and (2, -3) are in the ration 2 : 3 then find
the equation of Locus of P

Sol: Let 𝑃 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) be a point on the locus

Given A(2, 3) B(2, -3)

Given condition is PA : PB = 2 : 3

⇒ 3 PA = 2PB ⇒ 9PA2 = 4PB2

⇒ 9[(𝑥1 − 2)2 + (𝑦1 − 3)2 ] = 4[(𝑥1 − 2)2 + (𝑦1 + 3)2 ]

⇒ 9[𝑥12 + 4 − 4𝑥1 + 𝑦12 + 9 − 6𝑦1 ] = 4[𝑥12 + 4 − 4𝑥1 + 𝑦12 + 9 + 6𝑦1 ]

⇒ 9[𝑥12 + 𝑦12 − 4𝑥1 − 6𝑦1 + 13] = 4[𝑥12 + 𝑦12 − 4𝑥1 + 6𝑦1 + 13]

⇒ 𝑥12 + 𝑦12 − 20𝑥1 − 78𝑦1 + 65 = 0

The locus of 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is 𝑥12 + 𝑦12 − 20𝑥1 − 78𝑦1 + 65 = 0

2. A(5, 3) and B(3, -2) are two fixed points. Find the equation of P, so that area of
∆𝑃𝐴𝐵 is 9 Sq. units.

Sol: A(5, 3), B(3, -2) are the given points

Let 𝑃 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) be any point on the Locus

Given Condition is that the area of ∆𝑃𝐴𝐵 = 9

1
⇒ 2 |𝑥1 (𝑦2 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )| = 9
1
⇒ 2 |5(−2 − 𝑦1 ) + 3(𝑦1 − 3) + 𝑥1 (3 + 2)| = 9

⇒ |−10 − 5𝑦1 + 3𝑦1 − 9 + 3𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 | = 18

⇒ |5𝑥1 − 2𝑦1 − 19| = 18

⇒ 5𝑥1 − 2𝑦1 − 19 = ±18

⇒ (5𝑥1 − 2𝑦1 − 19) = 18 or 5𝑥1 − 2𝑦1 − 19 = −18

⇒ 5𝑥1 − 2𝑦1 − 37 = 0 or 5𝑥1 − 2𝑦1 − 1 = 0

∴ Locus of P is (5𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 37)(5𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 1) = 0

⇒ 25𝑥 2 − 20𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 − 190𝑥 + 76𝑦 + 37 = 0

4
TSWREIS
3. A(2, 3) and B(-3, 4) are two given points. Find the equation of Locus of P, so that the
area of the triangle PAB is 8.5.

Sol: A(2, 3), B(-3, 4) are the given points

Let 𝑃 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) be any point on the Locus

Given Condition is that the area of ∆𝑃𝐴𝐵 = 8.5

1
⇒ |𝑥1 (𝑦2 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )| = 8.5
2

1
⇒ 2 |𝑥1 (3 − 4) + 2(4 − 𝑦1 ) + (−3)(𝑦1 − 3)| = 8.5

⇒ |−𝑥1 + 8 − 2𝑦1 − 3𝑦1 + 9| = 17

⇒ |−𝑥1 − 5𝑦1 + 17| = 17

⇒ −𝑥1 − 5𝑦1 + 17 = ±17

⇒ (−𝑥1 − 5𝑦1 + 17) = 17 or −𝑥1 − 5𝑦1 + 17 = −17

⇒ 𝑥1 − 5𝑦1 = 0 or −𝑥1 − 5𝑦1 + 34 = 0

∴ Locus of P is (−𝑥 − 5𝑦)(−𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 34) = 0

⇒ 𝑥 2 + 10𝑥𝑦 + 25𝑦 2 − 34𝑥 − 170𝑦 = 0

4. Find the Locus of P, of the line segment joining (2, 3) and (-1, 5) subtends a right
angle at P.

Sol: Let 𝑃 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) be a point on the Locus.

Let A(2, 3) B(-1, 5) be the given two points

Given condition is ∠𝐴𝑃𝐵 = 90𝑜

⇒ (Slope of AP) × (Slope of BP) = -1

𝑦 −3 𝑦 −5
⇒ (𝑥1 −2) (𝑥1 +1) = −1
1 1

⇒ 𝑦12 − 8𝑦1 + 15 = −(𝑥12 − 𝑥1 − 2)

⇒ 𝑥12 + 𝑦12 − 𝑥1 − 8𝑦1 + 13 = 0

The Locus of 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 13 = 0

5
TSWREIS
5. The ends of the hypotenuse of a right angled triangle are (0, 6) and (6, 0). Find the
Locus of its third vertex.

Sol: Let 𝑃 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) be a point on the Locus.

Let (0, 6) and (6, 0) be the given two points

Given condition is ∠𝐴𝑃𝐵 = 90𝑜

⇒ (Slope of AP) × (Slope of BP) = -1

𝑦 −6 𝑦 −0
⇒ (𝑥1 −0) (𝑥 1− 6) = −1
1 1

⇒ 𝑦12 − 6𝑦1 = −(𝑥12 − 6𝑥1 )

⇒ 𝑥12 + 𝑦12 − 6𝑥1 − 6𝑦1 = 0

The Locus of 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 6𝑦 = 0

6. A(1, 2) B(2, -3) C(-2, 3) are three points. A point P moves such that PA2 + PB2 = 2PC2.
Show that the equation to the Locus of P is 7𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 4 = 0.

Sol: Let 𝑃 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) be a point on the locus

Given three points are A(1, 2), B(2, -3), C(-2, 3)

Given geometric Condition is PA2 + PB2 = 2PC2.

⇒ (𝑥1 − 1)2 + (𝑦1 − 2)2 + (𝑥1 − 2)2 + (𝑦1 + 3)2 = 2[(𝑥1 + 2)2 + (𝑦1 − 3)2 ]

⇒ 𝑥12 + 1 − 2𝑥1 + 𝑦12 + 4 − 4𝑦1 + 𝑥12 + 4 − 4𝑥1 + 𝑦12 + 9 + 6𝑦1 =

2[𝑥12 + 4 + 4𝑥1 + 𝑦12 + 9 − 6𝑦1 ]

⇒ 2𝑥12 + 2𝑦12 − 6𝑥1 + 2𝑦1 + 18 = 2𝑥12 + 2𝑦12 + 8𝑥1 − 12𝑦1 + 26

⇒ 14𝑥1 − 14𝑦1 + 8 = 0 ⇒ 7𝑥1 − 7𝑦1 + 4 = 0

∴ The Locus of 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is 7𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 4 = 0

6
TSWREIS
LEVEL – II

1. Find the equation of the Locus of P, if A = (2, 3), B = (2, -3) and PA + PB = 8.

Sol: Given points are A(2, 3) and B(2, -3)

Let 𝑃 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) be the point on the Locus

Given Condition is PA + PB = 8 -------------- (1)

PA2 – PB2 =[ (𝑥1 − 2)2 + (𝑦1 − 3)2 ] − [(𝑥1 − 2)2 + (𝑦1 + 3)2 ]

= (𝑥1 − 2)2 + (𝑦1 − 3)2 − (𝑥1 − 2)2 − (𝑦1 + 3)2

= 𝑦12 + 9 − 6𝑦1 − 𝑦12 − 9 − 6𝑦1 = 12𝑦1

⇒ PA2 – PB2 = 12𝑦1

⇒ (PA + PB)(PA – PB) = 12𝑦1

−12𝑦1 −3𝑦1
⇒ 8 (PA – PB) = 12𝑦1 ⇒ PA – PB = = -------- (2)
8 2

Adding (1) & (2)

3𝑦1 16−3𝑦1
2PA = 8 − =
2 2

⇒ 4PA = 16 − 3𝑦1

⇒ 16PA2 = (16 − 3𝑦1 )2

⇒ 16 [(𝑥1 − 2)2 + (𝑦1 − 3)2 ] = 256 + 9𝑦12 − 96𝑦1

⇒ 16[𝑥12 + 4 − 4𝑥1 + 𝑦12 + 9 − 6𝑦1 ] = 256 + 9𝑦12 − 96𝑦1

⇒ 16𝑥12 + 7𝑦12 − 64𝑥1 − 48 = 0

⇒ 16𝑥12 − 64𝑥1 + 7𝑦12 = 48

⇒ 16𝑥12 − 64𝑥1 + 64 + 7𝑦12 = 48 + 64

⇒ 16(𝑥12 − 4𝑥1 + 4) + 7𝑦12 = 112

⇒ 16(𝑥1 − 2)2 + 7𝑦12 = 112

(𝑥1 −2) 2 𝑦2
⇒ + 161 = 1
7

7
TSWREIS
2. Find the equation of Locus of P, if A= (4, 0), B = (-4, 0) and |𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵| = 4.

Sol: Let 𝑃 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) be the point on the Locus

Given points are A(4, 0) and B(-4, 0)

Given geometric condition is |𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵| = 4

⇒ 𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 = ±4 ⇒ 𝑃𝐴 = ±4 + 𝑃𝐵

Squaring on both sides ⇒ (𝑃𝐴)2 = (±4 + 𝑃𝐵)2

⇒ (𝑃𝐴)2 = 16 + (𝑃𝐵)2 ± 8𝑃𝐵

⇒ (𝑃𝐴)2 − (𝑃𝐵)2 = 16 ± 8𝑃𝐵

⇒ [(𝑥1 − 4)2 + (𝑦1 − 0)2 ] − [(𝑥1 + 4)2 + (𝑦1 − 0)2 ] = 16 ± 8𝑃𝐵

⇒ 𝑥12 − 8𝑥1 + 16 + 𝑦12 − 𝑥12 − 8𝑥1 − 16 − 𝑦12 = 16 ± 8𝑃𝐵

⇒ −16𝑥1 = 8(2 ± 𝑃𝐵)

⇒ −2𝑥1 = 2 ± 𝑃𝐵

⇒ −2𝑥1 − 2 = ±𝑃𝐵

Squaring on both sides

⇒ [−(2𝑥1 + 2)]2 = ( ±𝑃𝐵)2

⇒ 4𝑥12 + 8𝑥1 + 4 = (𝑃𝐵)2

⇒ 4𝑥12 + 8𝑥1 + 4 = (𝑥1 + 4)2 + (𝑦1 − 0)2

⇒ 4𝑥12 + 8𝑥1 + 4 = 𝑥12 + 8𝑥1 + 16 + 𝑦12

⇒ 4𝑥12 + 4 − 𝑥12 − 16 − 𝑦12 = 0

⇒ 3𝑥12 − 𝑦12 − 12 = 0

𝑥12 𝑦2
⇒ 3𝑥12 − 𝑦12 = 12 ⇒ − 121 = 1
4

𝑥2 𝑦2
∴ The Locus of 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is 3𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 12 (or) − 12 = 1
4

8
TSWREIS
3. Find the equation of Locus of a point, the difference of whose distance from (-6, 0)
and (5, 0) is 8.

Sol: Let 𝑃 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) be the point on the Locus

Given points are A(-6, 0) and B(5, 0)

Given geometric condition is |𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵| = 8

⇒ 𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 = ±8 ⇒ 𝑃𝐴 = ±8 + 𝑃𝐵

Squaring on both sides ⇒ (𝑃𝐴)2 = (±8 + 𝑃𝐵)2

⇒ (𝑃𝐴)2 = 64 + (𝑃𝐵)2 ± 16𝑃𝐵

⇒ (𝑃𝐴)2 − (𝑃𝐵)2 = 64 ± 16𝑃𝐵

⇒ [(𝑥1 + 5)2 + (𝑦1 − 0)2 ] − [(𝑥1 − 5)2 + (𝑦1 − 0)2 ] = 64 ± 16𝑃𝐵

⇒ 𝑥12 + 10𝑥1 + 25 + 𝑦12 − 𝑥12 + 10𝑥1 − 25 − 𝑦12 = 64 ± 16𝑃𝐵

⇒ 20𝑥1 = 4(16 ± 4𝑃𝐵)

⇒ 5𝑥1 = 16 ± 4𝑃𝐵

⇒ 5𝑥1 − 16 = ±4𝑃𝐵

Squaring on both sides

⇒ (5𝑥1 − 16)2 = 16 (𝑃𝐵)2

⇒ 25𝑥12 − 160𝑥1 + 256 = 16[(𝑥1 − 5)2 + (𝑦1 − 0)2 ]

⇒ 25𝑥12 − 160𝑥1 + 256 = 16(𝑥12 − 10𝑥1 + 25 + 𝑦12 )

⇒ 4𝑥12 + 8𝑥1 + 4 = 𝑥12 + 8𝑥1 + 16 + 𝑦12


⇒ 25𝑥12 − 160𝑥1 + 256 − 16𝑥12 + 160𝑥1 − 400 − 16𝑦12 = 0
⇒ 9𝑥12 − 16𝑦12 − 144 = 0
⇒ 9𝑥12 − 16𝑦12 = 144
9𝑥 2 16𝑦 2
∴ The Locus of 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is 9𝑥 2 − 16𝑦 2 = 144 ⇒ − =1
144 144

𝑥2 𝑦2
⇒ − =1
16 9

9
TSWREIS
4. Find the equation of the Locus of a point, the sum of whose distance from (0, 2)
and (0, -2) is 6.

Sol: Let 𝑃 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) be the point on the Locus

Given points are A(0,2) and B(0, -2)

Given geometric condition is 𝑃𝐴 + 𝑃𝐵 = 6

⇒ 𝑃𝐴 = 6 − 𝑃𝐵

Squaring on both sides ⇒ (𝑃𝐴)2 = (6 − 𝑃𝐵)2

⇒ (𝑃𝐴)2 = 36 + (𝑃𝐵)2 − 12𝑃𝐵

⇒ (𝑃𝐴)2 − (𝑃𝐵)2 = 36 − 12𝑃𝐵

⇒ [(𝑥1 − 0)2 + (𝑦1 − 2)2 ] − [(𝑥1 − 0)2 + (𝑦1 + 2)2 ] = 36 − 12𝑃𝐵

⇒ 𝑥12 + 𝑦12 + 4 − 4𝑦1 − 𝑥12 − 𝑦12 − 4𝑦1 − 4 = 36 − 12𝑃𝐵

⇒ −8𝑦1 = 12(3 − 𝑃𝐵)

⇒ -−2𝑦1 = 3(3 − 𝑃𝐵) ⇒ −2𝑦1 = 9 − 3𝑃𝐵

⇒ −2𝑦1 − 9 = 3𝑃𝐵

Squaring on both sides

⇒ 4𝑦12 + 36𝑦1 + 81 = 9[(𝑥1 − 0)2 + (𝑦1 + 2)2 ]

⇒ 4𝑦12 + 36𝑦1 + 81 = 9(𝑥12 + 𝑦12 + 4𝑦1 + 4)

⇒ 4𝑦12 + 36𝑦1 + 81 − 9𝑥12 − 9𝑦12 − 36𝑦1 − 36 = 0

⇒ −9𝑥12 − 5𝑦12 + 45 = 0

⇒ 9𝑥12 + 5𝑦12 − 45 = 0

⇒ 9𝑥12 + 5𝑦12 = 45

9𝑥 2 5𝑦 2
∴ The Locus of 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is 9𝑥 2 + 5𝑦 2 = 45 ⇒ + =1
45 45

𝑥2 𝑦2
⇒ + =1
5 9

10
TSWREIS
2. TRANSFORMATION OF AXES

 The axes can be transformed or changed usually in the following ways.


I. Translation of axes
II. Rotation of axes
III. Translation and rotation of axes
 Translation of Axes: - If the origin is shifted to another point without changing the
direction of the axes then the transformation is called Translation of axes.

If the Coordinates (𝑥, 𝑦) of a point are transformed to (𝑋, 𝑌) when the origin is
shifted to (h, k) then 𝑥 = 𝑋 + ℎ 𝑦 = 𝑌 + 𝑘

If the origin (0, 0) is shifted to (h, k) by the translation of axes then

(i) the Coordinates (𝑥, 𝑦) of a point P are transformed as (𝑥 − ℎ, 𝑦 − 𝑘) and

(ii) the equation 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) of the curve is transformed as 𝑓(𝑋 + ℎ, 𝑌 + 𝑘) = 0.

 The points to which the origin is to be shifted by the translation of axes so as to remove
the first degree terms from the equation.
ℎ𝑓−𝑏𝑔 𝑔ℎ−𝑎𝑓
𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 where ℎ2 ≠ 𝑎𝑏 is ( 𝑎𝑏−ℎ2 , )
𝑎𝑏−ℎ 2

 The point to which the origin has to be shifted 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 is
−𝑔 −𝑓
(𝑎 , )
𝑏
 Rotation of Axes: - The transformation obtained, by rotating both the coordinate axes
in the plane by an equal angle, without changing the position of the origin is called a
Rotation of axes.
 If the coordinates (𝑥, 𝑦) of a points are transformed to (X, Y) when the axes are rotated
through an angle 𝜃 about the origin then
𝑥 = 𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑌𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑌𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
 If the axes are rotated through an angle θ then the equation 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 of a curve is
transformed 𝑓(𝑋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑌𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑌𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) = 0
 If 𝑓 (𝑋, 𝑌) = 0 is the transformed equation of a curve when the axes are rotated through
an angle θ then the original equation of the curve is
𝑓 (𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, −𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) = 0
 The angle of rotation of the axes to eliminate 𝑥𝑦 term in the equation
1 2ℎ 𝜋
𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 is 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑎−𝑏) is (𝑎 ≠ 𝑏) and if 𝑎 = 𝑏.
4

11
TSWREIS
LEVEL – I

1. When the origin is shifted to (-1, 2) by the translation of axes, find the transformed
equal of 2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 0

Sol: Let (𝑥, 𝑦) be the old Coordinator

Let (X, Y) be the new coordinator after shifting the origin to (h, k) = (-1, 2) then

𝑥 =𝑋+ℎ =𝑋−1 𝑦 =𝑌+𝑘 =𝑌+2

Given equation 2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 0

Transformed Equation is 2(𝑋 − 1)2 + (𝑌 + 2)2 − 4(𝑋 − 1) + 4(𝑌 + 2) = 0

⇒ 2[𝑋 2 − 2𝑋 + 1] + 𝑌 2 + 4𝑌 + 4 − 4𝑋 + 4 + 4𝑌 + 8 = 0

⇒ 2𝑋 2 − 4𝑋 + 2 + 𝑌 2 + 4𝑌 ± 4𝑋 + 4 + 4𝑌 + 8 = 0

⇒ 2𝑋 2 + 𝑌 2 − 8𝑋 + 8𝑌 + 18 = 0

∴ The Transformed equation is 2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 + 8𝑦 + 18 = 0

2. If the transformed equation of a curve 𝑥 2 + +3𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 + 17𝑥 − 7𝑦 − 11 = 0 when the


origin is shifted to the point (2, 3) then find the original equation of the curve.

Sol: Given the equation is 𝑋 2 + +3𝑋𝑌 − 2𝑌 2 + 17𝑋 − 7𝑌 − 11 = 0

(h, k) = (2, 3) 𝑋 = 𝑥 − ℎ = 𝑥 − 2, 𝑌 = 𝑦 − 𝑘 = 𝑦 − 3

(𝑥 − 2)2 + +3(𝑥 − 2)(𝑦 − 3) − 2(𝑦 − 3)2 + 17(𝑥 − 2) − 7(𝑦 − 3) − 11 = 0

⇒ 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦 − 9𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 18 − 2𝑦 2 + 12𝑦 − 18 + 17𝑥 = 34 − 7𝑦 + 21 − 11 = 0

⇒ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥 − 𝑦 − 20 = 0

∴ The Transformed equation is 𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥 − 𝑦 − 20 = 0


𝜋
3. When the axes are rotated through an angle , find the transformed equation of
4

3𝑥 2 + 10𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 = 9.

Sol: Given equation is 3𝑥 2 + 10𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 = 9 ---------- (1)

𝜋
Angle of rotation 𝜃 = 4

Let (X, Y) be the new coordinates of (𝑥, 𝑦) then

12
TSWREIS
𝜋 𝜋 𝑋 𝑌 𝑋−𝑌
𝑥 = 𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑌𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 − 𝑌𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 = − = -2
√2 √2 √2

𝜋 𝜋 𝑋 𝑌 𝑋+𝑌
𝑦 = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑌𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 + 𝑌𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 = + =
√2 √2 √2

∴ Transformed equation of (1) is

𝑋−𝑌 2 𝑋−𝑌 𝑋+𝑌 𝑋+𝑌 2


3( ) + 10 ( )( )+3( ) =9
√2 √2 √2 √2

3(𝑋 2 +𝑌 2 −2𝑋𝑌) 10(𝑋 2 −𝑌 2) 3(𝑋 2 +𝑌 2 +2𝑋𝑌)


⇒ + + −9
2 2 2

⇒ 3𝑋 2 + 3𝑌 2 − 6𝑋𝑌 + 10𝑋 2 − 10𝑌 2 + 3𝑋 2 + 3𝑌 2 + 6𝑋𝑌 = 18( )

⇒ 16𝑋 2 − 4𝑌 2 = 18 ⇒ 8𝑋 2 − 2𝑌 2 = 9

∴ The Transformed equation is 8𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 2 = 9

4. When the axes are rotated through an angle 𝛼, find the transformed equation of
𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 𝑃 .

Sol: Given equation is 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 𝑃 --------(1)

𝜃= 𝛼 𝑥 = 𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − 𝑌𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑦 = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑌𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼

Transformed equation of (1) is

(𝑋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − 𝑌 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + (𝑋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑌 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 )𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 𝑃

⇒ 𝑋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 − 𝑌𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 + 𝑌𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 𝑃

⇒ 𝑋 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 ) = 𝑃 ⇒ X = P

∴ The transformed equation is 𝑥 = 𝑃

𝜋
5. When the axes are rotated through an angle 6 , find the transformed equation of

𝑥 2 + 2√3𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 = 2𝑎2 .

Sol: Given equation is 𝑥 2 + 2√3𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 = 2𝑎2 --------- (1)


𝜋
𝜃= 6

Let (X, Y) be the new coordinates of (𝑥, 𝑦) then

𝜋 𝜋 √3 1 √3𝑋−𝑌
𝑥 = 𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑌𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 − 𝑌𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 = 𝑋 ( 2 ) − 𝑌 (2) = -2
2

13
TSWREIS
𝜋 𝜋 1 √3 𝑋+√3𝑌
𝑦 = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑌𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 + 𝑌𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 = 𝑋 (2) + 𝑌 ( 2 ) = 2

∴ Transformed equation of (1) is

2 2
√3𝑋−𝑌 √3𝑋−𝑌 𝑋+√3𝑌 𝑋+√3𝑌
( ) + 2√3 ( )( 2 ) −( ) = 2𝑎2
2 2 2

3𝑋 2 +𝑌 2 −2√3𝑋𝑌 2√3(√3𝑋 2 +3𝑋𝑌−𝑋𝑌−√3𝑌 2 ) (𝑋 2 +3𝑌 2 +2√3𝑋𝑌)


⇒ + + = 2𝑎2
4 4 4

⇒ 3𝑋 2 + 𝑌 2 − 2√3𝑋𝑌 + 6𝑋 2 + 4√3𝑋𝑌 − 6𝑌 2 − 𝑋 2 − 2√3𝑋𝑌 + 3𝑌 2 = 8𝑎2

⇒ 8𝑋 2 − 8𝑌 2 = 8𝑎2 ⇒ 𝑋 2 − 𝑌 2 = 𝑎2

∴ The Transformed equation is 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2

6. When the axes are rotated through an angle 45o, the transformed equation of a
curve is
17𝑥 2 − 16𝑥𝑦 + 17𝑦 2 = 225. Find the original equation of the curve.

Sol: Angle of rotation = 45o

𝑥 𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
𝑋 = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠45𝑜 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛45𝑜 = + = -2
√2 √2 √2

−𝑥 𝑦 −𝑥+𝑦 𝑦−𝑥
𝑌 = −𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = −𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛45𝑜 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠45𝑜 = + = =√
√2 √2 √2 2

Given equation is 17𝑋 2 − 16𝑋𝑌 + 17𝑌 2 = 225

𝑥+𝑦 2 𝑥+𝑦 −𝑥+𝑦 −𝑥+𝑦 2


17 ( 2
) − 16 ( 2
)( )−( ) = 225
√ √ √2 √2

17(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +2𝑥𝑦) 16(𝑦 2−𝑥 2 ) 17(𝑥 2+𝑦 2 −2𝑥𝑦)


⇒ − + = 225
2 2 2

⇒ 17𝑥 2 + 17𝑦 2 + 34𝑥𝑦 − 16𝑦 2 + 16𝑥 2 + 17𝑥 2 + 17𝑦 2 − 34𝑥𝑦 = 450

⇒ 50𝑥 2 + 18𝑦 2 = 450 ⇒ 25𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 = 225

∴ The Original equation is 25𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 = 225

14
TSWREIS
LEVEL – II

1 2ℎ
1. Show that the axes are to be rotated through an angle of 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑎−𝑏 ) so as to

remove the 𝑥𝑦 term from the equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 if 𝑎 ≠ 𝑏 and through the
𝜋
angle if 𝑎 = 𝑏
4

Sol: If the axes are rotated through an angle θ then

𝑥 = 𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑌𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑌𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

Therefore the given equation transforms as

𝑎(𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑌𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2 + 2ℎ(𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑌𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)(𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑌𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) + 𝑏(𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑌𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2 = 0

to remove XY term from the equation, we have to equate the coefficient of XY

term to Zero.

So, (𝑏 − 𝑎)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + ℎ(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃) = 0

𝑎−𝑏
i.e., ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
2

2ℎ
i.e., 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃 = 𝑎−𝑏 is 𝑎 ≠ 𝑏

and ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 = 0, is 𝑎 = 𝑏

1 2ℎ
∴ 𝜃 = 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑎−𝑏 ), if 𝑎 ≠ 𝑏 and

𝜋
𝜃= if 𝑎 = 𝑏
4

2. When the origin is shifted to (-2, -3) and the axes are rotated through an angle 45o
find the transformed equation of 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 5𝑦 2 + 20𝑥 − 22𝑦 − 14 = 0.

Sol: Here (h, k) = (-2, -3), h = -2, k = -3, 𝜃 = 45𝑜

Let (X, Y) be the new coordinates of any point (𝑥, 𝑦) in the plane after the
transformation.

1 1
Then, 𝑥 = 𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑌𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + ℎ = 𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠45𝑜 − 𝑌𝑠𝑖𝑛45𝑜 − 2 = 𝑋 ( 2) − 𝑌 ( 2) − 2
√ √

𝑋−𝑌
𝑥=( )−2
√2

15
TSWREIS
1 1
𝑦 = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑌𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑘 = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛45𝑜 + 𝑌𝑐𝑜𝑠45𝑜 32 = 𝑋 ( 2) + 𝑌 ( 2) − 3
√ √

𝑋+𝑌
𝑦=( )−3
√2

On substituting these values in the given equation , we get

𝑋−𝑌 2 𝑋−𝑌 𝑋+𝑌 𝑋+𝑌 2 𝑋−𝑌


2 {( ) − 2} + 4 {( ) − 2} {( − 3)} − 5 {( ) − 3} + 20 {( ) − 2} −
√2 √2 √2 √2 √2
𝑋+𝑌
22 {( ) − 3} − 14 = 0
√2

(𝑋−𝑌)2 (𝑋−𝑌) 𝑋 2 −𝑌 2 3(𝑋−𝑌) 2(𝑋−𝑌) (𝑋+𝑌)2 𝑋+𝑌


⇒ 2[ +4−4 ]+4[ − − ]−5[ +9 −6( )]
2 √2 2 √2 √2 2 √2

+10√2(𝑋 − 𝑌) − 40 − 11√2(𝑋 + 𝑌) − 66 − 14 = 0

5
⇒ (𝑋 − 𝑌 )2 + 2(𝑋 2 − 𝑌 2 ) − 2 (𝑋 + 𝑌 )2 − 1 = 0

(grouping similar term and cancelling)

5
⇒ 𝑋 2 + 𝑌 2 − 2𝑋𝑌 + 2𝑋 2 − 2𝑌 2 − (𝑋 2 + 𝑌 2 + 2𝑋𝑌) − 1 = 0
2

⇒ 2𝑋 2 + 2𝑌 2 − 4𝑋𝑌 + 4𝑋 2 − 4𝑌 2 − 5𝑋 2 − 5𝑌 2 − 10𝑋𝑌 − 2 = 0

⇒ 𝑋 2 − 7𝑌 2 − 14𝑋𝑌 − 2 = 0

Hence the transformed equation is 𝑥 2 − 7𝑦 2 − 14𝑥𝑦 − 2 = 0

16
TSWREIS
3. THE STRAIGHT LINES

Key Points:

 Inclination of a line: If a line makes an angle 𝜃 (0 ≤ 𝜃 < 𝜋) with X-axis measured in


positive direction ‘𝜃’ is called inclination of line.
(i) If θ = 0o, then the line is parallel to X-axis.
(ii) if θ = 90o, then the line 𝑙 = 0 is perpendicular to X-axis.
 Slope of a Line:
(i) If θ is the inclination of a line then tanθ is called slope of the line. Slope of a line
is denoted by m, then m = tanθ.
𝑦 −𝑦
(ii) Slope of line passing through (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) is 𝑥2 −𝑥1 .
2 1

(iii) Slope of a line 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 is m


−𝑎
(iv) Slope of a line 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 is 𝑏

Note:

(i) The slope of X-axis is 0 (when θ = 0)


(ii) The slope of a horizontal line is 0 (when θ = 0)
(iii) The slope of Y-axis is not defined (when θ = 90o)
(iv) The slope of a vertical line is not defined.
(v) If m > 0 then 0o < θ < 90o
(vi) If m < 0 then 90o < θ < 180o
(vii) If m = 0 then θ = 0
(viii) If the slope of a line ‘L’is m ≠ 0 then the slope of any line perpendicular to L = -
1/m.
(ix) If θ is on acute angle between two non vertical lines having slopes m 1 and m2
𝑚 −𝑚2
then 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = |1+𝑚
1
|.
1 𝑚2

 General equation of Line: Every first degree equation in 𝑥 and 𝑦 represents a line. The
equation of a line general form is 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0, 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 ≠ 0, having slope =
−𝑐
𝑎
−𝑐 −𝑐
𝑥-intercept = , 𝑦-axis intercept =
𝑎 𝑏

 The equation of a line parallel to 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 is of the form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑘 = 0


 The equation of a line perpendicular to 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 is of the form 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑘 = 0.
 The equation of 𝑥-axis is 𝑦 = 0. The equation of any line parallel to 𝑥-axis is 𝑦 = 𝑘.
 The equation of 𝑦-axis is 𝑥 = 0. The equation of any line parallel to 𝑦-axis is 𝑥 = 𝑘.
17
TSWREIS
 Equation of a Straight line in Various forms:
 Two point form: The equation of the line passing through (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) 𝑥1 ≠ 𝑥2
𝑦 −𝑦 𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1
is 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑥2 −𝑥1 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) or 𝑥 =𝑦
2 1 2 −𝑥1 2 −𝑦1

 Point – slope form: The equation of the line passing through (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and having
slope ‘m’is 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
 Slope -intercept form: Equation of the line having slope ‘m’ and 𝑦-intercept ‘c’is
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
 Intercept form: Suppose a line L makes intercepts of a and b on 𝑥 and 𝑦 axes
𝑥 𝑦
respectively then its equation is 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1.

 Equation of a line passing through (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) nnd


(i) Parallel to 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 is 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) + 𝑏(𝑦 − 𝑦1 ) = 0
(ii) Perpendicular to 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 is 𝑏(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) − 𝑎(𝑦 − 𝑦1 ) = 0
 Normal form: The equation of a straight line, whose distance from the origin is ‘P’and
this perpendicular makes an angle 𝛼 with positive direction of X-axis measured
Counter clock wise direction is 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 𝑃.
 The normal form of a line 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 is
(−𝑎) (−𝑏) 𝑐
𝑥+ 𝑦= , if c > 0 and
√𝑎2 +𝑏2 √𝑎2 +𝑏2 √𝑎2 +𝑏2
𝑎 𝑏 −𝑐
𝑥+ 𝑦= , if c < 0
√𝑎2 +𝑏2 √𝑎2 +𝑏2 √𝑎2 +𝑏2

 Symmetric form and Parametric form:


 The equation of a straight line passing through (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and making an angle θ with
the positive direction of x-axis is
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝜋 𝜋
= where 𝜃 ∈ (0, 2 ) ∪ ( 2 , 𝜋)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
 The coordinates (𝑥, 𝑦) of any point P on the line at a distance ‘r’ units away from
the point 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) can be taken as (𝑥1 + 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦1 + 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) or (𝑥1 − 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦1 − 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
 The equation 𝑥1 ± 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦1 ± 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 are called parametric equation of a line with
parameter ‘r’of the line passing through the point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) having inclination θ.=+
 Distances:
 The perpendicular distance to the line 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0.
|𝑐|
 From the origin is
√𝑎2 +𝑏2
|𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑦1 +𝑐|
 From the point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is
√𝑎2 +𝑏2

18
TSWREIS
|𝑐 −𝑐 |
 The distance between parallel lines 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0 and 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0 is √𝑎12 22
+𝑏

 The ration in which the line 𝐿 ≡ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 (𝑎𝑏 ≠ 0) divides the line segment AB
joining points 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) is −𝐿11 = 𝐿22 where 𝐿11 = 𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐 = 0 𝐿22 = 𝑎𝑥2 +
𝑏𝑦2 + 𝑐 = 0.
 The Points A, B lie on the same side or opposite side of the line L = 0 according as
L11, L22 have same sign or opposite sign that is -L11 : L22 < 0 or -L11 : L22 > 0.
 If (h, k) is the foot of the perpendicular from (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) to the line 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0, then
ℎ − 𝑥1 𝑘 − 𝑦1 (𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐 )
= =−
2 2 𝑎2 + 𝑏2
 If (h, k) is the image of the point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) with respect to the line 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0, then
ℎ−𝑥1 𝑘−𝑦1 −2(𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑦1 +𝑐)
= = .
2 2 𝑎2 +𝑏2
 The point of intersection of lines 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0 and 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0 is
𝑏1 𝑐2 − 𝑏2 𝑐1 𝑐1 𝑎2 − 𝑐2 𝑎1
( , )
𝑎1 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑏1 𝑎1 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑏1
 The angle between the lines 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0 and 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0 is θ where
(0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋) then
𝑎1 𝑎2 +𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑎1 𝑎2 −𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑎1 𝑏2 −𝑎2 𝑏1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = , 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = and 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
√𝑎12 +𝑏12 .√𝑎22 +𝑏22 √𝑎12 +𝑏12 .√𝑎22 +𝑏22 𝑎1 𝑎2 +𝑏1 𝑏2

 Lines are perpendicular ⇔𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 = 0.


𝑎 𝑏
 Lines are parallel ⇔ 𝑎1 = 𝑏1
2 2

 If 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0, 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0 and 𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 + 𝑐3 = 0 represent three lines no


two of which are parallel, then a necessary and sufficient condition for these lines
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
to be concurrent is |𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 | = 0
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3
 Centroid of a Triangle: The line segment joining vertex and mid point of opposite side
of triangle is called a median of the triangle. The point of concurrency of the mediam
of a triangle is called the centroid of a triangle. 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 𝐵 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) 𝐶 (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) are the
𝑥1 +𝑥2 +𝑥3 𝑦1 +𝑦2 +𝑦3
vertices of a triangle ABC then centroid = ( , )
3 3

 Circumcentre of a triangle: The point of concurrency of perpendicular bisectors of the


sides of a triangle is called the circum centre. Denoted by S.

19
TSWREIS
Note: (i) The circle which passes through all vertices of triangle is called the circumcircle
of the ∆ABC. The centre of circumcircle is called the circumcenter and the radius of
circumcircle is called the radius of the triangle. It is denoted by R.

(ii) If S is the circumcenter of ∆ABC, then SA = SB = SC = R

(iii) in a right angled triangle, the circumcenter is mid point of hypotenuse.

 Incentre of Triangle: The internal bisector of the angles A, B, C of ∆ABC are concurrent
at 𝐼. The point of 𝐼 is the incentre of ∆ABC.
If 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 𝐵 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) 𝐶 (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) are the vertices of a ∆ABC and BC = A, CA = b, AB = C then Incentre
𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑥2 + 𝑐𝑥3 𝑎𝑦1 + 𝑏𝑦2 + 𝑐𝑦3
𝐼=[ , ]
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐

20
TSWREIS
VSAQ (2 Marks)

1. Find the slope of the line passing through the points (−𝑝, 𝑞 ), (𝑞, −𝑝), (𝑝𝑞 ≠ 0).

Sol: Slope of the line passing through (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) & (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) is

𝑦2 −𝑦1 −𝑝−𝑞 −(𝑝+,𝑞)


Slope (m) = = = = −1. ∴ m = -1
𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑞−(−𝑝) 𝑞+𝑝

2. Find the value of 𝑥, if the slope of the line passing through (2, 5) and (𝑥, 3) is 2.

Sol: Slope of the line joining (2, 5) and (𝑥, 3) is

𝑦2 −𝑦1 3−5 −2
Slope (m) = = = 2 ⇒ 𝑥−2 = 2
𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑥−2

⇒−2 = 2(𝑥 − 2) ⇒ 𝑥 − 2 = −1 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 + 2 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1

3. Find the value of P, if the straight lines 3𝑥 + 7𝑦 − 1 = 0 and 7𝑥 − 𝑃𝑦 + 3 = 0 are mutually


perpendicular.

−3
Sol: Slope of the line 3𝑥 + 7𝑦 − 1 = 0 is m1 = 7

−7 7
Slope of the line 7𝑥 − 𝑃𝑦 + 3 = 0 is m2 = −𝑃 ⇒ m2 = 𝑃

Given that the lines are perpendicular


−3 7
∴ m1m2 = -1 ⇒ . 𝑃 = −1 ⇒ -3 = -P ⇒ P = 3
7

4. Find the value of 𝑦, if the line joining (3, 𝑦) and (2, 7) is parallel to the line joining the
points (-1, 4) and
(0, 6).

Sol: Given points are A(3, 𝑦) B(2, 7) C(1, 4) D(0, 6)

7−𝑦 7−𝑦
Slope of AB = 2−3
= (−1) = 𝑦 − 7

4−6 −2
Slope of CD = −1−0 = (−1) = 2

AB and CD are parallel ⇒ slopes are equal

𝑦−7 =2 ⇒𝑦 =9

5. Find the equation of the straight line passing through (-4, 5) and cutting off equal and
non zero intercept on the coordinate axes.
𝑥 𝑦
Sol: Equation of the straight line in the intercept form is 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1.
21
TSWREIS
Given equal and non zero intercepts ⇒ a = b

𝑥 𝑦
∴ equation of the line is 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑎

The line passing through (-4, 5) ⇒ −4 + 5 = 𝑎 ⇒ a = 1

∴ equation of the required line is 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1.

6. Find the equation of the straight line passing through the point (-2, 4) and making
intercepts.

Sol: whose sum is


𝑥 𝑦
Equation of the line in the intercept form is 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1

Given a + b = 0 ⇒ b = -a

𝑥 𝑦
∴ equation of the line is 𝑎 + −𝑎 = 1 ⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑎

The line is passing through (-2, 4)

∴ −2 − 4 = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑎 = −6

∴ equation of the require line is 𝑥 − 𝑦 = −6 ⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 6 = 0

7. Find the angle made by the straight line 𝑦 = −√3𝑥 + 3 with the positive direction of the
x-axis measured in the counter clockwise direction.

Sol: Equation of the given line is 𝑦 = −√3𝑥 + 3.

Suppose ′𝛼’ is the angle made by this line with positive x-axis in the counter clockwise
direction
2𝜋 2𝜋
⇒ tan 𝛼 = −√3 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 hence 𝛼 =
3 3

8. Show that the points (-5, 1), (5, 5) (10, 7) are collinear and find the equation of the
straight line containing them.

Sol: Given points are A(-5, 1) B(5, 5) C(10, 7)

Equation straight line passing through (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) & (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )


𝑦 −𝑦
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = (𝑥2 −𝑥1 ) (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
2 1

Equation of the line passing through A(-5, 1) B(5, 5) is

5−1
𝑦 − 1 = (5+5) (𝑥 + 5)
22
TSWREIS
⇒ 10(𝑦 − 1) = 4(𝑥 + 5)

⇒ 4𝑥 + 20 − 10𝑦 + 10 = 0

⇒ 4𝑥 − 10𝑦 + 30 = 0 ⇒ 2x-5y+15=0 ---------- (1)

Substituting C(10, 7) in eq (1)

⇒ 2(10) – 5(7) + 15 = 0

= 20 – 35 + 15 = 0 ⇒ 35 – 35 = 0

Hence the given points are Collinear

∴ The equation of the line containing the given points is 2𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 15 = 0

9. Find the equation of the straight line perpendicular to the line 5𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 1 = 0 and
passing through the point (4, -3).

Sol: Equation of the line 5𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 1 = 0, slope = 5/3

Slope of the line perpendicular to the given line is = -3/5.

Equation of line passing through (4, -3) and having slope -3/5 is
3
𝑦 + 3 = − 5 (𝑥 − 4)

⇒ 5𝑦 + 15 = −3𝑥 + 12 ⇒ 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 3 = 0

10. Find the area of the triangle formed by 𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 2 = 0 with the coordinate axes.

Sol: Given line is 𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 2 = 0


Here a = 1 b = -4 c= 2
𝑐2
Area of triangle formed by 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 is .
2|𝑎𝑏|
(2)2 4 1
= = =
2|1(−4) | 2×4 2
1
∴ Area of the triangle = 2 Sq. Units.

11. Find the ratio in which (i) the x-axis and (ii) the y-axis divide the line segment 𝐴𝐵
̅̅̅̅ joining

A(2, -3) and


B(3, -6).

Sol: (i) x-axis divides ̅̅̅̅


𝐴𝐵 in the ratio −𝑦1 : 𝑦2 = −3 ∶ 6 = −1 ∶ 2

(ii) y-axis divides 𝐴𝐵


̅̅̅̅ in the ratio −𝑥1 : 𝑥2 = −2: 3
23
TSWREIS
12. Find the perpendicular distance from the point (-3, 4) to the straight line 5𝑥 − 12𝑦 = 2.

Sol: Perpendicular distance of the point (-3, 4) from the line 5𝑥 − 12𝑦 − 2 = 0 is equal to

|5(−3)−12(4)−2| |−15−48−21| 65
= = = =5
√52 +122 √169 13

13. Find the distance between the parallel lines 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 12, 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 7.

Sol: equation of the lines are 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 12 = 0 and 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 7 = 0 have

a = 3 b = -4 c1 = 12, c2 = -7

|𝑐1 −𝑐2 |
Distance between the parallel lines
√𝑎2 +𝑏2

|−12+7| |−5| 5
= = = =1
√9+16 √25 5

14. Find the distance between the parallel lines 5𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 4 = 0, 10𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 9 = 0.

Sol: the equation of the given straight lines can be taken as

10𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 8 = 0, 10𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 9 = 0

−8+9 1 1
Distance between the parallel lines = = =
√100+36 √136 2√34

15. Find the equation of the straight line parallel to the line 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 7 = 0 and passing
through the point (5, 4).

Sol: equation of the given line is 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 7 = 0

Required equation 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 𝑘 passing through the point (5, 4)

∴ 2(5) + 3(4) = k ⇒ k = 10 +12 ⇒ k = 22

∴ equation of the line parallel to 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 7 = 0 is 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 22 ⇒ 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 22 = 0

16. Find the equation of the straight line perpendicular to the line 5𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 1 = 0 and
passing through the point (4, -3).

Sol: equation of the given line is 5𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 1 = 0 --------- (1)

Equation of the line perpendicular to (1) is of the form 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 𝐾 = 0 -------- (2)

If (2) passes through (4, -3) then

24
TSWREIS
3(4) + 5(-3) +k = 0

⇒ 12 – 15 + k = 0 ⇒ k = 3

∴ required line equation is 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 3 = 0.

17. Find the value P if the straight lines 3𝑥 + 7𝑦 − 1 = 0 and 7𝑥 − 𝑃𝑦 + 3 = 0 are mutually
perpendicular.

Sol: Equation of the given lines are 3𝑥 + 7𝑦 − 1 = 0, 7𝑥 − 𝑃𝑦 + 3 = 0

These lines are perpendicular ⇒ 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 = 0 ⇒ 3(7) +7(-P) = 0 ⇒ 21 – 7P = 0

⇒ 7P = 21 ⇒ P = 3

18. Find the condition for the points (a, 0) (h, k) and (0, b) where 𝑎𝑏 ≠ 0 to be collinear.

Sol: A(a, 0), B(h, k), c(0, b) are collinear

⇒ slope of AB = Slope of AC

𝑘−0 −𝑏
⇒ ℎ−𝑎 = ⇒ 𝑎𝑘 = −𝑏ℎ + 𝑎𝑏
𝑎

𝑎𝑘 𝑏ℎ 𝑘 ℎ
⇒ 𝑎𝑘 + 𝑏ℎ = 𝑎𝑏 ⇒ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 = 1 ⇒ 𝑏 + 𝑎 = 1

ℎ 𝑘
⇒ + =1
𝑎 𝑏

19. Find the equation of the straight line passing through the point (𝑎𝑡12 , 2𝑎𝑡1 ) and
(𝑎𝑡22 , 2𝑎𝑡2 ).

Sol: Let A = (𝑎𝑡12 , 2𝑎𝑡1 ) B = (𝑎𝑡22 , 2𝑎𝑡2 )

2𝑎𝑡2 −2𝑎𝑡1 2𝑎(𝑡2 −𝑡1 )


Slope of AB = =
𝑎𝑡22 −𝑎𝑡12 𝑎(𝑡22 −𝑡12 )

2(𝑡2 −𝑡1 ) 2
= =
(𝑡2 −𝑡1 )(𝑡2 +𝑡1 ) 𝑡2 +𝑡1

2
∴ equation of the straight line is 𝑦 − 2𝑎𝑡1 = 𝑡 (𝑥 − 𝑎𝑡22 )
2 +𝑡1

⇒ 𝑦(𝑡2 + 𝑡1 ) − 2𝑎𝑡1 (𝑡2 + 𝑡1 ) = 2𝑥 − 2𝑎𝑡12

⇒ 2𝑥 − 𝑦(𝑡1 + 𝑡2 ) + 2𝑎𝑡1 𝑡2 = 0

25
TSWREIS
THE STRIGHT LINE (SAQ) (4 Marks)

1. Transform the following equations into (a) slope – intercept form (b) intercept form (c)
normal form.

Sol: (i) 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 5

Slope intercept form: 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 5

⇒ 4𝑦 = 5 − 3𝑥
5 3
⇒𝑦 = 4 − 4 𝑥
3 5
Slope (m) = − 4 y-intercept - 4

Intercept form: 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 5
3𝑥 4𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
⇒ + =1⇒ 5 + 5 =1
5 5 ( ) ( )
3 4

Normal form: 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 5

Divide by √9 + 16 = 5 on both sides


3 4
𝑥 + 5 𝑦 = 1 which is of the form 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 𝑃
5

3 4
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = and 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 5
5

(ii) √3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4

Sol: Slope – intersection form: 𝑦 − √3𝑥 + 4

Slope = −√3 y-intercept = 4

Intercept form: √3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4

√3 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
⇒ 𝑥 +4=1⇒ 4 +4 =1
4
√𝑥

Normal form: √3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4

Divide by √3 + 1 = 2 on both sides

√3 𝑦 𝜋 𝜋
⇒ 𝑥 + 2 = 2 ⇒ 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 6 ) + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 6 ) = 2
2

26
TSWREIS
𝑥 𝑦
2. Transform the equation 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1 into the normal form when a > 0 and b > 0. If the
1 1 1
perpendicular distance of the straight line from the origin is P deduce that = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 .
𝑃2
𝑥 𝑦
Sol: equation of the line is +𝑏 =1
𝑎

⇒ 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑎𝑏

Divide on both sides with √𝑎2 + 𝑏2


𝑏 𝑎 𝑎𝑏
⇒ √𝑎2 𝑥 + √𝑎2 𝑦 = √𝑎2
+𝑏2 +𝑏2 +𝑏2

Which is of the form 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 𝑃


𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
P is the perpendicular distance from the origin to the line 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1 ⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 1 = 0

|−1| 1 1 1 1
𝑃= 1 1
⇒𝑃= 1 1
⇒√𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 𝑃
√ 2+ 2 √ 2+ 2
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏

Squaring on both sides


1 1 1
= 𝑎2 + 𝑏2
𝑃2

3. If the product of the intercepts made by the straight line 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 + 𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼 = 1
𝜋
(0 < 𝛼 < ) on the Coordinate axes is equal to sin 𝛼, find 𝛼.
2

Sol: Give line is 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 + 𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼 = 1


𝑥 𝑦
⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 1

Product of the intercept = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼


𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 ⇒ , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
𝜋
⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 ⇒ 𝛼 = 4 .

4. Find the points on the line 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 1 = 0 which are at a distance of 5 units from the
point (3, 2).

Sol: equation of the line is symmetric form is

𝑥−3 𝑦−2
= =1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼

Coordinate of the point P are

(3 + 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼, 2 + 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼) = (3 + 5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼, 2 + 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 )

P is a point on 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 1 = 0

3 (3 + 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 ) − 4(2 + 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼) − 1 = 0

⇒ 9 + 15𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − 8 − 20𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 − 1 = 0
27
TSWREIS
3
⇒ 15𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 20𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 ⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 = 4.

4 3
Case (i) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 5 then

4 3
Coordinating P are [3 + 5 (5) 2 + 5 (5)] = (7, 5)

−4 −3
Case (ii) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = then
5 5

−4 −3
Coordinating P are [3 + 5 ( 5 ) 2 + 5 ( 5 )] = (−1, −1)

5. A straight line whose inclination with the positive direction of the x-axis measured in
the anticlock wise sense is 𝜋/3 makes positive intercept on the y-axis. If the straight line
is at a distance of 4 from the origin find its equation.
𝜋
Sol: Given 𝛼 = P=4
3

𝑚 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛60𝑜 = √3

Equation of the line in the slope intercept form is

𝑦 = √3 𝑥 + 𝑐 ⇒ √3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0

Distance from the origin = 4


|0−0+𝑐|
= 4 ⇒ |𝑐| = 8 ⇒ 𝑐 = ±8
√3+1

Given c > 0 ∴ c = 8

∴ equation of the line is √3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 8 = 0

6. Find the value of P. If the following lines are concurrent 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 5, 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 4,


𝑃𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 6,

Sol: given lines are 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 5 ------- (1)

2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 4 ------- (2)

𝑃𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 6 -------- (3)

Intersecting point of (1) & (2)

𝑥 𝑦 1

4 -5 3 4

3 -4 2 3
𝑥 𝑦 1 𝑥 𝑦 1
⇒ −16+15 = −10+12 = 9−8 ⇒ −1 = = 1 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 , 𝑦 = 2
2

28
TSWREIS
Since the lines are concurred, the point (-1, 2) lies on (3)

⇒ 𝑃(−1) + 4(2) − 6 = 0 ⇒ −𝑃 + 8 − 6 = 0

⇒ −𝑃 + 2 = 0 ⇒ −𝑃 = −2 ⇒ 𝑃 = 2

7. If Q(h, k) is the foot of the perpendicular from 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) on the straight line 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 =
0 then (ℎ − 𝑥1 ): 𝑎 = (𝑘 − 𝑦1 ): 𝑏 = −(𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐 ) ∶ 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 .

Sol: 𝐿 ≡ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0, 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 𝑄(ℎ, 𝑘) 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )

𝑎
Slope of 𝐿(𝑚1 ) = − 𝑏-

𝑘−𝑦1
Slope of PQ(m2) =
ℎ−𝑥1

L ┴ PQ ↔ m1m2 = -1 L=0 Q(h, k)


𝑎 𝑘−𝑦
(− 𝑏 ) ( ℎ−𝑥1 ) = −1
1

𝑘−𝑦1 𝑏 𝑘−𝑦1 ℎ−𝑥1


= ⇒ =
ℎ−𝑥1 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎

ℎ−𝑥1 𝑘−𝑦1
= = 𝜆 say --------(1)
𝑎 𝑏

ℎ − 𝑥1 = 𝑎𝜆 𝑘 − 𝑦1 = 𝑏𝜆

ℎ = 𝑥1 + 𝑎𝜆 𝑘 = 𝑦1 + 𝑏𝜆

Q(h, k) is a point on L = 0

∴ 𝑎(𝑥1 + 𝑎𝜆) + 𝑏(𝑦1 + 𝑏𝜆) + 𝑐 = 0

𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑎2 𝜆 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑏2 𝜆 + 𝑐 = 0
(𝑎2 + 𝑏2 )𝜆 = −𝑎𝑥1 − 𝑏𝑦1 − 𝑐
−(𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑦1 +𝑐)
𝜆= 𝑎 2+𝑏2

∴ (1) becomes
ℎ−𝑥1 𝑘−𝑦1 −(𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑦1 +𝑐)
= =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎2 +𝑏2

8. Find the foot of the perpendicular from (-1, 3) on the straight line 5𝑥 − 𝑦 − 18 = 0.

Sol: Let Q(h, k) be the foot of the perpendicular from (-1, 3) to 5𝑥 − 𝑦 − 18 = 0


ℎ−𝑥1 𝑘−𝑦1 −(𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑦1 +𝑐)
= =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎2 +𝑏2
ℎ−(−1) 𝑘−3 −(−5−3−18) ℎ+1 𝑘−3 26
⇒ = = ⇒ = = =1
𝑎 −1 52 +12 5 −1 26
29
TSWREIS
ℎ+1 𝑘−3
⇒ =1 =1
5 −1

⇒ ℎ = 5 − 1 𝑘 = −1 + 3

⇒ℎ=4 𝑘=2

∴ (ℎ, 𝑘) = (4, 2)

9. If Q (h, k) is the image of the point 𝑃 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) with respect to the straight line 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 +
𝑐 = 0 then (ℎ − 𝑥1 ): 𝑎 = (𝑘 − 𝑦1 ): 𝑏 = −(𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐 ) ∶ 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 .

Sol: 𝐿 ≡ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0, 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 𝑄(ℎ, 𝑘)

𝑎
Slope of 𝐿(𝑚1 ) = − 𝑏- P

𝑘−𝑦
Slope of PQ(m2) = ℎ−𝑥1
1

L ┴ PQ ↔ m1m2 = -1 M
𝑎 𝑘−𝑦
(− 𝑏 ) ( ℎ−𝑥1 ) = −1
1

𝑘−𝑦1 𝑏 𝑘−𝑦1 ℎ−𝑥1


=𝑎 ⇒ = Q
ℎ−𝑥1 𝑏 𝑎

ℎ−𝑥1 𝑘−𝑦1
= = 𝜆 say --------(1)
𝑎 𝑏

ℎ − 𝑥1 = 𝑎𝜆 𝑘 − 𝑦1 = 𝑏𝜆

ℎ = 𝑥1 + 𝑎𝜆 𝑘 = 𝑦1 + 𝑏𝜆

M is the midpoint of PQ
𝑥1+ℎ 𝑦1 +𝑘
𝑀=( , )
2 2

It is a point on the line L = 0


𝑥1+ℎ 𝑦1 +𝑘
∴ 𝑎( )+𝑏( )+𝑐 =0
2 2

𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑎(𝑥1 + 𝑎𝜆) + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑏(𝑦1 + 𝑏𝜆) + 2𝑐 = 0

𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑎2 𝜆 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑏2 𝜆 + 2𝑐 = 0


(𝑎2 + 𝑏2 )𝜆 = −2𝑎𝑥1 − 2𝑏𝑦1 − 2𝑐
−2(𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑦1 +𝑐)
𝜆= 𝑎 2 +𝑏2

∴ (1) becomes

ℎ−𝑥1 𝑘−𝑦1 −2(𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑦1 +𝑐)


= =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 2 +𝑏2

30
TSWREIS
10. Find the image of (1, -2) w.r.to the straight line 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 5 = 0.

Sol: (h, k) is the image of (1, -2) w.r. to the line 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 5 = 0

ℎ−1 𝑘+2 −2[2(1)−3(−2)+5]


∴ = = (2)2 +(−3)2
2 −3

ℎ−1 𝑘+2 −2[2+6+5]


⇒ = =
2 −3 4+9

ℎ−1 𝑘+2 −2[13]


⇒ = =
2 −3 13

ℎ−1
= −2 ⇒ h – 1 = –4 ⇒ h = – 3
2

𝑘+2
= −2 ⇒ k + 2 = 6 ⇒ k = 4
−3

∴ (ℎ, 𝑘) = (−3, 4)
𝜋
11. A straight line through Q(√3, 2) makes an angle 6 with the positive direction of x-axis. If

the straight line intersection the line √3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 8 = 0 at P. find the distance PQ.

Sol: Given Q(√3, 2) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )


𝜋
Let 𝜃 = = 30𝑜 and PQ = r
6

𝑃(𝑥1 + 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦1 + 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) = (√3 + 𝑟 cos 30𝑜 , 2 + 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛30𝑜 )

√3 𝑟
= (√3 + 𝑟, 2 + 2)
2

P lies on the line √3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 8 = 0

√3 𝑟
= √3 (√3 + 2
𝑟) − 42 + 2 + 8 = 0

3 4𝑟
⇒ 3+2𝑟 − 8− +8=0
2

𝑟 𝑟
⇒3−2 =0 ⇒2=3 ⇒𝑟 =6

∴ 𝑃𝑄 = 6

31
TSWREIS
12. Find the equation of straight line passing through the origin and also through the point
of intersecting of the 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 5 = 0, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 = 0

Sol: Equation of the straight line passing through the point of intersecting L1, L2 is

L1 + λL2 = 0

Equation of required line is

2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 5 + 𝜆(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1) = 0 ------------(1)

Passes through origin (0, 0)

⇒ (2(0) – 0 + 5) + λ(0+0+1) = 0

⇒ 5 + λ = 0 ⇒ λ = –5

∴ required line 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 5 − 5(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1) = 0

⇒ 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 5𝑥 − 5𝑦 − 5 = 0

⇒ −3𝑥 − 6𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0

LAQ (7 Marks Questions)

1. Find the equation of the straight lines passing through the point (-10, 4) and making
on angle ‘θ’ with the line 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 10 such that 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 2.

Sol: equation of QR is 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 10

Slope PQ = m, PQ passes through (–10, 4)

Equation of PQ is 𝑦 − 4 = 𝑚(𝑥 + 10) P(-10, 4)

⇒ 𝑦 − 4 = 𝑚𝑥 + 10𝑚

⇒ 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑦 − 10𝑚 + 4 = 0 𝜃 𝜃

Given that 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 2 Q R

1
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
√5

|𝑎1 𝑎2 +𝑏1 𝑏2 | 1 |𝑚+2|


𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = ⇒ =
√5 √1+4.√𝑚 2+1
√𝑎12 +𝑏12 .√𝑎22 +𝑏22

32
TSWREIS
1 |𝑚+2|
⇒ = ⇒ √𝑚2 + 1 = |𝑚 + 2|
√5 √5√𝑚 2+1

Squaring on both sides we get

𝑚2 + 1 = (𝑚 + 2)2 ⇒ 𝑚2 + 1 = 𝑚2 + 4𝑚 + 4

−3
⇒ 4𝑚 + 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 = 4

Case 1: Coefficient of m2 = 0

⇒ one of the root is ∞

Hence PR is a vertical line

Equation of PR is 𝑥 + 10 = 0

−3
Case 2: 𝑚 = 4

Equation of PQ is

−3
𝑦−4 = (𝑥 + 10)
4

⇒ 4𝑦 − 16 = −3𝑥 − 30 ⇒ 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 16 + 30 = 0

⇒ 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 14 = 0

2. The base of an equilateral triangle is 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2 = 0 and the opposite vertex is (3, -1).
Find the equation of the remaining sides.

Sol: equation of BC is 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2 = 0

AB passes through A(2, –1) A(2, -1)

Slope of AB = m

Equation of AB is 𝑦 + 1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 2)

⇒ 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑦 − (2𝑚 + 1) = 0

|𝑚−1| 1 |𝑚−1|
𝑐𝑜𝑠60𝑜 = ⇒ = B 𝑥+𝑦−2 =0 C
√1+1.√𝑚 2 +1 √2 √2.√𝑚 2 +1

Squaring and cross multiplying

2(𝑚2 + 1) = 4(𝑚 − 1)2 ⇒ 𝑚2 + 1 = 2(𝑚2 − 2𝑚 + 1)

⇒ 𝑚2 + 1 = 2𝑚2 − 4𝑚 + 2 ⇒ 𝑚2 − 4𝑚 + 1 = 0
33
TSWREIS
4±√16−4 4±2√3
𝑚= = = 2 ± √3
2 2

⇒ 𝑚 = 2 ± √3

equation of AB ⇒ 𝑦 + 1 = (2 + √3)(𝑥 − 2)

equation of AC ⇒ 𝑦 + 1 = (2 + √3)(𝑥 − 2) .

3. Find the equation of the straight lines passing through the point (-3, 2) and making an
angle 45o with the straight line 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4 = 0.

Sol: Given point P(–3, 2)

Given line is 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4 = 0 --------- (1)

Let M be the slope of a line which passes through P

Equation of line passing through P(–3, 2) having slope m is

𝑦 − 2 = 𝑚(𝑥 + 3) ⇒ 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑚 + 2 = 0 ---------- (2)

Angle between (1) & (2) P(-3, 2)

|3𝑚+1| 1 |3𝑚+1|
𝑐𝑜𝑠45𝑜 = ⇒ =
√9+1 .√𝑚 2 +1 √ 2 √10 .√𝑚 2 +1

Squaring on both sides

1 9𝑚 2 +6𝑚+1
= ⇒ 10(𝑚2 + 1) = 18𝑚2 + 12𝑚 + 2 Q 3x – y + 4 = 0 R
2 10(𝑚 2+1)

⇒ 10𝑚2 + 10 = 18𝑚2 + 12𝑚 + 2

⇒ 8𝑚2 + 12𝑚 − 8 = 0

⇒ 2𝑚2 + 3𝑚 − 2 = 0

⇒ (𝑚 + 2)(2𝑚 − 1) = 0

1
𝑚 = −2 𝑚=2

Case1: 𝑚 = −2 then equation (2) becomes

𝑦 − 2 = −2(𝑥 + 3) ⇒ 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4 = 0

1
Case 2: 𝑚 = 2 then

34
TSWREIS
1
𝑦 − 2 = 2 (𝑥 + 3) ⇒ 2𝑦 − 4 = 𝑥 + 3

⇒ 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 7 = 0

4. Find the incenter of the triangle whose vertices are (1, √3), (2, 0) and (0, 0).

Sol: A(0, 0) B(2, 0) c(1, √3)

c = AB = √(2 − 0)2 + (0 − 0)2 = √4 = 2

2
b = = AC = √(1 − 0)2 + (√3 − 0) = √1 + 3 = 2 A

2
a = BC = √(1 − 2)2 + (√3 − 0) = √1 + 3 = 2 c b

𝑎𝑥1+𝑏𝑥2 +𝑐𝑥3 𝑎𝑦1 +𝑏𝑦2 +𝑐𝑦3


intersect 𝐼 = ( , ) B a C
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐

2(0)+2(2)+2(1) 2(0)+2(0)+2√3 4+2 2√3


=( , ) =( , 6 )
2+2+2 2+2+2 6

6 2 √3 1
= (6 , ) = (1, )
6 √3

1
∴ 𝐼 = (1, )
√3

5. Find the orthocenter of the triangle whose vertices are (-5, -7), (13, 2) and (-5, 6).

Sol: A(−5, −7) B(13, 2) C(−5,6)

6−2 4 2
Slope of BC = −5−13 = −18 = − 9 A

AD ┴ BC

Slope of AD = 9/2 F E

9
Equation of AD ⇒ 𝑦 + 7 = 2 (𝑥 + 5)

⇒ 2𝑦 + 14 = 9𝑥 + 45 A D B

⇒ 9𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 31 = 0 --------- (1)

6+7 13
Slope of AC = = =∞
−5+5 0

AC ┴ BE

35
TSWREIS
Slope of BE = 0

Equation of BE ⇒ 𝑦 − 2 = 0(𝑥 − 13)

⇒𝑦−2=0

⇒ 𝑦 − 2 = 0 --------- (2)

Intersecting point of (1) & (2) is our required orthocenter from (1) & (2)

9𝑥 − 2(2) + 31 = 0

⇒ 9𝑥 + 27 = 0 ⇒ 9𝑥 = −27

⇒ 𝑥 = −3

∴ orthocenter (o) = (–3, 2)

6. Find the orthocenter of the triangle whose vertices are (5, -2), (-1, 2), (1, 4).

Sol: A(5, −2) B(–1, 2) C(1,4)

Let O be the orthocenter

4−2 2
Slope of BC = 𝑚 = 1+1 = 2 = 1 A

Slope of AD = –1

Equation of AD ⇒ 𝑦 + 2 = −1(𝑥 − 5) F E

⇒ 𝑦 + 2 = −𝑥 + 5

⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3 = 0 --------- (1) B D C

4+2 6 3
Slope of AC = = −4 = − 2
1−5

2
Slope of BE = 3

2
Equation of BE ⇒ 𝑦 − 2 = 3 (𝑥 + 1)

⇒ 3𝑦 − 6 = 2𝑥 + 2

⇒ 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 8 = 0 --------- (2)

Solving (1) & (2) we get

𝑥 𝑦 1
36
TSWREIS
1 -3 1 1

-3 8 2 -3

𝑥 𝑦 1 𝑥 𝑦 1
⇒ 8−9 = −6−8 = −3−2 ⇒ −1 = −14 = −5

𝑥 1 1 𝑦 1 14
= ⇒𝑥= , = ⇒𝑦=
−1 −5 5 −14 −5 5
1 14
∴ orthocenter (O) = ( , )
5 5

7. If the equation s of the sides of a triangle are 7𝑥 + 𝑦 − 10 = 0, 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5 = 0 and 𝑥 +


𝑦 + 2 = 0, find the orthocenter of the triangle.

Sol: Given equations

BC : 7𝑥 + 𝑦 − 10 = 0 -------- (1) A

AC : 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5 = 0 --------- (2)

AB : 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2 = 0 ------------(3) B C

for ‘A’ solving (2) & (3)

(2) – (3) ⇒ 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5 − (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2 = 0

⇒ −3𝑦 + 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 1

𝑦 = 1 in (2) ⇒ 𝑥 − 2(1) + 5 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 − 2 + 5 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −3

∴ A = (–3, 1)

for ‘B’ solving (1) & (3)

(1) – (3) ⇒ 7𝑥 + 𝑦 − 10 − (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2) = 0 ⇒ 7𝑥 + 𝑦 − 10 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2 = 0

⇒6𝑥 − 12 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2

𝑥 = 2 in (3) ⇒ 2 + 𝑦 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −4

∴ B = (2, –4)

Slope of BC = –7

1
BC ┴ AD ⇒ Slope of AD = 7

37
TSWREIS
1
equation of AD ⇒ 𝑦 − 1 = 7 (𝑥 + 3)

7𝑦 − 7 = 𝑥 + 3 ⇒ 𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 10 = 0 ---------- (4)

1
Slope of AC = AC ┴ BE
2

Slope of BE = –2

equation of BE ⇒ 𝑦 + 4 = −2(𝑥 − 2) ⇒ 𝑦 + 4 = −2𝑥 + 4

⇒ 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 ----------- (5)

Solving (4) & (5) we get

2 4
Orthocenter (O) = (− , )
3 3

8. Find the circumcenter of the triangle whose vertices are (1, 3), (0, -2) and (-3, 1).

Sol: Let A(1, 3) B(0, –2) C(–3, 1) A

Let 𝑆(𝑥, 𝑦) be the circumcenter

We know that SA = SB = SC

SA = SB B C

√(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = √(𝑥 − 0)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2

Squaring on both sides

⇒ 𝑥 2 + 1 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 + 9 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 4

⇒ −2𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 10 = 4𝑦 + 4

⇒ 2𝑥 + 10𝑦 − 6 = 0

⇒ 𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 3 = 0 ------- (1)

SB = SC

⇒ √(𝑥 − 0)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = √(𝑥 + 3)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2

Squaring on both sides

⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 4 = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 1

⇒ 4𝑦 + 4 = 6𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 10
38
TSWREIS
⇒ 6𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 6 = 0

⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0 ------- (2)

Solving (1) & (2)

eq (1) – eq (2) ⇒ 𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 3 − (𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1) = 0 ⇒ 6𝑦 − 4 = 0

2
⇒ 6𝑦 = 4 ⇒ 𝑦 = 3

2 2 1
Put 𝑦 = 3 in 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 − 3 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 + 3 = 0

−1
⇒𝑥= 3

−1 2
∴ Circumcenter 𝑆(𝑥, 𝑦) = ( , )
3 3

9. Find the circumcenter of the triangle whose vertices are (1, 3), (-3, 5) and (5, -1).

Sol: Let A(1, 3) B(–3, 5) C(5, –1)

Let 𝑆(𝑥, 𝑦) be the circumcenter

We know that SA = SB = SC

SA = SB

√(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = √(𝑥 + 3)2 + (𝑦 − 5)2

Squaring on both sides

⇒ 𝑥 2 + 1 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 + 9 = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9 + 𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 + 25

⇒ 8𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 24 = 0

⇒ 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 6 = 0 ------- (1)

SB = SC

⇒ √(𝑥 + 3)2 + (𝑦 − 5)2 = √(𝑥 − 5)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2

Squaring on both sides

⇒ 𝑥 2 + +6𝑥 + 9 + 𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 + 25 = 𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 25 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 1

⇒ 16𝑥 − 12𝑦 + 8 = 0

39
TSWREIS
⇒ 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2 = 0 ------- (2)

Solving (1)& (2)

𝑥 𝑦 1

-1 6 2 -1

-3 2 4 -3

𝑥 𝑦 1 𝑥 𝑦 1
⇒ −2+18 = 24−4 = −6+4 ⇒ 16 = 20 = −2

16 20
⇒ 𝑥 = −2 = −8, 𝑦 = −2 = −10

∴ Circumcenter 𝑆(𝑥, 𝑦) = (−8, −10)

10. If p and q are the length of the perpendiculars from the origin to the straight lines
𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼 + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝛼 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛼. Prove that 4𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 = 𝑎2 .

Sol: Given straight lines

𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼 + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝛼 = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼 + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝛼 − 𝑎 = 0 -------- (1)

𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛼 ⇒ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 − 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛼 = 0 ------- (2)

p = Length of perpendicular distance from (0, 0) to (1) is

|0(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼+0 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼)−𝑎)| |−𝑎|


⇒p= =
√𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝛼+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝛼 1 1
√ 2 + 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼

𝑎 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼.𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
⇒ = √𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ⇒ 𝑝 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
2 2 𝛼+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝛼
√𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝛼+𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝛼
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼.𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼

q = Length of perpendicular distance from (0, 0) to the line (2)

|0−0−𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛼| 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛼


⇒ 𝑞 = √𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 =
𝛼+𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝛼 √1

⇒ 𝑞 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛼

4𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 = 4(𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 )2 + (𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛼 )2

= 4𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 + 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝛼 ⇒ 𝑎2 [(2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 )2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝛼 ]

= 𝑎2 [𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝛼 ] = 𝑎2 (1) = 𝑎2

∴ 4𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 = 𝑎2

40
TSWREIS
4. PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES

(Weightage: 7 + 7 = 14M)

KEY POINTS

 If ℎ2 ≥ 𝑎𝑏 then 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 represents a pair of straight lines passing through


the origin.
 Let 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = (𝑙1 𝑥 + 𝑚1 𝑦)(𝑙2 𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑦)
= 𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑥 2 + (𝑙1 𝑚2 + 𝑙2 𝑚1 )𝑥𝑦 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑦 2 = 0

Comparing on both sides ,

𝑎 = 𝑙1 𝑙2 , 2ℎ = 𝑙1 𝑚2 + 𝑙2 𝑚1 , 𝑏 = 𝑚1 𝑚2

 The equation of bisects of angles between the lines 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0,

𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0 are L2 = 0 L1 = 0

𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2

√𝑎12 + 𝑏12 √𝑎22 + 𝑏22

 The equation of bisects of angles between the lines 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 is


ℎ(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) = (𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑥𝑦.
 If 𝜃 is the acute angle between the pair of lines 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 then,
|𝑎+𝑏| 2√ℎ 2 −𝑎𝑏
(i) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = ii) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
√(𝑎−𝑏)2 +4ℎ 2 |𝑎+𝑏|

(iii) The above lines are perpendicular ⇔ 𝑎 ≠ 𝑏 = 0


(iv) The above lines are coincide ⇔ ℎ2 − 𝑎𝑏 = 0
 The equation of the lines passing through (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and
(i) Parallel to 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 is 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )2 + 2ℎ(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑦 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑏(𝑦 − 𝑦1 )2 = 0
(ii) Perpendicular to 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 is 𝑏(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )2 − 2ℎ(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑦 − 𝑦1 ) +
𝑎(𝑦 − 𝑦1 )2 = 0
 The area of the triangle formed by 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 and the line 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0 is
𝑛 2√ℎ 2−𝑎𝑏
|𝑎𝑚 2−2ℎ𝑙𝑚+𝑏𝑙2 |

 The product of perpendicular drawn from a point to the pair of lines 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 +
𝑎𝛼2 +2ℎ𝛼𝛽+𝑏𝛽2
𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 is | |.
√(𝑎−𝑏)2+4ℎ 2

 If 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 represents two pairs of lines then

41
TSWREIS
(i) ∆= 𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑓𝑔ℎ − 𝑎𝑓 − 𝑏𝑔 − 𝑐ℎ = 0
2 2 2

(ii) ℎ2 ≥ 𝑎𝑏, 𝑔2 ≥ 𝑎𝑐, 𝑓 2 ≥ 𝑏𝑐


 The point of intersection of the lines represented by 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 +
ℎ𝑓−𝑏𝑔 𝑔ℎ−𝑎𝑓
𝑐 = 0 is (𝑎𝑏−ℎ2 , 𝑎𝑏−ℎ2 )

 If the equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 represents a pair of parallel line


then (i) ℎ2 = 𝑎𝑏 (ii) 𝑎𝑓 2 = 𝑏𝑔2 and (iii) distance between these parallel lines is
𝑔2 −𝑎𝑐 𝑓 2−𝑎𝑐
2√𝑎(𝑎+𝑏) = 2√𝑏(𝑎+𝑏)

 Homogenisation: The equation of the pair of lines joining the origin to the points of
intersection of the curve 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 and the line 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 +
𝑛 = 0 is

2 2
𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 2
𝑎𝑥 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 + 2𝑔𝑥 ( ) + 2𝑓𝑦 ( )+𝑐( ) =0
−𝑛 −𝑛 −𝑛
 The pair of lines of 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 are at right angles,
Coefficient of 𝑥 2 + coefficient of 𝑦 2 = 0 (or) 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 0

LEVEL – I (7 Marks)

1. Theorem 1: Show that the equation to the pair of bisectors of angles between the pair
of lines 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 is ℎ(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) = (𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑥𝑦.

Sol: Let the equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 by presents the lines

𝑙1 𝑥 + 𝑚1 𝑦 = 0, 𝑙2 𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑦 = 0

Then, 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = (𝑙1 𝑥 + 𝑚1 𝑦)(𝑙2 𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑦)

= 𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑥 2 + (𝑙1 𝑚2 + 𝑙2 𝑚1 )𝑥𝑦 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑦 2

Comparing on both sides we get,

𝑎 = 𝑙1 𝑙2 , 2ℎ = 𝑙1 𝑚2 + 𝑙2 𝑚1 , 𝑏 = 𝑚1 𝑚2

𝑙1 𝑥+𝑚1 𝑦 𝑙2 𝑥+𝑚2 𝑦
Equation of the angular bisectors is =±
√𝑙12 +𝑚12 √𝑙22 +𝑚22

(𝑙1 𝑥 + 𝑚1 𝑦)√𝑙22 + 𝑚23 = ±(𝑙2 𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑦)√𝑙12 + 𝑚13

Squaring on both sides,

(𝑙1 𝑥 + 𝑚1 𝑦)2 (𝑙22 + 𝑚23 ) = ±(𝑙2 𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑦)2 (𝑙12 + 𝑚13 )

42
TSWREIS
(𝑙12 𝑥 2 + 𝑚12 𝑦 2 + 2𝑙1 𝑚1 𝑥𝑦)(𝑙22 + 𝑚23 ) = (𝑙22 𝑥 2 + 𝑚22 𝑦 2 + 2𝑙2 𝑚2 𝑥𝑦)(𝑙12 + 𝑚13 )

𝑙12 𝑙22 𝑥 2 + 𝑙22 𝑚12 𝑦 2 + 2𝑙1 𝑙22 𝑚1 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑙12 𝑚22 𝑥 2 + 𝑚12 𝑚22 𝑦 2 + 2𝑙1 𝑚1 𝑚22 𝑥𝑦

= 𝑙22 𝑙12 𝑥 2 + 𝑙12 𝑚22 𝑦 2 + 2𝑙12 𝑙2 𝑚2 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑙22 𝑚12 𝑥 2 + 𝑚12 𝑚22 𝑦 2 + 2𝑙2 𝑚12 𝑚2 𝑥𝑦

(𝑙12 𝑚22 − 𝑙22 𝑚12 )(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) = 2𝑥𝑦[𝑙1 𝑙2 (𝑙1 𝑚2 − 𝑙2 𝑚1 ) − 𝑚1 𝑚2 (𝑙1 𝑚2 − 𝑙2 𝑚1 )]

(𝑙1 𝑚2 + 𝑙2 𝑚1 )(𝑙1 𝑚2 − 𝑙2 𝑚1 )(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) = 2𝑥𝑦[(𝑙1 𝑙2 − 𝑚1 𝑚2 )(𝑙1 𝑚2 − 𝑙2 𝑚1 )]

2ℎ(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) = 2𝑥𝑦(𝑎 − 𝑏)

⇒ ℎ(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) = 𝑥𝑦(𝑎 − 𝑏)

2. Theorem 2: Show that the product of perpendiculars from (𝛼, 𝛽 ) to the pair of lines
𝑎𝛼2 +2ℎ𝛼𝛽+𝑏𝛽2
𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 is | |’
√(𝑎−𝑏)2+4ℎ 2

Sol: Let the equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 represents the lines

𝑙1 𝑥 + 𝑚1 𝑦 = 0 ------- (1)

𝑙2 𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑦 = 0 -------- (2)

Then, 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = ( 𝑙1 𝑥 + 𝑚1 𝑦)(𝑙2 𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑦)

= 𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑥 2 + (𝑙1 𝑚2 + 𝑙2 𝑚1 )𝑥𝑦 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑦 2

Comparing on both sides we get

𝑎 = 𝑙1 𝑙2 , 2ℎ = 𝑙1 𝑚2 + 𝑙2 𝑚1 , 𝑏 = 𝑚1 𝑚2

𝑙 𝛼+𝑚1 𝛽
The length of perpendicular from (𝛼, 𝛽 ) to line (1) is | 1 |
√𝑙12 +𝑚12

𝑙 𝛼+𝑚2 𝛽
The length of perpendicular from (𝛼, 𝛽 ) line (2) is | 2 |
√𝑙22 +𝑚22

𝑙 𝛼+𝑚1 𝛽 𝑙 𝛼+𝑚2 𝛽
∴ The product of perpendiculars = | 1 |.| 2 |
√𝑙12 +𝑚12 √𝑙22 +𝑚22

𝑙1 𝑙2 𝛼2 +𝑙1 𝑚2 𝛼𝛽+𝑙2 𝑚1 𝛼𝛽+𝑚1 𝑚2 𝛽2


=| |
√𝑙12 𝑙22 +𝑙12 𝑚22+𝑙22 𝑚12+𝑚12𝑚22

43
TSWREIS
𝑙1 𝑙2 𝛼2 +(𝑙1 𝑚2 +𝑙2 𝑚1 )𝛼𝛽+𝑚1𝑚2 𝛽2
=| |
√(𝑙1 𝑙2 −𝑚1 𝑚2 )2+2𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑚1 𝑚2 +(𝑙1 𝑙2 +𝑚1 𝑚2)2 −2𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑚1 𝑚2

𝑎𝛼2 +2ℎ𝛼𝛽+𝑏𝛽2
=| |
√(𝑎−𝑏)2 +4ℎ 2

3. Theorem 3: If 𝜃 is the angle between the pair of lines represented by 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 +


𝑎+𝑏
𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 then prove that 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = | |.
√(𝑎−𝑏)2+4ℎ 2

Sol: Let the equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 represents the lines 𝑙1 𝑥 + 𝑚1 𝑦 = 0, 𝑙2 𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑦 = 0

𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = ( 𝑙1 𝑥 + 𝑚1 𝑦)(𝑙2 𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑦)

= 𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑥 2 + (𝑙1 𝑚2 + 𝑙2 𝑚1 )𝑥𝑦 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑦 2

Comparing on both sides we get

𝑎 = 𝑙1 𝑙2 , 2ℎ = 𝑙1 𝑚2 + 𝑙2 𝑚1 , 𝑏 = 𝑚1 𝑚2

If 𝜃 is the angle between the pair of lines then,

|𝑙1 𝑙2 +𝑚1 𝑚2 | |𝑙1 𝑙2 +𝑚1 𝑚2 |


𝑐𝑜𝑠θ = =
√𝑙12 +𝑚12 √𝑙22 +𝑚22 √𝑙12 𝑙22 +𝑙12 𝑚22 +𝑙22 𝑚12+𝑚12 𝑚22

|𝑙1 𝑙2 +𝑚1𝑚2 |
=
√(𝑙1 𝑙2 −𝑚1 𝑚2 ) +2𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑚1 𝑚2 +(𝑙1 𝑙2 +𝑚1 𝑚2 )2 −2𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑚1 𝑚2
2

|𝑎+𝑏| 𝑎+𝑏
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = = | |
√(𝑎−𝑏)2+(2ℎ)2 √(𝑎−𝑏)2 +4ℎ 2

4. Theorem 4: Show that the area of the triangle formed by the lines 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0
𝑛 2√ℎ 2 −𝑎𝑏
and 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0 is |𝑎𝑚2 .
−2ℎ𝑙𝑚+𝑏𝑙2 |

Sol: Let the equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 represents the lines

𝑙1 𝑥 + 𝑚1 𝑦 = 0 ------------ (1)

𝑙2 𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑦 = 0 ----------- (2)

𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = ( 𝑙1 𝑥 + 𝑚1 𝑦)(𝑙2 𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑦)

= 𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑥 2 + (𝑙1 𝑚2 + 𝑙2 𝑚1 )𝑥𝑦 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑦 2

Comparing on both sides we get

𝑎 = 𝑙1 𝑙2 , 2ℎ = 𝑙1 𝑚2 + 𝑙2 𝑚1 , 𝑏 = 𝑚1 𝑚2

44
TSWREIS
Let the given line 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0 --------- (3)

Solving eq (1) & (2) we get O(0, 0)

Solving eq (1) & (3) we get A:

𝑥 𝑦 1
𝑥 𝑦 1 = 0−𝑛𝑙 = 𝑙
𝑚1 𝑛−0 1 1 𝑚−𝑙𝑚1

𝑚1 𝑛 −𝑛𝑙1
𝑚1 0 𝑙1 𝑚1 ⇒𝑥=𝑙 ,𝑦=𝑙
1 𝑚−𝑙𝑚1 1 𝑚−𝑙𝑚1

𝑚1 𝑛 −𝑛𝑙1
𝑚 𝑛 𝑙 𝑚 ∴ 𝐴 = (𝑙 , ) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
1 𝑚−𝑙𝑚1 𝑙1 𝑚−𝑙𝑚1

Solving eq (2) & (3) we get B:

𝑥 𝑦 1
𝑥 𝑦 1 = 0−𝑛𝑙 = 𝑙
𝑚2 𝑛−0 2 2 𝑚−𝑙𝑚2

𝑚2 𝑛 −𝑛𝑙2
𝑚2 0 𝑙2 𝑚2 ⇒𝑥=𝑙 ,𝑦=𝑙
2 𝑚−𝑙𝑚2 2 𝑚−𝑙𝑚2

𝑚2 𝑛 −𝑛𝑙2
𝑚 𝑛 𝑙 𝑚 ∴ B= ( , ) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
𝑙2 𝑚−𝑙𝑚2 𝑙2 𝑚−𝑙𝑚2

1
∴ Area of ∆𝑂𝐴𝐵 with vertices O(0, 0), 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) is ∆ = |𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑥2 𝑦1 |
2

1 𝑚1 𝑛 −𝑛𝑙2 𝑚2 𝑛 −𝑛𝑙1
= 2 |𝑙 .𝑙 −𝑙 .𝑙 |
1 𝑚−𝑙𝑚1 2 𝑚−𝑙𝑚2 2 𝑚−𝑙𝑚2 1 𝑚−𝑙𝑚1

1 𝑙1 𝑚2 𝑛 2−𝑙2 𝑚1 𝑛 2 1 𝑛 2(𝑙1 𝑚2 −𝑙2 𝑚1 )


= 2 |(𝑙 |= | |
1 𝑚−𝑙𝑚1 )(𝑙2 𝑚−𝑙𝑚2 ) 2 𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑚 2 +𝑙𝑚(𝑙1 𝑚2 +𝑙2 𝑚1 )+𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑛 2

1 𝑛 2√(2ℎ)2−4𝑎𝑏 1 2 𝑛 2 √ℎ 2 −4𝑎𝑏 𝑛 2√ℎ 2 −4𝑎𝑏


= 2 |𝑎𝑚2 −2ℎ𝑙𝑚+𝑏𝑙2 | = 2 |𝑎𝑚2−2ℎ𝑙𝑚+𝑏𝑙2 | = |𝑎𝑚2−2ℎ𝑙𝑚+𝑏𝑙2 |

𝑛 2√ℎ 2 −4𝑎𝑏
Area of ∆𝑂𝐴𝐵 = |𝑎𝑚2 −2ℎ𝑙𝑚+𝑏𝑙2 |

5. Theorem 5: If the Second degree equation 𝑆 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 in


the two variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 represents a pair of straight lines then now that (i) 𝑎𝑏𝑐 +
2𝑓𝑔ℎ − 𝑎𝑓 2 − 𝑏𝑔2 − 𝑐ℎ2 = 0 (ii) ℎ2 ≥ 𝑎𝑏, 𝑔2 ≥ 𝑎𝑐, 𝑓 2 ≥ 𝑏𝑐

Sol: Let 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 represents pair of straight lines.

𝑙1 𝑥 + 𝑚1 𝑦 + 𝑛1 = 0 -------- (1)

𝑙2 𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑦 + 𝑛2 = 0 ---------- (2)

∴ 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = (𝑙1 𝑥 + 𝑚1 𝑦 + 𝑛1 )(𝑙2 𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑦 + 𝑛2 ) = 0


45
TSWREIS
= 𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑥 + (𝑙1 𝑚2 + 𝑙2 𝑚1 )𝑥𝑦 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑦 + (𝑙1 𝑛2 + 𝑙2 𝑛1 )𝑥 +
2 2

(𝑚1 𝑛2 + 𝑚2 𝑛1 )𝑦 + 𝑛1 𝑛2 = 0

Comparing on both sides

𝑎 = 𝑙1 𝑙2 , 2ℎ = 𝑙1 𝑚2 + 𝑙2 𝑚1 , 2𝑔 = 𝑙1 𝑛2 + 𝑙2 𝑛1 , 2𝑓 = 𝑚1 𝑛2 + 𝑚2 𝑛1 , 𝑐 = 𝑛1 𝑛2

Consider,

(2𝑓)(2𝑔)(2ℎ) = (𝑚1 𝑛2 + 𝑚2 𝑛1 )(𝑙1 𝑛2 + 𝑙2 𝑛1 )(𝑙1 𝑚2 + 𝑙2 𝑚1 )

8𝑓𝑔ℎ = 𝑙1 𝑙2 (𝑚12 𝑛22 + 𝑚22 𝑛12 ) + 𝑚1 𝑚2 (𝑙12 𝑛22 + 𝑙22 𝑛12 ) + 𝑛1 𝑛2 (𝑙12 𝑚22 + 𝑙22 𝑚12 ) + 2𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑛1 𝑛2

= 𝑙1 𝑙2 [(𝑚12 𝑛22 + 𝑚22 𝑛12 )2 − 2𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑛1 𝑛2 ] + 𝑚1 𝑚2 [(𝑙12 𝑛22 + 𝑙22 𝑛12 )2 − 2𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑛1 𝑛2 ] +
𝑛1 𝑛2 [(𝑙12 𝑚22 + 𝑙22 𝑚12 )2 − 2𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑛1 𝑛2 ] + 2𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑛1 𝑛2

= 𝑎[(2𝑓)2 − 2𝑏𝑐 ] + 𝑏[(2𝑔)2 − 2𝑎𝑐 ] + 𝑐 [(2ℎ)2 − 2𝑎𝑏] + 2𝑎𝑏𝑐

8𝑓𝑔ℎ = 4(𝑎𝑓 2 + 𝑏𝑔2 + 𝑐ℎ2 − 𝑎𝑏𝑐 )

𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑓𝑔ℎ − 𝑎𝑓 2 − 𝑏𝑔 2 − 𝑐ℎ2 = 0

(ii) 4ℎ2 − 4𝑎𝑏 = (2ℎ)2 − 4𝑎𝑏 = (𝑙1 𝑚2 + 𝑙2 𝑚1 )2 − 4𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑚1 𝑚2

= (𝑙1 𝑚2 − 𝑙2 𝑚1 )2 ≥ 0

∴ 4ℎ2 ≥ 4𝑎𝑏 ⇒ ℎ2 ≥ 𝑎𝑏

6. Theorem 6: If the equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 represents a pair of


parallel lines then prove that (i) ℎ2 = 𝑎𝑏 (ii) 𝑎𝑓 2 = 𝑏𝑔2 and (iii) the distance between
𝑔2−𝑎𝑐 𝑓2 −𝑎𝑐
the parallel lines 2√ = 2√
𝑎(𝑎+𝑏) 𝑏(𝑎+𝑏)

Sol: Let 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 represents a pair of parallel lines

𝑙1 𝑥 + 𝑚1 𝑦 + 𝑛1 = 0 -------- (1)

𝑙2 𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑦 + 𝑛2 = 0 ---------- (2)

∴ 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = (𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛1 )(𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛2 ) = 0

= 𝑙 2 𝑥 2 + 2𝑙𝑚𝑥𝑦 + 𝑚2 𝑦 2 + 𝑙(𝑛1 + 𝑛2 )𝑥 + 𝑚(𝑛1 + 𝑛2 )𝑦 + 𝑛1 𝑛2

Comparing on both sides

𝑎 = 𝑙 2 , 2ℎ = 2𝑙𝑚, 𝑏 = 𝑚2 2𝑔 = 𝑙(𝑛1 + 𝑛2 ), 2𝑓 = 𝑚(𝑛1 + 𝑛2 ), 𝑐 = 𝑛1 𝑛2

46
TSWREIS
𝑙(𝑛1 +𝑛2) 𝑚(𝑛1 +𝑛2)
⇒ ℎ = 𝑙𝑚, 𝑔 = , 𝑓=
2 2

(i) ℎ2 = (𝑙𝑚)2 = 𝑙 2 𝑚2

𝑎𝑏 = 𝑙 2 𝑚2 ∴ ℎ2 = 𝑎𝑏

𝑚(𝑛1+𝑛2 ) 2 𝑙2 𝑚 2 (𝑛1+𝑛2 )2
(ii) 𝑎𝑓 2 = 𝑙 2 ( ) =
2 4

𝑙2 (𝑛1+𝑛2 )2
= 𝑚2 ( ) = 𝑏𝑔2
4

∴ 𝑎𝑓 2 = 𝑏𝑔2

|𝑐1 −𝑐2 |
(iii) The distance between the parallel line is √𝑙2 +𝑚 2

|𝑛1 −𝑛2 | √((𝑛1+𝑛2 ))2−4𝑛1𝑛2


= √𝑙2 =
+𝑚 2 √𝑎+𝑏

2 2
√(2𝑔) −4𝑐 √4𝑔2 −4𝑐
= 𝑙
= 𝑙
√𝑎+𝑏 √𝑎+𝑏

2
√4𝑔 −4𝑐
𝑔2 −𝑎𝑐
= 𝑎
= 2√𝑎(𝑎+𝑏)
√𝑎+𝑏

Similarly we can prove that,

𝑓2 −𝑎𝑐
Distance between the parallel lines = 2√𝑏(𝑎+𝑏)

7. Show that the two pair of lines 6𝑥 2 − 5𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑦 2 = 0 and 6𝑥 2 − 5𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑦 2 + 𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 1 = 0


forms a square.

Sol: 6𝑥 2 − 5𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑦 2 = 6𝑥 2 − 9𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑦 2


= (3𝑥 + 2𝑦)(2𝑥 − 3𝑦)
Let 6𝑥 2 − 5𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑦 2 + 𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 1 = (3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑙 )(2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑚)
= 6𝑥 2 − 5𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑦 2 + (3𝑚 + 2𝑙 )𝑥 + (2𝑚 − 3𝑙 )𝑦 + 𝑙𝑚
3𝑚 + 2𝑙 = 1 ⇒ 3𝑚 + 2𝑙 − 1 = 0
2𝑚 − 3𝑙 = 5 ⇒ 2𝑚 − 3𝑙 − 5 = 0
𝑚 𝑙 1
𝑚 𝑙 1 = =
−10−3 −2+15 −9−4
𝑚 𝑙 1
2 -1 3 2 −13
= 13 = −13

-3 -5 2 -3
47
TSWREIS
𝑚 = 1, 𝑙 = −1
∴ 6𝑥 2 − 5𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑦 2 + 𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 1 = (3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 1)(2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 1)
The above lines are mutually perpendicular and hence they form a rectangle.
1 1
The distance between pair of opposite lines 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0, 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 1 = 0 is =
√ 9+4 √13
1 1
The distance between 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 0 and 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 1 = 0 is =
√9+4 √13

∴ the given equation form a square.


8. Prove that the equation 2𝑥 2 − 13𝑥𝑦 − 7𝑦 2 + 𝑥 + 23𝑦 − 6 = 0 represents pair of straight
lines. Also find the angle between them and the coordinates of the point of
intersection of the lines.

Sol: Given pair of lines 2𝑥 2 − 13𝑥𝑦 − 7𝑦 2 + 𝑥 + 23𝑦 − 6 = 0

Compare with a𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 then we get

−13 1 23
𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = −7, 𝑐 = −6, ℎ = , 𝑔 = 2, 𝑓 =
2 2

If ∆= 0 then the above equation represents two pair of lines.

Now, ∆= 𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑓𝑔ℎ − 𝑎𝑓 2 − 𝑏𝑓 2 − 𝑐ℎ2

23 1 −13 23 2 1 2 −13 2
= 2(−7)(−6) + 2 [ 2 ] [2] [ ]− 2[ ] +7[ ] +6[ ] =0
2 2 2 2

−13 2 169 169+56 225


Also, ℎ2 − 𝑎𝑏 = [ ] − 2(−7) = + 14 = = > 0 ⇒ ℎ2 > 𝑎𝑏
2 4 4 4

1 3 1 1+48 49
and 𝑔2 − 𝑎𝑐 = [2] − 2(−6) = 4 + 12 = = > 0 ⇒ 𝑔2 > 𝑎𝑐
4 4

23 2 529 529−168 361


and 𝑓 2 − 𝑏𝑐 = [ 2 ] − (−7)(−6) = − 42 = = > 0 ⇒ 𝑓 2 > 𝑏𝑐
4 4 4

hence the given equation represents a pair of straight lines.

|𝑎+𝑏|
If 𝜃 is the acute angle between the lines 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = .
√(𝑎−𝑏)2+4ℎ 2

|2−7| 5 5 1 1
= =5 = ⇒ 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
√((2+7)2 +(−13)2 √81+169 √10 √10 √10

ℎ𝑓−𝑏𝑔 𝑔ℎ−𝑎𝑓 19 7
∴ Point of intersection = [ , ]= [ , ]
𝑎𝑏−ℎ 2 𝑎𝑏−ℎ 2 15 15

48
TSWREIS
9. Show that the given equation 2𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑦 + 7𝑦 − 2 = 0 represents a pair of straight
2 2

lines.

Sol: Given pair of lines 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑦 2 + 7𝑦 − 2 = 0

Compare with a𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 then we get

1 7
𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = −6, 𝑐 = −2, ℎ = 2 , 𝑔 = 0, 𝑓 = 2

If ∆= 0 then the above equation represents two pair of lines.

Now, ∆= 𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑓𝑔ℎ − 𝑎𝑓 2 − 𝑏𝑓 2 − 𝑐ℎ2

1 1 7 2 1 2
= 2(−6)(−2) + 2 [2] (0) [2] − 2 [2] + 6[0]2 + 2 [2] = 0

1 2 1 49
Also, ℎ2 − 𝑎𝑏 = [2] − 2(−6) = 4 + 12 = > 0 ⇒ ℎ2 > 𝑎𝑏
4

and 𝑔2 − 𝑎𝑐 = [0]3 − 2(−2) = 4 > 0 ⇒ 𝑔2 > 𝑎𝑐

7 2 49 1
and 𝑓 2 − 𝑏𝑐 = [2] − (−6)(−2) = − 12 = 4 > 0 ⇒ 𝑓 2 > 𝑏𝑐
4

Therefore, ℎ2 > 𝑎𝑏, 𝑔2 > 𝑎𝑐, 𝑓 2 > 𝑏𝑐

Hence the given equation presents a pair of straight lines

10. Show that the equation 3𝑥 2 + 7𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 + 5𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 2 = 0 represents a pair of straight


lines. Find the point of intersection of the lines.

Sol: Given pair of lines 3𝑥 2 + 7𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 + 5𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 2 = 0

Compare with a𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 then we get

7 5 5
𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = 2, 𝑐 = 2, ℎ = 2 , 𝑔 = 2 , 𝑓 = 2

If ∆= 0 then the above equation represents two pair of lines.

Now, ∆= 𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑓𝑔ℎ − 𝑎𝑓 2 − 𝑏𝑓 2 − 𝑐ℎ2

5 5 7 5 2 5 2 7 2
= 3(2)(2) + 2 [2] [2] [2] − 3 [2] − 2 [2] − 2 [2] = 0

7 2 49 49−24 25
Also, ℎ2 − 𝑎𝑏 = [2] − 3(2) = −6 = = > 0 ⇒ ℎ2 > 𝑎𝑏
4 4 4

5 3 25 25−24 1
and 𝑔2 − 𝑎𝑐 = [2] − 3(2) = −6 = = 4 > 0 ⇒ 𝑔2 > 𝑎𝑐
4 4
49
TSWREIS
5 2 25 25−16 9
and 𝑓 2 − 𝑏𝑐 = [2] − (2)(2) = −4= = 4 > 0 ⇒ 𝑓 2 > 𝑏𝑐
4 4

Therefore, ℎ2 > 𝑎𝑏, 𝑔2 > 𝑎𝑐, 𝑓 2 > 𝑏𝑐

Hence the given equation presents a pair of straight lines

ℎ𝑓−𝑏𝑔 𝑔ℎ−𝑎𝑓 −3 −1
∴ Point of intersection = [𝑎𝑏−ℎ2 , 𝑎𝑏−ℎ2 ] = [ 5 , ]
5

MORE QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE

11. Show that the equation 3𝑥 2 − 8𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 = 0, 3𝑥 2 + 8𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 1 = 0 forms a


square.

HOMOGENISATTION MODEL

12. Find the angle between the lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the
curve 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 5 = 0 and the line 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0.

Sol: Given curve 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 5 = 0 --------- (1) and the line 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0

⇒ 𝑦 − 3𝑥 = 1 -------- (2)

Homogenising equation (1) with (2), we obtain

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥(1) + 2𝑦(1) − 5(1)2 = 0

⇒ 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥(𝑦 − 3𝑥 ) + 2𝑦(𝑦 − 3𝑥) − 5(𝑦 − 3𝑥)2 = 0

⇒ 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 − 6𝑥𝑦 − 5(𝑦 2 − 6𝑥𝑦 + 9𝑥 2 ) = 0

⇒ 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 − 6𝑥𝑦 − 5𝑦 2 + 30𝑥𝑦 − 45𝑥 2 = 0

⇒ −50𝑥 2 + 28𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 = 0 ⇒ 25𝑥 2 − 14𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 0

Compare with a𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 then we get 𝑎 = 25, 2ℎ = −14, 𝑏 = 1

If 𝜃 is the acute angle between the pair of lines then

|𝑎+𝑏| |25+1| 26 26 26
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = .= = = = .
√(𝑎−𝑏)2 +4ℎ 2 √(25−1)2 +(−14)2 √576+196 √772 2√193

13 13
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = ⇒ 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [ ]
√193 √193

50
TSWREIS
13. Show that the lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the curve 𝑥 2 −
𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2 = 0 and line 𝑥 − 𝑦 − √2 = 0 are mutually perpendicular.

Sol: Given curve 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2 = 0 ------- (1)

𝑥−𝑦
Given line 𝑥 − 𝑦 − √2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑦 = √2 ⇒ = 1 ------ (2)
√2

Homogenising equation (1) with (2), we obtain y

𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 3𝑥(1) + 3𝑦(1) − 2(1)2 = 0 A

√2(𝑥 2−𝑥𝑦+𝑦 2 )+3𝑥(𝑥−𝑦)+3𝑦(𝑥−𝑦)−√2(𝑥−𝑦)2


⇒ =0 B
√2

√2𝑥 2−√2𝑥𝑦+√2𝑦 2+3𝑥 2 −3𝑥𝑦−3𝑦 2+3𝑥𝑦−√2 𝑥 2−√2𝑦 2+2√2𝑥𝑦


⇒ O x
√2

⇒ 3𝑥 2 + √2𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 = 0

Comparing with a𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 then we get 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = −3

Clearly 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 3 − 3 = 0

∴ The lines ̅̅̅̅


𝑂𝐴, ̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝐵 are perpendicular.

14. Find the value of K, if the lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the
2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1 = 0 and the line 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 𝐾are mutually perpendicular.

Sol: Given curve 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1 = 0 -------- (1)

𝑥+2𝑦
Given line 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 𝐾 ⇒ = 1 ------ (2)
𝐾

Homogenising equation (1) with (2), we obtain y

2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 + 2𝑥(1) − 𝑦(1) − 1(1)2 = 0 A

𝑥+2𝑦 𝑥+2𝑦 𝑥+2𝑦 2


⇒ 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 ( )−𝑦( )−( ) =0 B
𝐾 𝐾 𝐾

𝐾2 (2𝑥 2−2𝑥𝑦+3𝑦 2 )+2𝐾𝑥(𝑥+2𝑦)−𝐾𝑦(𝑥+2𝑦)−(𝑥 2 +4𝑦 2+4𝑥𝑦)


⇒ =0 O x
𝐾2

2𝐾2 𝑥 2−2𝐾2 𝑥𝑦+3𝐾2 𝑦 2 +2𝐾𝑥 2 +4𝐾𝑥𝑦−𝐾𝑥𝑦−2𝐾𝑦 2 −𝑥 2 −4𝑦 2 −4𝑥𝑦


⇒ =0
𝐾2

⇒ (2𝐾 2 + 2𝐾 − 1)𝑥 2 + (−2𝐾 2 + 3𝐾 − 4)𝑥𝑦 + (3𝐾 2 − 2𝐾 − 4)𝑦 2 = 0

Compare with a𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 then we get

51
TSWREIS
2 2
𝑎 = 2𝐾 + 2𝐾 − 1, 𝑏 = 3𝐾 − 2𝐾 − 4

The lines are perpendicular So, 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 0

⇒ 2𝐾 2 + 2𝐾 − 1 + 3𝐾 2 − 2𝐾 − 4 = 0 ⇒ 5𝐾 2 − 5 = 0

⇒ 5𝐾 2 = 5 ⇒ 𝐾 2 = 1 ⇒ 𝐾 = ±1

15. Show that the lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the curve 7𝑥 2 −
4𝑥𝑦 + 8𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 8 = 0 with the line 3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2 are mutually perpendicular.

Sol: Given curve 7𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 8𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 8 = 0 -------- (1)

3𝑥−𝑦
Given line 3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2 ⇒ = 1 ------ (2) y
2

Homogenising equation (1) with (2), we obtain A

7𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 8𝑦 2 + 2𝑥(1) − 4𝑦(1) − 8(1)2 = 0 B

3𝑥−𝑦 3𝑥−𝑦 3𝑥−𝑦 2


⇒ 7𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 8𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 ( ) − 4𝑦 ( ) −8( ) =0 O x
2 2 2

⇒ 7𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 8𝑦 2 + 2𝑥(3𝑥 − 𝑦) − 2𝑦(3𝑥 − 𝑦) − 2(9𝑥 2 − 6𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )

⇒ 7𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 8𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 − 18𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 2 + 12𝑥𝑦 = 0

⇒ −8𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 8𝑦 2 = 0 ⇒ 8𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 8𝑦 2 = 0

Compare with a𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 then we get 𝑎 = 8, 𝑏 = −8

Clearly 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 8 − 8 = 0

∴ The lines ̅̅̅̅


𝑂𝐴, ̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝐵 are mutually perpendicular.

16. Find the angle between the pair of lines represented by the equation 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥𝑦 +
12𝑦 2 = 0

Sol: Given pair of lines 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥𝑦 + 12𝑦 2 = 0

Compare with a𝑥 2 − 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 we get 𝑎 = 1, 2ℎ = −7, 𝑏 = 12

Let 𝜃 be the angle between the pair of lines

|𝑎+𝑏| |1+12| 13 13
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = .= = = .
√(𝑎−𝑏)2 +(2ℎ)2 √(1−12)2+(−7)2 √121+49 √170

13 13
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = ⇒ 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [ ]
√170 √170

52
TSWREIS
17. Write drawn the equations of the pair of straight lines joining the origin to the points of
intersection of the line 6𝑥 − 𝑦 + 8 = 0 with the pair of straight lines 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑦 2 −
11𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 6 = 0. Show that the lines so obtained make equal angles with the
coordinate axes.

Sol: Given curve 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑦 2 − 11𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 6 = 0 -------- (1)

𝑦−6𝑥
Given line 6𝑥 − 𝑦 + 8 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 − 6𝑥 = 8 ⇒ = 1 ------ (2)
8

Homogenising equation (1) with (2), we obtain

3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑦 2 − 11𝑥 (1) − 2𝑦(1) + 6(1)2 = 0

𝑦−6𝑥 𝑦−6𝑥 𝑦−6𝑥 2


⇒ 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑦 2 − 11𝑥 ( ) − 2𝑦 ( ) +6( ) =0
8 8 8

⇒ 32(3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑦 2 ) + 4(2𝑦 − 11𝑥)(𝑦 − 6𝑥 ) + 3(𝑦 − 6𝑥)2 = 0

⇒ 96𝑥 2 + 128𝑥𝑦 − 128𝑦 2 + 8𝑦 2 − 92𝑥𝑦 + 264𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 36𝑥𝑦 + 108𝑥 2 = 0

⇒ 468𝑥 2 − 117𝑦 2 = 0 ⇒ 4𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 0

Equation of the pair of angle bisector of 4𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 0 is

0(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) − (4 + 1)𝑥𝑦 = 0 ⇒ =𝑥𝑦 = 0

∴ The lines represented by 4𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 0 are equally inclined the coordinate axes.

18. Find the condition for the chord 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 = 1 of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 (whose centre is
the origin) to subtend a right angle at the origin.

Sol: Given circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 ------ (1)

Given line 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 = 1 -------- (2)

Homogenising equation (1) with (2), we obtain

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 (1)2 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 (𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦)2 90o

⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 (𝑙 2 𝑚2 + 𝑚2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑙𝑥𝑚𝑦)

⇒ 𝑎2 𝑙 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑚2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑎2 𝑙𝑥𝑚𝑦 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 0

⇒ (𝑎2 𝑙 2 − 1)𝑥 2 + 2𝑎2 𝑙𝑚𝑥𝑦 + (𝑎2 𝑚2 − 1)𝑦 2 = 0

Compare with 𝐴𝑥 2 + 2𝐻𝑥𝑦 + 𝐵𝑦 2 = 0

53
TSWREIS
Then we get 𝐴 = 𝑎 𝑙 − 1, 𝐻 = 𝑎 𝑙𝑚, 𝐵 = 𝑎 𝑚 − 1
2 2 2 2 2

Since the lines are right angle at the origin, we have A + B = 0

⇒ 𝑎2 𝑙 2 − 1 + 𝑎2 𝑚2 − 1 = 0

⇒ 𝑎 2 𝑙 2 + 𝑎 2 𝑚 2 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎 2 (𝑙 2 + 𝑚 2 ) = 2

19. Find the condition for the lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the
circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 and the line 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 = 1to coincide.

Sol: Given circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 ------ (1)

Given line 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 = 1 -------- (2)

Homogenising equation (1) with (2), we obtain

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 (1)2 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 (𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦)2

⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 (𝑙 2 𝑚2 + 𝑚2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑙𝑥𝑚𝑦)

⇒ 𝑎2 𝑙 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑚2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑎2 𝑙𝑥𝑚𝑦 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 0

⇒ (𝑎2 𝑙 2 − 1)𝑥 2 + 2𝑎2 𝑙𝑚𝑥𝑦 + (𝑎2 𝑚2 − 1)𝑦 2 = 0

Compare with 𝐴𝑥 2 + 2𝐻𝑥𝑦 + 𝐵𝑦 2 = 0

Then we get 𝐴 = 𝑎2 𝑙 2 − 1, 𝐻 = 𝑎2 𝑙𝑚, 𝐵 = 𝑎2 𝑚2 − 1

Since the lines are right angle at the origin, we have A + B = 0

⇒ 𝑎2 𝑙 2 − 1 + 𝑎2 𝑚2 − 1 = 0

⇒ 𝑎 2 𝑙 2 + 𝑎 2 𝑚 2 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎 2 (𝑙 2 + 𝑚 2 ) = 2

54
TSWREIS
LEVEL – 2 (7 Marks)

1. Show that the product of the perpendicular distance from the origin to the pair of
|𝑐|
straight lines represented by 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 is .
√(𝑎−𝑏)2+4ℎ 2

Sol: Let 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 represents the pair of lines

𝑙1 𝑥 + 𝑚1 𝑦 + 𝑛1 = 0 -------- (1)

𝑙2 𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑦 + 𝑛2 = 0 ---------- (2)

∴ 𝑙1 𝑙2 = 𝑎, 𝑙1 𝑚2 + 𝑙2 𝑚1 = 2ℎ, 𝑚1 𝑚2 = 𝑏, 𝑛1 𝑛2 = 𝑐

The length of perpendicular from (0, 0) to the line (1)


|𝑙1 (0)+𝑚1 (0)+𝑛1 | |𝑛1 |
= =
√𝑙12 +𝑚12 √𝑙12 +𝑚12

The length of perpendicular from (0, 0) to the line (2)


|𝑙2 (0)+𝑚2 (0)+𝑛2 | |𝑛2 |
== =
√𝑙22 +𝑚22 √𝑙22 +𝑚22

|𝑛1| |𝑛2 |
∴ Product of perpendicular = ×
√𝑙12 +𝑚12 √𝑙22 +𝑚22

|𝑛1 𝑛2 | |𝑛1 𝑛2 |
= =
√𝑙12 𝑙22 +𝑙12 𝑚22 +𝑚12 𝑙22 +𝑚12 𝑚22 √(𝑙1 𝑙2 )2 +(𝑙1 𝑚2 +𝑙2 𝑚1 )2 −2𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑚1 𝑚2 +(𝑚1 +𝑚2 )2

|𝑐| |𝑐|
= =
√𝑎 2 + (2ℎ)2−2𝑎𝑏+𝑏2 √(𝑎−𝑏)2 +4ℎ 2

2. If the point of intersection of the pair of lines 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 and
hence deduce that 𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑓𝑔ℎ − 𝑎𝑓 2 − 𝑏𝑓 2 − 𝑐ℎ2 from above.

Sol: Given pair of lines 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0

Let 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) be the point of intersection of the pair of lines shifting the origin to 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
by translation of axes, the equation changes to.

𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑥1 )2 + 2ℎ(𝑥 + 𝑥1 )(𝑦 + 𝑦1 ) + 𝑏(𝑦 + 𝑦1 )2 + 2𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑥1 ) + 2𝑓(𝑦 + 𝑦1 ) + 𝑐 = 0


⇒ 𝑎(𝑥 2 + 𝑥12 + 2𝑥𝑥1 ) + 2ℎ(𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦1 + 𝑥1 𝑦 + 𝑥1 𝑦1 ) + 𝑏(𝑦 2 + 𝑦12 + 2𝑦𝑦1) + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑔𝑥1 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 2𝑓𝑦1 + 𝑐 = 0

⇒ (𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 ) + 2(𝑎𝑥1 + ℎ𝑦1 + 𝑔)𝑥 + 2(ℎ𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑓)𝑦 +


(𝑎𝑥12 + 2ℎ𝑥1 𝑦1 + 𝑏𝑦12 + 2𝑔𝑥1 + 2𝑓𝑦1 + 𝑐 ) = 0

This equation represents pair of lines passing through origin when

𝑎𝑥1 + ℎ𝑦1 + 𝑔 = 0 ------ (1) and ℎ𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑓 = 0 ------- (2)


55
TSWREIS
Solving (1) & (2)

𝑥 𝑦 1
𝑥 𝑦 1 1
⇒ ℎ𝑓−𝑏𝑔 1
= ℎ𝑓−𝑏𝑔 = 𝑎𝑏−ℎ2

h g a h

b f h b

ℎ𝑓−𝑏𝑔 𝑔ℎ−𝑎𝑓
⇒ 𝑥1 = 𝑎𝑏−ℎ2 , 𝑦1 = 𝑎𝑏−ℎ 2

ℎ𝑓−𝑏𝑔 𝑔ℎ−𝑎𝑓
∴ Point of intersection (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = [𝑎𝑏−ℎ2 , ]
𝑎𝑏−ℎ 2

We have, 𝑎𝑥12 + 2ℎ𝑥1 𝑦1 + 2𝑔𝑥1 + 2𝑓𝑦1 + 𝑐 = 0

⇒ (𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑔)𝑥1 + (𝑛𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑓)𝑦1 + (𝑔𝑥1 + 𝑓𝑦1 + 𝑐 ) = 0

⇒ (0)𝑥 + (0)𝑦 + (𝑔𝑥1 + 𝑓𝑦1 + 𝑐 ) = 0

ℎ𝑓−𝑏𝑔 𝑔ℎ−𝑎𝑓
But, point of intersection [ 𝑎𝑏−ℎ2 , ] satisfies (𝑔𝑥1 + 𝑓𝑦1 + 𝑐 ) = 0
𝑎𝑏−ℎ 2

ℎ𝑓−𝑏𝑔 𝑔ℎ−𝑎𝑓
⇒ 𝑔 [𝑎𝑏−ℎ2 ] + 𝑓 [ 𝑎𝑏−ℎ2 ] + 𝑐 = 0

⇒ 𝑔(ℎ𝑓 − 𝑏𝑔) + 𝑓 (𝑔ℎ − 𝑎𝑓) + 𝑐 (𝑎𝑏 − ℎ2 ) = 0

⇒ 𝑔ℎ𝑓 − 𝑏𝑔2 + 𝑔ℎ𝑓 − 𝑎𝑓 2 + 𝑎𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐ℎ2 = 0

⇒ 𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑓𝑔ℎ − 𝑎𝑓 2 − 𝑏𝑔2 − 𝑐ℎ2 = 0

3. Find the centroid and area of the triangle formed by the lines 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 0 and
2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 6.

Sol: Given lines are 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 0

⇒ 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 0 ⇒ 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 0

⇒ 3𝑥(𝑥 − 𝑦) − 𝑦(𝑥 − 𝑦) = 0 ⇒ (𝑥 − 𝑦)(3𝑥 − 𝑦) = 0

⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 ---- (1) 3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 ------(2)

Solving (1) & (2), we get O(0, 0)

56
TSWREIS
Solving (2) & (3) we get A

𝑥 𝑦 1
𝑥 𝑦 1 ⇒ 6+0 = 0+18 = −3+2

𝑥 𝑦 1
-1 0 3 -1 ⇒ 6 = 18 = −1

-1 -6 2 -1 ⇒ 𝑥 = −6, 𝑦 = −18

∴ Point of intersection A(-6, -18)

Solving (3) & (1) we get B

𝑥 𝑦 1
𝑥 𝑦 1 ⇒ 0−6 = −6−0 = −2+1

𝑥 𝑦 1
-1 -6 2 -1 ⇒ = =
−6 −6 −1

-1 0 1 -1 ⇒ 𝑥 = 6, 𝑦 = 6

∴ Point of intersection B(6, 6)

0−6+6 0−18+6 0 −12


∴ Centroid of ∆𝑂𝐴𝐵 = [ , ]=[ , ] = (0, 4)
3 3 3 3

1 1
Area of ∆𝑂𝐴𝐵 = 2 |𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑥2 𝑦1 | = 2 |(−6)(6) − 6(−18)|

1 1
= |−36 + 108| = |72| = 36 sq. units
2 2

4. Find the centroid and area of the triangle formed by the lines 2𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑥 2 = 0 and
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4 = 0.

Sol: Given lines are 2𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑥 2 = 0 ------ (1) and 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4 = 0 ------ (2)

(2) ⇒ 𝑦 = −(𝑥 + 𝑦)

(1) ⇒ 2(𝑥 + 𝑦)2 + 𝑥 (𝑥 + 4) − 6𝑥 2 = 0 ⇒ 2(𝑥 2 + 16 + 8𝑥 ) + 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 6𝑥 2 = 0

⇒ 2𝑥 2 + 32 + 16𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 6𝑥 2 = 0 ⇒ −3𝑥 2 + 20𝑥 + 32 = 0

⇒ 3𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 − 32 = 0 ⇒ 3𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 32 = 0
−4
⇒ 3𝑥(𝑥 − 8) + 4(𝑥 − 8) = 0 ⇒ (𝑥 − 8)(3𝑥 + 4) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 8, 3

𝑥 = 8 ⇒ 𝑦 = −(8 + 4) ⇒ 𝑦 = −12

∴ Point of intersection A(8, -12)


4 4 −8
𝑥 = − 3 ⇒ 𝑦 = − [− 3 + 4] = 3

4 −8
∴ Another point of intersection B[− 3 , ]
3
57
TSWREIS
Also the pair of line 2𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑥 = 0 intersect at O(0, 0)
2 2

4 8
0+8− 0−12− 24−4 −36−8 20 −44
∴ Centroid of ∆𝑂𝐴𝐵= [ 3
, 3
]=[ , ]=[ , ]
3 3 9 9 9 9

1 1 8 4
Area of ∆𝑂𝐴𝐵 = 2 |𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑥2 𝑦1 | = 2 |8 (− 3) − (− 3) (−12)|

1 64 1 −64−48 112 56
= 2 |− − 16| = 2 | |= = sq. units
3 3 6 3

5. Find the centroid of the triangle formed by 12𝑥 2 − 20𝑥𝑦 + 7𝑦 2 = 0 and 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 4 = 0.

Sol: Given pair of lines is 12𝑥 2 − 20𝑥𝑦 + 7𝑦 2 = 0 -------- (1)

and 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 4 = 0 -------- (2)

(2) ⇒ 2𝑥 = 3𝑦 − 4

(1) ⇒ 12𝑥 2 − 20𝑥𝑦 + 7𝑦 2 = 0 ⇒ 3(2𝑥)2 − 10𝑦(2𝑥) + 7𝑦 2 = 0

⇒ 3(3𝑦 − 4)2 − 10𝑦(3𝑦 − 4) + 7𝑦 2 = 0 ⇒ 3(9𝑦 2 + 16 − 24𝑦) − 30𝑦 2 + 40𝑦 + 7𝑦 2 = 0

⇒ 27𝑦 2 − 48 − 72𝑦 − 30𝑦 2 + 40𝑦 + 7𝑦 2 = 0

⇒ 4𝑦 2 − 32𝑦 + 48 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 + 12 = 0 ⇒ (𝑦 − 2)(𝑦 = 6) = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2, 6

∴ (2) ⇒ 2𝑥 = 3(2) − 4 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 and 2𝑥 = 3(6) − 4 ⇒ 𝑥 = 7

∴ The point of intersections are A(1, 2) and B(7, 6) and O(0, 0)


0+1+7 0+2+6 8 8
∴ Centroid of ∆𝑂𝐴𝐵 is [ , ]=[ , ]
3 3 3 3

6. If the equation 𝑚𝑥 2 − 10𝑥𝑦 + 12𝑦 2 + 5𝑥 − 16𝑦 − 3 = 0 represents a pair of straight lines,


find ‘m’ and also find the angle and point of intersection for this value of ‘m’.

Sol: Given pair of lines 𝑚𝑥 2 − 10𝑥𝑦 + 12𝑦 2 + 5𝑥 − 16𝑦 − 3 = 0

Compare with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 then we get


5
𝑎 = 𝑚, 𝑏 = 12, 𝑐 = −3, ℎ = −5, 𝑔 = 2 , 𝑓 = −8

If ∆= 0 then the above equation represents two pair of lines

Now, ∆ ≡ 𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑓𝑔ℎ − 𝑎𝑓 2 − 𝑏𝑔2 − 𝑐ℎ2 = 0

5 5 2
⇒ 𝑚(12)(−3) + 2(−8) (2) (−5) − 𝑚(−8)2 − 12 (2) + 3(−5)2 = 0

⇒ −36𝑚 + 200 − 64𝑚 − 75 + 75 = 0

⇒ 100𝑚 = 200 ⇒ 𝑚 = 2 hence 𝑎 = 2

If 𝜃 is the acute angle between the lines then

58
TSWREIS
|𝑎+𝑏| 14 14 7
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = .= = = .
√(𝑎−𝑏)2 +4ℎ 2 √100+100 √200 √50

7 7
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = ⇒ 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [ ]
√50 √50

ℎ𝑓−𝑏𝑔 𝑔ℎ−𝑎𝑓 7
∴ Point of intersection = [𝑎𝑏−ℎ2 , ] = [−10, − ]
𝑎𝑏−ℎ 2 2

7. Theorem 7 : If (𝛼, 𝛽) is the centroid of the triangle formed 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 and the
𝛼 𝛽 2
line 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 = 1, then prove that 𝑏𝑙−ℎ𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚−ℎ𝑙 = 3(𝑎𝑚2 −2ℎ𝑙𝑚+𝑏𝑙2 ).

Sol: Let the equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 represents the lines

𝑙1 𝑥 + 𝑚1 𝑦 = 0 ------------ (1)

𝑙2 𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑦 = 0 ----------- (2)

𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = ( 𝑙1 𝑥 + 𝑚1 𝑦)(𝑙2 𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑦)

= 𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑥 2 + (𝑙1 𝑚2 + 𝑙2 𝑚1 )𝑥𝑦 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑦 2

Comparing on both sides we get

𝑎 = 𝑙1 𝑙2 , 2ℎ = 𝑙1 𝑚2 + 𝑙2 𝑚1 , 𝑏 = 𝑚1 𝑚2

Let the given line 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 − 1 = 0 --------- (3)

Solving eq (1) & (2) we get O(0, 0) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )

Solving eq (1) & (3) we get A:

𝑥 𝑦 1
𝑥 𝑦 1 = 0∓𝑙 = 𝑙
−𝑚1 −0 1 1 𝑚−𝑙𝑚1

−𝑚1 𝑙1
𝑚1 0 𝑙1 𝑚1 ⇒𝑥=𝑙 ,𝑦=𝑙
1 𝑚−𝑙𝑚1 1 𝑚−𝑙𝑚1

−𝑚1 𝑙1
𝑚 −1 𝑙 𝑚 ∴ 𝐴 = (𝑙 ,𝑙 ) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
1 𝑚−𝑙𝑚1 1 𝑚−𝑙𝑚1

−𝑚2 𝑙2
Similarly solving (2) & (3) we get (B) ∴ 𝐵 = (𝑙 , ) = (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 )
2 𝑚−𝑙𝑚2 𝑙2 𝑚−𝑙𝑚2

𝑥1+𝑥2+𝑥3 𝑦1 +𝑦2 +𝑦3


Centroid of ∆OAB : (𝛼, 𝛽 ) = ( , )
3 3

−𝑚1 𝑙1 −𝑚2 𝑙2
0+ + 0+ +
=( 𝑙1 𝑚−𝑙𝑚1 𝑙1𝑚−𝑙𝑚1 𝑙2 𝑚−𝑙𝑚2 𝑙2𝑚−𝑙𝑚2
, )
3 3

59
TSWREIS
1 −𝑚1 −𝑚2 1 𝑙1 𝑙2
∴ 𝛼 = 3 [𝑙 +𝑙 ] and 𝛽 = [ +𝑙 ]
1 𝑚−𝑙𝑚1 2 𝑚−𝑙𝑚2 3 𝑙 1 𝑚−𝑙𝑚1 2 𝑚−𝑙𝑚2

1 −𝑚1 (𝑙2 𝑚−𝑙𝑚2 )−𝑚2 (𝑙1 𝑚−𝑙𝑚1 ) 1 𝑙 (𝑙 𝑚−𝑙𝑚 )∓(𝑙1 𝑚−𝑙𝑚1)


⇒ 𝛼 = 3[ (𝑙1 𝑚−𝑙𝑚1 )(𝑙2𝑚−𝑙𝑚2)
] and 𝛽 = 3 [ 1(𝑙 2𝑚−𝑙𝑚 2)(𝑙 ]
1 1 2𝑚−𝑙𝑚2 )

1 −𝑙2 𝑚1 𝑚+𝑙𝑚1 𝑚2 −𝑙1 𝑚2 𝑚+𝑙𝑚1 𝑚2 1 𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑚−𝑙𝑙1 𝑚2 +𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑚−𝑙𝑙2 𝑚1


⇒ 𝛼 = 3 [𝑙 2 2
] and 𝛽 = [ 2 2
]
1 𝑙2 𝑚 −𝑙𝑙1 𝑚𝑚2 −𝑙𝑙2 𝑚𝑚1 +𝑚1 𝑚2𝑙 3 𝑙 1 𝑙2 𝑚 −𝑙𝑙1 𝑚𝑚2 −𝑙𝑙2 𝑚𝑚1 +𝑚1 𝑚2𝑙

1 2𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑙−(𝑙1 𝑚2+𝑙2 𝑚1)𝑚 1 2𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑚−(𝑙1 𝑚2 +𝑙2 𝑚1 )𝑙


⇒ 𝛼 = 3 [𝑙 2 −(𝑙 𝑚 +𝑙 𝑚 )𝑙𝑚+𝑚 𝑚 𝑙2
] and 𝛽 = [ ]
1 𝑙2 𝑚 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑚 2 −(𝑙1 𝑚2+𝑙2 𝑚1)𝑙𝑚+𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑙2

1 2𝑏𝑙−2ℎ𝑚 1 2𝑎𝑚−2ℎ𝑙
⇒ 𝛼 = 3 [𝑎𝑚2−2ℎ𝑙𝑚+𝑏𝑙2 ], 𝛽 = 3 [𝑎𝑚2 −2ℎ𝑙𝑚+𝑏𝑙2 ]

𝛼 2 𝛽 2
= 𝑏𝑙−ℎ𝑚 = 3(𝑎𝑚2−2ℎ𝑙𝑚+𝑏𝑙2 ), = 3(𝑎𝑚2 −2ℎ𝑙𝑚+𝑏𝑙2 )
𝑎𝑚−ℎ𝑙

𝛼 𝛽 2
∴ = =
𝑏𝑙−ℎ𝑚 𝑎𝑚−ℎ𝑙 3(𝑎𝑚 2−2ℎ𝑙𝑚+𝑏𝑙2 )

8. Show that lines represented by (𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦)2 − 3(𝑚𝑥 − 𝑙𝑦)2 = 0 and 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0 form
𝑛2
an equilateral triangle with area . O(0, 0)
√3(𝑙2 +𝑚 2)

Sol: Given pair of lines are (𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦)2 − 3(𝑚𝑥 − 𝑙𝑦)2 = 0

2
⇒ (𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦)2 − [√3(𝑚𝑥 − 𝑙𝑦)] = 0

⇒ [𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + √3(𝑚𝑥 − 𝑙𝑦)][𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 − √3(𝑚𝑥 − 𝑙𝑦)] A 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0 B

⇒ (𝑙 + √3𝑚)𝑥 + (𝑚 − √3𝑙 )𝑦 = 0 ------- (1) and (𝑙 − √3𝑚)𝑥 + (𝑚 + √3𝑙 )𝑦 = 0 ------- (2)

Also given another line 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0 -------- (3)

If A is the angle between (1) & (3) then

(𝑙+√3𝑚)𝑙+(𝑚−√3𝑙)𝑚 𝑙2 +√3𝑙𝑚+𝑚 2−√3𝑙𝑚


Cos 𝐴 = =
2 2 √𝑙2 +3𝑚 2+2√3𝑙𝑚+𝑚 2 +3𝑙2 −2√3𝑙𝑚√𝑙2 +𝑚 2
√(+√3𝑚) +(𝑚−√3𝑙) √𝑙2 +𝑚 2

𝑙2 +𝑚 2 𝑙2 +𝑚 2 1 1
= = 2(𝑙2 +𝑚2) = 2 ∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = 2 ⇒ 𝐵 = 60𝑜
√4𝑙2 +4𝑚 2√𝑙2 +𝑚 2

Also the lines (1), (2), (3) intersects pair wise so, angle between (1) & (2) is

180o – (60o + 60o) = 60o

∴ ∆OAB is equilateral

Let ‘A’ be the altitude through O(0, 0) to the line 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0 then

60
TSWREIS
|𝑙(0)+𝑚(0)+𝑛| |𝑛|
ℎ= = √𝑙2
√𝑙2 +𝑚 2 +𝑚 2

ℎ2 ℎ2
∴ Area of ∆OAB = =
√ 3 √3(𝑙2 +𝑚 2)

9. Show that the pairs of lines 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 3 = 0, 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 + 5𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 4 = 0 form a


parallelogram. Also find the length of its sides.

Sol: Given equation is 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 + 5𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 4 = 0

⇒ (𝑥 + 2𝑦)2 + 5𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 4 = 0 D C

Take 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 + 5𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 4 = 0

= (𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑙 )(𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑚)

= 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 + (𝑙 + 𝑚)𝑥 + (2𝑙 + 2𝑚)𝑦 + 𝑙𝑚 A B

Comparing on the sides we get

4
𝑙 + 𝑚 = 5, 𝑙𝑚 = 4 ⇒ 𝑚 =
𝑙

4 𝑙2 +4
⇒𝑙+𝑙 =5⇒ =5
𝑙

⇒ 𝑙 2 + 4 = 5𝑙 ⇒ 𝑙 2 − 5𝑙 + 4 = 0 ⇒ (𝑙 − 1)(𝑙 − 4) = 0

Take 𝑙 = 1 ⇒ 𝑚 = 4

∴ The lines are 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 1 = 0 ------ (1) and 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 4 = 0 -------- (2)

Also, 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 3 = 0 ⇒ (𝑦 − 3)(𝑦 − 1) = 0

⇒ 𝑦 = 3 ----- (3) and 𝑦 = 1 ------- (4)

The lines (1) and (2) are parallel, and (3) & (4) are parallel

∴ The given lines form a parallelogram

Solving (1) & (3) we get (1) ⇒ 𝑥 + 2(3) + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −7

∴ A = (-7, 3)

Solving (1) & (4) we get (2) ⇒ 𝑥 + 2(1) + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −3

∴ B = (-3, 1)

61
TSWREIS
Solving (2) & (4) we get (1) ⇒ 𝑥 + 2(1) + 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −6

∴ AC = (-7, 3)

Solving (2) & (3) we get (2) ⇒ 𝑥 + 2(3) + 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −10

∴ D = (-10, 3)

Length of the sides

BC = √(−6 + 3)2 + (1 − 1)2 = 3

AB = √(−7 + 3)2 + (3 − 1)2 = √16 + 4 = √20 = 2√5

62
TSWREIS
CHAPTER 5 : 3D COORDINATES

KEY POINTS

 Distance between O(0, 0, 0), P(x, y, z) is OP =√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2

 Distance between 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ), 𝐵(𝑥1 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) is AB = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )2


 If a point P divides the line segment joining 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ), 𝐵(𝑥1 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) in the ratio m : n
internally then
𝑚𝑥2 + 𝑛𝑥1 𝑚𝑦2 + 𝑛𝑦1 𝑚𝑧2 + 𝑛𝑧1
[ , , ]
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛
 The ratio in which the point 𝑃(𝑥, , 𝑦, 𝑧) divides the line segment joining 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ),
𝐵(𝑥1 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) is
𝑥1 − 𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 − 𝑥2 (or) 𝑦1 − 𝑦 ∶ 𝑦 − 𝑦2 (or) 𝑧1 − 𝑧 ∶ 𝑧 − 𝑧2
 The line segment joining (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) and (𝑥1 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) is divided by
i) yz-plane in the ratio −𝑥1 ∶ 𝑥2
ii) zx – plane in the ratio −𝑦1 ∶ 𝑦2
iii) xy – plane in the ratio −𝑧1 ∶ 𝑧2
 Three points 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ), 𝐵(𝑥1 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ), 𝐶 (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 , 𝑧3 ) are collinear then
𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑧1
(i) 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶 (OR) ii) | 2 𝑦2 𝑧2 |
𝑥
𝑥3 𝑦3 𝑧3
 Centroid of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 with vertices 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ), 𝐵 (𝑥1 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ), 𝐶 (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 , 𝑧3 ) is
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦3 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3
𝐺=[ + + ],
3 3 3
 Centroid of the tetrahedron with vertices 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ), 𝐵(𝑥1 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ), 𝐶 (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 , 𝑧3 ),
𝐷(𝑥4 , 𝑦4 , 𝑥4 ) is
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦3 + 𝑦4 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 + 𝑧4
𝐺=[ , , ]
4 4 4

63
TSWREIS
LEVEL 1 (2Marks)

1. Find 𝑥, if the distance between (5, -1, 7) and (𝑥, 5, 1) is 9 units.

Sol: Let A (5, -1, 7) and B(𝑥, 5, 1)

Now AB = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )2

= √(𝑥 − 5)2 + (5 + 1)2 + (1 − 7)2

= √(𝑥 − 5)2 + 36 + 36 = √(𝑥 − 5)2 + 72

But AB = 9 ⇒ AB2 = 81

⇒ (𝑥 − 5)2 + 72 = 81

⇒ (𝑥 − 5)2 = 9 ⇒ 𝑥 − 5 = ±3

⇒ 𝑥 = 3 + 5 (or) 𝑥 = −3 + 5

∴ 𝑥 = 8, 2

2. Show that the points (1, 2, 3), (2, 3, 1), (3, 1, 2) form an equilateral triangle.

Sol: Let the given points are A (1, 2, 3), B (2, 3, 1), C(3, 1, 2) A

AB = √(2 − 1)2 + (3 − 2)2 + (1 − 3)2 = √1 + 1 + 4 = √6

BC = √(3 − 2)2 + (1 − 3)2 + (2 − 1)2 = √1 + 4 + 1 = √6

CA = √(3 − 1)2 + (1 − 2)2 + (2 − 3)2 = √4 + 1 + 1 = √6 B C

Clearly AB = BC = AC

Hence, given points form an equilateral triangle.

3. Show that the points (2, 3, 5), (-1, 5, -1) and (4, -3, 2) form a right angles isosceles
triangle.

Sol: Let A (2, 3, 5), B (-1, 5, -1), C (4, -3, 2) B

AB = √(2 + 1)2 + (3 − 5)2 + (5 + 1)2 = √9 + 4 + 36 = √7

BC = √(−1 − 4)2 + (5 + 3)2 + (−1 − 2)2 = √25 + 64 + 9 = 7√2

CA = √(4 − 2)2 + (−3 − 3)2 + (2 − 5)2 = √4 + 36 + 9 = √49 = 7 A C


64
TSWREIS
AB = CA and AB2 + AC2 = 49 + 49 = 98 = BC2

∴ ∆ABC is a right angled isosceles triangle.

4. Show that ABCD is a square where A, B, C, D are the points (0, 4, 1), (2, 3, -1), (4, 5, 0)
and (2, 6, 2) respectively.

Sol: Let

AB = √(0 − 2)2 + (4 − 3)2 + (1 + 1)2 = √4 + 1 + 4 = 3 D C

BC = √(2 − 4)2 + (3 − 5)2 + (−1 − 0)2 = √4 + 4 + 1 = 3

CD = √(3 − 1)2 + (1 − 2)2 + (2 − 3)2 = √4 + 1 + 1 = √6

DA = √(2 − 0)2 + (6 − 4)2 + (2 − 1)2 = √4 + 4 + 1 = √6 A B

AC = √(4 − 0)2 + (5 − 4)2 + (0 − 1)2 = √16 + 1 + 1 = √18

BD = √(2 − 2)2 + (3 − 6)2 + (−1 − 2)2 = √0 + 9 + 9 = √18

Clearly AB = BC = CD = DA and AC = BD

∴ A, B, C, D forms a square.

5. Show that the points (1, 2, 3), 7, 0, 1), (-2, 3, 4) are collinear.

Sol: Let A (1, 2, 3), B(7, 0, 1), C(-2, 3, 4)

D. r’s of ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 are C

(7 – 1, 0 – 2, 1- 3 ) = (6, -2, -2) = -2(-3, 1, 1) B

D. r’s are 𝐴𝐶
̅̅̅̅ are A

(-2-1, 3 – 2, 4 – 3) = (-3, 1, 1)

Clearly the d.r’s of ̅̅̅̅


𝐴𝐵 and ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 are proportional.

So, given points are collinear.

6. Find the ratio in which yz – plane divides the lines joining A(2, 4, 5) and B(3, 5, -4). Also
fin the point of intersection.

Sol: The ratio in which yz-plane divides the line joining A(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ), 𝐵(𝑥1 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) is

−𝑥1 ∶ 𝑥2 = -2 : 3

Point of intersection: Let


65
TSWREIS
A(2, 4, 5) = A(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ), B(3, 5, -4) = 𝐵(𝑥1 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 )

̅̅̅̅ in the ratio -2 : 3 is [𝑚𝑥2 +𝑛𝑥1 , 𝑚𝑦2 +𝑛𝑦1 , 𝑚𝑧2+𝑛𝑧1]


The point which divides 𝐴𝐵 𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛
(−2)(3)+3(2) (−2)(5)+3(4) (−2)(−4)+3(5) −6+6 −10+12 8+15
=[ , , ]=[ , , ] = [0, 2, 23]
−2+3 −2+3 −2+3 1 1 1

7. Find the ratio in which xz-plane divides the line joining A(-2, 3, 4) and B(1, 2, 3).

Sol: Given that A(-2, 3, 4) and B(1, 2, 3)

The ratio in which xz-plane divides the line joining

A(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ), 𝐵(𝑥1 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) is −𝑦1 ∶ 𝑦2 = -3 : 2

8. Find the centroid of the triangle with vertices A(5, 4, 6), B(1, -1, 3), C(4, 3, 2).

𝑥1 +𝑥2 +𝑥3 𝑦1 +𝑦2 +𝑦3 𝑧1 +𝑧2 +𝑧3


Sol: Centroid of ∆ABC [ + + ],
3 3 3

5+1+4 4−1+3 6+3+2 10 11


=[ , , ] = [ , 2, ]
3 3 3 3 3

9. In ∆ABC, the centroid is the origin and the vertices of A, B are (1, 1, 1) and (-2, 4, 1)
respectively, then find C.

Sol: Given that A(1, 1, 1), B(-2, 4, 1) and take C(x, y, z)

1−2+𝑥 1+4+𝑦 1+1+𝑧


Centroid of ∆ABC = [ , , ] C
3 3 3

𝑥−1 𝑦+5 𝑧+2


Given that [ , , ] = (0, 0, 0)
3 3 3

𝑥−1
⇒ =0⇒𝑥−1=0 ⇒𝑥 =1 A B
3

𝑦+5
⇒ = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 + 5 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −5,
3

𝑧+2
⇒ = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 = −2
3

∴ third vertex C(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (1, -5, -2)

10. Find the centroid of tetrahedron vertices are (2, 3, -4), (-3, 3, -2), (-1, 4, 2), (3, 5, 1).

Sol: Let A (2, 3, -4), B (-3, 3, -2), C (-1, 4, 2), D (3, 5, 1)

Centroid of the tetrahedron ABCD is

𝑥1 +𝑥2 +𝑥3 +𝑥4 𝑦1 +𝑦2 +𝑦3 +𝑦4 𝑧1 +𝑧2 +𝑧3 +𝑧4


=[ , , ]
4 4 4

66
TSWREIS
2−3−1+3 3+3+4+5 −4±2+2+1
=[ , , ]
4 4 4

1 15 −3
= [4 , , ]
4 4

11. If (3, 2, -1), (4, 1, 1) and (6, 2, 5) are three vertices and (4, 2, 2) is the centroid of a
tetrahedron. Find the fourth vertex.

Sol: Given A(3, 2, -1), B(4, 1, 1,), C(6, 2, 5)

Let D(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)

Centroid of the tetrahedron ABCD is A


𝑥1 +𝑥2 +𝑥3 +𝑥4 𝑦1 +𝑦2 +𝑦3 +𝑦4 𝑧1 +𝑧2 +𝑧3 +𝑧4
=[ , , ]
4 4 4

3+4+6+𝑥 2+1+2+𝑦 −1+1+5+𝑧


=[ , , ]
4 4 4

13+𝑥 5+𝑦 5+𝑧


but [ , , ] = (4, 2, 2) [given] B C
4 4 4

13+𝑥
⇒ = 4 ⇒ 13 + 𝑥 = 16 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3,
4

5+𝑦
⇒ = 2 ⇒ 5 + 𝑦 = 8 ⇒ 𝑦 = 3,
4

5+𝑧
⇒ = 2 ⇒ 5+𝑧 = 8 ⇒ 𝑧 = 3
4

∴ Fourth vertex D(3, 3, 3)

12. Fin the fourth vertex of the parallelogram whose consecutive vertices are (2, 4, -1),
(3, 6, -1) and (4, 5, 1).

Sol: (2, 4, -1), (3, 6, -1) and (4, 5, 1) are the consecutive vertices of a parallelogram,

then the fourth vertex of the parallelogram

= (𝑥1 + 𝑥3 − 𝑥2 , 𝑦1 + 𝑦3 − 𝑦2 , 𝑧1 + 𝑧3 − 𝑧2 )

= (2 + 4 – 3, 4 + 5 - 6, -1 + 1 +1) = (3, 3, 1)

MORE QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE

1. Find the distance between the points (3, 4, -2), (1, 0, 7).
2. Show that the points A(-4, 9, 6), B(-1, 6, 6) and C(0, 7, 10) form a right angled triangle.
3. Show that the points A(3, -2, 4), B(1, 1, 1) and C(-1, 4, -2) are collinear.
4. Show that the points (5, 4, 2), (6, 2, -1) and (8, -2, -7) are collinear.

67
TSWREIS
6. DIRECTIONCOSINES AND DIRECTION RATIOS

 Direction Cosines of a line: If a ray makes angles α, β, ϒ with the three coordinate axes then (cos α, cos
β, cos ϒ) are called direction cosines (d.c’s) denoted by (𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛).
 If (𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛) are direction cosines of line then 𝑙 2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 = 1.
 The d.r.’s of the line joining 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ), 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) are (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 , 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 , 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ).
𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑧2 −𝑧1
 The d.c’s of the line joining 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ), 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) are ± [ , , ]
2 2 2

 Direction Ratios of a line: An ordered triple of numbers which are proportional to the d.c.’s of a line, is
called the Direction Ratios(D.r’s) of a line.

 If (𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐) are direction ratios, (𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛) are direction cosines of a lines then 𝑎: 𝑏: 𝑐 = 𝑙: 𝑚: 𝑛..
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
 The d.c.’s of the line whose d.r’s are (a, b, c) are ± [ , , ]
√𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2 √𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2 √𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2
 If 𝜃 is the acute angle between the lines whose direction ratios are (𝑎1 , 𝑏1 , 𝑐1 ), (𝑎2 , 𝑏2 , 𝑐2 ) then
|𝑎1 𝑎2 +𝑏1 𝑏2 +𝑐1 𝑐2 |
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
√𝑎12 +𝑏12 +𝑐12 √𝑎22 +𝑏22 +𝑐22

 Two lines having d.r’s (𝑎1 , 𝑏1 , 𝑐1 ), (𝑎2 , 𝑏2 , 𝑐2 ) are

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
i) Parallel ⟺ = =
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2

ii) Perpendicular ⟺ a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2 = 0

68
TSWREIS
LEVEL - 1
1. Find the distance between the midpoint of the line segment 𝐴𝐵
̅̅̅̅ and the point (3, -1, 2)
where A= (6,3, -4) and B= (-2, -1, 2).

Sol: Midpoint of AB
6−2 3−1 −4+2
=[ 2
, 2
, 2
] = (2, 1, -1)

∴ Distance between (3, -1, 2) and ( 2, 1, -1) is

= √(3 − 2)2 + (−1 − 1)2 + (2 + 1)2 = √1 + 4 + 9

= √14 Units

2. If the point (1, 2, 3) is changed to the point (2, 3, 1) through translation of axes, find the new
origin.

Sol: Let (X, Y, Z) be the new coordinates of (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)

Given that (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (1, 2, 3) and (X, Y, Z) = (2, 3, 1)

Let (ℎ, 𝑘, 𝑙 ) be the new origin


𝑥 =𝑋+ℎ 𝑦 = 𝑌+𝑘 𝑧=𝑍+𝑙
⇒ℎ=𝑥−𝑋 ⇒𝑘 =𝑦−𝑌 ⇒𝑙 =𝑧−𝑍
⇒ℎ = 1−2 ⇒𝑘 = 2−3 ⇒𝑙 = 3−1
⇒ ℎ = −1 ⇒ 𝑘 = −1 ⇒𝑙=2

∴ (-1, 1, 2) is the new origin)

3. A line makes angles 90 ° , 60 ° and 30 ° with the positive direction of x. y, z axes respectively.
Find the direction cosines.

Sol: d.c’s of the ray are


1
(𝑐𝑜𝑠90𝑜 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠60𝑜 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠30𝑜 ) = (0, , √3)
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
4. A ray makes angles 3
, 3
with ̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝑋 and ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝑌 axis respectively. Find the angle made by it with
̅̅̅̅.
𝑂𝑍

Sol: Let the angle made by the ray with ̅̅̅̅̅


𝑂𝑍 be ϒ
𝜋 𝜋
⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 3 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 3 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛾 = 1
1 1
⇒ 4
+ 4
+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛾 = 1
1
⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛾 =1-2
1
⇒ cos𝛾 = ±
√2
𝜋 3𝜋
⇒ 𝛾= 4
or 4
.

69
TSWREIS
5. If a line makes angles of α, β, 𝛾 with the positive direction of x, y, z axes. What is the value of
sin2 α + sin2 β + sin2ϒ ?

Sol: If a line makes angle of α, β, ϒ with the positive direction of x, y, z axes then

cos2 α + cos 2 β + cos 2ϒ = 1

⇒ 1- sin2 α + 1 - sin2 β + 1 - sin2ϒ = 1

⇒ 3 – ( sin2 α + sin2 β + sin2ϒ ) = 1

⇒ sin2 α + sin2 β + sin2ϒ = 2

6. If P( √3 , 1, 2 √3 ) is a point in space find direction cosines of 𝑂𝑃


̅̅̅̅̅.

Sol: d.r’s of ̅̅̅̅̅


𝑂𝑃 are (√3, 1, 2√3)

∴ d.c’s are ̅̅̅̅̅


𝑂𝑃 are

√3 1 2√3
±[ , , ]
2 2 2 2
√(√3 ) +12 +(2√3 ) √(√3 ) +12 +(2√3 ) √(√3 ) +12 +(2√3 )2
2

√3 1 2√3
= ±[ , , ]
√3+1+12 √3+1+12 √3+1+12

√3 1 2√3 √3 1 2√3
=±[ , , ] =± [ , , ]
√16 √16 √16 4 4 4

√3 1 √3
=±[ , , ]
4 4 2

7. Find the d.c.’s of the line joining points (4, -7, 3) and (6, -5, 2)

Sol: Let A(4, -7, 3) , B (6, -5, 2)

d.r’s of ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 are

(6-4, -5+7, 2-3) = (2, 2, -1)

∴ d.c.’s of ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 are
2 1 √3 2 2 −1
= [ , , ]= [ ,
3 3
, 3
]
√4+4+1 √4+4+1 √ 4+4+1

8. Find the direction cosines of the line joining the points (-4, 1, 7) , (2, -3, 2).

Sol: Let A(-4, 1, 7) , B(2, -3, 2)

d.r’s of 𝐴𝐵
̅̅̅̅̅ are

= (6-4, -5+7, 2-3) = (2, 2, -1)

∴ d.c.’s of 𝐴𝐵
̅̅̅̅̅ are (2 + 4, -3-1, 2 – 7)

= (6, -4, -5) = (-6, 4, 5)


−6 4 5
= [ , , ]
√36+16+25 √36+16+25 √36+16+25

−6 4 5
= [ , , ]
√77 √77 √77

70
TSWREIS
9. Find the d.c.’s of a line that makes equal angles with the axes.

Sol: Let α be the angle made by a line with x – axis then d.c.’s of the line are (cos α, cos α, cos α)

But cos2 α + cos2 α + cos2 α = 1


1 1
⇒ 3 cos2 α = 1 ⇒ cos2 α = 3 ⇒ cos α = ±
√3

1 1 5
∴ d.c.’s of the line are ± [ , , ]
√3 √3 √3

1 1 1
10. If the d.c.’s of a line are [𝑐 , 𝑐
, 𝑐
] then find ‘c’.

Sol: If (𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛) are the d.c.’s of a line then


1 1 1
l 2 + m 2 + n2 = 1 ⇒ 𝑐2 + 𝑐2
+ 𝑐2
=1
3
⇒ 𝑐2
=1 ⇒ 𝑐2 = 3 ⇒ 𝑐 = ±√3

11. Find the angle between the lines whose direction ratios are (1, 1, 2) , ( √3, √3, 0)

Sol: If ′𝜃′ be the angle between the given lines


|1(√3)+ 1(−√3)+ 2(0)|
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
√12 + 12 + 22 √(√3)2+ (−√3)2+ 02

|1√3−√3+ 0|
= ⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 0
√6 √6

⇒ 𝜃 = 90𝑜

12. O is the origin, P (2, 3, 4) and Q (1, k, 1) are points such that ̅̅̅̅̅ 𝑂𝑄 , then find ‘k’.
𝑂𝑃 ⊥ ̅̅̅̅̅

Sol: D.r.’s of ̅̅̅̅̅


𝑂𝑄 = ( 1, k, 1 ) , Dr of ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝑃 = ( 2, 3, 4 )

Since OP ⊥ OQ ⇒ 3(1) + 3(k) + 4(1) = 0

⇒ 2 + 3k + 4 = 0 ⇒ 3k + 6 = 0

⇒ k = -2

13. Show that the points (4, 7, 8) , (2, 3, 4) , (-1, -2, 1), (1, 2, 5) are vertices of a parallelogram.

Sol: Let the points are A(4, 7, 8), B(2, 3, 4) , C (-1, -2, 1) , D(1, 2, 5)
4−1 7−2 8+1
Mid point of AC = [ 2
, 2
, 2
] D C

3 5 9
=[ , , ]
2 2 2

∴ Mid point of AC = Midpoint of BD

⇒ Given points from a parallelogram. A B

More Questions for Practice.

14. The direction ratios of a line are (-6, 2, 3). Find its direction cosines.
15. If the d.c.’s of a line are proportional to (1, -2, 1) find its d.c.’s.

71
TSWREIS
LEVEL – 1 (7 Marks)
1. Find angle between the lines whose direction cosines satisfy the equations 𝑙 + 𝑚 + 𝑛 = 0, 𝑙 2 +
𝑚 2 − 𝑛2 = 0

Sol: Given 𝑙 + 𝑚 + 𝑛 = 0 ⇒ 𝑙 = −𝑚 − 𝑛 ------- (1)

𝑙 2 + 𝑚 2 − 𝑛2 = 0 -------- (2)

(2) ⇒ (−𝑚 − 𝑛)2 + 𝑚 2 − 𝑛2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 2 + 𝑛2 + 2𝑚𝑛 + 𝑚 2 − 𝑛2 = 0


⇒ 2𝑚 2 + 2𝑚𝑛 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑚(𝑚 + 𝑛) = 0

𝑚 = 0, 𝑚 + 𝑛 = 0

Case (i): If 𝑚 = 0 Case (ii): If 𝑚 + 𝑛 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 = −𝑛

(1) ⇒ 𝑙 = −0 − 𝑛 (1) ⇒ 𝑙 = −(−𝑛) − 𝑛


⇒ 𝑙 = −𝑛 ⇒𝑙=0
∴ 𝑙: 𝑚: 𝑛 = −𝑛: 0: 𝑛 ∴ 𝑙: 𝑚: 𝑛 = 0: − 𝑛: 𝑛

= −1: 0: 1 = 0: − 1: 1

∴ D. r’s of the lines are (-1, 0, 1), (0, -1, 1)

If 𝜃 is the acute angle between (1) & (2) then


|(−1)(0)+0(−1)+1(1)|
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
√ (−1)2+02 +12 √02+(−1)2+12

1 1
= =
√2.√2 2

1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = ⇒ 𝜃 = 60𝑜
2

2. Find the angle between the lines whose direction cosines are given by the relations 3𝑙 + 𝑚 + 5𝑛 = 0,
6𝑚𝑛 − 2𝑛𝑙 + 5𝑙𝑚 = 0.
Sol: Given 3𝑙 + 𝑚 + 5𝑛 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 = −3𝑙 − 5𝑛 ------- (1)

And 6𝑚𝑛 − 2𝑛𝑙 + 5𝑙𝑚 = 0 -------------(2)

(2) ⇒ 6𝑛(−3𝑙 − 5𝑛) − 2𝑛𝑙 + 5𝑙 (−3𝑙 − 5𝑛) = 0


⇒ −18𝑛𝑙 − 30𝑛2 − 2𝑛𝑙 − 15𝑙 2 − 25𝑙𝑛 = 0
⇒ −15𝑙 2 − 45𝑛𝑙 − 30𝑛2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑙 2 + 3𝑙𝑛 + 2𝑛2 = 0
⇒ 𝑙 2 + 2𝑙𝑛 + 𝑙𝑛 + 2𝑛2 = 0 ⇒𝑙(𝑙 + 2𝑛) + 𝑛(𝑙 + 2𝑛) = 0
⇒ (𝑙 + 2𝑛)(𝑙 + 𝑛) = 0
Case (i) 𝑙 + 2𝑛 = 0 ⇒ 𝑙 = −2𝑛 Case (ii) 𝑙 + 𝑛 = 0 ⇒ 𝑙 = −𝑛

(1) ⇒ 𝑚 = −3(−2𝑛) − 5𝑛 = 𝑛 (1) ⇒ 𝑚 = −3(−𝑛) − 5𝑛 = −2𝑛

∴ 𝑙: 𝑚: 𝑛 = −2𝑛: 𝑛: 𝑛 ∴ 𝑙: 𝑚: 𝑛 = −𝑛: −2𝑛: 𝑛


= −2: 1: 1 = −1: −2: 1

72
TSWREIS
∴ d.r’s of the lines are (-2, 1, 1), (-1, -2, 1)
If 𝜃 is the acute angle between (1) & (2) then
|(−2)(−1)+1(−2)+1(1)|
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
√(−2)2 +12 +12 √(−1)2 +(−2)2+12

|2−2+1| 1
= =6
√6.√6

1 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = ⇒ 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [6]
6

3. Find the direction cosines of two lines which are connected by the relations 𝑙 + 𝑚 +
𝑛 = 0 and 𝑚𝑛 − 2𝑛𝑙 − 2𝑙𝑚 = 0.
Sol: Given 𝑙 + 𝑚 + 𝑛 = 0 ⇒ 𝑙 = −𝑚 − 𝑛 ------- (1)
And 𝑚𝑛 − 2𝑛𝑙 − 2𝑙𝑚 = 0 -------------(2)

(2) ⇒ 𝑚𝑛 − 2𝑛(−𝑚 − 𝑛) − 2𝑚(−𝑚 − 𝑛) = 0


⇒ 𝑚𝑛 + 2𝑚𝑛 + 2𝑛2 + 2𝑚2 + 2𝑚𝑛 = 0
⇒ 2𝑚2 + 5𝑚𝑛 + 2𝑛2 = 0
⇒ 2𝑚2 + 4𝑚𝑛 + 𝑚𝑛 + 2𝑛2 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑚(𝑚 + 2𝑛) + 𝑛(𝑚 + 2𝑛) = 0
⇒ (𝑚 + 2𝑛)(2𝑚 + 𝑛) = 0

Case (i) 𝑚 + 2𝑛 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 = −2𝑛 Case (ii) 2𝑚 + 𝑛 = 0 ⇒ 𝑛 = −2𝑚


(1) ⇒ 𝑙 = −(−2𝑛) − 𝑛 = 𝑛 (1) ⇒ 𝑙 = −𝑚 − (−2𝑚) = 𝑚

∴ 𝑙: 𝑚: 𝑛 = 𝑛: −2𝑛: 𝑛 ∴ 𝑙: 𝑚: 𝑛 = 𝑚: 𝑚: 2𝑚

= 1: −2: 1 = −1: 1: −2
∴ d.r’s of the lines are (1, -2, 1), (1, 1, -2)

Now, d.c’s of the lines are


1 −2 1 1 −2 1
[ , , ]=[ , , ]
√12 +(−2)2 +12 √12 +(−2)2+12 √12 +(−2)2 +12 √ 6 √ 6 √6

and
1 1 −2 1 1 −2
[ , , ]=[ , , ]
√12 +12 +(−2)2 √12 +12 +(−2)2 √12 +12 +(−2)2 √6 √6 √6

4. Find the direction cosines of two lines which are connected by the relations 𝑙 − 5𝑚 +
3𝑛 = 0 and 7𝑙 2 + 5𝑚2 − 3𝑛2 = 0.
Sol: Given 𝑙 − 5𝑚 + 3𝑛 = 0 ⇒ 𝑙 = 5𝑚 − 3𝑛 ------ (1)

and 7𝑙 2 + 5𝑚2 − 3𝑛2 = 0 ------- (2)


(2) ⇒ 7(5𝑚 − 3𝑛)2 + 5𝑚2 − 3𝑛2 = 0 ⇒ 7(25𝑚2 + 9𝑛2 − 30𝑚𝑛) + 5𝑚2 − 3𝑛2 = 0
⇒ 175𝑚2 + 63𝑛2 − 210𝑚𝑛 + 5𝑚2 − 3𝑛2 = 0
73
TSWREIS
2 2
⇒ 180𝑚 − 210𝑚𝑛 + 60𝑛 = 0
⇒ 6𝑚2 − 7𝑚𝑛 + 2𝑛2 = 0 ⇒ 6𝑚2 − 4𝑚𝑛 − 3𝑚𝑛 + 2𝑛2 = 0
⇒ 2𝑚(3𝑛 − 2𝑛) − 𝑛(3𝑚 − 2𝑛) = 0 ⇒ (3𝑚 − 2𝑛)(2𝑚 − 𝑛) = 0
2𝑛
Case (i) If 3𝑚 − 2𝑛 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 = Case (ii): If 2𝑚 − 𝑛 = 0 ⇒ 𝑛 = 2𝑚
3

2𝑛 𝑛
(1) ⇒ 𝑙 = 5 ( 3 ) − 3𝑛 = 𝑙 = (1) ⇒ 5𝑚 − 3(2𝑚) = −𝑚
3
𝑛 2𝑚
∴ 𝑙: 𝑚: 𝑛 = 3 : :𝑛 ∴ 𝑙: 𝑚: 𝑛 = −𝑚: 𝑚: 2𝑚
3
1 2
= 3 : 3 : 1 = 1: 2: 3 = -1: 1: 2

∴ d.r’s of the lines are (1, 2, 3), (-1, 1, 2)

∴ d.c’s of the lines are


1 2 3 1 2 3
[ , , ]=[ , , ]
√12 +22 +32 √12 +22 +32 √12 +22 +32 √14 √14 √14

and
−1 1 3 −1 1 2
[ , , ]=[ , , ]
√(−1)2 +12 +22 √(−1)2+12 +22 √(−1)2+12 +22 √ 6 √ 6 √6

5. Show that the lines whose d.c’s are given by 𝑙 + 𝑚 + 𝑛 = 0, 2𝑚𝑛 + 2𝑛𝑙 − 5𝑙𝑚 = 0 are
perpendicular to each other.
Sol: Given 𝑙 + 𝑚 + 𝑛 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 = −𝑙 − 𝑛 ------ (1)

and 2𝑚𝑛 + 3𝑛𝑙 − 5𝑙𝑚 = 0 ------- (2)


(2) ⇒ 2𝑚𝑛 + 3𝑛(−𝑚 − 𝑛) − 5𝑚(−𝑚 − 𝑛) = 0 ⇒
⇒ 2𝑚𝑛 − 3𝑚𝑛 − 3𝑛2 + 5𝑚2 + 5𝑚𝑛 = 0
⇒ 5𝑚2 + 4𝑚𝑛 − 3𝑛2 = 0
𝑚 2 𝑚
⇒ 5 ( 𝑛 ) + 4 ( 𝑛 ) − 3 = 0 [∵ 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 ′𝑛′]
𝑚
This is a quadratic in 𝑛 , this have two roots.
𝑚1 𝑚2
Let those roots are ,
𝑛1 𝑛2

𝑚1 𝑚2 −3
Multiplication of roots = = [ ∴ if 𝛼, 𝛽 are the roots of 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑛1 𝑛2 5

𝑐
then 𝛼𝛽 = 𝑎]
𝑚1 𝑚2 −3 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑛1 𝑛2
⇒ = ⇒ = ------ (3)
𝑛1 𝑛2 5 3 −5

again (2) ⇒ 2𝑛) − 𝑙 − 𝑛) + 3𝑛𝑙 − 5𝑙(−𝑙 − 𝑛) = 0


⇒ 2𝑛𝑙 − 2𝑛2 + 3𝑛𝑙 + 5𝑙 2 + 5𝑙𝑛 = 0
⇒ 5𝑙 2 + 6𝑛𝑙 − 2𝑛2 = 0
74
TSWREIS
1 2 1
= 5 [𝑛] + 6 [𝑛] − 2 = 0 [∵ divided by n2]
1
This is a quadratic equation in [𝑛], this have two roots.
𝑙 𝑙
Let those roots are 𝑛1 , 𝑛2
1 2

𝑙1 𝑙2 −2 𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑛 1 𝑛2
⇒ . = ⇒ = ------ (4)
𝑛1 𝑛2 5 2 −5

𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑛1 𝑛2
From (3) & (4) = =
2 3 −5

Take 𝑙1 𝑙2 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 + 𝑛1 𝑛2 = 2 + 3 − 5 = 0

∴ the lines (1) & (2) are perpendicular


6. Find the angle between the two diagonals of a cube. y

Sol: Let OACBDEFG be a cube


Let OA = OB = OC = a F
The coordinates of the vertices of a cube are
O(0, 0, 0), A(a, 0, 0), B(0, a, 0), C(0, 0, a) x

D(a, 0, a), E(a, a, 0), F(0, a, a), G(a, a, a) C D

From the figure ̅̅̅̅̅


𝑂𝐺, ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐹 , ̅̅̅̅ 𝐵𝐷 are four diagonals.
𝐶𝐸 , ̅̅̅̅

The D.r’s of ̅̅̅̅


𝑂𝐺 are (a – 0, a – 0, a – 0) = (a, a, a)
The D.r’s of ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐷 are (a – 0, 0 – a , a – 0) = (a, -a, a)

If 𝜃 is the angle between ̅̅̅̅


𝑂𝐺 , ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐷 then
𝑎(𝑎)+𝑎(−𝑎)+(𝑎) 𝑎 2 −𝑎 2 +𝑎 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = =
√𝑎 2 +𝑎 2 +𝑎 2 √𝑎 2 +(−𝑎)2+𝑎 2 √3𝑎 2 √3𝑎 2

𝑎2 1
= =
3𝑎 2 3

1 1
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 3 ⇒ 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [3]
1
∴ Angle between any two diagonals of a cube is 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [3]

7. If a ray makes angle 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾, 𝛿 with the four diagonals of a cube then find
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛾 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛿.
Sol: : Let OACBDEFG be a cube

Let OA = OB = OC = a
The coordinates of the vertices of a cube are
O(0, 0, 0), A(a, 0, 0), B(0, a, 0), C(0, 0, a)
D(a, 0, a), E(a, a, 0), F(0, a, a), G(a, a, a)
75
TSWREIS
From the figure ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝐺, ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐹 , ̅̅̅̅ 𝐵𝐷 are four diagonals.
𝐶𝐸 , ̅̅̅̅

The D.r’s of ̅̅̅̅


𝑂𝐺 are (a – 0, a – 0, a – 0) = (a, a, a)

The D.r’s of ̅̅̅̅


𝐴𝐹 are (0 – a, a – 0, a – 0) = (-a, a, a)
The D.r’s of ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐸 are (a – 0, a – 0, 0 – a) = (a, a, -a)

The D.r’s of ̅̅̅̅


𝐵𝐷 are (a – 0, 0 – a , a – 0) = (a, -a, a)
Let (𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛) be the d.c’s of the given ray, then we know that 𝑙 2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 = 1

The ray makes 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾, 𝛿 with ̅̅̅̅̅


𝑂𝐺, ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐹 , ̅̅̅̅ 𝐵𝐷 respectively then
𝐶𝐸 , ̅̅̅̅
𝑙𝑎+𝑚𝑎+𝑛𝑎 𝑎(𝑙+𝑚+𝑛) 𝑙+𝑚+𝑛
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = √𝑙2 = =
+𝑚 2+𝑛 2 √𝑎 2 +𝑎 2 +𝑎 2 √1√3𝑎 2 √3

−𝑙+𝑚+𝑛 𝑙+𝑚−𝑛 𝑙−𝑚+𝑛


Similarly, we get 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 = , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾 = , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿 =
√3 √3 √3

𝑙+𝑚+𝑛 2 −𝑙+𝑚+𝑛 2 𝑙+𝑚−𝑛 2 𝑙−𝑚+𝑛 2


Now, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛾 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛿 = [ ] +[ ] +[ ] +[ ]
√3 √3 √3 √3

= 13 [𝑙2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 + 2𝑙𝑚 + 2𝑚𝑛 + 2𝑛𝑙 + 𝑙2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 − 2𝑙𝑚 + 2𝑚𝑛 − 2𝑛𝑙 + 𝑙2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 + 2𝑙𝑚 − 2𝑚𝑛 − 2𝑛𝑙 + 𝑙2 +
𝑚2 + 𝑛2 − 2𝑙𝑚 − 2𝑚𝑛 + 2𝑛𝑙]
1 4
=3 [4(𝑙1 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 )] = 3
4
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛾 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛿 = 3

8. The vertices of a triangle are A(1, 4, 2), B(-2, 1, 2), C(2, 3, -4). Find ∠A, ∠B, ∠𝐶.
Sol: Given that A(1, 4, 2), B(-2, 1, 2), C(2, 3, -4)

D.r’s of ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 are (-2-1, 1-4, 2-2) = (-3, -3, 0)
D.r’s of ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 are (2+2, 3-1, -4-2) = (4, 2, -6)

D.r’s of ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 are (2-1, 3-4, 4-2) = (1, -1, 6)
Let A be the angle between ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 and ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 then
|𝑎1 𝑎2 +𝑏1 𝑏2+𝑐1 𝑐2 | |(−3)1+(−3)(−1)+0(6)| |−3+3+0|
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = = =
√𝑎12+𝑏12 +𝑐12 √𝑎22 +𝑏22 +𝑐22 √(3)2 +(−3)2+02 √12 +(−1)2 +(−6)2 √9+9+0√1+1+36

Hence, cos 𝐴 = 0 ⇒ A = 90o

Let B be the angle between 𝐴𝐵


̅̅̅̅ and 𝐵𝐶
̅̅̅̅ then
|(−3)4+(−3)2+0(−6)| |−12−6+0|
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = =
√(−3)2 +(−3)2+02 √42 +22 +(−6)2 √9+9+0√16+4+36

18 18 3 3
= = √56 = 2 ⇒ 𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (2 7)
√18√56 √7 √

Let C be the angle between 𝐵𝐶


̅̅̅̅ and 𝐴𝐶
̅̅̅̅ then
|4(1)+2(−1)+(−6)(−6)| |4−2+36|
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 = =
√42 +42 +(−6)2√12 +(−1)2 +(−6)2 √16+4+36√1+1+36

76
TSWREIS
38 38 19 19
= = √56 = √28 ⇒ 𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (√28)
√56√38

9. If (6, 10, 10), (1, 0, -5), (6, -10, 0) are vertices of a triangle. Find the direction ratios of its
side, determine whether it is right angled or isosceles.
Sol: Let A(6, 10, 10), B(1, 0, -5), C(6, -10, 0)

D. r’s of ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 are (1-6, 0-10, 5-10) = (-5, -10, -15) = (1, 2, 3) ------- (1)

D. r’s 𝐵𝐶
̅̅̅̅ are (6-1, -10-0, 0+5) = (5, -10, 5) = (1, -2, 1) ------- (2)

D. r’s ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 are (6-6, -10-10, 0-10) = (0, -20, -10) = (0, 2, 1) ------- (3)

Now from (1) & (2)

(1)(1) + (2)(-2) + (3)(1) = 1 – 4 + 3 = 0

⇒∟𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 90𝑜

∴ ΔABC is right angled

77
TSWREIS
LEVEL – 2 (7 Marks)

1. A(1, 8, 4), B(0, -11, 4), C(2, -3, 1) are three points and ‘D’ is the foot of the
perpendicular from A to BC. Find the coordinates of D.

Sol: Given points are A(1, 8, 4), B(0, -11, 4), C(2, -3, 1)

Suppose D divides ̅̅̅̅


𝐵𝐶 in the ration k : 1

2𝑘 −3𝑘−11 𝑘+4
Then D = [ , , ]
𝑘+1 𝑘+1 𝑘+1

2𝑘 −3𝑘−11 𝑘+4
D. r’s of 𝐴𝐷
̅̅̅̅ = [ − 1, − 8, 𝑘+1 − 4]
𝑘+1 𝑘+1

𝑘−1 −11𝑘−19 −3𝑘


= [𝑘+1 , , 𝑘+1]
𝑘+1

D.r’s of 𝐵𝐶
̅̅̅̅ = (2-0, -3+11, 1-4) = (2, 8, -3)

But 𝐴𝐷 ̅̅̅̅ ⇒ 2 [𝑘−1] + 8 [−11𝑘−19] − 3 [−3𝑘 ]


̅̅̅̅ ⊥ 𝐵𝐶
𝑘+1 𝑘+1 𝑘+1

⇒ 2k – 2 – 88k – 152 + 9k = 0 ⇒ 77k + 154 = 0

⇒ 77k = -154 ⇒ k =-2

2(−2) −3(−2)−11 −2+4


∴ D = = [ −2+1 , , −2+1] = (4, 5, -2)
−2+1

2. If (𝑙1 , 𝑚1 , 𝑛1 ), (𝑙2 , 𝑚2 , 𝑛3 ) are d.c’s of two intersecting lines. Show that d.c’s of two lines
bisecting the angles between them are proportional to 𝑙1 ± 𝑙2 , 𝑚1 ± 𝑚2 , 𝑛1 ± 𝑛2 .

Sol: Let OA, OB are the given lines

Let A, B are the points at unit distances from O.

⇒ Co-ordinates of A are (𝑙1 , 𝑚1 , 𝑛1 )

⇒ Co-ordinates B are (𝑙2 , 𝑚2 , 𝑛3 )

𝑙 +𝑙 𝑚1 +𝑚2 𝑛1 +𝑛2
Mid poind of AB = P( 1 2 2 , , 2 )
2

∴ OP bisects ∟AOB ⇒ D.r’s of OP are (𝑙1 + 𝑙2 , 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 , 𝑛1 + 𝑛2 )

Suppose ‘B’ is a point on the line OB as OB = OB’ =1

Co-ordinates of ‘B’ are (−𝑙1 , −𝑚2 , −𝑛2 )

78
TSWREIS
𝑙1 − 𝑙2 𝑚1 − 𝑚2 𝑛1 − 𝑛2
Mid point of AB’ = Q( , , )
2 2 2

∴ OQ bisects ∟AOB ⇒ D.r’s of OQ are (𝑙1 − 𝑙2 , 𝑚1 − 𝑚2 , 𝑛1 − 𝑛2 )

∴ The d.c’s of two lines bisecting the angles between them are

proportional to 𝑙1 ± 𝑙2 , 𝑚1 ± 𝑚2 , 𝑛1 ± 𝑛2

3. A(-1, 2, -3), B(5, 0, 6), C(0, 4, -1) are three points. Show that the direction cosines of the
bisectors of ∟BAC are proportional to (25, 8, 5) and (-11, 20, 23).

Sol: D.r’s of ̅̅̅̅


𝐴𝐵 are (5+1, 0-2, -6+3) = (6, -2, -3)

6 −2 −3
D.r’s of ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 are [ , , ]
√36+4+9 √36+4+9 √36+4+9

6 −2 −3 6 −2 −3
=[ , , ]=( , , )
√49 √49 √49 7 7 7

D.r’s of ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 are (0+1, 4-2, -1+3) = (1, 2, 2)

1 2 2
D.c’s of 𝐴𝐶
̅̅̅̅ are ( , , )
√1+4+4 √1+4+4 √1+4+4

1 2 2 1 2 2
=( , , , ) = (3 , 3 , 3)
√ 9 √9 √9

D.r’s of bisectors of ∟BAC are proportional to

6 1 −2 2 −3 2
(7 ± 3 , ±3, ± 3)
7 7

18±7 −6±14 −9±14


=[ , , ]
21 21 21

25 8 5 11 −20 −23
= [21 , 21 , 21] or [21 , , ]
21 21

= (25, 8, 5) OR (11, −20, −23)

79
TSWREIS
CHAPER 7 ; THE PLANE (2M)

KEY POINTS

 Plane: A Plane is a surface such that the line joining two points on the surface lies
entirely on it.
 Equation of the plane in general form is 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 + 𝑑 = 0.
 The d.r’s of the normal to the plane 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 + 𝑑 = 0 are a, b, c.
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
 Equation of a plane in tntercept form is 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 1.

 Equation any plane parallel to 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 + 𝑑 = 0 is 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 + 𝑘 = 0.


 Equation of the plane passing through (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) and parallel to 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 + 𝑑 = 0 is
𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) + 𝑏(𝑦 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑐(𝑧 − 𝑧1 ) = 0.
 Equation of the plane passing through (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) and perpendicular to the ray having
d. r’s (a, b, c) is 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) + 𝑏(𝑦 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑐(𝑧 − 𝑧1 ) = 0
 Equation of the plane passing through 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ), 𝐵(𝑥1 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ), 𝐶 (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 , 𝑧3 ) is
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
| 2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 | = 0
𝑥
𝑥3 − 𝑥1 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 𝑧3 − 𝑧1
 Equation of the plane in normal form is 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛𝑧 = 𝑃 where (𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛) are the d. c’s of
the normal to the plane and ‘P’ is the perpendicular distance to the plane from the
origin.
|𝑑|
 Perpendicular distance from (0, 0, 0) to the plane 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 + 𝑑 = 0 is √𝑎2
+𝑏2 +𝑐 2

 Perpendicular distance from 𝑃 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) to the plane 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 + 𝑑 = 0 is


|𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑦1 +𝑐𝑧1 +𝑑|
.
√𝑎 2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2

 Distance between the parallel planes 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 + 𝑑1 = 0, 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 + 𝑑2 = 0 is


|𝑑1 −𝑑2 |
.
√𝑎 2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2

 If θ is the angle between the planes 𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐𝑧1 + 𝑑1 = 0, 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑦2 + 𝑐𝑧2 + 𝑑2 = 0
𝑎1 𝑎2 +𝑏1𝑏2 +𝑐1 𝑐2
then 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = .
√𝑎12 +𝑏12 +𝑐12√𝑎22 +𝑏22 +𝑐22

𝑎1 𝑎 𝑐
 The plane 𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐𝑧1 + 𝑑1 = 0, 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑦2 + 𝑐𝑧2 + 𝑑2 = 0 are (i) parallel ⇔ = 𝑏2 = 𝑐1
𝑏1 2 2

(ii) Perpendicular ⇔ 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2 = 0

80
TSWREIS
LEVEL – 1 (2M)

1. Reduce the equation 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 − 6 = 0 of the plane to normal form.

Sol: given equation is 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 − 6 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 6

Divide with √12 + 22 + (−3)2 = √1 + 4 + 9 = √14

𝑥 2𝑦 3𝑧 6 1 2 3 6
⇒ + − = ⇒ 𝑥+ 𝑦− 𝑧=
√ 14 √ 14 √ 14 √ 14 √ 14 √ 14 √ 14 √14

2. Find the d. c’s of the normal to the plane 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 4 = 0.

Sol: D.c’s of the normal to the plane 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 + 𝑑 = 0 are


𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
± [√𝑎2 , , ]
+𝑏2 +𝑐 2 √𝑎 2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2 √𝑎 2+𝑏2 +𝑐 2

1 2 2 1 2 2
= ± [√12 , , ] = ±[ , , ]
+22 +22 √12 +22 +22 √12 +22 +22 √ 9 √9 √9

1 2 2
= ± [3 , 3 , 3]

3. Find the intercepts of the plane 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 + 2 = 0 on the coordinate axes.

Sol: Given Plane equation is 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 + 2 = 0

4𝑥 3𝑦 2𝑧
⇒ 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = −2 ⇒ −2 + −2 − −2 = 1

𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
⇒ −1/2 + −2/3 + 1 = 1

−1 −2
∴ Intersection of the given plane are , ,1
2 3

4. Write the equation of the plane 4𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 2𝑧 + 5 = 0 into intercept form.

Sol: Given Plane equation is 4𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 2𝑧 + 5 = 0

4𝑥 4𝑦 2𝑧 −5
⇒ 4𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −5 ⇒ −5 − −5 + −5 = −5

𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
⇒ −5/4 + 5/4 + −5/2 = 1

𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
This is of the form 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 1

−5 5 −5
∴ 𝑎= , 𝑏 = 4,𝑐 =
4 2

81
TSWREIS
5. Find the equation of the plane whose intercepts on x, y, z axes are 1, 2, 4 respectively.

𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
Sol: Formula: Equation of the plane with intercepts a, b, c is +𝑏+𝑐 =1
𝑎

𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 4𝑥+2𝑦+𝑧
⇒ 1+2+4 =1 ⇒ =1
4

⇒ 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4

⇒ 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 − 4 = 0

6. Find the angle between the planes 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 5 = 0 and 3𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 8 = 0.

Sol: given planes are 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 5 = 0 --------- (1) and

3𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 8 = 0 --------- (2)

If θ is the angle between (1) and (2) then

|1(3)+2(3)+2(2)| |3+6+4| 13
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = √12 = =3
+22 +22 √32 +32 +22 √9√22 √22

13
𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [3 ]
√22

7. Find the angle between the planes 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6 and 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 7.

Sol: given planes are 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6 and 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 7

If θ is the angle between the planes then

|2(1)−1(1)+1(2)| |2−1+2| 3 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = = =6=2
√22 +(−1)2+12 √12 +12 +22 √6 √6

1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = ⇒ 𝜃 = 60𝑜
2

8. Find the equation of the plane passing through (1, 1, 1) and parallel to the plane 𝑥 +
2𝑦 + 3𝑧 − 7 = 0.

Sol: equation of plane passing through (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) and parallel to 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 + 𝑑 = 0 is

𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) + 𝑏(𝑦 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑐(𝑧 − 𝑧1 ) = 0

⇒ 1(𝑥 − 1) + 2(𝑦 − 1) + 3(𝑧 − 1) = 0

⇒ 𝑥 − 1 + 2𝑦 − 2 + 3𝑧 − 3 = 0

∴ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 − 6 = 0

82
TSWREIS
9. Find the equation of the plane if the foot of the perpendicular from origin to the plane
is (2, 3, -5).

Sol: equation of the required plane is ‘

⇒ 2( 𝑥 − 2) + 3(𝑦 − 3) − 5(𝑧 + 5) = 0

⇒ 2𝑥 − 4 + 3𝑦 − 9 − 5𝑧 − 25 = 0

∴ 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 5𝑧 − 38 = 0

10. Find the equation of the plane through (-1, 6, 2) and perpendicular to the join of (1, 2,
3) and (-2, 3, 4).

Sol: Let A(1, 2, 3), B(-2, 3, 4)

D. r’s pf ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 are (-2,-1, 3 – 2, 4 – 3) = (-3, 1, 1)

Equation of the plane passing through C(-1, 6, 2) and perpendicular to ̅̅̅̅


𝐴𝐵 is

= −3(𝑥 + 1) + 1(𝑦 − 6) + 1(𝑧 − 2)

= −3𝑥 − 3 + 𝑦 − 6 + 𝑧 − 2 = 0

= −3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 11 = 0

∴ 3𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 + 11 = 0

11. Find the equation of the plane passes through (-2, 1, 3) and having (3, -5, 4) as d. r’s of
its normal.

Sol: equation of the required plane is

= 3(𝑥 − 2) − 5(𝑦 − 1) + 4(𝑧 − 3) = 0

= 3𝑥 − 6 − 5𝑦 + 5 + 4𝑧 − 12 = 0

= 3𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 4𝑧 − 1 = 0

12. Find the equation of the plane parallel to the zx-plane and passing through (0, 4, 4)

Sol: equation of the zx-plane is 𝑦 = 0

Equation of the parallel to zx-plane is 𝑦 = 𝑘 -------- (1)

This passes through (0, 0, 4) ⇒𝑦 = 𝑘 ⇒ 4 = 𝑘

83
TSWREIS
∴ Equation of the required plane : 𝑦 = 4

13. Find the equation of the plane passing through (2, 3, 4) and perpendicular to x-axis.

Sol: d. r’s of x-axis are (1, 0, 0)

∴ Equation of the required plane is

= 1(𝑥 − 1) + 0(𝑦 − 3) + 0(𝑧 − 4) = 0

⇒𝑥=2

MORE QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE

1. Find the equation of the plane having intercepts 2, 3, 4.


2. Find the equation of the plane if the foot of the perpendicular from origin to the plane
is (1, 3, -5).

84
TSWREIS
8. LIMITS AND CONTINUITY

KEY POINTS
I. Standard Limits
 `lim 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛
𝑥→𝑎
𝑥 𝑛−𝑎 𝑛
 lim = 𝑛. 𝑎𝑛−1
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
𝑥 𝑚−𝑎 𝑚 𝑚
 lim = . 𝑎𝑚−𝑛
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 𝑛−𝑎 𝑛 𝑛
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
 lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
 lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥

 lim 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 1
𝑥→0

 lim (1 + 𝑥)1/𝑥 = 𝑒
𝑥→0
1 𝑥
 lim [1 + 𝑥] = 𝑒
𝑥→∞
𝑒 𝑥 −1
 lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑎 𝑥 −1
 lim = log 𝑎
𝑥→0 𝑥
log(1+𝑥)
 lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥
1
 lim =0
𝑥→∞ 𝑥
1
 lim =0
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥

II. Indeterminate forms:


0 ∞
 , , 0 × ∞, ∞ − ∞, 0𝑜 , ∞𝑜 , 0∞
0 ∞

III. Left hand limit [L.H.L]:


 If 𝑓 (𝑥 ) approaches to ′𝑙′ as ′𝑥′ approaches to ′𝑎′ from left, then we say that the left hand limit of
𝑓(𝑥) is ′𝑙′.
IV. Right Hand Limit [R.H.L]
 If 𝑓 (𝑥 ) approaches to ′𝑙′ as ′𝑥′ approaches to ′𝑎′ from right, then we say that the right hand limit of
𝑓(𝑥) is ′𝑙′. We write this as lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 1
𝑥→𝑎

V. Continuity: A function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be continuous if and only is


 lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎) (OR)
𝑥→𝑎

 lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎)


𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

VI. If the above condition is not satisfied the function 𝑓 is said to be discontinuous.

85
TSWREIS
2 Marks Questions (LEVEL – 1)
𝑥−2
1. Evaluate lim 𝑥 3−8
𝑥→2
𝑥−2
Sol: lim 𝑥 3−8
𝑥→2

𝑥−2
= lim (𝑥−2)(𝑥 2+2𝑥+48)
𝑥→2

1
= lim (𝑥 2+2𝑥+48)
𝑥→2

1 1
= = 12
22 +2(2)+4

𝑥 2−8𝑥+15
2. Evaluate lim
𝑥→3 𝑥 2−9

𝑥 2−8𝑥+15
Sol: lim
𝑥→3 𝑥 2−9

(𝑥−5)(𝑥−3)
= lim (𝑥+3)(𝑥−3)
𝑥→3

𝑥−5 3−5
= lim =
𝑥→3 𝑥+3 3+3

−2 1
= =
6 3

𝑥 3−6𝑥 2+9𝑥
3. Evaluate lim
𝑥→3 𝑥 2−9

𝑥 3−6𝑥 2+9𝑥
Sol: lim
𝑥→3 𝑥 2−9

𝑥(𝑥 2 −6𝑥+9)
= lim
𝑥→3 (𝑥−3)(𝑥+3)

𝑥(𝑥−3)2
= lim (𝑥−3)(𝑥+3)
𝑥→3

𝑥(𝑥−3) 3(3−3)
= lim =
𝑥→3 (𝑥+3) (3+3)

3(0)
= =0
6

1 4
4. Evaluate lim [𝑥−2 − 𝑥 2−4]
𝑥→2
1 4
Sol: lim [𝑥−2 − 𝑥 2−4]
𝑥→2

𝑥+2−4
= lim [ 𝑥 2 −4 ]
𝑥→2

86
TSWREIS
𝑥−2 1
= lim (𝑥−2)(𝑥+2) = lim (𝑥+2)
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

1 1
= 2+2 = 4

𝑒 7𝑥 −1
5. Evaluate lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑒 7𝑥 −1
Sol: lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑒 7𝑥 −1 𝑒 𝑥 −1
= lim ×7 [∵ lim =1]
7𝑥→0 7𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥

= (1) × 7

=7

𝑒 3𝑥 −1
6. Evaluate lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑒 3𝑥 −1
Sol: lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑒 3𝑥 −1 𝑒 𝑥 −1
= lim ×3 [∵ lim =1]
3𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥

=1×3=3

tan(𝑥−𝑎)
7. Evaluate lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 2−𝑎 2
tan (𝑥−𝑎)
Sol: lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 2−𝑎 2

tan (𝑥−𝑎)
= lim (𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥+𝑎)
𝑥→𝑎

tan(𝑥−𝑎) 1
= lim . 𝑥+𝑎
𝑥→𝑎 (𝑥−𝑎)

tan(𝑥−𝑎) 1
= lim . lim 𝑥+𝑎
(𝑥−𝑎)→0 (𝑥−𝑎) 𝑥→𝑎

1 1
= 1. =
𝑎+𝑎 2𝑎

√𝑥+1−1
8. Evaluate lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

√𝑥+1−1
Sol: lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

(√𝑥+1−1)(√1+𝑥+1)
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥(√1+𝑥+1)

87
TSWREIS
1+𝑥−1
= lim 𝑥(
𝑥→0 √1+𝑥+1)

𝑥 1
= lim 𝑥( = lim (
𝑥→0 √1+𝑥+1) 𝑥→0 √1+𝑥+1)

1 1 1
= = =2
√ 1+0+1 1+1

9. lim √𝑥 + 1 − √𝑥
𝑥→∞

Sol: lim √𝑥 + 1 − √𝑥
𝑥→∞

(√𝑥+1−√𝑥)(√𝑥+1+𝑥)
= lim
𝑥→∞ (√𝑥+1+√𝑥)

𝑥+1−𝑥
= lim
𝑥→∞ (√𝑥+1+√𝑥)

1
1 √𝑥
= lim = lim
𝑥→∞ (√𝑥+1+√ 𝑥) 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 1
√ + +√
𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

1
√𝑥
= lim 1
𝑥→∞ √1+ +1
𝑥

0 0
= =2=0
√1+0+1

10. Evaluate lim √𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 𝑥


𝑥→∞

Sol: lim √𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 𝑥
𝑥→∞

(√𝑥 2+𝑥−𝑥)(√𝑥 2+𝑥+𝑥)


= lim
𝑥→∞ √𝑥 2+𝑥+𝑥

𝑥 2+𝑥−𝑥 2
= lim
𝑥→∞ √𝑥 2+𝑥+𝑥

𝑥
= lim
𝑥→∞ √𝑥 2+𝑥+𝑥

𝑥
𝑥 1
= lim 2
= lim
1 1
𝑥→∞ √𝑥 +𝑥 𝑥 →0 √1+ +1
+
𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

1 1 1
= = 1+1 [∵ 𝑥 → ∞ = → 0]
√1+0+1 𝑥

1
=2

88
TSWREIS
3𝑥 −1
11. Evaluate lim
𝑥→0 √1+𝑥−1
3𝑥 −1
Sol: lim
𝑥→0 √1+𝑥−1

3𝑥 −1 𝑥
= lim [ ][ ]
𝑥→0 𝑥 √1+𝑥−1

3𝑥 −1 𝑥
= lim [ ] . lim [ ]
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 √1+𝑥−1

𝑥
= log 3. lim [ ]
𝑥→0 √1+𝑥−1

𝑥(√1+𝑥+1)
= log 3. lim [( ]
𝑥→0 √1+𝑥−1)(√1+𝑥+1)

𝑥(√1+𝑥+1)
= log 3. lim [ ]
𝑥→0 (√1+𝑥−1)(√1+𝑥+1)

𝑥(√1+𝑥+1)
= log 3. lim [ ]
𝑥→0 1+𝑥−1

= log 3. lim [(√1 + 𝑥 + 1)]


𝑥→0

= log 3. (√1 + 0 + 1)

= log 3 (1 + 1)

= 2 log 3

𝑒 𝑥 −1
12. lim (
𝑥→0 √1+𝑥−1)

𝑒 𝑥 −1
Sol: lim
𝑥→0 √1+𝑥−1

𝑒 𝑥 −1 𝑥
= lim [ ][ ]
𝑥→0 𝑥 √1+𝑥−1

𝑒 𝑥 −1 𝑥
= lim [ ] . lim [ ]
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 √1+𝑥−1

𝑥
= 1. lim [ ]
𝑥→0 √1+𝑥−1

𝑥(√1+𝑥+1)
= lim [( ]
𝑥→0 √1+𝑥−1)(√1+𝑥+1)

𝑥(√1+𝑥+1)
= lim [( ]
𝑥→0 √1+𝑥−1)(√1+𝑥+1)

𝑥(√1+𝑥+1)
= lim [ ]
𝑥→0 1+𝑥−1

89
TSWREIS
= log 3. lim [(√1 + 𝑥 + 1)]
𝑥→0

= (√1 + 0 + 1)

= (1 + 1)

=2

𝑒 3+𝑥 −𝑒 3
13. Find lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑒 3+𝑥 −𝑒 3
Sol: lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑒 3 (𝑒 𝑥−1)
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

(𝑒 𝑥 −1)
= 𝑒 3 lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

= 𝑒 3 (1) = 𝑒 3
sin(𝑥−1)
14. Find lim
𝑥→1 𝑥 2 −1
sin (𝑥−1)
Sol: lim
𝑥→1 𝑥 2−1
sin(𝑥−1)
= lim (𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)
𝑥→1
sin(𝑥−1) 1
= lim ×
𝑥→1 (𝑥−1) (𝑥+1)

sin(𝑥−1) 1
= lim . lim
𝑥→1 (𝑥−1) 𝑥→1 (𝑥+1)
1 1
= 1. 1+1 = 2
sin ax
15. lim sin 𝑏𝑥
𝑥→0
sin 𝑎𝑥
Sol: lim
𝑥→0 sin 𝑏𝑥
sin 𝑎𝑥
𝑥
= lim sin 𝑏𝑥
𝑥→0
𝑥

sin 𝑎𝑥
lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
= sin 𝑏𝑥
lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥
=𝑏 [∵ lim = 𝑘]
𝑥→0 𝑥
sinax
16. lim 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑥→0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥
Sol: lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥 1
= lim 𝑥
× 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑥→0

90
TSWREIS
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥
=𝑎 (cos 0) [∵ lim = 𝑘]
𝑥→0 𝑥
1
=𝑎×1=𝑎
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
17. lim 𝜋
𝑥→𝜋/2 𝑥− 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
Sol: lim 𝜋
𝑥→𝜋/2 𝑥− 2
𝜋 𝜋
Put 𝑥 − 2 = 𝑦 then 𝑥 = 2 + 𝑦
𝜋
and 𝑥 → ⇒𝑦→0
2
𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠( +𝑦)
2
∴ lim 𝜋 = lim
𝑥→𝜋/2 𝑥− 2 𝑦→0 𝑦

−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
= lim = −1
𝑦→0 𝑦

𝑒 𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−1
18. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−1
Sol: lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑒 𝑥 −1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= lim [ − ]
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥

𝑒 𝑥 −1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= lim −lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥

=1−1=0
𝑎 𝑥 −1
19. lim 𝑏𝑥 −1
𝑥→0
𝑎 𝑥 −1
Sol: lim 𝑏𝑥 −1
𝑥→0
𝑎𝑥−1
[ ]
𝑥
= lim 𝑏𝑥−1
𝑥→0 [ ]
𝑥

𝑎𝑥−1
lim [ ]
𝑥→0 𝑥
= 𝑏𝑥 −1
lim [ ]
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑏
𝑒

1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑚𝑥
20. lim
𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑚𝑥
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑚𝑥
Sol: lim
𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑚𝑥
2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑚𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑚𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝑥 2 𝑛𝑥 2 𝑚2 𝑥 2
= 2 lim [ ] [ ] . 2 2
𝑥→0 𝑚𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑛 𝑥

𝑚2 2𝑚 2
= 2(1)2 (1)2 𝑛2 = 𝑛2

91
TSWREIS
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚𝑥
21. lim 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
𝑥→0
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚𝑥
Sol: lim
𝑥→0 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
𝑚𝑥
2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2
2
= lim 𝑛𝑥
𝑥→0 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2
2

𝑚𝑥 𝑛𝑥 2
(2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 ) 𝑚𝑥 2 ( ) 𝑛𝑥 2
2 2
= lim 𝑚𝑥 2
( ) . 2 𝑛𝑥 (2)
𝑥→0 ( ) 2 (2𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
2 2

𝑚𝑥 2 𝑛𝑥 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 𝑚 2𝑥 2 4
lim (
=𝑚𝑥 𝑚𝑥 ) 𝑛𝑥
lim ( 𝑛𝑥 ) ( ) (𝑛 2𝑥 2 )
→0 →0 4
2 2 2 2

𝑚2
= 1.1. 𝑛2
𝑚2
= 𝑛2
11𝑥 3 −3𝑥+4
22. lim
𝑥→∞ 13𝑥 3−5𝑥 2 −7
11𝑥 3−3𝑥+4
Sol: lim
𝑥→∞ 13𝑥 3−5𝑥 2−7

Taking 𝑥 3 , the highest power of 𝑥 as common factor in the numerator and denominator.
3 4
𝑥 3[11− 2 + 3 ]
= lim 3 𝑥5 𝑥7
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 [13− − 3 ] 𝑥 𝑥

3 4
11− 2 + 3
𝑥 𝑥
= lim
1 5 7
→0 13− − 3
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

11−0+0 11
= 13−0−0 = 13
𝑥 2+5𝑥+2
23. lim
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 2−5𝑥+1
𝑥 2 +5𝑥+2
Sol: lim
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 2−5𝑥+1

Dividing the numerator and denominator by 𝑥 2 , the highest power of 𝑥, have


𝑥2 5𝑥 2
+ +
𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2
= lim 2
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 −5𝑥 + 1
𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2
5 2
1+ + 2
𝑥 𝑥
= lim 5 1
𝑥→0 2−𝑥+ 2
𝑥
5 2
1+ + 2
𝑥 𝑥
= lim
1 5 1
→0 2−𝑥+𝑥2
𝑥

1+0+0 1
= 2−0+0 = 2

92
TSWREIS
8|𝑥|+3𝑥
24. lim
𝑥→∞ 3|𝑥|−2𝑥

Sol: If 𝑥 → ∞ then 𝑥 > 0, hence |𝑥 | = 𝑥


8|𝑥|+3𝑥 8𝑥+3𝑥
∴ lim = lim
𝑥→∞ 3|𝑥|−2𝑥 𝑥→∞ 3𝑥−2𝑥
11𝑥
= lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥

= lim 11 = 11
𝑥→∞
|𝑥−2|
25. Show that lim− = −1
𝑥→2 𝑥−2

Sol: When 𝑥 → 2− then 𝑥 < 0 ⇒ (𝑥 − 2) < 0 ⇒ |𝑥 − 2| = −(𝑥 − 2)


|𝑥−2| −(𝑥−2)
= lim− = lim− = −1
𝑥→2 𝑥−2 𝑥→2 𝑥−2
2|𝑥|
26. Show that lim+ +𝑥+1= 3
𝑥→0 𝑥

Sol: when 𝑥 → 0+ the 𝑥 > 0


2|𝑥|
= lim+ +𝑥+1
𝑥→0 𝑥
2𝑥
= lim+ +𝑥+1 [ ∴ |𝑥 | = 𝑥 ]
𝑥→0 𝑥

=2+0+1=3
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥
27. Evaluate lim
𝑥→1 𝑥−1

Sol: Put 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1, then 𝑥 → 1 ⇒ 𝑥 − 1 → 0 ⇒ 𝑦 → 0


𝑙𝑜(1+𝑦)
lim =1
𝑦→0 𝑦

28. Compute lim+([𝑥 ] + 𝑥 ) and lim−([𝑥] + 𝑥 )


𝑥→2 𝑥→2
+
Sol: When 𝑥 → 2 then [𝑥] = 2
Now RHL = lim+ ([𝑥] + 𝑥 )
𝑥→2

=2+2=4
When 𝑥 → 2− then [𝑥 ] = 1
Now LHL = lim−([𝑥 ] + 𝑥 )
𝑥→2

=1+2=3
2𝑥 2−7𝑥−4
29. Evaluate lim (2𝑥−1)(
𝑥→2 √𝑥−2)

2𝑥 2−7𝑥−4
Sol: lim (2𝑥−1)(
𝑥→2 √𝑥−2)

2(2)2 −7(2)−4
= (2(2)−1)(
√2−2)
10
= 3(2−
√2)

93
TSWREIS
10(2+√2)
= 3(2−
√2)(2+√2)

10(2+√2)
= 3(4−2)

10(2+√2) 5(2+√2)
= =
3(2) 3

𝑥−1 1
30. Evaluate lim [𝑥 2 −𝑥 − 𝑥 3−3𝑥 2+𝑥]
𝑥→1
𝑥−1 1
Sol: lim [𝑥 2 −𝑥 − 𝑥 3−3𝑥 2 +𝑥]
𝑥→1
𝑥−1 1
= lim [𝑥(𝑥−1) − 𝑥 3−3𝑥 2 +𝑥]
𝑥→1
1 1
= lim [𝑥 − 𝑥 3 −3𝑥 2+𝑥]
𝑥→1
1 1 1 1
= 1 − 1−3(1)+1 = 1 − 1

=1+1 =2
3 3
√1+𝑥 − √1−𝑥
31. Evaluate lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

(1+𝑥)1/3 −(1−𝑥)1/3
Sol: lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

(1+𝑥)1/3 −1 (1−𝑥)1/3 −1
= lim [ − ]
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥

(1+𝑥)1/3 −1 (1−𝑥)1/3 −1
= lim [ (1+𝑥)−1
+ lim ]
(1+𝑥)→1 (1−𝑥)→1 (1−𝑥)−1
1 1
1 1
= 3 (1)3−1 + 3 (1)3−1
1 1 1+1 2
=3+3 = =3
3

(1+𝑥)1/8 −(1−𝑥)1/8
32. Evaluate lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

(1+𝑥)1/8 −(1−𝑥)1/8
Sol: lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

(1+𝑥)1/8 −1 (1−𝑥)1/8 −1
= lim [ − ]
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥

(1+𝑥)1/8 −1 (1−𝑥)1/8 −1
= lim [ (1+𝑥)−1
+ lim ]
(1+𝑥)→1 (1−𝑥)→1 (1−𝑥)−1
1 1
1 1
= 8 (1)8−1 + 8 (1)8−1
1 1 1+1
=8+8 = 8
2 1
=8 =4

94
TSWREIS
tan(𝑥−𝑎)
33. Evaluate lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 2−𝑎 2
tan (𝑥−𝑎)
Sol: lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 2−𝑎 2
tan (𝑥−𝑎)
= lim
𝑥→𝑎 (𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥+𝑎)
tan(𝑥−𝑎) 1
= lim . (𝑥+𝑎)
𝑥→𝑎 (𝑥−𝑎)

tan(𝑥−𝑎) 1
= lim . lim
(𝑥−𝑎)→0 (𝑥−𝑎) (𝑥−𝑎)→0 (𝑥+𝑎)
1 1
= 1. 𝑎+𝑎 = 2𝑎
sin(𝑥−𝑎)𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 (𝑥−𝑎)
34. Find lim [ (𝑥 2 −𝑎 2 )2
]
𝑥→𝑎
sin(𝑥−𝑎)𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 (𝑥−𝑎)
Sol: lim [ (𝑥 2−𝑎 2)2
]
𝑥→𝑎

sin(𝑥−𝑎) tan(𝑥−𝑎) 2 1
= lim (𝑥 − 9) [ ] . lim [ ] . (𝑥+𝑎)2
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 (𝑥−𝑎)
1
= 0.1.12 . 2𝑎2 = 0
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 3
35. Evaluate lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−3
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 3
Sol: lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−3
𝑒 3 (𝑒 𝑥−3 −1)
= lim
𝑥→3 𝑥−3

𝑒 (𝑥−3)−1
= 𝑒 3 lim
(𝑥−3)→0 𝑥−3

= 𝑒 3 (1) = 𝑒 3
𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 −1
36. Evaluate lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 −1
Sol: lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 −1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= lim .[ ]
𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥

𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 −1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= lim . lim
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥

= 1.1 = 1
log(1+5𝑥)
37. Evaluate lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
log(1+5𝑥)
Sol: lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
log(1+5𝑥)
= lim ×5
𝑥→0 5𝑥

=1×5= 5

95
TSWREIS
−𝑥 2
38. Compute lim 𝑒
𝑥→∞
−𝑥 2
Sol: lim 𝑒
𝑥→∞
2
= lim 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑥→∞
1 1
= lim 2 [∴ lim = 0]
𝑥→∞ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥→∞ 𝑥

=0
𝑥−3
39. Show that lim =0
𝑥→3 √|𝑥 2−9|
𝑥−3
Sol: lim
𝑥→3 √|𝑥 2−9|
𝑥−3
= lim
𝑥→3 √|(𝑥−3)(𝑥+3)|

√|𝑥−3|2
= lim
𝑥→3 √|𝑥−3||𝑥+3|

𝑥−3
=lim √|𝑥+3|
𝑥→3

0 0
= √6 = =0
√6

LEVEL – 2 (2 Marks)
𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎−𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
1. Evaluate lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎− 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Sol: lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
(𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎−𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎)−(𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 )
= lim (∵ 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑑𝑑 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎(𝑥−𝑎) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎
= lim − 𝑎 lim ( )
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
𝑥+𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
2𝑐𝑜𝑠( )𝑠𝑖𝑛( )
2 2
= lim 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 − 𝑎 lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
𝑥−𝑎
𝑥+𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛[ ]
2
= sina-2alim 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) . lim
𝑥→𝑎 2 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
𝑎+𝑎 1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 − 2𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ).2
2

= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 − 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥
2. Evaluate lim
𝑥→0 𝑥2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥
Sol: lim
𝑥→0 𝑥2
𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑥 𝑏𝑥−𝑎𝑥
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛( )𝑠𝑖𝑛( ) 𝐶+𝐷 𝐷−𝐶
2 2
= lim 2 (∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐷 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
𝑥→0 𝑥 2 2
𝑎+𝑏 𝑏−𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛( )𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛( )𝑥
2 2
= 2lim [ ][ ]
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥

96
TSWREIS
𝑎+𝑏 𝑏−𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛( )𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛( )𝑥
2 2
=2[lim ] [lim ]
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑎+𝑏 𝑏−𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥


= 2( )( ) [∵ lim = 𝑘]
2 2 𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑏2 −𝑎 2
= 2
𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(1)
3. If 𝑓(𝑥 ) = −√25 − 𝑥 2 then find lim
𝑥→1 𝑥−1

𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(1) −√25−𝑥 2 +√25−1


Sol: lim = lim
𝑥→1 𝑥−1 𝑥→1 𝑥−1

√24−√25−𝑥 2
= lim
𝑥→1 𝑥−1

(√24−√25−𝑥 2)(√24+√25−𝑥 2)
= lim
𝑥→1 𝑥−1(√24+√25−𝑥 2 )

24−(25−𝑥 2 )
= lim
𝑥→1 𝑥−1(√24+√25−𝑥 2)

𝑥 2 −1
= lim
𝑥→1 𝑥−1(√24+√25−𝑥 2)

(𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)
= lim
𝑥→1 𝑥−1(√24+√25−𝑥 2)

(𝑥+1)
= lim
𝑥→1 (√24+√25−𝑥 2)
1+1 2 1
= = =
√ 24+√25−1 2 √ 24 √24

𝑥 2 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
4. Evaluate lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2 −2

Sol: we apply sandwich theorem to evaluate the given limit


We know that −1 ≤ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ≤ 1
⇒ 1 ≥ −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ≥ −1
⇒ -1≤ −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ≤ 1
⇒ (𝑥 2 − 1) ≤ 𝑥 2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ≤ (𝑥 2 + 1)
𝑥 2−1 𝑥 2 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥 2 +1
⇒ 𝑥 2−2 ≤ ≤ 𝑥 2 −2
𝑥 2 −2
𝑥 2−1 𝑥 2−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥 2+1
Let 𝑙(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2−2, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = , 𝑢(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2−2
𝑥 2−2
𝑥 2 −1
Now, lim 𝑙 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 −2
𝑥→∞
1
1− 2
𝑥
= lim ( 2 )
𝑥→∞ 1− 2
𝑥

1−0
= 1−0 = 1
𝑥 2+1
Also, 𝑢(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2−2

97
TSWREIS
1
1+ 2
𝑥
= lim ( 2 )
𝑥→∞ 1− 2
𝑥

1+0
= 1−0 = 1

lim 𝑙(𝑥) = 1 = lim 𝑢(𝑥)


𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞

∴ from sandwich theorem lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 1


𝑥→∞
2+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥
5. Evaluate lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥+2007

Sol: we know that 0 ≤ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 ≤ 1⇒ 2 + 0 ≤ 2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 ≤ 2 + 1


⇒ ≤ 2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 ≤ 3
2 2+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 3
⇒ 𝑥+2007 ≤ ≤ 𝑥+2007
𝑥+2007
2 2+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 3
Let 𝑙(𝑥 ) = , 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = , 𝑢 (𝑥 ) =
𝑥+2007 𝑥+2007 𝑥+2007
2
Now, lim 𝑙 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥+2007
𝑥→∞
2/𝑥
= lim (1+2007/𝑥)
𝑥→∞
0
= =0
1+0
3
Also, 𝑢(𝑥 ) = 𝑥+2007

3/𝑥
= lim ( 2007 )
𝑥→∞ 1+
𝑥

0
= 1+0 = 0

lim 𝑙(𝑥) = 0 = lim 𝑢(𝑥)


𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞

∴ from sandwich theorem lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 0


𝑥→∞

√𝑎+2𝑥−√3𝑥
6. Find lim [ ]
𝑥→𝑎 √3𝑎+𝑥−2√𝑥

Sol: Here we have to rationalize both the numerator and denominator


(√𝑎+2𝑥−√3𝑥)(√𝑎+2𝑥+√3𝑥) (√3𝑎+𝑥+√4𝑥)
= lim .(
𝑥→𝑎 (√𝑎+2𝑥+√3𝑥) √3𝑎+𝑥−√4𝑥)(√3𝑎+𝑥+√4𝑥)

(𝑎+2𝑥−3𝑥) (√3𝑎+𝑥+√4𝑥)
= lim ( .
𝑥→𝑎 √𝑎+2𝑥+√ 3𝑥) 3𝑎+𝑥−4𝑥

(𝑎−𝑥)(√3𝑎+𝑥+√4𝑥)
= lim (
𝑥→𝑎 √𝑎+2𝑥+√3𝑥) 3 (𝑎−𝑥)

√3𝑎+𝑎+√4𝑎
=(
√𝑎+2𝑎+√3𝑎)3

2√𝑎+2√𝑎
= 2(√3𝑎)3

4 √𝑎 2
= 2( =
√3𝑎)3 3√3
98
TSWREIS
SAQ (4 Marks)
1
(𝑥 2 − 4) 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑥 < 2
2
7. Check the continuity of 𝑓 (𝑥) = { 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 2 at 2.
2 − 8𝑥 −3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 2
Sol: (i) Given that f(2) = 0
1
(ii) L.H.L = lim− 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = lim− 2 (𝑥 2 − 4)
𝑥→2 𝑥→2
1 1
= 2 (4 − 4 ) [∵ 𝑥 → 2− ⇒ 𝑥 < 2 ⇒ 𝑓(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 2 − 4)]
2

=0
8
(iii) R.H.L = lim+ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = lim+ (2 − 𝑥 3)
𝑥→2 𝑥→2
8
=2−8 [∵ 𝑥 → 2+ ⇒ 𝑥 > 2 ⇒ 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2 − 8𝑥 −3 ]

=2−1=1
Here L.H.L ≠ R.H.L
⇒ lim 𝑓(𝑥) does not exist
𝑥→2

So, 𝑓(𝑥) is not continuous at 2.


𝑘 2 𝑥 − 𝑘 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 1
8. If f is given by 𝑓 (𝑥) = { is a continuous function on R, then find K.
2 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 1
Sol: Given 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous on R. So 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous the split point 𝑥 = 1
(i) When 𝑥 < 1
L.H.L = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− 2
𝑥→1 𝑥→1

= 2 -------- (1)
(ii) When 𝑥 > 1,
R.H.L = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑘 2 𝑥 − 𝑘
𝑥→1 𝑥→1
2
= 𝑘 (1) − 𝑘
= 𝑘 2 − 𝑘 ------ (2)
(iii) from (1) & (2)
L.H.L = R.H.L as 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥 = 1
⇒ 𝑘2 − 𝑘 = 2
⇒ 𝑘2 − 𝑘 − 2 = 0
⇒ (𝑘 − 2)(𝑘 + 1) = 0
⇒ k = 2 or -1

99
TSWREIS
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 0
2
𝑥 +𝑎 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑥 < 1
9. Find the real constants a, b so that the function f given by 𝑓(𝑥 ) = is
𝑏𝑥 + 3 𝑖𝑓 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3
{ −3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 3
continuous on R
Sol: Given that 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous on R.
⇒ 𝑓 (𝑥) is continuous at split point 𝑥 = 0, 3
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥 = 0
(i) L.H.L = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

= sin 0 = 0
(ii) R.H.L = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+(𝑥 2 + 𝑎)
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

= 02 + a = a
But 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥 = 0
(b) 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥 = 3
∴ L.H.L = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− (𝑏𝑥 + 3)
𝑥→3 𝑥→3

= 3b + 3
(ii) R.H.L = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+(−3)
𝑥→3 𝑥→3

= -3
But 𝑓(𝑥 ) is continuous at 𝑥 = 3
∴ L.H.L = R. H. L
⇒ 3b + 3 = -3
⇒ 3b = - 6
⇒ b = -2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 0
2
10. Show that 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = { 1 is continuous at 0.
(𝑏 − 𝑎 2 )
2
𝑖𝑓𝑥 = 0
2

𝑏2 −𝑎 2
Sol: (i) Given f(0) = ------- (1)
2
𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑥 𝑏𝑥−𝑎𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛( )𝑠𝑖𝑛( ) 𝐶+𝐷 𝐷−𝐶
2 2
(ii) lim = = lim (∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐷 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
𝑥→0 2 𝑥→0 𝑥2 2 2
𝑎+𝑏 𝑏−𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛( )𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛( )𝑥
2 2
= 2lim [ ][ ]
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥

𝑎+𝑏 𝑏−𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛( )𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛( )𝑥
2 2
=2[lim ] [lim ]
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑎+𝑏 𝑏−𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥


= 2( )( ) [∵ lim = 𝑘]
2 2 𝑥→0 𝑥

100
TSWREIS
𝑏2 −𝑎 2
= ----- (2)
2

(iii) from (1) and (2)


lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑓(0)
𝑥→0

So, 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥 = 0


𝑥 2 −9
, 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑥 < 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ≠ 3
11. Check the continuity of the following function given by 𝑓(𝑥 ) = {𝑥 2−2𝑥−3
1.5 𝑖𝑓𝑥 = 3
at the point 3.
Sol: A function 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous ⇔ lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑥→𝑎
𝑥 2−9
Now, lim 𝑥 2 −2𝑥−3
𝑥→3
(𝑥+3)(𝑥−3)
= lim
𝑥→3 (𝑥−3)(𝑥+1)
(𝑥+3)
= lim (𝑥+1)
𝑥→3
3+3 6
= 3+1 = 4

= 1.5
Given that f(3) = 1.5
∴ lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (3) = 1.5 i.e., f is continuous at 𝑥 = 3
𝑥→3

101
TSWREIS
9. DIFFERENTIATION

SYNOPSIS POINTS

𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(𝑎)
1. Derivative of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) using first principles 𝑓 1 (𝑥 ) = 𝑙𝑡 , 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) = 𝑙𝑡 .
𝑥→0 ℎ 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 𝑣( )−𝑢( )
2. If 𝑢, 𝑣 are functions of 𝑥 then 𝑑𝑥 (𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 ; (𝑣 ) = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑣2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
3. Chain Rule:- y=f(u), u=g(x)⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢 . 𝑑𝑥 i.e., 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 )) ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑔(𝑥)). 𝑔′ (𝑥)

4. DERIVATIVES OF SOME STANDARD AND USEFUL FUNCTIONS:-

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 ; (𝑘) = 0 ; (𝑘𝑥 ) = 𝑘; (𝑘𝑥 2 ) = 2𝑘𝑥 ; (𝑘𝑥 3 ) = 3𝑘𝑥 2 ;
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑 1 −𝑛 𝑑 1 −1 𝑑 1 −1
𝑑𝑥
(√𝑥) = ; . = 𝑥 𝑛+1 ; 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥) =
2√𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑛 𝑥2
; 𝑑𝑥 ( 𝑥) = 2𝑥
√ √𝑥

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 2
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝑎 ; (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)2 = 2(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑎 ; √𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2√𝑎𝑥+𝑏

𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑 1
(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ) = ; 𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑒 ; 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥) . 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥); 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑎; 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑥 (1 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥

TRIGONOMETRIC HYPERBOLIC

𝑑 𝑑
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥 = −𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC INVERSE HYPERBOLIC

𝑑 1 𝑑 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 = √1−𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 𝑥 = √1+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 −1 𝑑 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 = √1−𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 𝑥 = √𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −1

𝑑 1 𝑑 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 = 1+𝑥 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 𝑥 = 1−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

102
TSWREIS
𝑑 −1 −1 𝑑 1
𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 = 1+𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ−1 𝑥 = 1−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 1 𝑑 −1
𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 = |𝑥|√𝑥 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ−1 𝑥 = |𝑥|√1−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 −1 𝑑 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 = |𝑥|√𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ−1 𝑥 = |𝑥|√1+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥

Logarithm Differentiation” if 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) then

1 𝑑𝑦 1
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥 )𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑓(𝑥 ) ⇒ = 𝑔 (𝑥 ) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑓(𝑥 )𝑔′ (𝑥)
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)

Derivative of a function w.r. to another function:

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑓 𝑓′ (𝑥)
If 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ), 𝑧 = 𝑔(𝑥) then = 𝑑𝑔 = 𝑔′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑧

Parametric Differentiation:

𝑑𝑦 𝑔′ (𝑡) 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
If 𝑥 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ), 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑡) then = and 𝑑2 𝑥 = [𝑑𝑡 [𝑑𝑥 ]] [𝑑𝑥 ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑓′ (𝑡)

Double differentiation:

𝑓′ (𝑥+𝑛)−𝑓′ (𝑥)
𝑓 " (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

103
TSWREIS
DIFFERENTIATION

2 MARKS LEVEL – I

1. Find the derivative of the function 𝑓(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 2 − 3)(4𝑥 3 + 1).

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
Sol: Formula: 𝑑𝑥 (𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢. 𝑑𝑥 (𝑣) + 𝑣. 𝑑𝑥 (𝑢)

Given 𝑓(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 2 − 3)(4𝑥 3 + 1)

𝑑
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 3)(4𝑥 3 + 1)

𝑑 𝑑
= (𝑥 2 − 3) 𝑑𝑥 (4𝑥 3 + 1) + (4𝑥 3 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 3)

= (𝑥 2 − 3)(12𝑥 2 ) + (4𝑥 3 + 1)(2𝑥)

= 12𝑥 4 − 36𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 4 + 2𝑥

= 20𝑥 4 − 36𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
2. Find the derivative of 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 1).

Sol: Given 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 1)

Applying 𝑢𝑣 formula, we have

𝑑 𝑑
⇒𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 )

= 𝑒 𝑥 (2𝑥) + (𝑥 2 + 1)𝑒 𝑥

= 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)2

3. Find the Derivative of 5𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 .

𝑑
Sol: 𝑑𝑥 (5𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 )

1
= 5𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 + + 𝑥 3 (𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝑒 𝑥 (3𝑥 2 )
𝑥

𝑑𝑦
4. If 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 . 𝑙𝑜𝑔(3𝑥 + 4) then find 𝑑𝑥 .

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
Sol: Formula 𝑑𝑥 (𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 (𝑣) + 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 (𝑢)

Given 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 . log(3𝑥 + 4)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [log(3𝑥 + 4)] + log(3𝑥 + 4) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥

104
TSWREIS
1
= 𝑒 2𝑥 [3𝑥+4 (3)] + log(3𝑥 + 4) 𝑒 2𝑥 . 2

3
= 𝑒 2𝑥 [3𝑥+4 + 2log(3𝑥 + 4)]

5. If 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, (𝑥 > 0) then find 𝑓 ′ (𝑥).

Sol: Given 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥.

Applying 𝑢𝑣 formula and chain rule, we have

𝑑 𝑑
∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥] + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥 )

1
= 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥(𝑒 2𝑥 )(2)

1
= 𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑥 + 2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)

6. Find the derivative of 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 .

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
Sol: 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝑑𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)

𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)

= 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 )

= 𝑒 𝑥 + (−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)

= 𝑒 𝑥 + (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 )

= 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 [∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃]

7. If 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 then find 𝑓 ′ (𝑥).

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
Sol: 𝑑𝑥 (𝑢𝑣𝑤) = 𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑥 (𝑤) + 𝑢𝑤 𝑑𝑥 (𝑣) + 𝑣𝑤 𝑑𝑥 (𝑢)

∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) + 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥)

= 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) + 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥(𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥(1)

= 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

= 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ).

105
TSWREIS
𝑑𝑦
8. If 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, then find 𝑑𝑥 .
2 𝑥

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
Sol: 𝑑𝑥 (𝑢𝑣𝑤) = 𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑥 (𝑤) + 𝑢𝑤 𝑑𝑥 (𝑣) + 𝑣𝑤 𝑑𝑥 (𝑢)

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) + 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 (𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) + 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥(𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥(2𝑥)

= 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) .

2𝑥+3 𝑑𝑦
9. If 𝑦 = 4𝑥+5 then find 𝑑𝑥 .

𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣. (𝑢)−𝑢. (𝑣)
Sol: Formula 𝑑𝑥 ( 𝑣 ) = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑣2

𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 (4𝑥+5) (2𝑥+3)−(2𝑥+3) (4𝑥+5)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= (4𝑥+5)2
𝑑𝑥

(4𝑥+5)(2)−(2𝑥+3)(4)
= (4𝑥+5) 2

8𝑥+10−8𝑥−12 −2
= (4𝑥+5)2
= (4𝑥+5) 2
.

𝑎−𝑥 𝑑𝑦
10. If 𝑦 = 𝑎+𝑥 , (𝑥 ≠ −𝑎) then find 𝑑𝑥 .

𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣. (𝑢)−𝑢. (𝑣)
Sol: Formula 𝑑𝑥 ( 𝑣 ) = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑣2

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑎−𝑥 (𝑎+𝑥)(−1)−(𝑎−𝑥)(1)
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎+𝑥 ) = (𝑎+𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥

−𝑎−𝑥−𝑎+𝑥 −2𝑎
= (𝑎+𝑥)2
= (𝑎+𝑥)2

11. If 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = sin(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ) , (𝑥 > 0) then find 𝑓 ′ (𝑥).

𝑑 𝑑
Sol: 𝑑𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)) = cos(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑥)

1
= cos(log 𝑥) 𝑥

cos(log 𝑥)
= 𝑥

12. Find the derivative of log(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥).

Sol: We take 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥), then

106
TSWREIS
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 log(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥

1
= sec 𝑥+tan 𝑥 (sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 )

𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥+𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥)
= = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥

−1𝑥
13. Find the derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 .

𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑥 𝑑
Sol: 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥))
𝑑𝑥

−1𝑥
−1 𝑥 1 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛
= 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [ 2
]=
√1−𝑥 √1−𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦
14. If 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) then find 𝑑𝑥 .

Sol: Given 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥), then

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 √1−(cos 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥

−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= √1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 = = −1
𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

15. Find the derivative of log(sin(log(𝑥 )).

Sol: We take 𝑦 = log(sin(log(𝑥)) , then

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔(sin(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ))
𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑
= sin(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) sin(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑
= sin(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) cos(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ) . 𝑑𝑥 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)

cos(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) 1 cot(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)
= . =
sin(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) 𝑥 𝑥

−1𝑥 𝑑𝑦
16. If 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 then find 𝑑𝑥 .

𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑥 𝑑
Sol: 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥))
𝑑𝑥

−1𝑥 1
= 𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 . 𝑎 √1−𝑥 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥(0)

107
TSWREIS
𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1𝑥 𝑎
=𝑒 . √1−𝑥 2

−1 𝑥 𝑎
𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑦
= =
√1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦
17. If 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) then find 𝑑𝑥 .

Sol: Given 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑
= 1+(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥

1 1
= [1+(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2] 𝑥

2𝑥
18. Find the derivative of 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [1−𝑥 2 ] .

Sol: We take 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 then, 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥

2𝑥 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [1−𝑥 2 ] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 )

2 𝑑 2
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃 = 2𝜃 = 2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 = 1+𝑥 2 [∵ (2𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 𝑥 = )]
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2

19. Find the derivative of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (3𝑥 − 4𝑥 3 ) .

Sol: We take 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 then, 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥

∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (3𝑥 − 4𝑥 3 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 [3(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) − 4(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)3 ]

= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃)

= 3𝜃

= 3(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 )

𝑑 𝑑 1 3
∴ (3𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 ) = 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 = 3 [√1−𝑥 2 ] = √1−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2𝑥
20. Find the derivative of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (1+𝑥 2 )

Sol: We take 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 then, 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥

2𝑥 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (1+𝑥 2 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (1+𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 )

= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃) = 2𝜃 = 2(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 ) [∵ 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 ⇒ 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 𝑥 ]


108
TSWREIS
𝑑 −1 𝑑 −1
∴ (2𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ) = 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 2
= 2 (1+𝑥 2 ) = 1+𝑥 2

21. Find the derivative of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (4𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 ).

Sol: We take 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 then, 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥

∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (4𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃)

= 3𝜃

= 3(𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 )

𝑑 −1 −3
∴ (3𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 ) = 3 [ ]=
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑥 2

22. Find the derivative of 𝑦 = √2𝑥 − 3 + √7 − 3𝑥 .

Sol: Given 𝑦 = √2𝑥 − 3 + √7 − 3𝑥, then

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (√2𝑥 − 3) + √7 − 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥

2 1
=2 (2 ) + (−3)
√2𝑥−3 2√7−3𝑥

1 3
= −2
√ 2𝑥−3 √7−3𝑥

3+3𝑥
23. Find the derivative of 7𝑥 .

𝑑
Sol: 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)

𝑑 3+3𝑥 3+3𝑥 𝑑 3+3𝑥


∴ (7𝑥 ) = 7𝑥 (log 7). 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 ) = 7𝑥 (log 7)(3𝑥 2 + 3)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
24. If 𝑦 = (𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 3 )2 then find .
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
Sol: 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 3 )2 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 3 ) [∵ from chain rule]

−1 −6𝑥 2𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1𝑥 3


= 2𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 3 (1+(𝑥 3)2 ) 3𝑥 2 = 1+𝑥 6

𝑑𝑦
25. Find 𝑑𝑥 if 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 8 = 0 .

Sol: Given that 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 8 = 0; differentiating with respect to 𝑥, we have


109
TSWREIS
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
4𝑥 − 3 [𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦(1)] + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 1 + 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3𝑦−4𝑥−1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 (2𝑦 − 3𝑥 + 2) = 3𝑦 − 4𝑥 − 1 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑦−3𝑥+2

𝑑𝑦
26. Find 𝑑𝑥 if 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑡.

Sol: Given 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑡 o differentiating w. r. to ‘t’ we get,

𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑑
= (𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑡) = 𝑎. 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

= 𝑎. 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)

= −3𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡. (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑡 (𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑡) = 𝑎. 3𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

= 𝑎. 3𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)

= 3𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡

𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 3𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑡 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
∴ = 𝑑𝑥 = = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑥 −3𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)
𝑑𝑡

27. Find the derivative of 𝑥 𝑥 .

Sol: We take 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑥

⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, on differentiation w. r. to ′𝑥′ we get

1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥 (𝑥) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥(1) ⇒ = 𝑦(1 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ) ⇒ = 𝑥 𝑥 (1 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

28. If 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 then find 𝑦 " .

Sol: Given 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥

= differentiation with respect to 𝑥 we get

𝑦 ′ = 4𝑥 3 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥

Again differentiation with respect to 𝑥 we get

𝑦 " = 12𝑥 2 + 2𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)

= 12𝑥 2 + 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥

110
TSWREIS
29. If 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑛𝑥
+ 𝑏𝑒 −𝑛𝑥
, then prove that 𝑦 = 𝑛 𝑦 . " 2

Sol: Given 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 −𝑛𝑥 ; on differentiation with respect to 𝑥 we get

𝑦 ′ = 𝑎𝑒 𝑛𝑥 (𝑛) + 𝑏𝑒 −𝑛𝑥 (−𝑛) on differentiation again with respect to 𝑥, we get

𝑦 " = 𝑎𝑒 𝑛𝑥 (𝑛)(𝑛) + 𝑏𝑒 −𝑛𝑥 (−𝑛)(−𝑛)

𝑦 " = 𝑛2 𝑎𝑒 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑛2 𝑏𝑒 −𝑛𝑥 = 𝑛2 (𝑎𝑒 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 −𝑛𝑥 ) = 𝑛2 𝑦

∴ 𝑦 " = 𝑛2 𝑦

30. If 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 5 then prove that 𝑓 ′ (0) + 3𝑓 ′ (−1) = 0

Sol: Given 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 5 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 4𝑥 + 3

Then 𝑓 ′ (0) = 0 + 3 and 𝑓 ′ (−1) = −4 + 3 = −1

∴ 𝑓 ′ (0) + 3𝑓1 (−1) = 3 + 3(−1) = 3 − 3 = 0

31. If 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑥 100 , then find 𝑓 ′ (1) .

Sol: 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑥 100 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 1 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 100𝑥 99

100×101 𝑛(𝑛+1)
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (1) = 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 100 = = 5050 [∵ ∑ 𝑛 = ]
2 2

LEVEL – 1, 4 Marks

1. Find the derivative of sin 2𝑥 from the first principle.

Sol: We take 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥, then

𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2(𝑥 + ℎ) = sin(2𝑥 + 2ℎ)

From the first principle,

𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 , (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

sin(2𝑥+2ℎ)−sin 2𝑥
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

1 (2𝑥+2ℎ)+2𝑥 (2𝑥+2ℎ)−2𝑥 𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷


= lim ℎ [2 cos ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )] (∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐷 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ))
ℎ→0 2 2 2 2

1 4𝑥+2ℎ 2ℎ
= 2 lim ℎ [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 )]
ℎ→0 2

1 (2(2𝑥+ℎ))
= 2 lim ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) sin(ℎ)
ℎ→0 2

111
TSWREIS
1
= 2 lim ℎ cos(2𝑥 + ℎ) sin(ℎ)
ℎ→0

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ
= 2 lim cos(2𝑥 + ℎ) . lim
ℎ→0 ℎ→0 ℎ

= 2 cos(2𝑥 + 0) (1) = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥

2. Find the derivative of cos 𝑎𝑥 from the first principle.

Sol: We take 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥, then

𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎(𝑥 + ℎ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎ℎ)

From the first principle,

𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 , (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

cos(𝑎𝑥+𝑎ℎ)−sin a𝑥
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

1 (𝑎𝑥+𝑎ℎ)+𝑎𝑥 (𝑎𝑥+𝑎ℎ)−𝑎𝑥 𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷


= lim ℎ [−2 sin ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )] (∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐷 = −2𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ))
ℎ→0 2 2 2 2

1 2𝑎𝑥+𝑎ℎ 𝑎ℎ
= −2 lim ℎ [𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 )]
ℎ→0 2

1 𝑎ℎ 𝑎ℎ
= −2 lim ℎ (𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎𝑥 + ) sin( 2 ))
ℎ→0 2

𝑎ℎ
1 𝑎ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛( )
= −2 lim ℎ sin [𝑎𝑥 + ] lim 2
ℎ→0 2 ℎ→0 ℎ

𝑎 𝑎
= −2 sin(𝑎𝑥 + 0) (2 ) = −2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥 (2 ) = −𝑎 sin 𝑎𝑥

3. Find the derivative of tan 2𝑥 from the first principle.

Sol: We take 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥, then

𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2(𝑥 + ℎ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛(2𝑥 + 2ℎ)

From the first principle,

𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 , (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

tan(2𝑥+2ℎ)−𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝑥
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

1 sin (2𝑥+2ℎ) sin (2𝑥)


= lim ℎ [cos(2𝑥+2ℎ) − cos(2𝑥)]
ℎ→0

112
TSWREIS
1 sin(2𝑥+2ℎ) cos(2𝑥)−cos(2𝑥+2ℎ)sin (2𝑥)
= lim ℎ [ ]
ℎ→0 cos(2𝑥+2ℎ)cos(2𝑥)

1 𝑠𝑖𝑛[(2𝑥+2ℎ)−2𝑥]
= lim ℎ cos(2𝑥+2ℎ)cos(2𝑥)
ℎ→0

[∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 = sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)]

𝑠𝑖𝑛2ℎ 1
= lim . lim cos(2𝑥+2ℎ)cos(2𝑥)
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0

1
= 2. = 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (2𝑥)
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2(2𝑥)

4. Find the derivative of cot 𝑥 from the first principle.

Sol: We take 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥, then

𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑥 + ℎ)

From the first principle,

𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 , (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

cot(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

1 cos(𝑥+ℎ) cos(𝑥)
= lim ℎ [ sin(𝑥+ℎ) − sin(𝑥) ]
ℎ→0

1 cos(𝑥+ℎ).𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−sin(𝑥+ℎ).𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= lim ℎ [ ]
ℎ→0 sin(𝑥+ℎ).𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

1 − sin((𝑥+ℎ)−𝑥)
= lim ℎ [ sin(𝑥+ℎ).𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ]
ℎ→0

[∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = −sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)]

1 −𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ
= lim ℎ [sin(𝑥+ℎ)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥]
ℎ→0

− sin ℎ 1
= lim [ ] . lim
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 sin(𝑥+ℎ)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

1
= −1 [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥.𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ] = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥

5. Find the derivative of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 from the first principle.

Sol: We take 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥, then

𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥 + ℎ)

113
TSWREIS
From the first principle,

𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 , (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

𝑐𝑜𝑠 2(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

−𝑠𝑖𝑛[(𝑥+ℎ)+𝑥]𝑠𝑖𝑛[(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑥]
= lim [∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐵 = − sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
ℎ→0 ℎ

− sin(2𝑥+ℎ)sin(ℎ) sin (ℎ)


= lim = − lim sin(2𝑥 + ℎ) . lim
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ→0 ℎ

= − sin(2𝑥 + 0) (1) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥

6. Find the derivative of 𝑠𝑒𝑐3𝑥 using first principle.

Sol: We take 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐3𝑥, then

𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐3(𝑥 + ℎ) = sec(3𝑥 + 3ℎ)

From the first principle,

𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 , (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

sec(3𝑥+3ℎ)−𝑠𝑒𝑐3𝑥
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

1 1 1
= lim ℎ [cos(3𝑥+3ℎ) − cos3x]
ℎ→0

1 cos 3𝑥−cos(3𝑥+3ℎ)
= lim ℎ [ ]
ℎ→0 cos(3𝑥+3ℎ)𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥

2sin (3𝑥+(3𝑥+3ℎ)) (3𝑥+3ℎ)−3𝑥


1 𝑠𝑖𝑛
= lim ℎ [ 2 2
]
ℎ→0 cos(3𝑥+3ℎ)𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥

𝐶+𝐷 𝐷−𝐶
[∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐷 = +2𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )]
2 2

6𝑥 3ℎ 3ℎ
1 2𝑠𝑖𝑛( 2 + 2 )𝑠𝑖𝑛( 2 )
= lim ℎ [ cos(3𝑥+3ℎ)𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 ]
ℎ→0

3ℎ 3ℎ 3ℎ 3ℎ
1 sin (3𝑥+ 2 )𝑠𝑖𝑛( 2 ) 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝑥+ ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛( )
= 2 lim ℎ [ cos(3𝑥+3ℎ)𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 ] = 2 lim ℎ cos(3𝑥+3ℎ)𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 . lim
2 2
ℎ→0 ℎ→0 ℎ→0 ℎ

sin(3𝑥+0) 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥


= 2. cos(3𝑥+0)cos(3𝑥) . (2) = 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥.𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 = 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 [𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥]

= 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛3𝑥

114
TSWREIS
7. Find the derivative of 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 from the first principle.

Sol: We take 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, then

𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = (𝑥 + ℎ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 + ℎ) = [𝑥(sin(𝑥 + ℎ)) + h (sin(𝑥 + ℎ))]

From the first principle,

𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 , (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

𝑥[sin(𝑥+ℎ)]+ℎ9sin (𝑥+ℎ)]−𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥


= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

𝑥[sin(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥]+ℎ sin(𝑥+ℎ)
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

𝑥 ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥+ℎ)
= lim ℎ [sin(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ] + lim
ℎ→0 ℎ→0 ℎ

𝑥 (𝑥+ℎ)+𝑥 (𝑥+ℎ)−𝑥
= lim ℎ [2𝑐𝑜𝑠 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ] + lim sin(𝑥 + ℎ)
ℎ→0 2 2 ℎ→0

𝑥 2𝑥 ℎ ℎ
= lim [2𝑐𝑜𝑠 [ + ] 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ] + lim sin(𝑥 + ℎ)
ℎ→0 ℎ 2 2 2 ℎ→0

𝑥 ℎ ℎ
= lim ℎ [2cos (𝑥 + 2 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 )] + lim sin(𝑥 + ℎ)
ℎ→0 ℎ→0


ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 1
= lim 2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 + 2 ) lim [ 2
] + lim sin(𝑥 + ℎ) = 2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 0). [ ] + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
ℎ→0 ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 𝑥

= 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

8. Find the derivative of 𝑥 3 from the first principle.

Sol: We take 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 , then

𝑓 (𝑥 + ℎ ) = (𝑥 + ℎ )3

From the first principle,

𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 , (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

(𝑥 3+ℎ 3+3𝑥 2 ℎ+3𝑥ℎ 2 )−𝑥 3


= lim [∵ (𝑎 + 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 + 𝑏3 + 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏2 ]
ℎ→0 ℎ

ℎ 3+3𝑥 2 ℎ+3𝑥ℎ 2 ℎ(ℎ 2+3𝑥 2 +3𝑥ℎ)


= lim = lim ( )
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ

= lim (3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥ℎ + ℎ2 ) = 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥(0) + (0)2 = 3𝑥 2


ℎ→0

115
TSWREIS
Hence proved that derivative of 𝑥 is 3𝑥 . 3 2

9. Find the derivative of √𝑥 + 1 from the first principle.

Sol: We have 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = √𝑥 + 1, then 𝑓 (𝑥 + ℎ) = √𝑥 + ℎ + 1

𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
From the first principle, 𝑓 , (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

1
= lim ℎ (√𝑥 + ℎ + 1 − √𝑥 + 1)
ℎ→0

1 (√𝑥+ℎ+1−√𝑥+1)(√𝑥+ℎ+1+√𝑥+1)
= lim ℎ
ℎ→0 √𝑥+ℎ+1+√𝑥+1

(𝑥+ℎ+1)−(𝑥+1)
= lim [∵ (√𝑎 + √𝑏)(√𝑎 − √𝑏) = 𝑎 − 𝑏]
ℎ→0 √𝑥+ℎ+1+√𝑥+1

ℎ 1
= lim ℎ(√𝑥+ℎ+1+ = lim
ℎ→0 √𝑥+1) ℎ→0 √𝑥+ℎ+1+√𝑥+1

1 1
= =
√𝑥+0+1+√𝑥+1 2√𝑥+1

1
Hence proved that derivative of √𝑥 + 1 is 2 .
√𝑥+1

𝑑𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
10. If 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 , then show that 𝑑𝑥 = (1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2

Sol: Given 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 ,

Applying log on both sides, 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 [∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ]

⇒ 𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = (𝑥 − 𝑦). 1 [∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 = 1]


𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 1) = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑥+1

Differentiating w.r.t. 𝑥 on both sides

𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 (logx+1)
𝑑𝑥
(𝑥)− (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥+1)𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 ′ 𝑣𝑢 ′ −𝑢𝑣 ′
= 𝑑𝑥 [𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥+1] ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥+1)2
[∵ ( ) = ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2

1
𝑑𝑦 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥+1)−𝑥[ ] 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥+1−1
𝑥
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥+1)2
= (1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2

𝑑𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
∴ = (1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 (𝑎+𝑦)
11. If 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎 + 𝑦), then show that 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎
(a is not a multiple of 𝜋)

Sol: Given 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎 + 𝑦)


116
TSWREIS
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
⇒ 𝑥 = sin(𝑎+𝑦)

Diff. w.r.to 𝑦

𝑑𝑥 sin (𝑎+𝑦)(sin 𝑦)′−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 (sin(𝑎+𝑦))′ 𝑢 ′ 𝑣𝑢 ′−𝑢𝑣 ′


= [∵ ( ) = ]
𝑑𝑦 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 (𝑎+𝑦)) 𝑣 𝑣2

sin(𝑎+𝑦)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎+𝑦) 𝑑 𝑑
= [∵ (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥] [∵ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥]
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 (𝑎+𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 sin(𝑎+𝑦−𝑦)
⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = [∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 = sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 (𝑎+𝑦)

𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎
⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑎+𝑦)

𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 (𝑎+𝑦)
⇒∴ = .
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎

√1+𝑥 2−1
12. If 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 𝑥
], 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 then, differentiate 𝑓(𝑥 ) with respect to 𝑔(𝑥) .

√1+𝑥 2 −1
Sol: Given 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ ]
𝑥

Put 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 then 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥

√1+(𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝜃)−1 √𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃−1


𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ ] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ ] [∵ 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃]
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃

1 1
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃−1 − 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ ] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ] [∵ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = ] [∵ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = ]
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ]
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝜃
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝐴
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ ] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 𝜃 𝜃
2
] [∵ 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ]
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
2 2

𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝐴 𝐴
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 2
𝜃 ] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) [∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ]
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 2
2

𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 (𝑥)
=2 = [∵ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃) = 𝜃]
2

1 1 𝑑 1
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = × [∵ (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 ) = ]
2 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2

1
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 2(1+𝑥 2)

117
TSWREIS
−1 ( ′( 1
𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ) ⇒ 𝑔 𝑥) = 1+𝑥 2

1
𝑓′(𝑥) 1(1+𝑥2) 1
= 1 =2
𝑔′(𝑥)
1+𝑥2

𝑑𝑦 𝑦2 𝑦2
13. If 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 then show that 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥(1−𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) = 𝑥(1−𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)

Sol: Given 𝑦 = 𝑥 4

Applying log on both sides, 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 4 = 𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 …… (1) [∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ]

Differentiating w.r. to 𝑥 on both sides

𝑑 𝑑
(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦) = (𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 1 𝑢 ′ 𝑣𝑢 ′ −𝑢𝑣 ′
× 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑦) [∵ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑓(𝑦)) = 𝑓(𝑦) 𝑓′(𝑦)] [∵ ( 𝑣 ) = ]
𝑦 𝑣2

1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑦 𝑑 1
⇒ 𝑦 × 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 × 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 [𝑦 − ]= [∵ (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ) = ]
1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦2
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 [1 − 𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦] = 𝑥 ⇒ = 𝑥 × 1−𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 𝑥(1−𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑦2
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥(1−𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦)

𝑑𝑦
14. Find 𝑑𝑥 for the functions, 𝑥 = 𝑎(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡), 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡).

Sol: Given 𝑥 = 𝑎(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)

Differentiating with respect to 𝑥 on the both sides

𝑑𝑥
⇒ = 𝑎(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)′ + 𝑡(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)′ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 (𝑡)′ [∵ (𝑢𝑣)′ = 𝑢𝑣 ′ + 𝑣𝑢′]
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑎(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡. (1) + 𝑡(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)) [∵ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥] [∵ (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥]
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
[ (𝑥 ) = 1]
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑎(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡) ⇒ = 𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)

Differentiating with respect to “t” on both sides

𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 𝑎(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡(1) + 𝑡(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)) [∵ (𝑢𝑣)′ = 𝑢𝑣 ′ + 𝑣𝑢′]
𝑑𝑡

118
TSWREIS
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑎(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡) [∵ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥] [∵ (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥] [ (𝑥 ) = 1]
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 𝑎𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 ⁄𝑑𝑡 𝑎𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃


∴ = = 𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⁄𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑑𝑦 3 𝑦
15. If 𝑥 2⁄3 + 𝑦 2⁄3 = 𝑎2⁄3 then 𝑑𝑥 = −√[𝑥 ].

Sol: Given 𝑥 2⁄3 + 𝑦 2⁄3 = 𝑎2⁄3

Differentiating with respect to ′𝑥′

2 2⁄ −1 2 2⁄ −1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
𝑥 3 + 3𝑦 3 . =0 [∵ (𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 ] [∵ (𝑦)𝑛 = 𝑛𝑦 𝑛−1 . 𝑑𝑥 ] [∵ (𝑥 ) = 0]
3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2 −1⁄ 2 −1⁄ 𝑑𝑦 2 −1⁄ 𝑑𝑦 2 −1⁄


⇒ 3𝑥 3 + 3𝑦 3. = 0 ⇒ 3𝑦 3. = −3𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2 −1⁄ 1 1⁄
𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥 3 −𝑦 ⁄3 𝑦 3 3 𝑦 𝑎𝑚 𝑎 𝑚 1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 3
2 −1⁄ = 1 = − [𝑥 ] = −√[𝑥 ] [∵ = [𝑏 ] ] [∵ = 𝑚√𝑥 ]
𝑦 3 𝑥 ⁄3 𝑏𝑚 𝑥𝑚
3

16. If 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + (𝑏 + 2𝑥 )𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, then show that 𝑦" + 𝑦 = 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥.

Sol: Given 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + (𝑏 + 2𝑥 )𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

Differentiation with respect to 𝑥 on both sides

𝑦 ′ = 𝑎(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 )′ + (𝑏 + 2𝑥 )(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )′ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥(𝑏 + 2𝑥)′ [∵ (𝑢𝑣)′ = 𝑢𝑣 ′ + 𝑣𝑢′]

𝑑 𝑑
⇒ 𝑦 ′ = 𝑎(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + (𝑏 + 2𝑥 )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥(2) [ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥] [ (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

⇒ 𝑦 ′ = −𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑏 + 2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

Again differentiation with respect to 𝑥 on both sides

⇒ 𝑦" = −𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + (𝑏 + 2𝑥)(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥(2) + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 [∵ (𝑢𝑣)′ = 𝑢𝑣 ′ + 𝑣𝑢′]

⇒ 𝑦" = −𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − (𝑏 + 2𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

⇒ 𝑦" = −[𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 + (𝑏 + 2𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥] + 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

⇒ 𝑦" = −𝑦 + 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦" + 𝑦 = 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

𝑑𝑦
17. If 𝑥 = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑡, 𝑦 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑡, then find 𝑑𝑥 .

119
TSWREIS
Sol: Given 𝑥 = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡, 𝑦 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡
3 3

Now, 𝑥 = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑡

Differentiation with respect to ‘t’ we get

𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑑
= −3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 2.3𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡) [∵ (𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 ] [∵ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥]
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇒ = 6𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 − 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 ⇒ = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡(2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 − 1)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑥
⇒ = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡
𝑑𝑡

Also 𝑦 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑡

Differentiation with respect to ‘t’ we get

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 2.3𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡) [∵ (𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 ] [∵ (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥]
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 6𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 ⇒ = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡(𝑡 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 [∵ 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴]
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 ⁄𝑑𝑡 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡
= 𝑑𝑥 ⁄𝑑𝑡 = = cot 𝑡
𝑑𝑥 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑡2𝑡

LEVEL – I, 7Marks

𝑑𝑦 1−𝑦 2
1. If √1 − 𝑥 2 + √1 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑦) then show that 𝑑𝑥 = √1−𝑥 2 .

Sol: Given√1 − 𝑥 2 + √1 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑦)

Put 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 and 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 ⇒ 𝜃1 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥, 𝜃2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑦

Now √1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃1 + √1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃2 = 𝑎(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 )

⇒ √𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃1 + √𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃2 = 𝑎(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 ) [∵ 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃]

⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 = 𝑎(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 ) [∵ √𝑎2 = |𝑎|]

𝜃1 +𝜃2 𝜃1 −𝜃2 𝜃1 +𝜃2 𝜃1 −𝜃2


⇒ 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 [ ] 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [ ] = 𝑎2𝑐𝑜𝑠 [ ] 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [ ]
2 2 2 2

𝜃 −𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠[ 1 2 ] 𝜃1 −𝜃2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
2
⇒ 𝜃 −𝜃 = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 [ ]=𝑎 [∵ = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃]
𝑠𝑖𝑛[ 1 2] 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2

120
TSWREIS
𝜃1 −𝜃2
⇒ = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (𝑎) ⇒ 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (𝑎) [∵ 𝜃1 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥; 𝜃2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑦]
2

⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑦 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (𝑎)

Differentiating with respect to 𝑥

1 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑
− . =0 [∵ (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 ) = ] [∵ (𝑘 ) = 0]
√1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 √1−𝑦 2 1−𝑦 2
⇒ . = ⇒ = =√
√1−𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2 1−𝑥 2

√1+𝑥 2+√1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
2. If 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [√1+𝑥 2 ]for 0 < |𝑥 | < 1, find 𝑑𝑥 .
−√1−𝑥 2

√1+𝑥 2+√1−𝑥 2
Sol: Given 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ ]
√1+𝑥 2−√1−𝑥 2

1
Substitute 𝑥 2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 ⇒ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 2

√1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃+√1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
We get 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ ]
√1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃−√1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃

√2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃+√2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [√2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ] [∵ 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴] [∵ 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴]
𝜃−√2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃

√2(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃(1+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)
𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 [ ] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃(1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)]
√2(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)

𝜋 𝜋 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝜋
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 4 + 𝜃)] = 4 + 𝜃 [∵ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 4 + 𝜃)] [𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃) = 𝜃]
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃

𝜋 1
∴ 𝑦 = 4 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑥 2 )

Differentiating with respect to ′𝑥′ we get

𝑑𝑦 1 −1
= 0 + 2 × √1−𝑥 4 × 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥

−𝑥
= √1−𝑥 4

𝑑𝑦
3. If 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 , find 𝑑𝑥 .

Sol: Given 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

Let 𝑦1 = 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 and 𝑦2 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 then 𝑦 = 𝑦1 + 𝑦2

Differentiating with respect to ′𝑥′ on both sides

121
TSWREIS
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦1 𝑑𝑦2
= + ---------(1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑦1 = 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥

Applying log on both sides, 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦1 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 )

⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 [∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ]

Differentiating with respective ′𝑥′ on both sides

1 𝑑𝑦1 𝑑 𝑑
× = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) [∵ (𝑢𝑣)′ = 𝑢𝑣 ′ + 𝑣𝑢′]
𝑦1 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑 1 𝑑
⇒ = 𝑦1 [ + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥] [∵ (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ) = ] [∵ (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
= 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 [ + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥] ------ (2)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝑦2 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

Applying log on both sides, 𝑦2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥. log(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)

Differentiating with respective ′𝑥′ on both sides

1 𝑑𝑦2 𝑑 𝑑
. = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )] + log(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) [∵ (𝑢𝑣)′ = 𝑢𝑣 ′ + 𝑣𝑢′]
𝑦2 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑦2 1
⇒𝑦 . = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥] − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦2
⇒ = 𝑦2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 log(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦2
⇒ = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 log(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)] ---------(3)
𝑑𝑥

Substituting (2) & (3) in equation (1) we get

𝑑𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
= 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 [ + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥. 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥] + (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 log(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

4. Find the derivative of (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 with respective of 𝑥.

Sol: Let 𝑦 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

Now let 𝑦1 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 , 𝑦2 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 then

𝑦 = 𝑦1 + 𝑦2

122
TSWREIS
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦1 𝑑𝑦2
= + --------- (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Now𝑦1 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥

Taking log on both sides, 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦1 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥

⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦1 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 log(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) [∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ]

Differentiating both sides with respect to 𝑥 then

𝑑 𝑑
(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦1 ) = (log 𝑥 log(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑦1 𝑑 𝑑
⇒𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 (log(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )) + log(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) [∵ (𝑢𝑣)′ = 𝑢𝑣 ′ + 𝑣𝑢′]
1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑦1 1 1 𝑑 1 𝑑
⇒𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + log(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 𝑥 [∵ log(𝑥 ) = 𝑥] [∵ (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥]
1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦1 log(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥


⇒ = 𝑦1 [𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + ] [∵ = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

𝑑𝑦1 log(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
⇒ = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 [𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + ] ----------- (2)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

Taking log on both sides, 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
Differentiating both sides with respect to 𝑥 then 𝑑𝑥 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦2 ) = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)

1 𝑑𝑦2 𝑑 𝑑
⇒𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦2 1
⇒ = 𝑦2 [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥]
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
⇒ = (𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 [ + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥] ----------- (3)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

Substitute (2) and (3) in (1)

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 [𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑥 log(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)] + 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 [ + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑦𝑥 𝑦−1+𝑦 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦
5. If 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑏 then show that 𝑑𝑥 = − [ 𝑥 𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥+𝑥𝑦 𝑥−1 ].

Sol: Let 𝑦1 = 𝑥 𝑦 and 𝑦2 = 𝑦 𝑥

Then given equation is 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 = 𝑎𝑏

Differentiating with respect to 𝑥 we get

123
TSWREIS
𝑑𝑦1 𝑑𝑦2
+ = 0 ---------- (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Now 𝑦1 = 𝑥 𝑦

Applying log on both sides 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦1 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑦

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦1 = 𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 [∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ]

Differentiating with respect to 𝑥

1 𝑑𝑦1 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑦1 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
⇒𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 [𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ] = 𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 × 𝑑𝑥 [∵ (𝑢𝑣)′ = 𝑢𝑣 ′ + 𝑣𝑢′]
1 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑦1 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1
⇒𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [∵ log(𝑥 ) = 𝑥]
1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦1 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦1 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 𝑦1 [𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ]⇒ = 𝑥 𝑦 [𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦1 𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑚
⇒ = 𝑥 𝑦−1 . 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑦 . 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ----------- (2) [∵ = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛 ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛

Also 𝑦2 = 𝑦 𝑥

Applying log on both sides, 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦2 = 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 [∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ]

Differentiating both sides with respect to 𝑥

1 𝑑𝑦2 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑦2 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
⇒ = [𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦] ⇒ =𝑥 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 × (𝑥)
𝑦2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑦2 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦2 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
⇒𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦. 1 ⇒ = 𝑦2 [𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦]
2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦2 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦2 𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 𝑦 𝑥 [𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 ] ⇒ = 𝑦 𝑥−1 . 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 . 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 --------(3)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Substitute (2) and (3) in (1)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑦−1 . 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑦 . 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥−1 . 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 . 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑦−1 𝑥 ) = −(𝑦 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑦−1 𝑦)

𝑑𝑦 −(𝑦 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦+𝑥 𝑦−1 𝑦)


⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥+𝑥 𝑦−1𝑥)
.

𝑑𝑦
6. If 𝑦 = 𝑥√𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 log(𝑥 + √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 ) then prove that 𝑑𝑥 = 2√𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 .

Sol: Given 𝑦 = 𝑥√𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 log(𝑥 + √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 )

124
TSWREIS
Differentiating with respect to 𝑥 on both sides

𝑑𝑦 𝑑(𝑥) 𝑑 𝑑
= √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (√𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 ) + 𝑎2 . 𝑑𝑥 log(𝑥 + √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 ) [∵ (𝑢𝑣)′ = 𝑢𝑣 ′ +
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑣𝑢′]

𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 1 𝑑
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥. + 𝑎2 . (𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 + √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 ))
2√𝑎 2 +𝑥 2 𝑥+√𝑎 2 +𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑 1 𝑑 𝑑 1 𝑑
[∵ (𝑥 ) = 1] [∵ (√𝑥) = ] [∵ (𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 ] [∵ (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ) = ] [∵ (𝑘) = 0]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑥2 𝑎2 1 𝑑
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 + √𝑎2 + [1 + . 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎𝑒 + 𝑥 2 )]
+𝑥 2 𝑥+√𝑎 2 +𝑥 2 2√𝑎 2 +𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 𝑥2 𝑎2 1 1
⇒ = √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 + √𝑎2 + [ + (2𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 +𝑥 2 𝑥+√𝑎 2 +𝑥 2 1 2√𝑎 2+𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 𝑥2 𝑎2 √𝑎 2 +𝑥 2+𝑥
⇒ = √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 + √𝑎2 + [ ]
𝑑𝑥 +𝑥 2 𝑥+√𝑎 2 +𝑥 2 √𝑎 2 +𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 𝑥2 𝑎2 𝑎 2 +𝑥 2
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 + √𝑎2 + √𝑎2 = √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 + √𝑎2 2
+𝑥 2 +𝑥 2 +𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑎 2 +𝑥 2
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 + √𝑎2 [∵ 𝑎 = √𝑎√𝑎]
+𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 + √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 = 2√𝑎2 + 𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 𝑦(𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦−𝑦)
7. If 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑥 then show that 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥−𝑥)

Sol: Given 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑥

Applying log on both sides, 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦

Differentiating with respect to 𝑥 on both sides

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑦) = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥) [∵ (𝑢𝑣)′ = 𝑢𝑣 ′ + 𝑣𝑢′]

1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥. 𝑦 . 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦. 1

𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑦
⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 . 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 [ − 𝑦] = −𝑥
1 1

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥−𝑥 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦−𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦(𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦−𝑦)


⇒ 𝑑𝑥 [ ]= ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥−𝑥)
𝑦 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 [1−𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦]
8. If 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 then show that 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 .
𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥

Sol: Given 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥

125
TSWREIS
Take ‘log’ on both sides, 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 )
= log(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)

⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = log(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)

Differentiating with respect to 𝑥 we get

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦. 𝑑𝑥 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑦) = (log(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ))
𝑑𝑥

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦
⇒ = 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 −
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1−𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 (1−𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦)


⇒ = ⇒ =𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥

7 Marks LEVEL - 2

𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑏
1. If 𝑎 > 𝑏 > 0 and 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋; 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑎2 − 𝑏2 )−1/2 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑎+𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) then 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)−1

𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑏
Sol: Let 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑎2 − 𝑏2 )−1/2 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑎+𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)

Differentiating with respect to 𝑥 we get

𝑏+ 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ′
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = (𝑎2 − 𝑏2 )−1/2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑎+𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)]

−1 𝑏+𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ′ 𝑑 −1
= (𝑎2 − 𝑏2 )−1/2 [ [ ]] [∵ (𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 ) = ]
2 𝑎+𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2
√1−(𝑏+𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
𝑎+𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

−1 (𝑎+𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)(𝑏+𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)′−(𝑏+𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)(𝑎+𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)′
= (𝑎2 − 𝑏2 )−1/2 [ (𝑏+𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)2
× [ (𝑎+𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)2
]]
√1−
(𝑎+𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)2

(𝑎+𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) (𝑏+𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)(−𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)−(𝑎+𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)(−𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
= (𝑎2 − 𝑏2 )−1/2 [ × [ (𝑎+𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)2
]]
√(𝑎+𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)2 −(𝑏+𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)2

(𝑎+𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
= (𝑎2 − 𝑏2 )−1/2 [√𝑎2 ×
+𝑏 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥+2𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−𝑏2−𝑎 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥−2𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

−𝑏2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑎 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥


[ ]]
(𝑎+𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)2

(𝑎 2−𝑏2 )𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= (𝑎2 − 𝑏2 )−1/2 [ ]
(𝑎+𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)√(𝑎 2−𝑏2 )(1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥)

126
TSWREIS
√𝑎 2 −𝑏2 √𝑎 2 −𝑏2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= (𝑎2 − 𝑏2 )−1/2 [ ]
(𝑎+𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) √(𝑎 2−𝑏2 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

−1/2 1/2
(𝑎 2 −𝑏2 ) (𝑎 2 −𝑏2 ) 1
= = (𝑎+𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)2
(𝑎+𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)

𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 )−1

𝑥−𝛽 𝑥−𝛽
2. If 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 √𝛼−𝛽 and 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 √𝛼−𝑥 then show that 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑔′ (𝑥) (𝛽 < 𝑥 < 𝛼)

𝑥−𝛽
Sol: Given 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 √𝛼−𝛽

Differentiating with respect to 𝑥 on both sides

1 𝑑 𝑥−𝛽
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 2 𝑑𝑥
[√𝛼−𝛽 ]
√1−[√ 𝑥−𝛽 ]
𝛼−𝛽

1 1 𝑑 𝑥−𝛽
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = ×2 [ ]
2 𝑥−𝛽 𝑑𝑥 𝛼−𝛽

√1−[√𝑥−𝛽 ] 𝛼−𝛽
1 𝛼−𝛽

1 √𝛼−𝛽 1
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 𝛼−𝛽−𝑥+𝛽
×2 × 𝛼−𝛽
√ √𝑥−𝛽
𝛼−𝛽

√𝛼−𝛽 √𝛼−𝛽 1 1
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = ×2 × 𝛼−𝛽 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 2 -------- (1)
√𝛼−𝑥 √𝑥−𝛽 √(𝛼−𝑥)(𝑥−𝛽)

𝑥−𝛽
𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (√𝛼−𝑥 )

Differentiating with respect to 𝑥 on both sides

1 𝑑 𝑥−𝛽
𝑔 ′ (𝑥 ) = [√ ]
2 𝑑𝑥 𝛼−𝑥
√1+[√𝑥−𝛽]
𝛼−𝑥

1 1 𝑑 𝑥−𝛽
⇒ 𝑔 ′ (𝑥 ) = 1 𝑥−𝛽 ×2 [ ]
+ 𝑥−𝛽 𝑑𝑥 𝛼−𝑥
1 𝛼−𝑥 √
𝛼−𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
1 √𝛼−𝑥 (𝛼−𝑥) (𝑥−𝛽)−(𝑥−𝛽) (𝛼−𝑥)
⇒ 𝑔 ′ (𝑥 ) = 𝛼−𝑥+𝑥−𝛽 ×2 [ 𝑑𝑥
(𝛼−𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥
]
√𝑥−𝛽
𝛼−𝑥

(𝛼−𝑥) 𝛼−𝑥
√ 𝛼−𝑥+𝑥−𝛽
⇒ 𝑔′ (𝑥 ) = (𝛼−𝛽)√𝑥−𝛽 [ (𝛼−𝑥)2
]

127
TSWREIS
(𝛼−𝑥)√𝛼−𝑥 (𝛼−𝛽) √𝛼−𝑥
⇒ 𝑔 ′ (𝑥 ) = × (𝛼−𝑥)2 ⇒ 𝑔′ (𝑥 ) = 2
(𝛼−𝛽)√𝑥−𝛽 √𝑥−𝛽√𝛼−𝑥 √𝛼−𝑥

1
⇒ 𝑔 ′ (𝑥 ) = 2 --------- (2)
√(𝛼−𝑥)(𝑥−𝛽)

From (1) and (2), 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑔′ (𝑥)

2𝑥 3𝑥−𝑥 3 4𝑥−4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑦 1
3. If 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [1−𝑥 2 ] + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [1−3𝑥 2 ] − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [1−6𝑥 2+𝑥 4] then show that 𝑑𝑥 = 1+𝑥 2

2𝑥 3𝑥−𝑥 3 4𝑥−4𝑥 3
Sol: Given 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [1−𝑥 2 ] + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 [1−3𝑥 2 ] − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [1−6𝑥 2 +𝑥 4 ]

Put 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 ⇒ 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥)

2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 3 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃−𝑡𝑎𝑛 3 𝜃 4𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃−4𝑡𝑎𝑛 3 𝜃


𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 [1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 ] + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ ] − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ ]
1−3𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝜃 1−6𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝜃+𝑡𝑎𝑛 4 𝜃

⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛3𝜃) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛4𝜃)

⇒ 𝑦 = 2𝜃 + 3𝜃 − 4𝜃 = 5𝜃 − 4𝜃

⇒ 𝑦 = 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥

Differentiating with respect to ′𝑥′ we get

𝑑𝑦 1
= 1+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥

2𝑥 2𝑥
4. Find the derivative of 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1−𝑥 2 ) with respect to 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (1+𝑥 2 )

2𝑥
Sol: Given 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1−𝑥 2 )

Put 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 ⇒ 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥

2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 )

⇒ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃) = 2𝜃

⇒ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥

Differentiating with respect to ′𝑥′

1 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 2 × 1+𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 1+𝑥 2

2𝑥
𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (1+𝑥 2 )

Put 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 ⇒ 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥


128
TSWREIS
2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (1+𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 )

⇒ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃) = 2𝜃

⇒ 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥

Differentiating with respect to ′𝑥′

1 2
𝑔′ (𝑥 ) = 2 × 1+𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑔′ (𝑥 ) = 1+𝑥 2

2
𝑓′ (𝑥) 1+𝑥2
Now 𝑔′ (𝑥) = 1 =1
1+𝑥2

𝑑2 𝑦 ℎ 2 −𝑎𝑏
5. If 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 1 then prove that 𝑑𝑥 2 = (ℎ𝑥+𝑏𝑦)3.

Sol: Given 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 1

Differentiating with respect to 𝑥 on both sides

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑎 (𝑥 2 ) + 2ℎ 9𝑥. 𝑦) + 𝑏 (𝑦 2 ) = (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑎(2𝑥 ) + 2ℎ [𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦] + 2𝑏𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 2𝑎𝑥 + 2ℎ𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2ℎ𝑦 + 2𝑏𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0

𝑑𝑦
⇒ 2(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦) + 2 𝑑𝑥 (ℎ𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦) = 0

𝑑𝑦 −(𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦)
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = ----------- (1)
ℎ𝑥+𝑏𝑦

Again Differentiating with respect to "𝑥" on both sides

𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 (𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦)
[ ]=− [ ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ℎ𝑥+𝑏𝑦

𝑑 𝑑
𝑑2 𝑦 (ℎ𝑥+𝑏𝑦) (𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦)−(𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦) (ℎ𝑥+𝑏𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=[ ]
𝑑𝑥 2 (ℎ𝑥+𝑏𝑦)2

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(ℎ𝑥+𝑏𝑦)[𝑎+ℎ ]−(𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦)[ℎ+𝑏 ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= −[ (ℎ𝑥+𝑏𝑦)2
]

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
ℎ𝑎𝑥+ℎ 2 ×𝑥+𝑎𝑏𝑦+ℎ𝑏𝑦 −ℎ𝑎𝑥−𝑏𝑎𝑥 −ℎ 2𝑦−ℎ𝑏𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=− (ℎ𝑥+𝑏𝑦)2

𝑑𝑦 2
(ℎ 𝑥−𝑏𝑎𝑥)+𝑦(𝑎𝑏−ℎ 2 )
𝑑𝑥
= −[ (ℎ𝑥+𝑏𝑦)2
]

129
TSWREIS
−(𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦) 𝑦(𝑎𝑏−ℎ2)
(ℎ 2−𝑏𝑎𝑥)+
ℎ𝑥+𝑏𝑦 1
= −[ ] [∵ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑞 (1)]
(ℎ𝑥+𝑏𝑦)2

−(𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦)(ℎ 2 𝑥−𝑏𝑎𝑥)+𝑦(𝑎𝑏−ℎ 2)(ℎ𝑥+𝑏𝑦)


=− (ℎ𝑥+𝑏𝑦)2

ℎ 2 (𝑎𝑥 2+𝑏𝑦 2 +ℎ𝑥𝑦+ℎ𝑥𝑦)+𝑎𝑏(𝑎𝑥 2+𝑏𝑦 2 +ℎ𝑥𝑦+ℎ𝑥𝑦)


= −[ (ℎ𝑥+𝑏𝑦)3
]

ℎ 2 (𝑎𝑥 2+2ℎ𝑥𝑦+ 𝑏𝑦 2 )−𝑎𝑏(𝑎𝑥 2++2ℎ𝑥𝑦+𝑏𝑦 2 )


= −[ (ℎ𝑥+𝑏𝑦)3
]

(𝑎𝑥 2 +2ℎ𝑥𝑦+𝑏𝑦 2 )(ℎ 2−𝑎𝑏)


= [∵ 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 1]
(ℎ𝑥+𝑏𝑦)2

𝑑2 𝑦 ℎ 2 −𝑎𝑏
∴ = (ℎ𝑥+𝑏𝑦)3
𝑑𝑥 2

130
TSWREIS
10. APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES

10.1 ERRORS AND APPROXIMATIONS

Synopsis point

 If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is a differentiable function of 𝑥 and


∆𝑥 → change in 𝑥, then actual change in 𝑦 is
∆𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 + ∆𝑥 ) − 𝑓(𝑥); 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑓′(𝑥)∆𝑥
 Approximations:- The approximate value of 𝑓(𝑥) in ∆𝑥 neighborhood of known 𝑥 is
𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) + 𝑓′(𝑥)∆𝑥.
(∆𝑥 = 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥
 If in 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), an error ∆𝑥 occurs in x then
(i) ∆𝑦 is called error in 𝑦.
∆𝑦
(ii) is called relative error in 𝑦.
𝑦
∆𝑦
(iii) × 100 is called percentage error in y.
𝑦

LEVEL - I

1. If 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 6 then find ∆𝑦 and 𝑑𝑦 when 𝑥 = 10, ∆𝑥 = 0.01.

Sol: Given 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 6, 𝑥 = 10, ∆𝑥 = 0.01

(i) ∆𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥 ) − 𝑓(𝑥)

= (𝑥 + ∆𝑥)2 + 3(𝑥 + ∆𝑥 ) + 6 − (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 6)

= 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥∆𝑥 + (∆𝑥 )2 + 3𝑥 + 3∆𝑥 + 6 − 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 6

= 2𝑥∆𝑥 + (∆𝑥 )2 + 3∆𝑥 = ∆𝑥(2𝑥 + ∆𝑥 + 3)

= 0.01[2(10) + 0.01 + 3]

= (0.01)(23.01) = 0.2301

(ii) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑓′(𝑥)∆𝑥 = (2𝑥 + 3)∆𝑥 = [2(10) + 3](0.01) = 23(0.01) = 0.23

2. Find ∆𝑦 and 𝑑𝑦 for the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥, when 𝑥 = 10, ∆𝑥 = 0.1

Sol: Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥, 𝑥 = 10, ∆𝑥 = 0.1

(i) ∆𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥 ) − 𝑓(𝑥)

131
TSWREIS
= (𝑥 + ∆𝑥 )2 + (𝑥 + ∆𝑥 ) − 𝑥 − 𝑥 2

= 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥∆𝑥 + (∆𝑥 )2 + ∆𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥

= ∆𝑥(∆𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1) = 0.01(0.1 + 2(10) + 1)

= (0.1)(0.1 + 21) = (0.1)(21.1) = 2.11

(ii) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑓′(𝑥)∆𝑥 = (2𝑥 + 1)∆𝑥

= [2(10) + 1)]0.1 = 21(0.1) = 2.1

3. Find ∆𝑦 and 𝑑𝑦 for the function 𝑦 = 1/(𝑥 + 2), where 𝑥 = 8, ∆𝑥 = 0.02

1
Sol: Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥+2 and 𝑥 = 8, ∆𝑥 = 0.02

1 1
(i) ∆𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥 ) − 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥+∆𝑥)+2 − 𝑥+2

1 1 1 1
= 8+0.02+2 − 8+2 = 10.02 − 10

4. Find the approximate value of √82.

Sol: √82 = √81 + 1

∴ Known value 𝑥 = 81 and ∆𝑥 = 1

1
Let 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = √𝑥 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 2
√𝑥

∴ approximate value is given by

𝑓 (𝑥 + ∆𝑥 ) = [𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 )∆𝑥]𝑎𝑡 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑥

1
∴ √82 = (√𝑥 + 2 ∆𝑥)
√𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑥=81

1
= √81+2 (1)
√81

1 1
= 9 + 2(9) = 9 + 18 = 9 + 0.0555 = 9.0555

5. Find the approximate value of √65.


3

Sol: √65 = √64 + 1


3 3

Known value 𝑥 = 64 and ∆𝑥 = 1

132
TSWREIS
1 1 2
1 −1 1 − 1
Let 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3√𝑥 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 3 𝑥
3 3 = 3𝑥 3 = 2
3𝑥 3

∴ approximate value in given by

𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥 ) = [𝑓 (𝑥 ) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 )∆𝑥]𝑎𝑡 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑥

1 1
= 3√𝑥 + 3𝑥 2/3 ∆𝑥 = √64 +
3 3
∴ √65 2 (1)
3(64) 3

1 1 1
=4+ 2 (1) = 4 + =4+
3(42 ) 3(16)
3(643 )3

1 192+1 193
= 4 + 48 = = = 4.0208
48 48

6. If the increase in the side of a square is 4% then find the approximate percentage of
increase in the area of square.

Sol: let 𝑥 is the side of the square

𝑑𝑥
Given × 100 = 4
𝑥

Area of the square A = 𝑥 2

⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐴 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 2 = 2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥

1 1
⇒ 𝐴 𝑑𝐴 = 2 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑥
⇒ × 100 = 2 × 100 = 2(4) = 8
𝐴 𝑥

7. If the increase in the side of a square is 2% then find the approximate percentage of
increase in the area of the square.

Sol: let 𝑥 is the side of the square

𝑑𝑥
Given × 100 = 2
𝑥

Area of the square A = 𝑥 2

⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐴 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 2 = 2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥

1 1
∴ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐴 = 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝐴 = 2 𝑑𝑥
𝐴 2

𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑥
⇒ × 100 = 2 × 100 = 2(2) = 4
𝐴 𝑥

133
TSWREIS
8. The side of a square is increased from 3cm to 3.01cm. find the approximate increase
in the area of the square.

Sol: Let 𝑥 denotes the side of the square

𝑥 = 3 and ∆𝑥 = 3.01 − 3 = 0.01

Area of the square 𝐴 = 𝑥 2

𝑑𝐴
⇒ ∆𝐴 = ∆𝑥 = (2𝑥)∆𝑥
𝑑𝑥

= 2(3)(0.01) = 0.06sq. units

9. If the radius of the sphere is increased from 7cm to 7.02cm then find the approximate
increase in the volume of the sphere.

Sol: Let 𝑟 = radius of the sphere

𝑟 = 7cm and ∆𝑟 = 7.02 − 7 = 0.02cm

4
Volume of the sphere 𝑣 = 3 𝜋𝑟 3

𝑑𝑣
⇒ ∆𝑣 = 𝑑𝑟 ∆𝑟

4
= 𝜋(3𝑟 2 )∆𝑟 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 ∆𝑟
3

4(22)(7)(7)(0.02)
= = 12.32𝑐𝑚3
7

LEVEL - 2

1. 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 then find ∆𝑦 and 𝑑𝑦 when 𝑥 = 60𝑜 and ∆𝑥 = 1𝑜 = 0.0174.

Sol: ∆𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 + ∆𝑥 ) − 𝑓(𝑥)

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠(60𝑜 + 1𝑜 ) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠60𝑜 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠61𝑜 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠60𝑜 [∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠1𝑜 = 0.4848]

1
∴ ∆𝑦 = 0.4848 − 2 = 0.4848 − 0.5 = −0.0152

√3
(ii) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑓′(𝑥)∆𝑥 = (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )∆𝑥 = (−𝑠𝑖𝑛60𝑜 )(1𝑜 ) = (− ) (0.0174)
2

= (−0.8660)(0.0174) = −0.01506

2. Find the approximate value of √999.


3

134
TSWREIS
Sol: √999 = √1000 − 1
3 3

Known value 𝑥 = 1000 and ∆𝑥 = −1


1 1 2
1 1 1
Let 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = √𝑥 = 𝑥 3 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 3 𝑥 3−1 = 3 𝑥 −3 =
3
2
3𝑥 3

∴ approximate value in given by

𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥 ) = [𝑓 (𝑥 ) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 )∆𝑥]𝑎𝑡 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑥

1 1
∴ √999 = 3√𝑥 + 3𝑥 2/3 ∆𝑥 = √1000 +
3 3
2 (−1)
3(1000) 3

1 1 1
= 10 + 2 (−1) = 10 − = 10 − 3(100)
3(102 )
3(103 )3

1
= 10 − 300 = 10 − 0.0033 = 9.9969

3. Find the approximate value of √7.8.


3

Sol: √7.8 = √8 − 0.2


3 3

Known value 𝑥 = 8 and ∆𝑥 = −0.2

1 1 2
1 1 1
Let 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3√𝑥 = 𝑥 3 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 3 𝑥 3−1 = 3 𝑥 −3 = 2
3𝑥 3

∴ approximate value in given by

𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥 ) = [𝑓 (𝑥 ) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 )∆𝑥]𝑎𝑡 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑥

1 1
∴ √65 = 3√𝑥 + 2/3 ∆𝑥 = √8 +
3 3
2 (−0.2)
3𝑥
3(8)3

1 0.2 0.2
=2− 2 (0.2) = 2 −
3(22 )
= 2 − 12
3(23 )3

= 2 − 0.0166 = 1.9834

4. Find the approximate value of 𝑠𝑖𝑛62𝑜 .

Sol: 𝑠𝑖𝑛62𝑜 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(60𝑜 + 2𝑜 ) known value 𝑥 = 60𝑜 and

∆𝑥 = 2𝑜 − 2(0.0174)𝑜

Let 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

∴ approximate value is given by


135
TSWREIS
′(
𝑓 (𝑥 + ∆𝑥 ) = [𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑓 𝑥 )∆𝑥]𝑎𝑡 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛62𝑜 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ∆𝑥 ) at 𝑥 = 60𝑜

= 𝑠𝑖𝑛60𝑜 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠60𝑜 × 2𝑜

√3 1 √3 1
= + 2 × 2𝑜 = + 2 × 2 × 0.0174
2 2

= 0.8660 + 0.0174 = 0.8834

5. The time ′𝑡’ of a complete oscillation of a simple pendulum of length 𝑙 is given by 𝑡 =


𝑙
2𝜋√𝑔 where 𝑔 is gravitational constant. Find the approximate percentage of error in

′𝑡’when the percentage of error in 𝑙 is 1%.

𝑑𝑙 𝑙
Sol: Given that × 100 = 1 Given equation is 𝑡 = 2𝜋√𝑔
𝑙

2𝜋
= √𝑙 [∵ g is constant]
√𝑔

2𝜋
⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔√𝑙 [∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑏 = log 𝑎 + log 𝑏]
√𝑔

2𝜋 1
⇒ log 𝑡 = log + log 𝑙
√𝑔 2

1 1 1
⇒ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 0 + 𝑑𝑙
2 𝑙

𝑑𝑡 1 1 1 1
⇒ × 100 = 2 𝑙 𝑑𝑙 × 100 = 2 (1) =
𝑡 2

PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1. If 𝑦 = 5𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 6, item find ∆𝑦 and 𝑑𝑦 when 𝑥 = 2, ∆𝑥 = 0.001 [Ans: 0.026005, 0.026]


2. Find the approximate value of √25.001. [Ans: 5..0001]
3. Find the approximate value of √17. [Ans: 2.0312]
3

4. The diameter of a sphere in measured to 40 cm. If an error of 0.02cm is made in 14,


then find approximate errors in volume and surface are of the sphere. [Ans: 1.6𝜋
sq. cm]
5. If 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝐾𝑥 𝑛 then show that the approximate relative error (or increase) in 𝑦 is 𝑛
times. The relative error (or increase) in 𝑥 where 𝑛 and K are constants.

136
TSWREIS
10.2 TANGENT AND NORMAL (1× 𝟒 = 𝟒𝑴, 𝟏 × 𝟕 = 𝟕𝑴)

SYNOPSIS POINTS

 Tangent: The tangent is a straight line which just touches the curve at a given point.
 NormType equation here.al: The normal is a straight line which is perpendicular to the
tangent.
𝑑𝑦
 If 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is a point on 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) then slope of the tangent at P is 𝑚 = (𝑑𝑥 ) .
𝑃(𝑥1 ,𝑦1 )

 If 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is a point of intersection of the curves 𝑓(𝑥 ), 𝑔(𝑥) and 𝜃 is the angle between
𝑚 −𝑚2 𝑑𝑓
the two curves then 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 1+𝑚
1
where 𝑚1 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) or 𝑑𝑥 [∵ at (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )]
1 𝑚2

𝑑𝑔
𝑚2 = 𝑔′ (𝑥 ) (or) 𝑑𝑥 [∵ at (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )]

Note: m1 = m2 ⇒ the two curves touch each other at (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )

m1m2 = -1 ⇒ the two curves cut orthogonally.

𝑑𝑦
 If 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is a point on the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑚 = 𝑑𝑥 at (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) then

𝑦1 √1+𝑚 2
(i) Length of the tangent to the curve at 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is | |
𝑚

(ii) Length of the normal to the curve at 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is |𝑦1 √1 + 𝑚2 |.

𝑦
(iii) Length of the sub tangent to the curve at 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is | 𝑚1 |.

(iv) Length of subnormal to the curve at 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is |𝑦1 𝑚|

LEVEL – 1 SAQ (4M)

1. Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the curve 𝑥𝑦 = 10 at (2, 5).

Sol: Given curve is 𝑥𝑦 = 10, let P(2, 5) be the given points

𝑑𝑦
Differentiating w.r.t. ′𝑥’ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0

𝑑𝑦 −𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑚

(i) Slope of the tangent at P(2, 5) is

𝑑𝑦 −5
𝑚1 = 𝑑𝑥 | = 2

137
TSWREIS
−5
(ii) Equation of the tangent with slope 𝑚1 = at P(2, 5) point is
2

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚1 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

−5
⇒ (𝑦 − 5) = (𝑥 − 2)
2

⇒ 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 20 = 0

−1 2
(iii) Slope of the normal is 𝑚2 = 𝑚 = 5
1

2
(iv) equation of the normal at (2, 5) with slope 𝑚2 = 5 is

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚2 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

2
⇒ (𝑦 − 5) = 5 (𝑥 − 2)

⇒ 2𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 21 = 0

2. Find the equations of the tangent and the normal to the curve 𝑦 4 = 𝑎𝑥 3 at (𝑎, 𝑎).

Sol: Given curve is 𝑦 4 = 𝑎𝑥 3

𝑑𝑦
Different w.r.t. we get 4𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑎𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 3𝑎𝑥 2
⇒ =
𝑑𝑥 4𝑦 3

3𝑎(𝑎 2) 3
(i) Slope of the tangent at (𝑎, 𝑎) is 𝑚 = =
4(𝑎 3 ) 4

3
(ii) Equation of the tangent at (𝑎, 𝑎), 𝑚 = 4 is 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

3
⇒ 𝑦 − 𝑎 = 4 (𝑥 − 𝑎 )

⇒ 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 𝑎 = 0

−1 −1 −4
(iii) Slope of the normal is = 3 =
𝑚 3
4

−4
(iv) Equation of the normal at (𝑎, 𝑎), slope 𝑚 = is
𝑚

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

−4
⇒𝑦−𝑎 = 3
(𝑥 − 𝑎)

⇒ 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 7𝑎 = 0
138
TSWREIS
3. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 𝑥 , where it meets the x-axis.
2 3

Sol: Equation of x-axis is 𝑦 = 0

Given curve is 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3

To find the point of intersection of the line 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3

Put 𝑦 = 0 in 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3

⇒ 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 = 0

⇒ 𝑥 2 (3 − 𝑥 ) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 3

∴ Points are P(0, 0), Q(3, 0)

(a) Equation of tangent at P(0, 0)

𝑑𝑦
Slope 𝑚 = 𝑑𝑥 | = (6𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 )| = 0 [at P(0, 0)]

Equation of tangent at P(0, 0) and slope m = 0 is

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

⇒ 𝑦 − 0 = 0(𝑥 − 0) ⇒ 𝑦 = 0

(b) Equation of tangent at P(3, 0).

𝑑𝑦
Slope 𝑚 = 𝑑𝑥 | = (6𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 )| = 18 − 27 = −9 [at P(3, 0)]

Equation of tangent at P(3, 0), slope m = -9 is

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

⇒ 𝑦 − 0 = −9(𝑥 − 3)

⇒ 9𝑥 + 𝑦 − 27 = 0

𝑥 𝑛 𝑦 𝑛
4. Show that the equation of the tangent to the curve (𝑎) + (𝑏 ) = 2 (𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑏 ≠ 0) at the

point (𝑎, 𝑏) is
𝑥 𝑦
+ 𝑏 = 2.
𝑎

𝑥 𝑛 𝑦 𝑛 1 1
Sol: The given equation is (𝑎) + (𝑏 ) = 2 ⇒ 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑦 𝑛 = 2 ------ (1)

1 1 𝑑𝑦
Differentiating w.r.t. ′𝑥’ 𝑎𝑛 𝑛. 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑛. 𝑦 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 = 0
139
TSWREIS
𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑛 𝑦 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑎 (𝑎 ) + ( 𝑏 ) (𝑏 ) =0
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 −𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑏 𝑏 𝑛−1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑎 ) ( )
𝑎 𝑛 𝑦

𝑑𝑦 𝑛 𝑎 𝑛−1 𝑏 𝑏 𝑛−1
Slope of the tangent at (a, b) is 𝑚 = 𝑑𝑥 | = − (𝑎 ) (𝑎) (𝑛 ) (𝑏 ) [at P(a, b)]

−𝑏
∴𝑚= 𝑎

−𝑏
equation of tangent with slope at the point (a, b) is
𝑎

−𝑏
𝑦−𝑏 = (𝑥 − 𝑎) ⇒ 𝑎𝑦 − 𝑎𝑏 = −𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏 ⇒ 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 = 2𝑎𝑏
𝑎

𝑏𝑥 𝑎𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
⇒ + = 2 ⇒ + = 2.
𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑏 𝑎 𝑏

5. Show that the tangent at any point 𝜃 on the curve 𝑥 = 𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 is 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑥 −
𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃.

Sol: Slope of the tangent at any point 𝜃, (𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃, 𝑐 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃) on the curve is

𝑑
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝜃 (𝑐 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃) 𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝜃
𝑚 = 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝜃
𝑑 = 𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
(𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃)
𝑑𝜃

∴ The equation of the tangent with slope 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 at 𝜃 (𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃, 𝑐 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃) is

𝑦 − 𝑐 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃(𝑥 − 𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃)

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1 𝑐
⇒𝑦−𝑐 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃−𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃−𝑐


⇒ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ( )
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

⇒ 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑐

⇒ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑐 (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃) = 0

⇒ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑐 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃) = 0

⇒𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) = 0

⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 0

⇒ 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

140
TSWREIS
𝑎
6. Find lengths of normal and subnormal at a point on the 𝑦 = 2 (𝑒 𝑥/𝑎 + 𝑒 −𝑥/𝑎 ).

𝑎
Sol: Given that 𝑦 = 2 (𝑒 𝑥/𝑎 + 𝑒 −𝑥/𝑎 )

𝑒 𝑥/𝑎 +𝑒 −𝑥/𝑎 𝑥
= 𝑎( ) = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ (𝑎)
2

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 1 𝑥
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ (𝑎) . 𝑎 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ (𝑎)

𝑑𝑦 2
(i) length of normal = |𝑦. √1 + (𝑑𝑥 ) |

𝑥 𝑥
= |𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ (𝑎) . √1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 (𝑎)|

𝑥 𝑥
= |𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ (𝑎) . 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ (𝑎)|

𝑥
= |𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑎|

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑥
(ii) Length of the subnormal = |𝑦 | = |𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑎|
𝑑𝑥 𝑎

𝑎 𝑥 𝑥 𝑎 2𝑥
= 2 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑎 = |2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ |
𝑎

7. Find the value of K, so that the length of the subnormal at any point on the curve 𝑦 =
𝑎1−𝐾 𝑥 𝐾 is a constant.

Sol: Given curve is 𝑦 = 𝑎1−𝐾 𝑥 𝐾

Differentiating w.r.t. ′𝑥’

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑎1−𝐾 𝐾. 𝑥 𝐾−1
𝑑𝑥

The length of the subnormal at point P(x, y) is

𝑑𝑦
= |𝑦 | = |𝑦 𝑎1−𝐾 𝐾. 𝑥 𝐾−1 |
𝑑𝑥

= |𝑎1−𝐾 . 𝑥 𝐾 𝑎1−𝐾 (𝐾 )𝑥 𝐾−1 |

= |𝐾𝑎2−2𝐾 . 𝑥 2𝐾−1 |

1
is ‘a’ constant is 2𝐾 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝐾 = 2

141
TSWREIS
PRACTICE QUESTIONS (4 Marks)

1. Find thee equations of tangent and the normal to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 at (-1, 3).
2. Show that the curves 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2, 3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 have a common tangent at the point
(1, 1).
𝜋
3. Find the equation of tangent and normal to the curve 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 at 𝑡 = 4 .

4. Show that the length of subnormal at any point on the curve 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑎2 varies as the
cube of the ordinate of the point.

LAQ (7 Marks)
1 1 1
− −
1. Show that the tangent at 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) on the curve √𝑥 + √𝑦 = √𝑎 is 𝑥𝑥1 2 + 𝑦𝑦1 2 = 𝑎2 .

Sol: Given curve is √𝑥 + √𝑦 = √𝑎 -------(1)

Let 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) be a point on the curve (1)

Differentiating (1) w.r.t. ′𝑥’ ⇒ √𝑥1 + √𝑦1 = √𝑎 ------- (2)

1 1 𝑑𝑦
+2 =0
2√𝑥 √𝑦 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑦 1
⇒2 = −2
√𝑦 𝑑𝑥 √𝑥

𝑑𝑦 −2√𝑦 √𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = =
2 √𝑥 √𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑦1
Slope 𝑚 at 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is |=√
𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥1

𝑦
equation of the tangent at 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) m in slope 𝑚 = √𝑥1 . is
√ 1

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

−√𝑦1
⇒ 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
√𝑥 1

𝑦−𝑦1 −(𝑥−𝑥1 ) 𝑦 𝑦1 −𝑥 𝑥1
⇒ = ⇒ − = +
√𝑦1 √𝑥 1 √𝑦1 √𝑦1 √𝑥 1 √𝑥 1

𝑥 𝑦 𝑥1 𝑦1
⇒ + = +
√𝑥 1 √𝑦1 √𝑥 1 √𝑦1

−1/2
⇒ 𝑥(𝑥1 ) + 𝑦(𝑦1−1/2 ) = √𝑥1 + √𝑦1 = √𝑎 [∵ from (2)]

∴ locus of 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is √𝑥 + √𝑦 = √𝑎
142
TSWREIS
2. If the tangent at a point on the curve 𝑥 2/3
+𝑦 2/3
=𝑎 2/3
intersects the coordinate axes
in A, B then show that the length AB is constant.

Sol: Given curve is 𝑥 2/3 + 𝑦 2/3 = 𝑎2/3 ------ (1)

Let 𝑃 (𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃, 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃) any point on the curve (1)

𝑑𝑥
∴ 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 ⇒ 𝑑𝜃 = 3𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) Differentiating w.r.t. 𝜃

𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 ⇒ 𝑑𝜃 = 3𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

(i) Slope of the tangent ‘m’at 𝑃(𝜃) is

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝜃 3𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃


= 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝜃 = − 3𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =
𝑑𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

(ii) equation tangent at 𝑃(𝜃) is

𝑦 = 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
⇒ 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 = (𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

⇒ ( 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃((𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃))

⇒ 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = −𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃

⇒ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 + 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

⇒ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃)

⇒ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1

𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
⇒ 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 1

𝑥 𝑦
⇒ 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 1

∴ A(𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 0), B(0, 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)

∴ AB = √(𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 0)2 + (0 + 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2

= √𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

= √𝑎2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃) = √𝑎2 = 𝑎

∴ 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑎 is a constant

143
TSWREIS
3. If the tangent at any point P on the curve 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑚 𝑛 𝑚+𝑛
, 𝑚𝑛 ≠ 0 meets the coordinate
axes in A, B then show that AP : BP is a constant.

Sol: Given curve is 𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 ----- (1)

Let 𝑃 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) be any point on the curve

Differentiating eq(1) w.r.t. ′𝑥′

𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑚 (𝑛𝑦 𝑛−1 ) + 𝑦 𝑛 (𝑚𝑥 𝑚−1 ) = 0
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 −𝑚 𝑦 𝑛 𝑥 𝑚−1 −𝑚 𝑦
⇒𝑑𝑥 = = (𝑥 )
𝑛𝑥 𝑚𝑦 𝑛−1 𝑛

𝑑𝑦 −𝑚 𝑦1
∴ slope of the curve 𝑚 = 𝑑𝑥 | = (𝑥 ) (at (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ))
𝑛 1

−𝑚 𝑦1
Equation of the tangent at 𝑃 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) with slope (𝑥 ) is
𝑛 1

−𝑚 𝑦1
(𝑦 − 𝑦1 ) = (𝑥 ) (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑛 1

⇒ 𝑛𝑥1 (𝑦 − 𝑦1 ) = −𝑚𝑦1 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

⇒ (𝑚𝑦1 )𝑥 + (𝑛𝑥1 )𝑦 − 𝑥1 𝑦1 (𝑛 + 𝑚) = 0 -------------- (2)

𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑥1𝑦1 (𝑛+𝑚)


𝑥 – intercept of the line (2) is =
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑚𝑦1

(𝑚+𝑛)𝑥1
⇒ A(a, 0) = ( , 0)
𝑚

𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑥1𝑦1 (𝑛+𝑚)


𝑦 – intercept of the line (2) is =
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑛𝑥1

(𝑚+𝑛)𝑦1
⇒ B(0, a) = (0, )
𝑛

(𝑚+𝑛)𝑥1
𝑃 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) ∴ AP : PB = (𝑎 − 𝑥1 ): (𝑥1 − 0) = ( − 𝑥1 ) : (𝑥1 − 0)
𝑚

𝑚𝑥1 +𝑛𝑥1 −𝑚𝑥1 𝑛𝑥1 𝑛


= : 𝑥1 = : 𝑥1 = 𝑚 : 1 = 𝑛: 𝑚
𝑚 𝑚

∴ AP : PB = 𝑛: 𝑚 which is a constant.

4. At any point 𝑡 on the curve 𝑥 = 𝑎(𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡), 𝑦 = 𝑎(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡) find the lengths of tangent,
normal, subtangent and subnormal.

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
Sol: Given curve is 𝑥 = 𝑎(𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡) ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 (𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)
𝑑𝑡

144
TSWREIS
𝑑𝑥
∴ = 𝑎(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡) differentiating w.r.t. ‘t’
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
𝑦 = 𝑎(1 − cost) ⇒ =𝑎 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑡 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
Slope of the tangent 𝑚 = 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡 = 𝑎(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)

1 𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 .𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡
2 2
∴ 𝑚 = 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2
2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
2

𝑡
𝑦√1+𝑚 2 𝑎(1−cost)√1+𝑡𝑎𝑛
2
(i) length of the tangent = | |=| 𝑡 |
𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑛
2

𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
𝑎 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 .. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑡 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠
=| 2
𝑡
2
| = |𝑎 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 . 1.
2
1 |
𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2 2

𝑡
= |2𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2|

𝑡
(ii) Length of the normal = |𝑦√1 + 𝑚2 | = |𝑎(1 − cost)√1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2|

𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 1
= |𝑎 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 . . 𝑠𝑒𝑐 | = |𝑎 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 . 1 |
2 2 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2

𝑡 𝑡
= |2𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2|

𝑦
(iii) Length of the subtangent = |𝑚|

𝑎(1−cost) 𝑡 𝑡
=| 𝑡 | = |𝑎 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 . 𝑐𝑜𝑡 |
𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 2
2

𝑡
𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑡 𝑡
= 2 𝑎 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 = |𝑎 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 |
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 2 2
2

= |𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡|

𝑡
(iv) Length of sub normal = |𝑦𝑚| = |𝑎(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)𝑡𝑎𝑛 2|

𝑡 𝑡
= |𝑎 (2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2) . 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2|

𝑡 𝑡
= |2𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 . 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2|
145
TSWREIS
5. Find the angle between the curves 𝑥𝑦 = 2 and 𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 0. 2

Sol: Given curves 𝑥𝑦 = 2 ------- (1)

𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 = 0 ----- (2)

Point of intersection of (1) & (2)

2 2
(1) ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥 ∴ (2) ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 4 (𝑥) = 0

𝑥 3 +8
⇒ = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 3 + 8 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −2
𝑥

2 2
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑥 = − 2 = −1

∴ Point of intersection is P(-2, -1)

2 𝑑𝑦 −2 𝑑𝑦 −2 −1
𝑥𝑦 = 2 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥2
∴ 𝑚1 = 𝑑𝑥 | = (−2)2
= 2
(at -2, -1)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 −𝑥
𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 2

𝑑𝑦 −2
𝑚2 = 𝑑𝑥 | = =1 (at -2, -1)
−2

If 𝜃 is the angle between the curves (1) & (2) at P then


1 3
1 𝑚 −𝑚2 − −1 −
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = |1+𝑚 | = 1
2
= 1
2
= |−3| = 3
1 𝑚2 1+(− ×1) 2
2

∴ 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 3

6. Show that curves 𝑦 2 = 4(𝑥 + 1), 𝑦 2 = 36(9 − 𝑥) intersect orthogonally.

Sol: Given curves 𝑦 2 = 4(𝑥 + 1) ------- (1)

𝑦 2 = 36(9 − 𝑥) ----- (2)

Point of intersection of (1) & (2)

𝑦 2 = 4(𝑥 + 1), 𝑦 2 = 36(9 − 𝑥)

4(𝑥 + 1) = 36(9 − 𝑥)

⇒ 𝑥 + 1 = 9(9 − 𝑥)

⇒ 10𝑥 = 80 ⇒ 𝑥 = 8

146
TSWREIS
Put 𝑥 = 8 in 𝑦 = 4(𝑥 + 1) ⇒ 𝑦 = 4(8 + 1) = 36
2 2

∴ 𝑦 = ±6

∴ Points of intersection are P(8, 6), Q(8, -6)

(i) At the point P(8, 6)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑦 2 = 4(𝑥 + 1) ⇒ 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 4 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 ----- (3)

𝑑𝑦 2 1
⇒ 𝑚1 = (𝑑𝑦 ) =6=3
𝑃(8,6)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 −18
and 𝑦 2 = 36(9 − 𝑥) ⇒ 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = −36 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = ----- (4)
𝑦

𝑑𝑦 −18
⇒ 𝑚2 = (𝑑𝑦 ) = = −3
𝑃(8,6) 6

1
The product of slopes of tangents at P(8, 6) is 𝑚1 𝑚2 = (− 3) (3)

𝑚1 𝑚2 = −1

⇒ the given curves intersect orthogonally at P(8, 6)

(ii) At the point Q(8, -6)

𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 2 1
from (3) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑚1 = 𝑑𝑥 | = = −3 (at Q(8, -6))
−6

𝑑𝑦 −18 𝑑𝑦 −18
from (3) 𝑑𝑥 = ⇒ 𝑚2 = 𝑑𝑥 | = = 3 (at Q(8, -6))
𝑦 −6

1
∴ The product of slopes of tangents at Q(8, -6) is 𝑚1 𝑚2 = (− ) (3)
3

𝑚1 𝑚2 = −1

∴ The given curves intersect orthogonally at Q(8, -6)

7. Find the condition for the orthogonally of the curves 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 1 and 𝑎1 𝑥 2 + 𝑏1 𝑦 2 = 1.

Sol: Given curves 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 1 -------- (1)

𝑎1 𝑥 2 + 𝑏1 𝑦 2 = 1 ------ (2)

Let 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) be the point of intersection of (1) & (2)

(1) ⇒ 𝑎𝑥12 + 𝑏𝑦12 = 1

147
TSWREIS
(2) ⇒ 𝑎1 𝑥12 + 𝑏1 𝑦12 =1

⇒ 𝑎𝑥12 + 𝑏𝑦12 = 𝑎1 𝑥12 + 𝑏1 𝑦12

⇒ 𝑥12 (𝑎 − 𝑎1 ) = 𝑦12 (𝑏1 − 𝑏)

𝑥12 𝑏 −𝑏 −(𝑏−𝑏1)
⇒ 1
= 𝑎−𝑎 = ----- (1)
𝑦12 1 𝑎−𝑎1

Slope of tangent (1) at 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑥1
2𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑏𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚1 = (𝑑𝑥 ) =
𝑃(𝑥1,𝑦1 ) 𝑏𝑦1

Slope of tangent (2) at 𝑃(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) is

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑎1 𝑥 1
2𝑎1 𝑥 + 2𝑏1 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚2 = (𝑑𝑥 ) =
𝑃(𝑥2,𝑦2 ) 𝑏1𝑦1

Now, 𝑚1 𝑚2 = −1 (∵ curves intersect orthogonally)

−𝑎𝑥 −𝑎 𝑥 𝑎𝑎 𝑥 2 𝑥12 −𝑏𝑏1


⇒ ( 𝑏𝑦 1 ) ( 𝑏 1𝑦 1 ) = −1 ⇒ 𝑏𝑏1𝑦 12 = −1 ⇒ = -------- (2)
1 1 1 1 1 𝑦12 𝑎𝑎1

Equating (1) & (2)

𝑏𝑏 𝑏−𝑏 𝑎−𝑎1 𝑏−𝑏1


⇒ 𝑎𝑎1 = 𝑎−𝑎1 ⇒ =
1 1 𝑎𝑎1 𝑏𝑏1

𝑎 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏
⇒𝑎𝑎 − 𝑎𝑎1 = 𝑏𝑏 − 𝑏𝑏1
1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1
⇒𝑎 −𝑎=𝑏 −𝑏
1 1

1 1 1 1
⇒𝑎 −𝑏 =𝑎−𝑏
1 1

Hence proved

PRACRICE QUESTIONS

1. Find the length of subtangent, sub normal at a point on the curve 𝑥 = 𝑎(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡),
𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡).
𝑥
2. Find the length of subtangent and sub normal at a point on the curve 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎).

3. Find the angle between the curves 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 = 0.


4. Find the angle between the curves 2𝑦 2 − 9𝑥 = 0, 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 = 0.
5. Find the angle between the curves 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 5.
6. Find the angle between the curves 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥 and 4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 32.

148
TSWREIS
10.3 RATE MEASURE (4M)

SYNOPSIS POINTS

𝑑𝑦
 Rate of change: The rate of change of a given function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is defined as 𝑑𝑥 =

𝑓′(𝑥).
If 𝑥 and 𝑦 are varying to another variable ′𝑡′ is if

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑡), 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑡) then = ( ≠ 0)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

 Increasing and decreasing Functions:


𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is a function continuous in [a, b] and differentiable on the open interval (a, b)
then
(i) 𝑓 is increasing in [a, b], if 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) > 0 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏)
(ii) 𝑓 is decreasing in [a, b], if 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) < 0 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏)
(iii) 𝑓 is constant in [a, b], if 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 0 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏)
 Local Maxima:
Let 𝑓(𝑥) be a differentiable function in a given interval 𝐼, 𝑎 ∈ 𝐼, 𝑓′(𝑥), 𝑓′′(𝑥) exist at ′𝑎′
and if
(i) 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) = 0, 𝑓 ′′ (𝑎) < 0 then 𝑓(𝑎) is a local maxima.
(ii) 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) = 0, 𝑓 ′′ (𝑎) > 0 then 𝑓(𝑎) is a local minima.
 Stationary Point:
A differentiable function 𝑓 is said to be stationary at 𝑥 = 𝑎 if 𝑓′(𝑎) = 0, 𝑓(𝑎) is stationary
value and (𝑎, 𝑓(𝑎)) in the stationary point of 𝑓(𝑥)at 𝑥 = 0.
 Velocity and Acceleration:
If 𝑠 = 𝑓(𝑡) denotes the distance travelled by a body in time ‘t’ then (i) Velocity of the
𝑑𝑠 𝑑2 𝑠
body at time ‘t’ is 𝑉 = 𝑑𝑡 . (ii) Acceleration of the body at time ‘t’ is 𝑎 = 𝑑𝑡 2 .

149
TSWREIS
SAQ (4 Marks)

1. A particle moving along a straight line has the relation 𝑠 = 𝑡 3 + 2𝑡 + 3, connecting the
distance ‘s’ describe by the particle in time ‘t’. Find the velocity and acceleration of
the particle at t = 4 sec.

Sol: Given relation 𝑠 = 𝑡 3 + 2𝑡 + 3

𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠
Differentiating with respect to ′𝑥′ 𝑣 = 𝑑𝑡 = 3𝑡 2 + 2 [∵ velocity 𝑣 = 𝑑𝑡 ]

𝑑2 𝑠 𝑑𝑣
Differentiating with respect to ′𝑥′ 𝑎 = 𝑑𝑡 2 = = 6𝑡 (a = acceleration)
𝑑𝑡

At t = 4

(i) Velocity (𝑣) = 3(4)2 + 2 = 3(16) + 2 = 50 Units/Sec

(ii) Acceleration 𝑎 = 6(4) = 24 units/sec2

2. A particle is moving in a straight line so that after ‘t’ seconds its distance s(in cms) from
a fixed point on the line is given by 𝑠 = 𝑓(𝑡) = 8𝑡 + 𝑡 3 . Find (i) The Velocity at time t = 2
sec (ii) The initial velocity (iii) acceleration at t = 2sec.

Sol: Given relation is 𝑠 = 𝑓 (𝑡) = 8𝑡 + 𝑡 3 ------ (1)

𝑑𝑠
Velocity (𝑣)= 𝑑𝑡 = 8 + 3𝑡 2 -------- (2)

𝑑𝑣
Acceleration (𝑎) = = 6𝑡 -------- (3)
𝑑𝑡

(i) from (2), the velocity at 𝑡 = 2 is 8 + 3(4) = 20 cm/sec.

(ii) from (2), the initial velocity at 𝑡 = 0 is 8 + 3(0) = 8 cm/sec.

(iii) from (3), the acceleration at 𝑡 = 2 is 6(2) = 12 ccm/sec2

3. The distance-time formula for the motion of a particle along a straight line is 𝑠 = 𝑡 3 −
9𝑡 2 + 24𝑡 − 18. Find when and where velocity is zero.

Sol: Given that 𝑠 = 𝑡 3 − 9𝑡 2 + 24𝑡 − 18

𝑑𝑠
⇒ Velocity (𝑣) = = 3𝑡 2 − 18𝑡 + 24 = 3(𝑡 2 − 6𝑡 + 8)
𝑑𝑡

= 3(𝑡 − 2)(𝑡 − 4)

If velocity is zero then (𝑡 − 2)(𝑡 − 4) = 0 ⇒ 𝑡 = 2 or 4


150
TSWREIS
∴ The velocity becomes zero after 2 seconds and 4 seconds.

If 𝑡 = 2 then 𝑠 = 𝑡 3 − 9𝑡 2 + 24𝑡 − 18 = 23 − 9(2)2 + 24(2) − 18

= 8 − 36 + 48 − 18 = 56 − 54 = 2

If 𝑡 = 4 then 𝑠 = 𝑡 3 − 9𝑡 2 + 24𝑡 − 18 = 43 − 9(4)2 + 24(4) − 18

= 64 − 144 + 96 − 18 = 160−162 = −2

∴ The particle is at a distance of 2 units on either side of the starting point.

4. A particle moving olong a line according 𝑠 = 𝑓 (𝑡) = 4𝑡 3 − 3𝑡 2 + 5𝑡 − 1 where s is


measured in meters and ‘t’is measured in seconds. Find the velocity and acceleration
at time ‘t’. at what time the acceleration is zero.

Sol: Given that 𝑠 = 𝑓 (𝑡) = 4𝑡 3 − 3𝑡 2 + 5𝑡 − 1

𝑑𝑠
The velocity at time ‘t’is (𝑣) = 𝑑𝑡 = 12𝑡 2 − 6𝑡 + 5

𝑑𝑣
Acceleration at time ‘t’ is 𝑎 = = 24𝑡 − 6
𝑑𝑡

1
If acceleration is ‘’0’then 24𝑡 − 6 = 0 ⇒ 𝑡 = 4

1
The acceleration of the particle is zero at 𝑡 = .
4

5. A stone is dropped in to a quiet lake and ripples move in circles at the speed of
5cm/sec. at the instant when the radius of circular ripple in 8 cm, how fast in the
enclosed area increases?

Sol: For the circle, let radius = 𝑟, area = A

𝑑𝑟
Given = 5, 𝑟 = 8
𝑑𝑡

Area A = 𝜋𝑟 2 Differentiating w.r.t. ‘t’we get

𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑟
= 2𝜋𝑒 ( 𝑑𝑡 ) = 2𝜋(8)(5) = 80𝜋 cm2/sec.
𝑑𝑡

6. The volume of a cube is increasing at a rate of 9 cubic centimeters per second. How
fast is the surface area increasing when the length of the edge is 10 centimeters.

Sol: For the cube, let length of the edge = 𝑥

151
TSWREIS
Volume = V

Surface area = S

𝑑𝑉
Given = 9 cm3/sec and 𝑥 = 10cm
𝑑𝑡

Volume of the cube 𝑉 = 𝑥 3

𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑥
Differentiating w.r.t. ‘t’, we get = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 9 3
⇒ 9 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑡 ⇒ = 3𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑡

Surface area 𝑆 = 6𝑥 2 differentiating w.r.t. ‘t’ we get

𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑥 3 36 36
= 12 × 𝑑𝑡 = 12𝑥 (𝑥 2) = = 10 = 3.6 cm2/sec.
𝑑𝑡 𝑥

7. A container in the shape of an inverted cone has height 12cm and radius 6cm at the
top. If it is filled with water at the rate of 12cm3/sec, what is the rate of change in the
height of water levels when the tank is filled 8cm?

Sol: let OC be the height of water level at ‘t’ sec

Let OC = h, CD = r and volume = V

𝑑𝑉
Given that AB = 6cm, OA = 12 cm, = 12cm2/sec
𝑑𝑡

We have to find the rate of rise of the water level

𝑑ℎ
( 𝑑𝑡 ) , when h = 8 cm
ℎ=8

The triangle OAB and OCD are similar traingles

𝐶𝐷 𝑂𝐶 𝑟 ℎ ℎ
∴ 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂𝐴 ⇒ 6 = 12 ⇒ 𝑟 = 2 ----- (2)

𝜋𝑟 2ℎ
Volume of the cone V is given by 𝑉 = ------ (2)
3

𝜋 ℎ 3 𝜋ℎ 3
From (1), we have 𝑉 = 3 ( 2 ) × ℎ = ------ (3)
12

𝑑𝑉 𝜋ℎ 3 𝑑ℎ
Diff (3) w.r.t. ‘t’ we get = . 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 12

𝑑ℎ 4 𝑑𝑉 1 4 3
⇒ = 𝜋ℎ2 . 𝑑𝑡 = 𝜋 (82 ) (12) = 4𝜋 cm/sec.
𝑑𝑡

152
TSWREIS
3
Hence, the rate of change of water level is 4𝜋 cm/sec.

8. A point P is moving on the curve 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 . The x-coordinate of P is increasing at the rate


of 4 units per second. Find the rate at which the y-coordinate increasing when the
point is at (2, 8)

𝑑𝑥
Sol: Let P = (x, y), given 𝑑𝑦 = 4

The equation of the curve is 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 , differentiating w.r.t. ‘t’

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
We have 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑥. 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦
∴ A 𝑥 = 2, = 4.2.4 = 32
𝑑𝑡

The rate od increase of the y-coordinate is 32 units/sec.

9. The displacement S of a particle travelling in a straight line in ‘t’ seconds in given 𝑆 =


45𝑡 + 11𝑡 2 − 𝑡 3 . Find the time when the particle comes to rest.
10. The radius of an air bubble is increasing at the rate of ½ cm/sec. at what rate is the
volume of the bubble increasing when the radius is 1 cm?
11. The volume of a cube is increasing at a rate of 8 cc per second. How fast is the
surface area increasing when length of edge is 12cm?
12. A container is in the shape of an inverted cone ahs height 8m and radius 6m at the
top. If it is filled with water at the rate 2m3/min, how fast is height of water changing
when level in 4m?

153
TSWREIS
10.4 MEAN VALUE OF THEOREMS (2Marks)

SYNPOSIS POINTS

 Mean value theorem: (i) if 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous on [a, b] and (ii) differentiable on (a, b)
𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)
(iiii) then there exists a number c between a and b such that 𝑓 ′ (𝑐 ) = . This is
𝑏−𝑎

also known first mean value theorem (or) Lagrange’s Mean value theorem.
 Rolle’s Theorem: (i) if a function 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous on [a, b] (ii) and 𝑓 is differentiable
on (a, b) (iii) 𝑓 (𝑎) = 𝑓(𝑏) then there exists at least one c ∈ (a, b) such that 𝑓 ′ (𝑐 ) = 0

(This is special case of Lagrange’s mean value Theorem)

VSAQ (2 Marks)

1. Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 4 on [-3, 3]

Sol: Given that 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 4 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥

(i) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) is continuous on [-3, 3] and (ii) differentiable in (-3, 3)

(iii) 𝑓 (−3) = (−3)2 + 4 = 9 + 4 = 13

𝑓 (3) = 32 + 4 = 9 + 4 = 13

∴ 𝑓(−3) = 𝑓(3)

So, from Rolle’s theorem 𝑓 ′ (𝑐 ) = 0 ⇒ 2𝑐 = 0 ⇒ 𝑐 = 0 ∈ (−3, 3)

∴ Rolle’s theorem verified.

2. Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function 𝑓: [−3, 8] → 𝑅 be defined by 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6.

Sol: (i) 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous on [-3, 8]

(ii) 𝑓(𝑥 ) is derivable on (-3, 8)

𝑓 (−3) = 9 + 15 + 6 = 30, 𝑓 (8) = 64 − 40 + 6 = 30

∴ 𝑓(−3) = 𝑓(8)

5
Now 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 − 5 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑐 ) = 2𝑐 − 5 = 0 ⇒ 𝑐 = 2 ∈ (−3, 8)

Hence conditions (i), (ii), (iii) satisfied

∴ Rolle’s theorem verified

154
TSWREIS
3. Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥(𝑥 + 3)𝑒 −𝑥/2
on [-3, 0].e

Sol: (i) given function 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous on [-3, 0]

(ii) 𝑓(𝑥) is differentiable in (-3, 0)

𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥(𝑥 + 3)𝑒 −𝑥/2


3
⇒ 𝑓 (−3) = (−3)(−3 + 3)𝑒 −2 = −3(0)𝑒 −3/2 = 0

⇒ 𝑓 (0) = (0)(0 + 3)𝑒 0/2 = 0

∴ 𝑓(−3) = 𝑓(0)

∴ 𝑓(𝑥) satisfies all the 3 conditions of Rolle’s theorem.

There exists 𝑐 ∈ (−3, 0) such that 𝑓 ′ (𝑐 ) = 0

Now 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥(𝑥 + 3)𝑒 −𝑥/2 = (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 )𝑒 −𝑥/2


𝑥
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 )𝑒 −𝑥/2 . (2) + 𝑒 −2 (2𝑥 + 3)

−𝑥 2−3𝑥 −𝑥 2 −3𝑥+4𝑥+6
= 𝑒 −𝑥/2 [ + 2𝑥 + 3] = 𝑒 −𝑥/2 [ ]
2 2

−𝑥 2+𝑥+6
= 𝑒 −𝑥/2 [ ]
2

−𝑐 2 +𝑐+6
∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑐 ) = 0 ⇒ 𝑒 −𝑐/2 [ ] = 0 ⇒ −𝑐 2 + 𝑐 + 6 = 0
2

⇒ 𝑐 2 − 𝑐 − 6 = 0 ⇒ (𝑐 + 2)(𝑐 − 3) = 0 ⇒ 𝑐 = −2 𝑜𝑟 3

−2 ∈ (−3,0) hence Rolle’s theorem verified

4. Let 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3) then prove that there is more than one ç’in (1, 3) such
that 𝑓 ′ (𝑐 ) = 0.

Sol: 𝑓(𝑥) is polynomial and hence condition on [1, 3]

Differentiable on (1, 3) and 𝑓(1) = 𝑓(3) = 0

𝑓(𝑥) satisfies all the 3 conditions of Rolle’s theorem

𝑓(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3)

𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)(1) + (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3)(1) + (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3)(1)

𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 11
155
TSWREIS
∴ By Rolle’s Theorem ∃ 𝑐 ∈ (1,3) such that 𝑓 𝑐 ) = 0 ′(

⇒ 3𝑐 2 − 12𝑐 + 11 = 0

12±√144−132 12±√8 12±2√2 1


⇒𝑐= = = = 2±
2(3) 6 6 √3

5. Verify the conditions of Lagrange’s mean value theorem for the function 𝑥 2 − 1 on [2,
3].

Sol: Given 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 1 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 ------ (1)

(i) 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous on [2, 3] (ii) differentiable in (2, 3)

𝑓(3)−𝑓(2)
∴ from Lagrange’s theorem 𝑓 ′ (𝑐 ) = 3−2

32 −1−22 −1 9−4
⇒ 2𝑐 = = =5
3−2 1

5
⇒ 2𝑐 = 5 ⇒ 𝑐 = 2 = 2.5

𝑐 = 2.5 ∈ (2, 3)

Hence, Lagrange’s theorem is verified.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1. Verify Rolle’s Theorem for the function 𝑥 2 − 1 on [-1,1]


2. Verify Rolle’s Theorem for the function 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 2 + 2) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 on (-1, 1)
3. Verify Rolle’s Theorem for the function 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 on [0, 𝜋]
4. Verify Lagrange’s mean value theorem for the function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 o [2, 4].

156
TSWREIS
10.5 MAXIMA AND MINIMA (7 Marks)

SYNPOSIS POINTS

 Critical Point: Critical point of a differentiable function is/are values in HS domain


where its derivative is zero or undefined.
 Stationary points: A point 𝑥0 , at which 𝑓 ′ (𝑥0 ) = 0
 Point of inflection: A point on a curve at which the sign of the curvature changes.
 Absolute maximum: The maximum value of the function in the given domain
(including boundary points) in known as absolute maximum.
 Maxima point of a function: The real valued function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to have the
maximum value of interval 𝐼, if ∋ a point ‘a’ in 𝐼 s. t 𝑓(𝑥 ) ≤ 𝑓 (𝑎)∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐼.
The number 𝑓(𝑎) is called the maxima or maximum value and the point is called the
point of Maxima in 𝐼.
 Local Minimum: The minimum value of the function in the given domain (including
boundary points) is known as minimum value of the function.
 Minimum point of a function: The real valued function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to have minimum
value, if ∃ a point 𝑎 ∈ 𝐼 s t 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 𝑓(𝑎); ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐼. The number 𝑓(𝑎) is called the minima or
minimum value of 𝑓(𝑥) in 𝐼, point is called point of minima of 𝑓 in 𝐼.
 Steps to find maxima or minima
(i) differentiate 𝑓(𝑥) is find 𝑓′(𝑥).
(ii) Find 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) is second derivative
(iii) Find ‘a’ by using 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 0
(iv) if 𝑓 ′′ (𝑎) < 0 then ‘a’ is local maxima, if 𝑓 ′′ (𝑎) > 0 local minima.

LAQ (7Marks)

1. Find the maximum area of the rectangle that can be formed with fixed perimeter 20.

Sol: Let length of rectangle = 𝑥 x

Breadth of rectangle = 𝑦 y y

Perimeter = 2(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 20 x

⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10

⇒𝑦 = 10 − 𝑥 -----(1)

157
TSWREIS
Area of rectangle is 𝐴 = 𝑥𝑦

(1) ⇒ 𝐴 = 𝑥(10 − 𝑥 ) = 10𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ------ (2)

Differentiating (2) w.r.t. 𝑥 ⇒ 𝐴′ (𝑥) = 10 − 2𝑥 ------ (3)

𝑑
𝐴′′ (𝑥) = 𝑑𝑥 (10 − 2𝑥 ) ⇒ −2 < 0

⇒ 10 − 2𝑥 = 0

⇒𝑥=5

Area is maximum at /𝑥 = 5

∴ 𝑦 = 10 − 𝑥 = 10 − 5 = 5 ∴ 𝑦 = 5.

∴ Maximum area of the rectangle is 𝐴 = 𝑥𝑦 = 25sq. units

2. From a rectangular sheet of dimensions 30 cm × 80 cm, corners, and the sides are
then turned up so as to form an open rectangular box. What is the value of 𝑥, so that
the volume of the box is the greatest?

Sol: Let length of sheet = 𝑥

Length = 𝑙 = 80 − 2𝑥

Breadth = 𝑏 = 30 − 2𝑥 30

Volume V = 𝑙𝑏ℎ = (80 − 2𝑥)(20 − 2𝑥)(𝑥)

= 2(40 − 𝑥 )2(15 − 𝑥 )(𝑥 ) 80

= 4(40 − 𝑥)(15 − 𝑥)(𝑥)

= 4(600 − 40𝑥 − 15𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )(𝑥)

= 4(𝑥 3 − 55𝑥 2 + 600𝑥)

𝑉(𝑥) = 4(𝑥 3 − 55𝑥 2 + 600𝑥)

Differentiating w.r.t. ′𝑥′

𝑉 ′ (𝑥 ) = 4(3𝑥 2 − 110𝑥 + 600)

Now, 𝑉 ′ (𝑥 ) = 0 ⇒ 4(3𝑥 2 − 110𝑥 + 600) = 0

⇒ 3𝑥(𝑥 − 30) − 20(𝑥 − 30) = 0


158
TSWREIS
⇒ 𝑥 = 20/3 or 30

20
20 20
At 𝑥 = , 𝑉 ′′( 3 ) = 4 [6 ( 3 ) − 110] = 4(40 − 110) = 40(−70) = −280 < 0
3

20
∴ 𝑉(𝑥) has maximum value at 𝑥 = cm
3

3. A wire of length 𝑙 is cut into two parts which are bent respectively in the form of a
square and a circle. What are lengths of pieces of wire so that the sum of areas is
least?

Sol: Length of the = 𝑙 𝑙

Let 𝑥 part of 𝑙 is cut into square of side 𝑦 x 𝑙−𝑥

𝑥
Perimeter 4𝑦 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 = --------- (1)
4

Remaining part 𝑙 − 𝑥 is made into circle of radius ′𝑟′

𝑙−𝑥
Circumference 2𝜋𝑟 = 𝑙 − 𝑟 ⇒ 𝑟 = ------- (2)
2𝜋

Sum of area square and circle is y

𝑥2 (𝑙−𝑥)2
𝐴(𝑥 ) = 𝑦 2 + 𝜋𝑟 2 = 16 + 𝜋 (from (1) & (2)) y
4𝜋2

𝑥2 (𝑙−𝑥)2 2𝑥 2(𝑙−𝑥) 𝑥 𝑙−𝑥


𝐴(𝑥 ) = 16 + 𝜋 ⇒ 𝐴′ (𝑥 ) = 16 + ⇒8− ------ (3)
4𝜋2 4𝜋 2𝜋

𝑥 𝑙−𝑥
Now 𝐴′ (𝑥 ) = 0 ⇒ 8 − = 0 [∵ At max or min 𝐴′ (𝑥 ) = 0 ]
2𝜋

𝑥 𝑙−𝑥 𝑥 𝑙−𝑥
⇒8− ⇒4− ⇒ 𝑥𝜋 − 4(𝑙 − 𝑥 ) ⇒ 𝑥𝜋 = 4𝑙 − 4𝑥
2𝜋 𝜋

4𝑙
⇒ 𝑥𝜋 + 4𝑥 = 4𝑙 ⇒ 𝑥(𝜋 + 4) = 4𝑙 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝜋+4

4𝑙 𝑙(𝜋+4)−4𝑙 𝑙𝜋+4𝑙−4𝑙 𝜋𝑙
Also, 𝑙 − 𝑥 = 𝑙 − 𝜋+4 = = = 𝜋+4
𝜋+4 𝜋+4

1 1
On differentiating (3) w.r.t. ′𝑥′ we get 𝐴′′ (𝑥 ) = 8 + 2𝜋 > 0

Hence 𝐴(𝑥) has a minimum value

4𝑙 𝜋𝑙
∴ Length of piece that forms square is and circle is 𝜋+4
𝜋+4

159
TSWREIS
4. A window is in the shape of a rectangle surmounted by a semi-circle. If the perimeter
of the window be feet then find the maximum area.

Sol: Length of the rectangle = 2𝑟

Breadth = 𝑥

For the semicircle, radius = 𝑟

Semiperimeter = 𝜋𝑟 x x

Given total perimeter of the window is 20 feet. 2r

⇒ 2𝑥 + 2𝑟 + 𝜋𝑟 = 20 ⇒ 2𝑥 = 20 − 2𝑟 − 𝜋𝑟 --------- (1)

Area of the window A = Area of the rectangle + Area of semicircle

𝜋𝑟 2 𝜋𝑟 2
⇒ 𝐴(𝑟) = 2𝑟(𝑥 ) + = 𝑟(2𝑥) +
2 2

𝜋𝑟 2
⇒ 𝐴(𝑟) = 𝑟(20 − 2𝑟 − 𝜋𝑟) + (from (1))
2

𝜋𝑟 2 𝜋
= 20𝑟 − 2𝑟 2 − 𝜋𝑟 2 + = 20𝑟 − 𝑟 2 (2 + 𝜋 − 2 )
2

4+𝜋
Diff (2) w.r.t. ′𝑟 ′ we get 𝐴′ (𝑟) = 20 − 2𝑟 ( )
2

= 20 − 𝑟(4 + 𝜋) --------- (3)

Now, 𝐴′ (𝑅) = 0 ⇒ 20 − 𝑟(4 + 𝜋) (∵ At max (or) min we have 𝐴′ (𝑅) = 0)

20
⇒ 𝑟(4 + 𝜋) = 20 ⇒ 𝑟 = 4+𝜋 diff (3) w.r.t. ′𝑟′

We get 𝐴′′ (𝑟) = 0 − (4 + 𝜋) < 0


∴ 𝐴(𝑟) has maximum value
20 400 4+𝜋
∴ from (2) maximum area is 𝐴 = 20 (4+𝜋) − (4+𝜋)2 ( )
2
400 200 200
= 4+𝜋 − 4+𝜋 = 4+𝜋 sq. ft

160
TSWREIS
5. If the curved surface right circular cylinder inscribed in a sphere of radius ′𝑟′ is
maximum, show that the height of the cylinder is √2𝑟.

Sol: For the sphere, given radius = 𝑟 (fixed constant) A

For the cylinder height = h

Base radius = R

From figure AB = h, BC = 2R, AC = 2r

By pythagorus theorem on ∆ABC, AB2 + BC2 = AC2 B C

⇒ h2 + (2R)2 = (2r)2 ⇒ h2 + 4R2 = 4r2 ⇒ h2 = 4(r2 – R2)

Curved surface area of the cylinder A = 2𝜋rh

On squaring and taking A2 = f(R) we get

f(R) = 4𝜋2R2h2 = 4𝜋2R2 [4(r2 – R2)] = 16𝜋2R2(r2 – R2)

= 16𝜋2 (r2R2 -R4)

Diff w.r.t. ‘R’we get

f'(R) = 16𝜋2 (r2 2R -4R3)------- (1) (∵ r is constant and R is variable)

⇒ r2(2R)-4R3 = 0 ⇒ r2(2R)-2R2(2R)=0

⇒ 2R(r2 – 2R2) = 0 ⇒ r2 – 2R2 = 0 ⇒ R2 = r2/2

2𝑟 2−𝑟 2
Now h2 = 4(r2 – R2) = 4(r2 – r2/2) = = 4 ( ) = 2𝑟 2
2

∴ ℎ2 = 2𝑟 2 ⇒ ℎ = √2𝑟

Again diff w.r.t. ‘R’ we get 𝑓 ′′ (𝑅) = 16𝜋 2 [2𝑟 2 − 12𝑅2 ]

12𝑟 2
At 𝑅2 = 𝑟 2 /2 𝑓 ′′ (𝑅) = 16𝜋 2 [2𝑟 2 − ]
2

= 16𝜋 2 [2𝑟2 − 6𝑟 2 ]

= 16𝜋 2 [−4𝑟 2 ] < 0

∴ Surface area is maximum when ℎ = √2𝑟

161
TSWREIS
6. Prove that the radius of the right circular cylinder of greatest curved surface area
which can be inscribed in a given cone is half of that of the cone.

Sol: Let centre of the circular base of the cone = ‘O’

Height h = AO

Radius of the base 𝑟 = OC

For cylinder, radius R = OD, height H = FO

⇒ FO = ED = H

∴ DC = OC – OD = 𝑟 − 𝑅

Now ∆AOC and ∆EDC are similar

𝐸𝐷 𝐷𝐶 𝐻 𝑟−𝑅
∴ = ⇒ =
𝐴𝑂 𝑂𝐶 ℎ 𝑟

ℎ(𝑟−𝑅)
⇒𝐻= ---------- (1)
𝑟

Curved surface area of the cylinder is 𝑆 = 2𝜋𝑅𝐻

2𝜋𝑅(ℎ(𝑟−𝑅)) 2𝜋ℎ(𝑟𝑅−𝑅2 )
From (1) 𝑆 (𝑅) = = (r, h are constants)
𝑟 𝑟

2𝜋ℎ
Now 𝑆 ′ (𝑅) = (𝑟 − 2𝑅)
𝑟

2𝜋ℎ(𝑟−2𝑅)
⇒ = 0 (∵ At max. or min value 𝑆 ′ (𝑅) = 0)
𝑟

𝑟
𝑟 − 2𝑅 = 0 ⇒ 𝑅 = 2

−4𝜋ℎ
Also 𝑆 ′′ (𝑅) = < 0, ∀𝑅
𝑟

Hence the required radius of the cylinder is 𝑟/2

7. Find two positive integers whose sum is 15 so that the sum of their squares is minimum.

Sol: Let the two positive numbers be 𝑥, 𝑦

Given that 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 15 ⇒ 𝑦 = 15 − 𝑥 ------(1)

Let 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 + (15 − 𝑥 )2

∴ 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + (15 − 𝑥 )2 ------- (2)

162
TSWREIS
Diff (2) w.r.t. ′𝑥′ we get

𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 + 3(15 − 𝑥 )(−1) = 2𝑥 − 30 + 2𝑥

= 4𝑥 − 30 = 2(2𝑥 − 15) ------ (3)

At max. or min. we have 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 0

15
2𝑥 − 15 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2

Diff (3) w.r.t. ′𝑥′ we get 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) = 4 ------- (4)

15 15
At 𝑥 = , from (4), 𝑓 ′′ ( 2 ) = 4 > 0
2

15 15 15
𝑦 = 15 − = ∴ 𝑓(𝑥 ) is minimum when 𝑥 = and
2 2 2

15 15
∴ Required number are (𝑥, 𝑦) = ( 2 , 2 )

PRACTICE QUESTIONS

8. Find two positive integers whose sum is 16 and the sum of whose squares in minimum.
9. Find two positive integers 𝑥 and 𝑦 such that 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 60 and 𝑥𝑦 3 is maximum.
10. Find the absolute extremum of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 defined on [-2, 2].
11. Find the points of local extrema for 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 defined (0, 𝜋/2)
2
12. Determine the intervals in which 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥−1 + 18𝑥, ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 − {0} is strictly increasing and

decreasing.
13. The profit function 𝑃(𝑥) of a company, selling 𝑥 items per day is given by 𝑃(𝑥 ) =
(150 − 𝑥 )𝑥 − 1600. find the number of items that the company should sell to get
maximum profit. Also find the maximum profit.
14. What s error, relative error and percentage error in 𝑦,
15. Define stationary point of a function.
16. Define Rolle’s and Lagrange’s Mean value Theorem.

163

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