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02 Linear Algebra Notes

Linear algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with studying systems of linear equations and vectors in linear vector spaces. It helps solve unknowns within systems of equations. A vector is a quantity that has magnitude and direction, and can be represented by an arrow from an initial point to a terminal point. Vectors can be added and multiplied by scalars. The magnitude of a vector is found using the Pythagorean theorem.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
64 views11 pages

02 Linear Algebra Notes

Linear algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with studying systems of linear equations and vectors in linear vector spaces. It helps solve unknowns within systems of equations. A vector is a quantity that has magnitude and direction, and can be represented by an arrow from an initial point to a terminal point. Vectors can be added and multiplied by scalars. The magnitude of a vector is found using the Pythagorean theorem.

Uploaded by

hayero5557
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Linear Algebra

What is Linear Algebra ?

→ Field
lines in
of mathematics that is concerned with
study of
high -
demienscnal Space .

→ It helps in Solving unknowns within


system of
too equations ◦

Examples : _ -6 the sum of two noes is 25 . one


of them ercceeols
the other Find the Mors
by 9 .
.

"
↑ "
unknowns
vectors :
-

A ^

I 14,5 ) I 015,5 )
-
g -
q•

§
É

☒ ( 2,2)

& I 1 I l f A $ ☆ p p p > & I 1 I l f I I $ ☆ p p $ >


= =
=

÷ i

→ A vector is a specific Quantity as like Sego with an


alikehead at one end .

-6 terminal Pto
q•

• -6 initial pto
is defined by line directions
→ It its
magnitude or the length of a and ite
"

76 A rector is directed
line segment
directimagni
on tude

-
-6 we denote vectors as lower case boldfaced with
_
µ ,
- or without an arrow like at , C ,
d
,

→ beinn initial Pt P and terminal pt -0 ,


. .
a rector can be expressed
on pie •

→ between initial Pt (0,01 .


a rector can be
represented as [ §] •
,

is rector's the poeo rector has


[ %] standard position ◦

initial Pto as 10,01 and terminal Rto as


19,6$ .

Most of the time deal with position hector •


we will
only
Eg :-
between :-P 1%37 and Q & 6; 4.) g What's Pogo rector ?

r= L 6 -2
,
4 -37
=
14,1$
-6 me component
=
[ 4] →
-

,
component y
-

Magnitude of a vector 1- 2

1¥]
r= Ivr =

^ ;
I -


14,5 ) =
€52
= :
so, I VP can be
=
tf
E
'

Pythagoras theorem 0

& 1 I l f f 1 A $ ☆ !A $ $ >
found using

= ,
,

÷
Addition of rectors : -

a.
HEY,
+i:
* Scalar -
vector Product :
-

scalar → it's
just an integer •

E-
%::]
c.

treemetric view
of this
operation ••
[3) •

[ %] ?
Vector -
Vector Product
it scales your vector

a-:* I
133*1 :] 18 ] by some co

= •
.

Transpose of vector :-

Ñ ?
( ¥2] [ ✗,
=

,
Xs , Xs
• •◦ ✗ on ]


m

make rows from column

Ñ=
13%7-12,34 ]
Strategies for multiplying two vectors : -

* Dot
product :
-

✗ } we can
multiply vectors
using
dot product ◦

I
length of nectar 6
1-6
a• 6=191×161 ✗ cos a
¥ ↳ angle 61W
•←
to
↓ a ✗ b.
it's the magnitude of
a ◦

→ It is about
about much
combining
two vectors
two vectors into a
the same direction
no
single . It tells us
point
in

case : -

when 0=0

^
there dot product is largest
it

%
as
points in same direction )

F. = Irl ✗ till ✗ case 0 )


*
The more two
case 09--1
vector points in
case t when D= 90° Same direction , the larger dot
product will bet

, case 90) 20 ;

* these
calledtype of
nectar are
orthogonal vectors
a • 6=191×161 ✗
=
0
0

.
A. better to calculate dot product
way
:-

§;) µ;)
=
I =
ii. % = a. bit as
• •
↳ +
as obs

=
% ai bi•

i :O
Cross Product 1-

Properties :
-

"


-
=

we

resulting vector
→ is 1 to both a→Ñ
rat 181 Santos
.

let = ←
Ñ is

-6 a measure of how far
apart
case : when 0 = 90 AF are pointing augmented
by then magnitudes .

Sin la 0°) = r

= rr iii. it
↳ in this case creels product is the largest .

Linear combination :
-

* between noo of vectors linear combination when


any we
multiply
,
each vector
by a scalar and seem it all up !

[) { ] multiply with Some


" =

8 V= when we
,
scalars .

iiif %:] %)
:] : +

-
:
I :] is their
ites
.
commenting
.

is sabot to be a er
-6 A nectar
etc •
r
there
.
combination of air
if exists scalar
s . I M
• •
etc

ray 2

• • .
, .
,
Ka -1 -1 C2 to ◦ etc
=
yb • .

[ Is ] =
-

1- F) u + or → [ 1) is a tr . combination of
↳ b u ✗ No

a
Linear dependence & Independence : -

* A set of rectors % said to be tree independent if no vector


can be represented as tr .
combination of the
remaining
vectors •

if a rector is said

* to be too dependent if a rector can be

represented as tr .
combination of the victors •

Span :
-

* The set
of all the possible too combination of given group of
rectors is called the span of those rectors .

The vectors Mira, V3 is written as span of { vi. v2 v34


span of ,
.

Eg :-[ ¥ ] is the span of


1- :] and
I :] •

Norms :
-

* 12 Norm : - Euclidean Norms Calculates the diet from.

the
origin ;


11 ✗ V12 =

* Lt Norm 1- Manhattan distance , calculates the sum of


absolute values ◦

I ✗ 1, ==
É 1%1
8=1
-

* Max Norm t distance by taking out the mane element •

11×110 Marc I ✗
[ §] Max → ☒
=

, it

Orthogonal vectors 1-

Two vectors I assume a ✗ b) are


*
orthogonal , if they are

perpendicular to each other •

ao b = 0
↳ dot product
Matrices : -
it is a rectangular
array or table of symbols arranged

numbers ,
in rows and columns ◦

data Nheich have of rooms and


•• n
,
no .
m . no ◦
of call •

Operations : -

* Scalar -
Matrix Product :
-

t.se
⇐ =L :& ]
] a

* Matrix Addition 1-

:(≈ ; ;) -11:{ 3) =/
a
]
• + • =
" • "
↑ ↑ 486

Properties : -

% Fg É
* Commutative Property :
-

At B = B 1- A

* Associative Property ÷ A -1C Btc) = (ATB ) -1C


* Dimensions should be same ◦

-
[ 3 ;] 13 ;] :( % ]
a- a-
.
:c

:| } ;]
-144217+1%7 }
n-tiB.es

= it -11: :]
[ 997g ]
=

2×2

d- + B) -1C

CE :] -11%1=19, } ]
Notes we will look into usecases as we go in
depth of M 2°

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